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An SY, Kim KS, Lee YC, Kim SH. Transcription of human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) is downregulated by curcumin through AMPK signaling in human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells. Genes Genomics 2023:10.1007/s13258-023-01398-2. [PMID: 37231294 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we observed that in human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells mRNA level of the human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) was decreased by curcumin. FACS analysis using the α2,6-sialyl-specific lectin (SNA) also showed a noticeable decrease in binding to SNA by curcumin. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism for curcumin-triggered downregulation of hST6Gal I transcription. METHODS The mRNA levels of nine kinds of hST genes were assessed by RT-PCR after curcumin was treated in HCT116 cells. The level of hST6Gal I product on cell surface was examined by flow cytometry analysis. Luciferase reporter plasmids with 5'-deleted constructs and mutants of the hST6Gal I promoter were transiently transfected into HCT116 cells, and the luciferase activity was measured after treatment with curcumin. RESULTS Curcumin led to significant transcriptional repression of the hST6Gal I promoter. Promoter analysis using deletion mutants proved that the - 303 to - 189 region of the hST6Gal I promoter is required for transcriptional repression in response to curcumin. Among putative binding sites for transcription factors IK2, GATA1, TCF12, TAL1/E2A, SPT, and SL1 in this region, by site-directed mutagenesis analysis the TAL/E2A binding site (nucleotides - 266/- 246) was proved to be crucial for curcumin-triggered downregulation of hST6Gal I transcription in HCT116 cells. The transcription activity of hST6Gal I gene in HCT116 cells was markedly suppressed by compound C, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. CONCLUSION These indicate that gene expression of hST6Gal I in HCT116 cells is controlled through AMPK/TAL/E2A signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young An
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sook Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea.
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea.
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2
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ST6GAL1 inhibits metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via modulating sialylation of MCAM on cell surface. Oncogene 2023; 42:516-529. [PMID: 36528750 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is mainly because of its high rate of metastasis. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC metastasis is of great significance. Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that is closely associated with tumor progression. Altered glycosylation including the altered sialylation resulting from aberrant expression of β-galactoside α2,6 sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) has long been considered as an important feature of cancer cells. However, there is limited information on the roles of ST6GAL1 and α2,6 sialylation in HCC metastasis. Here, we found that ST6GAL1 and α2,6 sialylation were negatively correlated with the metastatic potentials of HCC cells. Moreover, ST6GAL1 overexpression inhibited migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro and suppressed HCC metastasis in vivo. Using a metabolic labeling-based glycoproteomic strategy, we identified a list of sialylated proteins that may be regulated by ST6GAL1. In particular, an increase in α2,6 sialylation of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) inhibited its interaction with galectin-3 and decreased its expression on cell surface. In vitro and in vivo analysis showed that ST6GAL1 exerted its function in HCC metastasis by regulating MCAM expression. Finally, we found the relative intensity of sialylated MCAM was negatively correlated with tumor malignancy in HCC patients. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ST6GAL1 may be an HCC metastasis suppressor by affecting sialylation of MCAM on cell surface, which provides a novel insight into the roles of ST6GAL1 in HCC progression and supports the functional complexity of ST6GAL1 in a cancer type- and tissue type-specific manner.
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3
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β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-V colorectal cancer biomarker immunosensor with label-free electrochemical detection. Talanta 2022; 243:123337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Saad AA. Targeting cancer-associated glycans as a therapeutic strategy in leukemia. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2049901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdullah Saad
- Unit of Pediatric Hematologic Oncology and BMT, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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5
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Smithson M, Irwin R, Williams G, Alexander KL, Smythies LE, Nearing M, McLeod MC, Al Diffalha S, Bellis SL, Hardiman KM. Sialyltransferase ST6GAL-1 mediates resistance to chemoradiation in rectal cancer. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101594. [PMID: 35041825 PMCID: PMC8857646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced rectal cancer is typically treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Most patients do not display a complete response to chemoradiotherapy, but resistance mechanisms are poorly understood. ST6GAL-1 is a sialyltransferase that adds the negatively charged sugar, sialic acid (Sia), to cell surface proteins in the Golgi, altering their function. We therefore hypothesized that ST6GAL-1 could mediate resistance to chemoradiation in rectal cancer by inhibiting apoptosis. Patient-derived xenograft and organoid models of rectal cancer and rectal cancer cell lines were assessed for ST6GAL-1 protein with and without chemoradiation treatment. ST6GAL-1 mRNA was assessed in untreated human rectal adenocarcinoma by PCR assays. Samples were further assessed by Western blotting, Caspase-Glo apoptosis assays, and colony formation assays. The presence of functional ST6GAL-1 was assessed via flow cytometry using the Sambucus nigra lectin, which specifically binds cell surface α2,6-linked Sia, and via lectin precipitation. In patient-derived xenograft models of rectal cancer, we found that ST6GAL-1 protein was increased after chemoradiation in a subset of samples. Rectal cancer cell lines demonstrated increased ST6GAL-1 protein and cell surface Sia after chemoradiation. ST6GAL-1 was also increased in rectal cancer organoids after treatment. ST6GAL-1 knockdown in rectal cancer cell lines resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased survival after treatment. We concluded that ST6GAL-1 promotes resistance to chemoradiotherapy by inhibiting apoptosis in rectal cancer cell lines. More research will be needed to further elucidate the importance and mechanism of ST6GAL-1-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Smithson
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294.
| | - Regina Irwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Gregory Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Katie L Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Lesley E Smythies
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Marie Nearing
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - M Chandler McLeod
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Sameer Al Diffalha
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Susan L Bellis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294
| | - Karin M Hardiman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294; Department of Surgery, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Al 35233
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6
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Rodrigues JG, Duarte HO, Gomes C, Balmaña M, Martins ÁM, Hensbergen PJ, de Ru AH, Lima J, Albergaria A, van Veelen PA, Wuhrer M, Gomes J, Reis CA. Terminal α2,6-sialylation of epidermal growth factor receptor modulates antibody therapy response of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:835-850. [PMID: 33847896 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key protein involved in cancer development. Monoclonal antibodies targeting EGFR are approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the beneficial clinical effects observed in subgroups of patients, the acquisition of resistance to treatment remains a major concern. Protein N-glycosylation of cellular receptors is known to regulate physiological processes leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways. In the present study, the role of EGFR-specific terminal ⍺2,6-sialylation was analyzed in modulation of the malignant phenotype of CRC cells and their resistance to monoclonal antibody Cetuximab-based therapy. METHODS Glycoengineered CRC cell models with specific sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 expression levels were applied to evaluate EGFR activation, cell surface glycosylation and therapeutic response to Cetuximab. RESULTS Glycoproteomic analysis revealed EGFR as a major target of ST6Gal1-mediated ⍺2,6-sialylation in a glycosite-specific manner. Mechanistically, CRC cells with increased ST6Gal1 expression and displaying terminal ⍺2,6-sialylation showed a marked resistance to Cetuximab-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, we found that this resistance was accompanied by downregulation of EGFR expression and its activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that EGFR ⍺2,6-sialylation is a key factor in modulating the susceptibility of CRC cells to antibody targeted therapy, thereby disclosing a potential novel biomarker and providing key molecular information for tailor made anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana G Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique O Duarte
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Meritxell Balmaña
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Álvaro M Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Lima
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Albergaria
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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Alshanski I, Sukhran Y, Mervinetsky E, Unverzagt C, Yitzchaik S, Hurevich M. Electrochemical biosensing platform based on complex biantennary N-glycan for detecting enzymatic sialylation processes. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 172:112762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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An SY, Lee M, Yoon HK, Abekura F, Kim KS, Kim DH, Kim HJ, Lee K, Kim CH, Lee YC. Regulation of human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) gene expression during differentiation of human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:681-690. [PMID: 33108606 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that gene expression of the human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) was specifically increased during differentiation of human MG-63 osteoblastic cells by serum starvation (SS). In parallel, a distinct increase in binding to SNA, the α2,6-sialyl-specific lectin, was observed in serum-starved cells, as demonstrated by FACS analysis. 5'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis demonstrated that the increase of hST6Gal I transcript by SS is mediated by P1 promoter. To elucidate transcriptional regulation of hST6Gal I in SS-induced MG-63 cells, we functionally characterized the P1 promoter region of the hST6Gal I gene. The 5'-deletion analysis of P1 promoter region revealed that the 189 bp upstream region of transcription start site is critical for transcriptional activity of hST6Gal I gene in SS-induced MG-63 cells. This region contains the predicted binding sites for several transcription factors, including AREB6, FOXP1, SIX3, HNF1, YY2, and MOK2. The mutagenesis analysis for these sites and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that the YY2 binding site at -98 to -77 was essential for the SS-induced hST6Gal I gene expression during differentiation of MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young An
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Miri Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sook Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, South Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, the Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea.
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9
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Venturi G, Gomes Ferreira I, Pucci M, Ferracin M, Malagolini N, Chiricolo M, Dall'Olio F. Impact of sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 overexpression on different colon cancer cell types. Glycobiology 2020; 29:684-695. [PMID: 31317190 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated glycan structures can be both tumor markers and engines of disease progression. The structure Siaα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAc (Sia6LacNAc), synthesized by sialyltransferase ST6GAL1, is a cancer-associated glycan. Although ST6GAL1/Sia6LacNAc are often overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), their biological and clinical significance remains unclear. To get insights into the clinical relevance of ST6GAL1 expression in CRC, we interrogated The Cancer Genome Atlas with mRNA expression data of hundreds of clinically characterized CRC and normal samples. We found an association of low ST6GAL1 expression with microsatellite instability (MSI), BRAF mutations and mucinous phenotype but not with stage, response to therapy and survival. To investigate the impact of ST6GAL1 expression in experimental systems, we analyzed the transcriptome and the phenotype of the CRC cell lines SW948 and SW48 after retroviral transduction with ST6GAL1 cDNA. The two cell lines display the two main pathways of CRC transformation: chromosomal instability and MSI, respectively. Constitutive ST6GAL1 expression induced much deeper transcriptomic changes in SW948 than in SW48 and affected different genes in the two cell lines. ST6GAL1 expression affected differentially the tyrosine phosphorylation induced by hepatocyte growth factor, the ability to grow in soft agar, to heal a scratch wound and to invade Matrigel in the two cell lines. These results indicate that the altered expression of a cancer-associated glycosyltransferase impacts the gene expression profile, as well as the phenotype, although in a cancer subtype-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Venturi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
| | - Inês Gomes Ferreira
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Pucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Malagolini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariella Chiricolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Dall'Olio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Building, University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 14, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Zhang D, Xie Q, Wang Q, Wang Y, Miao J, Li L, Zhang T, Cao X, Li Y. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals aberrant N-glycans in colorectal cancer tissues. Glycobiology 2019; 29:372-384. [PMID: 30698702 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is strongly correlated with the development of various cancers. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, including N-glycans, are predominantly expressed on the tumor cell surface. Because the incidence of colorectal cancer is high in China, we investigated aberrant N-glycans from colorectal cancer tissues (CRC) in Chinese patients. By Linear ion trap quadrupole-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, we performed glycomic assays on N-glycans obtained from solid CRC tissues and paired peritumoral tissues. In total, aberrant N-glycans were expressed in the colorectal tumor tissues. Specifically, seven bisecting structures (M/Z 9732+, 10602+, 10752+, 11622+, 11772+, 12642+, 13522+) decreased, M/Z 10552+ (two-antennae complex N-glycan) and M/Z 12792+ (three-antennae complex N-glycan) decreased, M/Z 10132+ and M/Z 11162+ (high-mannose N-glycan) increased, and M/Z 12282+ (bifucosylated N-glycan) increased. To evaluate the MS profile data, several statistical tools were applied, including student's t test, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve. The measurement of the degree of bisecting N-glycans had an area under the curve value of 0.823. Interestingly, we observed that the bisecting N-glycans decreased with the tumor stages. This phenomenon was not found in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, in which the bisecting N-glycans had no change. Thus, the expression of bisecting N-glycans may be an interesting point in the study of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinsheng Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiufeng Cao
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunsen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, SuZhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Peng Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bao H, Lu H. Stable Isotope Sequential Derivatization for Linkage-Specific Analysis of Sialylated N-Glycan Isomers by MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15993-16001. [PMID: 31730330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated N-glycans play pivotal role in several important biological and pathological processes. Their sialyl-linkage isomers, mostly α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked, act differently during the cellular events and several diseases. While mass spectrometry (MS) technology is a powerful tool in N-glycome analysis, it still suffers from an inability to distinguish linkage isomers of native N-glycans. Herein, we described a sequential selective derivatization method, by which α-2,6- and α-2,3-linked sialic acids are sequentially labeled with methylamide incorporated with a different stable isotope. Isobaric labeling avoids inducing bias in ionization efficiency and chromatographic behavior. In optimized reaction conditions, high derivatization selectivity (∼99%) was achieved for both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acid. High accuracy of quantitation within a dynamic range of 2 orders of magnitude and high reproducibility (CV < 20%, n = 3) were demonstrated using standard glycans and multisialylated N-glycans. Finally, this method was applied in profiling the N-glycome of serum from CRC patients, where a level of six sialyl-linkage isomers were found to be altered significantly compared with that from healthy individuals.
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12
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Irons EE, Lee-Sundlov MM, Zhu Y, Neelamegham S, Hoffmeister KM, Lau JT. B cells suppress medullary granulopoiesis by an extracellular glycosylation-dependent mechanism. eLife 2019; 8:47328. [PMID: 31408003 PMCID: PMC6713473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response relies on the integration of cell-intrinsic processes with cell-extrinsic cues. During infection, B cells vacate the marrow during emergency granulopoiesis but return upon restoration of homeostasis. Here we report a novel glycosylation-mediated crosstalk between marrow B cells and hematopoietic progenitors. Human B cells secrete active ST6GAL1 sialyltransferase that remodels progenitor cell surface glycans to suppress granulopoiesis. In mouse models, ST6GAL1 from B cells alters the sialylation profile of bone marrow populations, and mature IgD+ B cells were enriched in sialylated bone marrow niches. In clinical multiple myeloma, ST6GAL1 abundance in the multiple myeloma cells negatively correlated with neutrophil abundance. These observations highlight not only the ability of medullary B cells to influence blood cell production, but also the disruption to normal granulopoiesis by excessive ST6GAL1 in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Irons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Joseph Ty Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
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13
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A streamlined strategy for rapid and selective analysis of serum N-glycome. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1050:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Li J, He J, Zhang C, Chen J, Mao W, Yu C. Dual-type responsive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of α2,6-sialylated glycans based on AuNRs-SA coupled with c-SWCNHs/S-PtNC nanocomposites signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:166-173. [PMID: 30735949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a dual-type responsive electrochemical biosensor was developed for the quantitative detection of α2,6-sialylated glycans (α2,6-sial-Gs), a potential biomarker of tumors. The gold nanorods (AuNRs), which exhibited great specific surface area, as well as good biocompatibility, was synthesized by the way of seed growth method. Furthermore, a biotin-streptavidin (biotin-SA) system was introduced to improve the immunoreaction efficiency. Accordingly, a label-free biosensor was fabricated based on AuNRs-SA for the quick detection of α2,6-sial-Gs by recording the signal of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, to expand the ultrasensitive detection of α2,6-sial-Gs, a carboxylated single-walled carbon nanohorns/sulfur-doped platinum nanocluster (c-SWCNHs/S-PtNC) was synthesized for the first time as a novel signal label, which showed an excellent catalytic performance. The usage of c-SWCNHs/S-PtNC could significantly amplify the electrochemical signal recorded by the amperometric i-t curve. Herein, a sandwich type biosensor was constructed by combining the AuNRs-SA on the electrode and c-SWCNHs/S-PtNC (signal amplifier). The label-free biosensor possessed a linear range from 5 ng mL-1 to 5 μg mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.50 ng mL-1, and the sandwich-type biosensor possessed a wide linear range from 1 fg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.69 fg mL-1. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited excellent recovery and stability, indicating its potential for use in actual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Junlin He
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chengli Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Weiran Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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15
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Mariño-Crespo Ó, Fernández-Briera A, Gil-Martín E. Identification of proteins with the CDw75 epitope in human colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:580-587. [PMID: 29391890 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDw75 epitope is an α(2,6) sialylated antigen overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), where its expression correlates with the progression of the disease. The CDw75 epitope is located mainly in N-glycoproteins, whose identity remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify proteins with the CDw75 epitope as a strategy to deepen the understanding of molecular pathogenesis of CRC and to identify novel biomarkers for this disease. For this purpose, a two-dimensional electrophoresis approach was employed. Protein spots in the gels were matched to the corresponding CDw75 positive spots in the immunoblotted polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and further identification of the protein species was performed by mass spectrometry. Additionally, one-dimensional western blotting experiments were performed to verify the expression of these candidate proteins in the colorectal tissue and their coincidence in molecular mass with the CDw75-positive bands. The findings of the present study indicate that haptoglobin and the keratins 8 (K8) and 18 (K18) are proteins with the CDw75 epitope in the colorectal tissue from CRC patients and also suggest novel functions and cellular locations for these proteins in the colorectal tissue and in relation to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Mariño-Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO, 'Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia'), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández-Briera
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO, 'Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia'), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO, 'Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia'), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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16
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Dougher CWL, Buffone A, Nemeth MJ, Nasirikenari M, Irons EE, Bogner PN, Lau JTY. The blood-borne sialyltransferase ST6Gal-1 is a negative systemic regulator of granulopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:507-516. [PMID: 28550122 PMCID: PMC5505748 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1216-538rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to systemic demands in producing and replenishing end-effector blood cells is predicated on the appropriate delivery and interpretation of extrinsic signals to the HSPCs. The data presented herein implicate the systemic, extracellular form of the glycosyltransferase ST6Gal-1 in the regulation of late-stage neutrophil development. ST6Gal-1 is typically a membrane-bound enzyme sequestered within the intracellular secretory apparatus, but an extracellular form is released into the blood from the liver. Both human and murine HSPCs, upon exposure to extracellular ST6Gal-1 ex vivo, exhibited decreased proliferation, diminished expression of the neutrophilic primary granule protein MPO, and decreased appearance of CD11b+ cells. HSPC suppression was preceded by decreased STAT-3 phosphorylation and diminished C/EBPα expression, without increased apoptosis, indicating attenuated G-CSF receptor signaling. A murine model to raise systemic ST6Gal-1 level was developed to examine the role of the circulatory enzyme in vivo. Our results show that systemic ST6Gal-1 modified the cell surface of the GMP subset of HSPCs and decreased marrow neutrophil reserves. Acute airway neutrophilic inflammation by LPS challenge was used to drive demand for new neutrophil production. Reduced neutrophil infiltration into the airway was observed in mice with elevated circulatory ST6Gal-1 levels. The blunted transition of GMPs into GPs in vitro is consistent with ST6Gal-1-attenuated granulopoiesis. The data confirm that circulatory ST6Gal-1 is a negative systemic regulator of granulopoiesis and moreover suggest a clinical potential to limit the number of inflammatory cells by manipulating blood ST6Gal-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Buffone
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mehrab Nasirikenari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
| | - Eric E Irons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
| | - Paul N Bogner
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
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17
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α2,6-linked sialic acid serves as a high-affinity receptor for cancer oncolytic virotherapy with Newcastle disease virus. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2171-2181. [PMID: 28687873 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been applied to oncolytic virotherapy for decades due to its naturally oncolytic property. In spite of the substantiation of the sialic acid receptors of NDV on host cells, knowledge of preference of sialic acid linkage in viral attachment and oncolytic effect is lacking and imperative to be elucidated. METHODS Surface plasmon resonance analysis and competitive inhibition with sialylated glycan receptor analogues were used to determine the affinity and the preference of sialic acid receptor. Treatments of sialyltransferase inhibitors and linkage-specific sialidases and transfection with sialyltransferase expression vector were performed to regulate sialic acids levels. RESULTS We demonstrated that sialic acid was essential for NDV binding and infection of tumor cells. α2,6-linked sialic acid served as a high-affinity receptor for NDV and the ST6Gal I sialyltransferase that synthesizes α2-6 linkage of sialylated N-linked glycans in CHO-K1 cells promoted NDV binding and cytopathic effect. More importantly, an enhanced antitumor effect of NDV on aggressive SW620 colorectal carcinoma cells with high-level of cell surface α2,6-sialylation, but not SW480 cells with relative low-level of α2,6-sialylation, was observed both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence of optimized therapeutic strategy in oncolytic virotherapy via partly defining α2,6-sialylated receptor as a "cellular marker" for NDV.
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18
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Sethi MK, Fanayan S. Mass Spectrometry-Based N-Glycomics of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29278-304. [PMID: 26690136 PMCID: PMC4691109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. An increased molecular understanding of the CRC pathology is warranted to gain insights into the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease. Altered protein glycosylation patterns are associated with most diseases including malignant transformation. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics have accelerated glycomics research and present a new paradigm for cancer biomarker discovery. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycoproteomics and glycomics, therefore, hold considerable promise to improve the discovery of novel biomarkers with utility in disease diagnosis and therapy. This review focuses on the emerging field of glycomics to present a comprehensive review of advances in technologies and their application in studies aimed at discovering novel glycan-based biomarkers. We will also discuss some of the challenges associated with using glycans as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Susan Fanayan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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19
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Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide-tetraethylene pentamine-BMIMPF6 hybrids for the detection of α2,6-sialylated glycans in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:953-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Glycans on proteins and lipids are known to alter with malignant transformation. The study of these may contribute to the discovery of biomarkers and treatment targets as well as understanding of cancer biology. We here describe the change of glycosylation specifically defining colorectal cancer with view on N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycosphingolipid glycans in colorectal cancer cells and tissues as well as patient sera. Glycan alterations observed in colon cancer include increased β1,6-branching and correlating higher abundance of (poly-)N-acetyllactosamine extensions of N-glycans as well as an increase in (truncated) high-mannose type glycans, while bisected structures decrease. Colorectal cancer-associated O-glycan changes are predominated by reduced expression of core 3 and 4 glycans, whereas higher levels of core 1 glycans, (sialyl) T-antigen, (sialyl) Tn-antigen, and a generally higher density of O-glycans are observed. Specific changes for glycosphingolipid glycans are lower abundances of disialylated structures as well as globo-type glycosphingolipid glycans with exception of Gb3. In general, alterations affecting all discussed glycan types are increased sialylation, fucosylation as well as (sialyl) Lewis-type antigens and type-2 chain glycans. As a consequence, interactions with glycan-binding proteins can be affected and the biological function and cellular consequences of the altered glycosylation with regard to tumorigenesis, metastasis, modulation of immunity, and resistance to antitumor therapy will be discussed. Finally, analytical approaches aiding in the field of glycomics will be reviewed with focus on binding assays and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Holst
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Salivary Glyco-sialylation changes monitors oral carcinogenesis. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:649-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Zhang Z, Sun Z, Zhu J, Liu J, Huang G, Ye M, Zou H. High-Throughput Determination of the Site-Specific N-Sialoglycan Occupancy Rates by Differential Oxidation of Glycoproteins Followed with Quantitative Glycoproteomics Analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9830-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5024638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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23
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Gbormittah FO, Lee LY, Taylor K, Hancock WS, Iliopoulos O. Comparative studies of the proteome, glycoproteome, and N-glycome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma plasma before and after curative nephrectomy. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4889-900. [PMID: 25184692 PMCID: PMC4227548 DOI: 10.1021/pr500591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
is the most prevalent of all reported kidney cancer cases, and currently
there are no markers for early diagnosis. This has stimulated great
research interest recently because early detection of the disease
can significantly improve the low survival rate. Combining the proteome,
glycoproteome, and N-glycome data from clear cell renal cell carcinoma
plasma has the potential of identifying candidate markers for early
diagnosis and prognosis and/or to monitor disease recurrence. Here,
we report on the utilization of a multi-dimensional fractionation
approach (12P-M-LAC) and LC–MS/MS to comprehensively investigate
clear cell renal cell carcinoma plasma collected before (disease)
and after (non-disease) curative nephrectomy (n =
40). Proteins detected in the subproteomes were investigated via label-free
quantification. Protein abundance analysis revealed a number of low-level
proteins with significant differential expression levels in disease
samples, including HSPG2, CD146, ECM1, SELL, SYNE1, and VCAM1. Importantly,
we observed a strong correlation between differentially expressed
proteins and clinical status of the patient. Investigation of the
glycoproteome returned 13 candidate glycoproteins with significant
differential M-LAC column binding. Qualitative analysis indicated
that 62% of selected candidate glycoproteins showed higher levels
(upregulation) in M-LAC bound fraction of disease samples. This observation
was further confirmed by released N-glycans data in which 53% of identified
N-glycans were present at different levels in plasma in the disease
vs non-disease samples. This striking result demonstrates the potential
for significant protein glycosylation alterations in clear cell renal
cell carcinoma cancer plasma. With future validation in a larger cohort,
information derived from this study may lead to the development of
clear cell renal cell carcinoma candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca O Gbormittah
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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24
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Aiming at the sweet side of cancer: Aberrant glycosylation as possible target for personalized-medicine. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Dall'Olio F, Malagolini N, Trinchera M, Chiricolo M. Sialosignaling: Sialyltransferases as engines of self-fueling loops in cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2752-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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26
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Lee MM, Nasirikenari M, Manhardt CT, Ashline DJ, Hanneman AJ, Reinhold VN, Lau JTY. Platelets support extracellular sialylation by supplying the sugar donor substrate. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8742-8. [PMID: 24550397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.546713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sizable pools of freely circulating glycosyltransferases are in blood, but understanding their physiologic contributions has been hampered because functional sources of sugar donor substrates needed to drive extracellular glycosylation have not been identified. The blood-borne ST6Gal-1 produced and secreted by the liver is the most noted among the circulatory glycosyltransferases, and decorates marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells with α2,6-linked sialic acids and restricts blood cell production. Platelets, upon activation, secrete a plethora of bioactive molecules including pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Cargos of sugar donor substrates for glycosyltransferase activity have also been reported in platelets. Here, we implemented a cell-based system to interrogate platelets for their ability to deliver effectively the sugar donor substrate for extracellular ST6Gal-1 to function. We report that thrombin-activated platelets, at physiologic concentration and pH, can efficiently and effectively substitute for CMP-sialic acid in extracellular ST6Gal-1-mediated sialylation of target cell surfaces. Activated platelets can also supply the sialic acid donor to sialylate the synthetic acceptor, Gal(β1,4)GlcNAcα-o-benzyl, with the product Sia(α2,6)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAcα-o-benzyl structurally confirmed by LC/MS. Platelet-secreted donor substrate was recovered in the 100,000 × g sediment, strongly suggesting the association of this otherwise soluble substrate, putatively CMP-sialic acid, within platelet microparticles. Sequestration within microparticles may facilitate delivery of glycosylation substrate at effective dosages to sites of extracellular glycosylation while minimizing excessive dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Lee
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and
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27
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Häuselmann I, Borsig L. Altered tumor-cell glycosylation promotes metastasis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:28. [PMID: 24592356 PMCID: PMC3923139 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation of cells is associated with aberrant glycosylation presented on the cell-surface. Commonly observed changes in glycan structures during malignancy encompass aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucins; abnormal branching of N-glycans; and increased presence of sialic acid on proteins and glycolipids. Accumulating evidence supports the notion that the presence of certain glycan structures correlates with cancer progression by affecting tumor-cell invasiveness, ability to disseminate through the blood circulation and to metastasize in distant organs. During metastasis tumor-cell-derived glycans enable binding to cells in their microenvironment including endothelium and blood constituents through glycan-binding receptors – lectins. In this review, we will discuss current concepts how tumor-cell-derived glycans contribute to metastasis with the focus on three types of lectins: siglecs, galectins, and selectins. Siglecs are present on virtually all hematopoietic cells and usually negatively regulate immune responses. Galectins are mostly expressed by tumor cells and support tumor-cell survival. Selectins are vascular adhesion receptors that promote tumor-cell dissemination. All lectins facilitate interactions within the tumor microenvironment and thereby promote cancer progression. The identification of mechanisms how tumor glycans contribute to metastasis may help to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and aid to develop clinical strategies to prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Häuselmann
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
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28
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Sethi MK, Thaysen-Andersen M, Smith JT, Baker MS, Packer NH, Hancock WS, Fanayan S. Comparative N-Glycan Profiling of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Unique Bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,3-Linked Sialic Acid Determinants Are Associated with Membrane Proteins of the More Metastatic/Aggressive Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:277-88. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400861m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K. Sethi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - William S. Hancock
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susan Fanayan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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29
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Park JJ, Lee M. Increasing the α 2, 6 sialylation of glycoproteins may contribute to metastatic spread and therapeutic resistance in colorectal cancer. Gut Liver 2013; 7:629-41. [PMID: 24312702 PMCID: PMC3848550 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.6.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glycosylation due to dysregulated glycosyltransferases and glycosidases is a key phenomenon of many malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In particular, increased ST6 Gal I (β-galactoside α 2, 6 sialyltransferase) and subsequently elevated levels of cell-surface α 2, 6-linked sialic acids have been associated with metastasis and therapeutic failure in CRC. As many CRC patients experience metastasis to the liver or lung and fail to respond to curative therapies, intensive research efforts have sought to identify the molecular changes underlying CRC metastasis. ST6 Gal I has been shown to facilitate CRC metastasis, and we believe that additional investigations into the involvement of ST6 Gal I in CRC could facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This review summarizes how ST6 Gal I has been implicated in the altered expression of sialylated glycoproteins, which have been linked to CRC metastasis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jin Park
- Division of Life Science, Korea University College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Zhang Z, Sun J, Hao L, Liu C, Ma H, Jia L. Modification of glycosylation mediates the invasive properties of murine hepatocarcinoma cell lines to lymph nodes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65218. [PMID: 23840320 PMCID: PMC3688732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various posttranslational modification reactions, glycosylation is the most common, and nearly 50% of all known proteins are thought to be glycosylated. In fact, changes in glycosylation readily occur in carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. This report investigated the modification of glycosylation mediated the invasive properties of Hca-F and Hca-P murine hepatocarcinoma cell lines, which have high, low metastatic potential in the lymph nodes, respectively. Analysis revealed that the N-glycan composition profiling, expression of glycogenes and lectin binding profiling were different in Hca-F cells, as compared to those in Hca-P cells. Further analysis of the N-glycan regulation by tunicamycin (TM) application or PNGase F treatment in Hca-F cells showed partial inhibition of N-glycan glycosylation and decreased invasion both in vitro and in vivo. We targeted glycogene ST6GAL1, which was expressed differently in Hca-F and Hca-P cells, and regulated the expression of ST6GAL1. The altered levels of ST6GAL1 were also responsible for changed invasive properties of Hca-F and Hca-P cells both in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate a role for glycosylation modification as a mediator of tumor lymphatic metastasis, with its altered expression causing an invasive ability differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Zhang
- Department of Basic Laboratory Medicine, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Basic Laboratory Medicine, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Liaoning International Travel Health Care Center, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lihong Hao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chunqing Liu
- Department of Basic Laboratory Medicine, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongye Ma
- Department of Basic Laboratory Medicine, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Basic Laboratory Medicine, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Tumor cells exhibit striking changes in cell surface glycosylation as a consequence of dysregulated glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. In particular, an increase in the expression of certain sialylated glycans is a prominent feature of many transformed cells. Altered sialylation has long been associated with metastatic cell behaviors including invasion and enhanced cell survival; however, there is limited information regarding the molecular details of how distinct sialylated structures or sialylated carrier proteins regulate cell signaling to control responses such as adhesion/migration or resistance to specific apoptotic pathways. The goal of this review is to highlight selected examples of sialylated glycans for which there is some knowledge of molecular mechanisms linking aberrant sialylation to critical processes involved in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schultz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 982A 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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Clinical usefulness of alterations in sialic acid, sialyl transferase and sialoproteins in breast cancer. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 19:60-71. [PMID: 23105458 DOI: 10.1007/bf02894259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid, the end moieties of the carbohydrate chains are biologically important and essential for functions of glycoconjugates and are reported to be altered in cancer patients. Two hundred and twenty five breast cancer (BC) patients, 100 patients with benign breast disease (BBD) and 100 healthy females (controls) were enrolled for the study. Eight hundred and twenty four follow-up samples of 225 breast carcinoma patients were also evaluated. The association of sialic acid forms, sialyltransferase and α-2-6 sialoproteins levels with presence and extent as well as prognosis of breast carcinoma was studied. Serum sialic acid forms and sialyltransferase revealed significantly elevated levels among untreated breast cancer patients as compared to the controls, patients with BBD as well as cancer patients in remission. Non-responders showed comparable levels of the markers with those found in breast cancer patients at the time of diagnosis. Higher levels of sialic acid forms at diagnosis were associated with poor prognosis. A positive correlation between serum levels of different forms of sialic acids and extent of malignant disease was observed. The changes in serum proteins with terminal α-2-6 sialic acid correlated well with alterations in the levels of sialic acid forms and sialyltransferase. Malignant tissues showed elevated levels of sialic acid and sialyltransferase as compared to surrounding normal tissues.The results suggested potential utility of these markers in evaluation of clinical outcome.
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Nishijima Y, Toyoda M, Yamazaki-Inoue M, Sugiyama T, Miyazawa M, Muramatsu T, Nakamura K, Narimatsu H, Umezawa A, Mikami M. Glycan profiling of endometrial cancers using lectin microarray. Genes Cells 2012; 17:826-36. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; 35-2 Sakaecho; Itabashi-ku; Tokyo; 173-0015; Japan
| | - Mayu Yamazaki-Inoue
- Department of Reproductive Biology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; 2-10-1 Okura; Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 157-8535; Japan
| | - Taro Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Specialized Clinical Science; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya; Isehara-shi; Kanagawa; 259-1193; Japan
| | - Masaki Miyazawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Specialized Clinical Science; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya; Isehara-shi; Kanagawa; 259-1193; Japan
| | - Toshinari Muramatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Specialized Clinical Science; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya; Isehara-shi; Kanagawa; 259-1193; Japan
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; 2-10-1 Okura; Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 157-8535; Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Central-2; 1-1-1, Umezono; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-8568; Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; 2-10-1 Okura; Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 157-8535; Japan
| | - Mikio Mikami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Specialized Clinical Science; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya; Isehara-shi; Kanagawa; 259-1193; Japan
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Lee M, Park JJ, Ko YG, Lee YS. Cleavage of ST6Gal I by radiation-induced BACE1 inhibits golgi-anchored ST6Gal I-mediated sialylation of integrin β1 and migration in colon cancer cells. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:47. [PMID: 22449099 PMCID: PMC3351029 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we found that β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal I), an enzyme that adds sialic acids to N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins and is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells, is up-regulated by ionizing radiation (IR) and cleaved to a form possessing catalytic activity comparable to that of the Golgi-localized enzyme. Moreover, this soluble form is secreted into the culture media. Induction of ST6Gal I significantly increased the migration of colon cancer cells via sialylation of integrin β1. Here, we further investigated the mechanisms underlying ST6Gal I cleavage, solubilization and release from cells, and addressed its functions, focusing primarily on cancer cell migration. Methods We performed immunoblotting and lectin affinity assay to analyze the expression of ST6 Gal I and level of sialylated integrin β1. After ionizing radiation, migration of cells was measured by in vitro migration assay. α2, 6 sialylation level of cell surface was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell culture media were concentrated and then analyzed for soluble ST6Gal I levels using an α2, 6 sialyltransferase sandwich ELISA. Result We found that ST6Gal I was cleaved by BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme), which was specifically overexpressed in response to IR. The soluble form of ST6Gal I, which also has sialyltransferase enzymatic activity, was cleaved from the Golgi membrane and then released into the culture media. Both non-cleaved and cleaved forms of ST6Gal I significantly increased colon cancer cell migration in a sialylation-dependent manner. The pro-migratory effect of the non-cleaved form of ST6Gal I was dependent on integrin β1 sialylation, whereas that of the cleaved form of ST6Gal I was not, suggesting that other intracellular sialylated molecules apart from cell surface molecules such as integrin β1 might be involved in mediating the pro-migratory effects of the soluble form of ST6Gal I. Moreover, production of soluble form ST6Gal I by BACE 1 inhibited integrin β1 sialylation and migration by Golgi-anchored form of ST6Gal I. Conclusions Our results suggest that soluble ST6Gal I, possibly in cooperation with the Golgi-bound form, may participate in cancer progression and metastasis prior to being secreted from cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
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35
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Tian Y, Esteva FJ, Song J, Zhang H. Altered expression of sialylated glycoproteins in breast cancer using hydrazide chemistry and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.011403. [PMID: 22318369 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.011403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation is one of the altered protein glycosylations associated with cancer development. The sialoglycoproteins in cancer cells, however, largely remain unidentified because of the lack of a method for quantitative analysis of sialoglycoproteins. This manuscript presents a high throughput method for quantitative analysis of N-linked sialoglycoproteins using conditional hydrazide chemistry, liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. We further applied the sialoglycoproteomic method to the profiling of breast cancer tissues and compared findings with the results from the total glycoproteomic analysis using the original hydrazide chemistry method. We identified altered expression of sialoglycoproteins, as well as the total glycoprotein changes associated with breast cancer. Using lectin and Western blot analysis, we characterized one of the sialoglycoproteins, versican, and confirmed that versican was most sialylated and elevated in breast cancer. Furthermore, we showed that versican was detected in both cancer epithelial cells and peritumoral stromal cells using immunohistochemistry. Tissue microarray analysis revealed that epithelial expression of versican had significant relations to lymph node metastasis and pathological stages. This is the first quantitative sialoglycoproteomic and glycoproteomic analysis of breast cancer and noncancerous tissues. These findings present a significant addition of the method to the identification of altered expression of sialylated glycoproteins associated with breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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36
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Park JJ, Yi JY, Jin YB, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Lee YS, Ko YG, Lee M. Sialylation of epidermal growth factor receptor regulates receptor activity and chemosensitivity to gefitinib in colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:849-57. [PMID: 22266356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-Galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I) has been shown to catalyze α2,6 sialylation of N-glycan, an action that is highly correlated with colon cancer progression and metastasis. We have recently demonstrated that ST6Gal-I-induced α2,6 sialylation is critical for adhesion and migration of colon cancer cells. Increase of α2,6 sialylation also contributes to radioresistance of colon cancer. A number of studies have focused on the involvement of sialylation in tumorigenesis, but the mechanism underlying ST6Gal-I-induced cancer progression and the identity of enzyme substrates has received scant research attention. To provide further support for the relevance of ST6Gal-I in the malignancy of colon cancer, we prepared and characterized a ST6Gal-I-knockdown SW480 colorectal carcinoma cell line. We found that inhibition of ST6Gal-I expression increased cell proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. An examination of the effect of sialylation on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity and downstream signaling, which are highly correlated with cell proliferation, showed that the loss of ST6Gal-I augmented EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in colon cancer cells. Moreover, ST6Gal-I induced sialylation of both wild type and mutant EGFR. These studies provide the first demonstration that ST6Gal-I induces EGFR sialylation in human colon cancer cell lines. Importantly, the anticancer effect of the EGFR kinase inhibitor, gefitinib, was increased in ST6Gal-I-deficient colon cancer cells. In contrast, overexpression of ST6Gal I decreased the cytotoxic effect of gefitinib. These results suggest that sialylation of the EGFR affects EGF-mediated cell growth and induces chemoresistance to gefitinib in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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37
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Choi E, Loo D, Dennis JW, O'Leary CA, Hill MM. High-throughput lectin magnetic bead array-coupled tandem mass spectrometry for glycoprotein biomarker discovery. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3564-75. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Kemmner W, Kessel P, Sanchez-Ruderisch H, Möller H, Hinderlich S, Schlag PM, Detjen K. Loss of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) induces apoptotic processes in pancreatic carcinoma cells. FASEB J 2011; 26:938-46. [PMID: 22049060 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-186700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early invasive growth and metastasis are features of pancreatic cancer that rely on its resistance to anoikis, an apoptosis program activated on loss of matrix anchorage. How anoikis is regulated is unclear. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine-kinase (GNE) was silenced, or p16 was overexpressed, in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Gene expression profiling, enzymatic assays, Western blotting, and cell cycle analysis were conducted. Silencing of GNE, the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis, sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to anoikis. Accordingly, we observed a loss of GNE enzyme activity in cells, which became anoikis susceptible after transfection with the tumor suppressor p16. Similarly, studies of another cell line with low GNE activity revealed strong anoikis susceptibility, confirming the association of low GNE activity and anoikis susceptibility. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that the loss of GNE triggered the transcriptional activation of the ATF4-ATF3-CHOP pathway, leading to apoptosis in the framework of the unfolded protein response. In silico analysis showed that GNE up-regulation occurred predominantly in pancreatic cancer but also in other malignancies. Delineation of GNE-dependent signaling pathways may provide targets that control anchorage dependence and/or restore drug efficacy, which is of utmost relevance for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmner
- Research Group Surgical Oncology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Villar-Portela S, Muinelo-Romay L, Cuevas E, Gil-Martín E, Fernández-Briera A. Disease-free survival of colorectal cancer patients in relation to CDw75 antigen expression. Pathobiology 2011; 78:201-9. [PMID: 21778787 DOI: 10.1159/000326768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CDw75 is an α(2,6)-sialylated antigen associated with a poor prognosis in gastric cancer. In the present study, we examined if CDw75 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) predicts tumour recurrence. Besides, we evaluated CDw75 expression in different colorectal tissue specimens to clarify their role in tumour development and progression. METHODS We analyzed CDw75 expression in 34 specimens of healthy disease-free colorectal mucosa, 19 specimens of inflammatory colorectal mucosa, 73 colorectal adenomas, 35 specimens of healthy tissue and 101 specimens of tumoural tissue from CRC patients. RESULTS None of the healthy disease-free and inflammatory colorectal mucosa specimens showed the presence of the epitope. CDw75 was expressed in 26% of the colorectal adenomas. In healthy and tumoural tissue from CRC patients, CDw75 was detected in 22.9% and 82.2% of the specimens, respectively. CDw75 expression in tumoural tissue was correlated with growth pattern (p = 0.044), Dukes stage (p = 0.002), TNM stage (p = 0.020) and distant metastasis (p = 0.005). Survival analysis showed that CDw75 expression is not associated with tumour recurrence. CONCLUSION CDw75 expression in CRC is not a prognostic factor for predicting disease-free survival. Nevertheless, CDw75 expression may be a good marker of tumour progression and of the malignant potential of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Villar-Portela
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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40
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Swindall AF, Bellis SL. Sialylation of the Fas death receptor by ST6Gal-I provides protection against Fas-mediated apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22982-90. [PMID: 21550977 PMCID: PMC3123066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.211375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosyltransferase, ST6Gal-I, adds sialic acid in an α2-6 linkage to the N-glycans of membrane and secreted glycoproteins. Up-regulation of ST6Gal-I occurs in many cancers, including colon carcinoma, and correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis. However, mechanisms by which ST6Gal-I facilitates tumor progression remain poorly understood due to limited knowledge of enzyme substrates. Herein we identify the death receptor, Fas (CD95), as an ST6Gal-I substrate, and show that α2-6 sialylation of Fas confers protection against Fas-mediated apoptosis. Intriguingly, differences in ST6Gal-I activity do not affect the function of DR4 or DR5 death receptors upon treatment with TRAIL, implicating a selective effect of ST6Gal-I on the Fas receptor. Using ST6Gal-I knockdown and forced overexpression colon carcinoma cell models, we find that α2-6 sialylation of Fas prevents apoptosis stimulated by FasL as well as the Fas-activating antibody, CH11, as evidenced by decreased activation of caspases 8 and 3. We also show that α2-6 sialylation of Fas does not alter the binding of CH11, but rather inhibits the capacity of Fas to induce apoptosis by blocking the association of FADD with Fas cytoplasmic tails, an event that initiates death-inducing signaling complex formation. Furthermore, α2-6 sialylation of Fas inhibits Fas internalization, which is required for apoptotic signaling. Although dysregulated Fas activity is a well known mechanism through which tumors evade apoptosis, the current study is the first to link Fas insensitivity to the actions of a specific sialyltransferase. This finding establishes a new paradigm by which death receptor function is impaired for the self-protection of tumors against apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F. Swindall
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Susan L. Bellis
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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41
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Li C, Lubman DM. Analysis of serum protein glycosylation with antibody-lectin microarray for high-throughput biomarker screening. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 723:15-28. [PMID: 21370056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-043-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of carbohydrate structures and their derivatives makes the study of the glycome a challenging subset of proteomic research. The microarray platform has become an essential tool to characterize glycan structure and to study glycosylation-related biological interactions, by using probes as a means to interrogate the spotted or captured glycosylated molecules on the arrays. The high-throughput and reproducible nature of microarray platforms have been highlighted by their extensive applications in the field of biomarker validation, where a large number of samples must be analyzed multiple times. This chapter presents an antibody-lectin microarray approach, which allows the efficient, multiplexed study of the glycosylation of multiple individual proteins from complex mixtures with both fluorescence labeling detection and label-free detection based on mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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42
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Zhuo Y, Bellis SL. Emerging role of alpha2,6-sialic acid as a negative regulator of galectin binding and function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:5935-41. [PMID: 21173156 PMCID: PMC3057866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.191429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins that regulate diverse cell behaviors, including adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Galectins can be expressed both intracellularly and extracellularly, and extracellular galectins mediate their effects by associating with cell-surface oligosaccharides. Despite intensive current interest in galectins, strikingly few studies have focused on a key enzyme that acts to inhibit galectin signaling, namely β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I). ST6Gal-I adds an α2,6-linked sialic acid to the terminal galactose of N-linked glycans, and this modification blocks galectin binding to β-galactosides. This minireview summarizes the evidence suggesting that ST6Gal-I activity serves as an "off switch" for galectin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhuo
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Susan L. Bellis
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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43
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Korekane H, Matsumoto A, Ota F, Hasegawa T, Misonou Y, Shida K, Miyamoto Y, Taniguchi N. Involvement of ST6Gal I in the biosynthesis of a unique human colon cancer biomarker candidate, alpha2,6-sialylated blood group type 2H (ST2H) antigen. J Biochem 2010; 148:359-70. [PMID: 20656882 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha2,6-sialylated blood group type 2H (ST2H) antigen (Fucalpha1-2(NeuAcalpha2-6)Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer) is a fucoganglioside found in human colon cancer tissues. To elucidate an enzyme responsible for the ST2H antigen formation, we screened some partially purified candidate enzymes, alpha2,6-sialyltransferases, ST6Gal I and ST6Gal II, and alpha1,2-fucosyltransferases, FUT1 and FUT2 for their activities towards pyridylaminated type 2H (Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-PA) or LS-tetrasaccharide c (LST-c: NeuAcalpha2-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-PA) as acceptor substrates. Here we show the ST6Gal I transfers NeuAc from the donor CMP-NeuAc to the terminal Gal of PA-type 2H, which formed the ST2H antigen, but the others could not synthesize it. Using a recombinant ST6Gal I, enzymatic reactions with two types of acceptors, PA-type 2H and PA-lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), were kinetically analysed. On the basis of catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)), the specificity of ST6Gal I towards the PA-type 2H was estimated to be 42 times lower than that for PA-LNnT. The overexpression of ST6Gal I in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells effectively resulted in the ST2H antigen formation, as judged by LC-ESI-IT-MS. Many lines of evidence suggest the up-regulation of ST6Gal I in human colon cancer specimens. Collectively, these findings indicate that ST6Gal I is responsible for ST2H antigen biosynthesis in human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Korekane
- Department of Disease Glycomics (Seikagaku Corporation), The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dall'olio
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo, 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Alley WR, Novotny MV. Glycomic analysis of sialic acid linkages in glycans derived from blood serum glycoproteins. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3062-72. [PMID: 20345175 PMCID: PMC2922414 DOI: 10.1021/pr901210r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of alterations to the normal glycomic profile have been previously described for a number of diseases and disorders, thus underscoring the medical importance of studying the glycans associated with proteins present in biological samples. An important alteration in cancer progression is an increased level of alpha2,6-sialylation, which aids in increasing the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Here we report a glycomic method that selectively amidates alpha2,6-linked sialic acids, while those that are alpha2,3-linked undergo spontaneous lactonization. Following subsequent permethylation, MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that many sialylated glycans present on glycoproteins found in blood serum featured increased levels of alpha2,6-sialylation in breast cancer samples. On the basis of the altered ratios of alpha2,3-linked to alpha2,6-linked sialic acids, many of these glycans became diagnostically relevant when they did not act as such indicators when based on traditional glycomic profiling alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA 47405
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA 47405
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Costa-Nogueira C, Villar-Portela S, Cuevas E, Gil-Martín E, Fernández-Briera A. Synthesis and expression of CDw75 antigen in human colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:431. [PMID: 20003255 PMCID: PMC2803195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased ST6Gal I activity has been associated with the α(2,6)sialylation enhancement of membrane glycoconjugates observed in metastatic colorectal carcinomas (CRC). Siaα(2,6)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAc sequence, known as CDw75, is a sialylated carbohydrate determinant generated by the ST6Gal I. This epitope has been reported to be associated with the progression of gastric and colorectal tumours, hence there are only a few conclusive studies to date. Methods By radioisotopic techniques we evaluated the ST6Gal I activity in healthy, transitional and tumour tissues from 43 patients with CRC. By immunohistochemistry we assessed the CDw75 expression in 25 colorectal adenomas, 43 tumours, 13 transitional and 28 healthy tissues of CRC patients. Results ST6Gal I activity was likewise found to be statistically higher in tumour tissue respect to healthy tissue from CRC patients. CDw75 expression was positive in 20% of colorectal adenomas. Furthermore, 70% of tumour specimens and 8.3% of transitional specimens were positive for CDw75 expression, whereas none of the healthy ones showed the presence of the epitope. Conclusion The major contribution of this study is the inclusion of data from transitional tissue and the analysis of CDw75 antigen expression in CRC and in colorectal adenomas, little known so far. ST6Gal I activity and CDw75 antigen expression were increased in CRC. Although their comparison did not reach the statistical significance, a great extent of patients showed both, an enhanced tumour ST6Gal I activity and an increased CDw75 expression in the tumour tissue. So, these two variables may play a role in malignant transformation. The expression of CDw75 in colorectal adenomas suggests that this antigen may be a tumour marker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Costa-Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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Seko A, Kataoka F, Aoki D, Sakamoto M, Nakamura T, Hatae M, Yonezawa S, Yamashita K. N-Acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-2 as a tumor marker for uterine cervical and corpus cancer. Glycoconj J 2009; 26:1065-73. [PMID: 19156517 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-2 (GlcNAc6ST2) is ectopically expressed in ovarian mucinous and clear cell adenocarcinoma [Kanoh et al., Glycoconj J 23:453-460, 2006]. Here we studied whether GlcNAc6ST2 protein can be detected in sera from patients with gynecological cancers and could serve as a tumor marker. First, we created a monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antiserum against GlcNAc6ST2. These antibodies were specific for GlcNAc6ST2, as shown by Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation. Using these antibodies, we constructed a sandwich ELISA method for detecting GlcNAc6ST2 in the serum. GlcNAc6ST2 provided lower positive rates for ovarian cancer than CA125, but higher positive rates for uterine cervical and corpus cancer than SCC antigens and CA125, respectively. A significantly higher percentage of stage I uterine cervical and corpus cancers were positive for GlcNAc6ST2 than for SCC antigens and CA125, respectively. GlcNAc6ST2 could therefore be a good serological marker for detecting early-stage uterine cervical and corpus cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Seko
- Innovative Research Initiatives, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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48
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Zhang W, Popovich DG. Chemical and biological characterization of oleanane triterpenoids from soy. Molecules 2009; 14:2959-75. [PMID: 19701138 PMCID: PMC6255087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14082959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soyasaponins are a group of complex and structural diverse oleanane triterpenoids found in soy (Glycine max) and other legumes. They are primarily classified into two main groups - group A and B - based on the attachment of sugar moieties at positions C-3 and C-22 of the ring structures. Group A soyasaponins are bidesmosidic, while group B soyasaponins are monodesmosidic. Group B soyasaponins are further classified into two subcategories known as 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) and non-DDMP conjugated molecules. The preparation and purification of soyasaponin molecules is complicated by the presence of bioactive soy isoflavones, which often overlap with soyasaponin in polarity and must removed from extracts before biological assessment. Soyasaponin extracts, aglycones of group A and B and individual group B soyasaponins such as soyasaponin I have been reported to posses specific bioactive properties, such as in vitro anti-cancer properties by modulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. The isolation, chemical characterization and detection strategies by HPLC and HPLC-MS are reviewed, along with the reported bioactive effects of soyasaponin extracts and individual molecules in cultured cancer cell experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David G. Popovich
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
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49
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Li C, Simeone DM, Brenner DE, Anderson MA, Shedden KA, Ruffin MT, Lubman DM. Pancreatic cancer serum detection using a lectin/glyco-antibody array method. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:483-92. [PMID: 19072160 PMCID: PMC2637303 DOI: 10.1021/pr8007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a formidable disease and early detection biomarkers are needed to make inroads into improving the outcomes in these patients. In this work, lectin antibody microarrays were utilized to detect unique glycosylation patterns of proteins from serum. Antibodies to four potential glycoprotein markers that were found in previous studies were printed on nitrocellulose coated glass slides and these microarrays were hybridized against patient serum to extract the target glycoproteins. Lectins were then used to detect different glycan structural units on the captured glycoproteins in a sandwich assay format. The biotinylated lectins used to assess differential glycosylation patterns were Aleuria aurentia lectin (AAL), Sambucus nigra bark lectin (SNA), Maackia amurensis lectin II (MAL), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), and Concanavalin A (ConA). Captured glycoproteins were evaluated on the microarray in situ by on-plate digestion and direct analysis using MALDI QIT-TOF mass spectroscopy. Analysis was performed using serum from 89 normal controls, 35 chronic pancreatitis samples, 37 diabetic samples and 22 pancreatic cancer samples. We found that this method had excellent reproducibility as measured by the signal deviation of control blocks as on-slide standard and 41 pairs of pure technical replicates. It was possible to discriminate cancer from the other disease groups and normal samples with high sensitivity and specificity where the response of Alpha-1-beta glycoprotein to lectin SNA increased by 69% in the cancer sample compared to the other noncancer groups (95% confidence interval 53-86%). These data suggest that differential glycosylation patterns detected on high-throughput lectin glyco-antibody microarrays are a promising biomarker approach for the early detection of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dean E. Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michelle A. Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kerby A Shedden
- Department of Statistics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Mack T. Ruffin
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David M. Lubman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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50
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Takahashi T, Naka T, Fujimoto M, Serada S, Horino J, Terabe F, Hirota S, Miyoshi. E, Hirai T, Nakajima K, Nishitani A, Souma Y, Sawa Y, Nishida T. Aberrant expression of glycosylation in juvenile gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1246-54. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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