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Jia C, Keasey MP, Malone HM, Lovins C, Sante RR, Razskazovskiy V, Hagg T. Vitronectin from brain pericytes promotes adult forebrain neurogenesis by stimulating CNTF. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:20-32. [PMID: 30408465 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitronectin (VTN) is a glycoprotein in the blood and affects hemostasis. VTN is also present in the extracellular matrix of various organs but little is known about its function in healthy adult tissues. We show, in adult mice, that VTN is uniquely expressed by approximately half of the pericytes of subventricular zone (SVZ) where neurogenesis continues throughout life. Intracerebral VTN antibody injection or VTN knockout reduced neurogenesis as well as expression of pro-neurogenic CNTF, and anti-neurogenic LIF and IL-6. Conversely, injections of VTN, or plasma from VTN+/+, but not VTN-/- mice, increased these cytokines. VTN promoted SVZ neurogenesis when LIF and IL-6 were suppressed by co-administration of a gp130 inhibitor. Unexpectedly, VTN inhibited FAK signaling and VTN-/- mice had increased FAK signaling in the SVZ. Further, an FAK inhibitor or VTN increased CNTF expression, but not in conditional astrocytic FAK knockout mice, suggesting that VTN increases CNTF through FAK inhibition in astrocytes. These results identify a novel role of pericyte-derived VTN in the brain, where it regulates SVZ neurogenesis through co-expression of CNTF, LIF and IL-6. VTN-integrin-FAK and gp130 signaling may provide novel targets to induce neurogenesis for cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Matthew P Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Hannah M Malone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Chiharu Lovins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Richard R Sante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Vlad Razskazovskiy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Theo Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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2
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Cohen G, Ettinger K, Lecht S, Lelkes PI, Lazarovici P. Transcriptional Down-regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptors by Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in PC12 Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:574-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Yang Q, Feng B, Zhang K, Guo YY, Liu SB, Wu YM, Li XQ, Zhao MG. Excessive astrocyte-derived neurotrophin-3 contributes to the abnormal neuronal dendritic development in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003172. [PMID: 23300470 PMCID: PMC3531466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a form of inherited mental retardation in humans that results from expansion of a CGG repeat in the Fmr1 gene. Recent studies suggest a role of astrocytes in neuronal development. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation process of astrocytes from FXS remain unclear. In this study, we found that astrocytes derived from a Fragile X model, the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse which lacks FMRP expression, inhibited the proper elaboration of dendritic processes of neurons in vitro. Furthermore, astrocytic conditioned medium (ACM) from KO astrocytes inhibited proper dendritic growth of both wild-type (WT) and KO neurons. Inducing expression of FMRP by transfection of FMRP vectors in KO astrocytes restored dendritic morphology and levels of synaptic proteins. Further experiments revealed elevated levels of the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in KO ACM and the prefrontal cortex of Fmr1 KO mice. However, the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were normal. FMRP has multiple RNA–binding motifs and is involved in translational regulation. RNA–binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) showed the NT-3 mRNA interacted with FMRP in WT astrocytes. Addition of high concentrations of exogenous NT-3 to culture medium reduced the dendrites of neurons and synaptic protein levels, whereas these measures were ameliorated by neutralizing antibody to NT-3 or knockdown of NT-3 expression in KO astrocytes through short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Prefrontal cortex microinjection of WT astrocytes or NT-3 shRNA infected KO astrocytes rescued the deficit of trace fear memory in KO mice, concomitantly decreased the NT-3 levels in the prefrontal cortex. This study indicates that excessive NT-3 from astrocytes contributes to the abnormal neuronal dendritic development and that astrocytes could be a potential therapeutic target for FXS. Fragile X syndrome is a form of inherited mental retardation in humans that results from expansion of a CGG repeat in the Fmr1 gene. Recent studies suggest that astrocytes play a role in neuronal growth. In this study, we find that astrocytes derived from a Fragile X model, the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse, inhibit the proper elaboration of dendritic processes of neurons in vitro. Excessive neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is released in the astrocytes from Fmr1 KO mice. Blockage of NT-3 by neutralizing antibodies and knockdown of NT-3 by using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in Fmr1 KO astrocytes can rescue the neuronal dendritic development. In vivo experiments show that prefrontal cortex microinjection of WT astrocytes or NT-3 shRNA–infected KO astrocytes rescues the deficit of trace fear memory in KO mice. This study provides the evidence that a lack of FMRP leads to an overexpression of NT-3, which reduces dendritic growth in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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4
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Mattson MP, Wan R. Neurotrophic factors in autonomic nervous system plasticity and dysfunction. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10:157-68. [PMID: 18172785 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-007-8021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During development, neurotrophic factors are known to play important roles in regulating the survival of neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the formation of their synaptic connectivity with their peripheral targets in the cardiovascular, digestive, and other organ systems. Emerging findings suggest that neurotrophic factors may also affect the functionality of the ANS during adult life and may, in part, mediate the effects of environmental factors such as exercise and dietary energy intake on ANS neurons and target cells. In this article, we describe the evidence that ANS neurons express receptors for multiple neurotrophic factors, and data suggesting that activation of those receptors can modify plasticity in the ANS. Neurotrophic factors that may regulate ANS function include brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factors, and ciliary neurotrophic factor. The possibility that perturbed neurotrophic factor signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of ANS dysfunction in some neurological disorders is considered, together with implications for neurotrophic factor-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD. USA.
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Ghzili H, Grumolato L, Thouënnon E, Tanguy Y, Turquier V, Vaudry H, Anouar Y. Role of PACAP in the physiology and pathology of the sympathoadrenal system. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:128-41. [PMID: 18048093 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells derive from common sympathoadrenal precursors which arise from the neural crest. Cells from this lineage migrate to their final destination and differentiate by acquiring a catecholaminergic phenotype in response to different environmental factors. It has been shown that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its PAC1 receptor are expressed at early stages of sympathetic development, and participate to the control of neuroblast proliferation and differentiation. PACAP also acts as a neurotransmitter to stimulate catecholamine and neuropeptide biosynthesis and release from sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells, during development and in adulthood. In addition, PACAP and its receptors have been described in neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma, and the neuropeptide regulates the differentiation and activity of sympathoadrenal-derived tumoral cell lines, suggestive of an important role in the pathophysiology of the sympathoadrenal lineage. Transcriptome studies uncovered genes and pathways of known and unknown roles that underlie the effects of PACAP in the sympathoadrenal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafida Ghzili
- INSERM, U413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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6
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Marconi P, Zucchini S, Berto E, Bozac A, Paradiso B, Bregola G, Grassi C, Volpi I, Argnani R, Marzola A, Manservigi R, Simonato M. Effects of defective herpes simplex vectors expressing neurotrophic factors on the proliferation and differentiation of nervous cells in vivo. Gene Ther 2005; 12:559-69. [PMID: 15616598 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are known to govern the processes involved in central nervous system cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, they represent very attractive candidates for use in the study and therapy of neurological disorders. We constructed recombinant herpesvirus-based-vectors capable of expressing fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) alone or in combinations. In vitro, vectors expressing FGF-2 and CNTF together, but not those expressing either NTF alone, caused proliferation of O-2A progenitors. Furthermore, based on double-labeling experiments performed using markers for neurons (MAP-2), oligodendrocytes (CNPase) and astrocytes (GFAP), most of the new cells were identified as astrocytes, but many expressed neuronal or oligodendrocytic markers. In vivo, vectors have been injected in the rat hippocampus. At 1 month after inoculation, a highly significant increase in BrdU-positive cells was observed in the dentate gyrus of animals injected with the vector expressing FGF-2 and CNTF together, but not in those injected with vectors expressing the single NTFs. Furthermore, double-labeling experiments confirmed in vitro data, that is, most of the new cells identified as astrocytes, some as neurons or oligodendrocytes. These data show the feasibility of the vector approach to induce proliferation and differentiation of neurons and/or oligodendrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marconi
- Department of Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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7
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Dinsmore JH. Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with neural cell transplantation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:527-34. [PMID: 15991990 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.4.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell transplantation is an emerging therapy that may provide an effective treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. The most extensive work with neural transplants has been carried out for Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. However, intensive efforts are also being made for the treatment of other neurological indications, such as spinal cord repair, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), to name just a few. The major barrier for the successful application of cells as therapeutics is achieving long-term survival and function. The CNS has proven to be ideal for transplantation, in part because immune rejection is attenuated in the CNS compared to peripheral locations. However, some form of immunosuppression is desirable for optimal allograft survival and required for xenograft survival. This review will focus on the challenges of restoring function to something as intricate as the CNS and on the limitations imposed by this complexity on any cellular therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Dinsmore
- Diacrin, Inc., Building 96, Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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8
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Ng YP, He W, Ip NY. Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor signaling negatively modulates nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38731-9. [PMID: 12871977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304623200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the development of sympathetic neurons and subsets of sensory neurons. Our current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological functions of NGF is in part based on the studies with PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells, which differentiate into sympathetic neuron-like cells upon NGF treatment. Here we report that the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), one of the signaling molecules shared by several neuropoietic cytokines of the interleukin-6 family, is specifically up-regulated in PC12 cells following treatment with NGF. Attenuation of LIFR signaling through stable transfection of antisense- or dominant negative-LIFR constructs enhances NGF-induced neurite extension in PC12 cells. On the contrary, overexpression of LIFR retards the growth of neurites. More importantly, whereas NGF-induced Rac1 activity is enhanced in antisense-LIFR and dominant negative-LIFR expressing PC12 cells, it is reduced in LIFR expressing PC12 cells. Following combined treatment with NGF and ciliary neurotrophic factor, sympathetic neurons exhibit attenuated neurite growth and branching. On the other hand, in sympathetic neurons lacking LIFR, neurite growth and branching is enhanced when compared with wild type controls. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that LIFR expression can be specifically induced by NGF and, besides its known function in cell survival and phenotype development, activated LIFR signaling can exert negative regulatory effects on neurite extension and branching of sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pong Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Böttcher T, Mix E, Koczan D, Bauer P, Pahnke J, Peters S, Weinelt S, Knoblich R, Strauss U, Cattaneo E, Thiesen HJ, Rolfs A. Gene expression profiling of ciliary neurotrophic factor-overexpressing rat striatal progenitor cells (ST14A) indicates improved stress response during the early stage of differentiation. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:42-53. [PMID: 12815707 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal progenitor cells delivering neurotrophic factors are a promising therapeutic tool for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Although several promising results have come from studies in different animal models, detailed knowledge of the action of neurotrophic factors in the CNS is still lacking. A clonally derived, immortalized rat striatal cell line (ST14A) expressing ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) offers a stable and controlled background with which to analyze CNTF actions on the transcriptional level in CNS progenitor cells. To identify early transcriptional changes induced by CNTF expression, we transfected the CNTF gene into ST14A cells, which differentiate at the nonpermissive temperature of 39 degrees C via suppression of the immortalizing SV40 large T antigen. This shows a CNTF-dependent hypoxic/ischemic stress response during the earliest stage of differentiation, with expression of specific transcripts and evidence of translational repression leading to decreased protein synthesis in the transfected cells. This process is mediated by the Ras/MAP kinase pathway and is accompanied by impaired proliferation and metabolism as well as signs of neuronal differentiation. The stress-like response in the early stage of differentiation improves the ability of the transfected cells to respond to and cope with a stressful environment in vivo. The present data indicate higher viability, longer life, and greater differentiation capacity of CNTF-ST14A cells if they are used for transplantation. We conclude that the stress-like response during the early stage of differentiation improves the ability of the CNTF-ST14A cells to respond and adapt to a stressful environment, which renders them useful candidate cells for in vivo trials of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases in animal models, e.g., of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Böttcher
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Yan KS, Kuti M, Yan S, Mujtaba S, Farooq A, Goldfarb MP, Zhou MM. FRS2 PTB domain conformation regulates interactions with divergent neurotrophic receptors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17088-94. [PMID: 11877385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-anchored adaptor proteins FRS2alpha/beta (also known as SNT-1/2) mediate signaling of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and neurotrophin receptors (TRKs) through their N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. The FRS2 PTB domain recognizes tyrosine-phosphorylated TRKs at an NPXpY (where pY is phosphotyrosine) motif, whereas its constitutive association with FGFR involves a receptor juxtamembrane region lacking Tyr and Asn residues. Here we show by isothermal titration calorimetry that the FRS2alpha PTB domain binding to peptides derived from TRKs or FGFR is thermodynamically different. TRK binding is largely enthalpy-driven, whereas the FGFR interaction is governed by a favorable entropic contribution to the free energy of binding. Furthermore, our NMR spectral analysis suggests that disruption of an unstructured region C-terminal to the PTB domain alters local conformation and dynamics of the residues at the ligand-binding site, and that structural disruption of the beta8-strand directly weakens the PTB domain association with the FGFR ligand. Together, our new findings support a molecular mechanism by which conformational dynamics of the FRS2alpha PTB domain dictates its association with either fibroblast growth factor or neurotrophin receptors in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Yan
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029, USA
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11
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Cheung WM, Chu AH, Chu PW, Ip NY. Cloning and expression of a novel nuclear matrix-associated protein that is regulated during the retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17083-91. [PMID: 11278750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010802200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is essential for the normal patterning and neurogenesis during development. RA treatment induces growth arrest and terminal differentiation of a human embryonal carcinoma cell line (NT2) into postmitotic central nervous system neurons. Using RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, we identified a novel serine/threonine-rich protein, RA-regulated nuclear matrix-associated protein (Ramp), that was down-regulated during the RA-induced differentiation of NT2 cells. Prominent mRNA expression of ramp could be detected in adult placenta and testis as well as in all human fetal tissues examined. The genomic clone of ramp has been mapped to the telomere of chromosome arm 1q, corresponding to band 1q32.1-32.2. Associated with the nuclear matrix of NT2 cells, Ramp translocates from the interphase nucleus to the metaphase cytoplasm during mitosis. During the late stage of cytokinesis, Ramp concentrates at the midzone of the dividing daughter cells. The transcript expression of ramp is closely correlated with the cell proliferation rate of NT2 cells. Moreover, overexpression of Ramp induces a transient increase in the proliferation rate of NT2 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that Ramp plays a role in the proliferation of the human embryonal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Xu H, Goldfarb M. Multiple effector domains within SNT1 coordinate ERK activation and neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:13049-56. [PMID: 11278583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009925200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of neuronal precursor cells in response to neurotrophic differentiation factors is accompanied by the activation of membrane-anchored SNT signaling adaptor proteins. Two classes of differentiation factors, the neurotrophins and fibroblast growth factors, induce rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of SNT1(FRS2alpha), which in turn enables SNT1 to recruit Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase and Grb2 adaptor protein in complex with the Ras GDP/GTP exchange factor Sos. To determine effector functions of SNT that promote neuronal differentiation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, we engineered a chimeric protein, SNT1(IRS)CX, bearing the effector region of SNT1 and the insulin receptor recognition domains of IRS2. Insulin promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of SNT1(IRS)CX in transfected PC12 cells accompanied by sustained activation of ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases and neuronal differentiation. The SNT1(IRS)CX-mediated response was dependent on endogenous Ras, MEK, and Shp2 activities. Mutagenesis of SNT1(IRS)CX identified three classes of effector motifs within SNT critical for both sustained ERK activation and neuronal differentiation: 1) four phosphotyrosine motifs that mediate recruitment of Grb2, 2) two phosphotyrosine motifs that mediate recruitment of Shp2, and 3) a C-terminal motif that functions by helping to recruit Sos. We discuss possible mechanisms by which three functionally distinct SNT effector motifs collaborate to promote a downstream biochemical and biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Graduate Training Program in Molecular, Cellular, Biochemical, and Developmental Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1020, New York, New York 10029, USA
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13
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Plun-Favreau H, Elson G, Chabbert M, Froger J, deLapeyrière O, Lelièvre E, Guillet C, Hermann J, Gauchat JF, Gascan H, Chevalier S. The ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha component induces the secretion of and is required for functional responses to cardiotrophin-like cytokine. EMBO J 2001; 20:1692-703. [PMID: 11285233 PMCID: PMC145510 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.7.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is involved in the survival of a number of different neural cell types, including motor neurons. CNTF functional responses are mediated through a tripartite membrane receptor composed of two signalling receptor chains, gp130 and the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), associated with a non-signalling CNTF binding receptor alpha component (CNTFR). CNTFR-deficient mice show profound neuronal deficits at birth, leading to a lethal phenotype. In contrast, inactivation of the CNTF gene leads only to a slight muscle weakness, mainly during adulthood, suggesting that CNTFR binds to a second ligand that is important for development. Modelling studies of the interleukin-6 family member cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC) revealed structural similarities with CNTF, including the conservation of a site I domain involved in binding to CNTFR. Co-expression of CLC and CNTFR in mammalian cells generates a secreted composite cytokine, displaying activities on cells expressing the gp130-LIFR complex on their surface. Correspondingly, CLC-CNTFR activates gp130, LIFR and STAT3 signalling components, and enhances motor neuron survival. Together, these observations demonstrate that CNTFR induces the secretion of CLC, as well as mediating the functional responses of CLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg Elson
- INSERM EMI 9928, CHU d’Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex,
Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74164 Saint Julien-en-Genevois and INSERM U382, IBDM (CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Mediterranée), Campus de Luminy, case postale 907, 13288 Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail: and G.Elson contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - Odile deLapeyrière
- INSERM EMI 9928, CHU d’Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex,
Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74164 Saint Julien-en-Genevois and INSERM U382, IBDM (CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Mediterranée), Campus de Luminy, case postale 907, 13288 Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail: and G.Elson contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Gauchat
- INSERM EMI 9928, CHU d’Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex,
Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74164 Saint Julien-en-Genevois and INSERM U382, IBDM (CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Mediterranée), Campus de Luminy, case postale 907, 13288 Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail: and G.Elson contributed equally to this work
| | - Hugues Gascan
- INSERM EMI 9928, CHU d’Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex,
Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74164 Saint Julien-en-Genevois and INSERM U382, IBDM (CNRS-INSERM-Univ.Mediterranée), Campus de Luminy, case postale 907, 13288 Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail: and G.Elson contributed equally to this work
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14
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Dhalluin C, Yan KS, Plotnikova O, Lee KW, Zeng L, Kuti M, Mujtaba S, Goldfarb MP, Zhou MM. Structural basis of SNT PTB domain interactions with distinct neurotrophic receptors. Mol Cell 2000; 6:921-9. [PMID: 11090629 PMCID: PMC5155437 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SNT adaptor proteins transduce activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and neurotrophin receptors (TRKs) to common signaling targets. The SNT-1 phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain recognizes activated TRKs at a canonical NPXpY motif and, atypically, binds to nonphosphorylated FGFRs in a region lacking tyrosine or asparagine. Here, using NMR and mutational analyses, we show that the PTB domain utilizes distinct sets of amino acid residues to interact with FGFRs or TRKs in a mutually exclusive manner. The FGFR1 peptide wraps around the beta sandwich structure of the PTB domain, and its binding is possibly regulated by conformational change of a unique C-terminal beta strand in the protein. Our results suggest mechanisms by which SNTs serve as molecular switches to mediate the essential interplay between FGFR and TRK signaling during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dhalluin
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Kelley S. Yan
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Olga Plotnikova
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Kyung W. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Lei Zeng
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Miklos Kuti
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Shiraz Mujtaba
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Mitchell P. Goldfarb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
- To whom correspondence should be addressed ()
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15
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Goldhawk DE, Meakin SO, Verdi JM. Subpopulations of rat B2(+) neuroblasts exhibit differential neurotrophin responsiveness during sympathetic development. Dev Biol 2000; 218:367-77. [PMID: 10656776 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons comprise a population of postmitotic, tyrosine hydroxylase expressing cells whose survival is dependent upon nerve growth factor (NGF) both in vivo and in vitro. However, during development precursors to rat sympathetic neurons in the thoracolumbar region are not responsive to NGF because they lack the signal transducing NGF receptor, trkA. We have previously shown that acquisition of trkA expression is sufficient to confer a functional response to NGF. Here we describe four subpopulations of thoracolumbar sympathetic neuroblasts which are mitotically active and unresponsive to NGF at E13.5 of rat gestation, but differ based upon their neurotrophic responsiveness in vitro. The survival in culture of the largest sympathetic subpopulation is mediated by neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), whereas the cell survival of two smaller subpopulations of neuroblasts are mediated by either solely GDNF or solely NT-3. Finally, we identify a subpopulation of sympathetic neuroblasts in the thoracolumbar region whose survival, exit from the cell cycle, induction of trkA expression, and consequent acquisition of NGF responsiveness in culture appear to be neurotrophin independent and cell autonomous. These subpopulations reflect the diversity of neurotrophic actions that occur in the proper development of sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Goldhawk
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, N6A 5K8, Canada
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16
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Wu YY, Bradshaw RA. Activation of the Stat3 signaling pathway is required for differentiation by interleukin-6 in PC12-E2 cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:2147-56. [PMID: 10636920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.3.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways in the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced morphological differentiation of PC12-E2 cells was assessed using wild type and dominant negative mutants of Stat1 and Stat3, containing Tyr --> Phe (YF), Ser --> Ala (SA), and the double mutations (DM), respectively. FS3-YF or FS3-DM markedly inhibited the IL-6-induced response, but overexpression of FS3-SA caused only a modest inhibition. Expression of all Stat3 mutants had no effect on NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Overexpression of wild type Stat1 protein inhibited IL-6 activated DNA binding complexes containing Stat3 homodimers, which may explain the partial negative effect of Stat1 on IL-6-induced neurite outgrowth. Specificity of these STAT constructs was confirmed using luciferase reporter gene assays, which showed that IL-6-activated transcription was blocked by expression of FS3-YF and FS3-DM and that FS1 enhanced the interferon gamma-activated transcription. Thus, in PC12-E2 cells, Stat3 homodimers are preferentially activated by IL-6, indicating a role for Stat3 in the regulation of cellular differentiation. Furthermore, IL-6 induced robust neurite outgrowth in PC12-E2 cells expressing dominant negative forms of RAS or SHC or in cells pretreated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059. Thus, activation of the Stat3 signaling pathway, but not RAS/ERK dependent pathways, is essential for differentiation of PC12-E2 cells by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Wu
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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17
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Rubio FJ, Kokaia Z, del Arco A, García-Simón MI, Snyder EY, Lindvall O, Satrústegui J, Martínez-Serrano A. BDNF gene transfer to the mammalian brain using CNS-derived neural precursors. Gene Ther 1999; 6:1851-66. [PMID: 10602381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell lines represent a homogeneous source of cells for genetic, developmental, and gene transfer and repair studies in the nervous system. Since both gene transfer of neurotrophic factors and cell replacement strategies are of immediate interest for therapeutical purposes, we have generated BDNF-secreting neural stem cell lines and investigated to what extent different endogenous levels of BDNF expression affect in vitro survival, proliferation and differentiation of these cells. Also, we have investigated the in vivo effects of such BDNF gene transfer procedure in the rat neostriatum. Hippocampus- and cerebellum-derived cell lines reacted differently to manipulations aimed at varying their levels of BDNF production. Over-expression of BDNF enhanced survival of both cell types, in a serum-deprivation assay. Conversely, and ruling out unspecific effects, expression of an antisense version of BDNF resulted in compromised survival of cerebellum-derived cells, and in a lethal phenotype in hippocampal progenitors. These data indicate that endogenous BDNF level strongly influences the in vitro survival of these cells. These effects are more pronounced for hippocampus- than for cerebellum-derived progenitors. Hippocampus-derived BDNF overproducers showed no major change in their capacity to differentiate towards a neuronal phenotype in vitro. In contrast, cerebellar progenitors overproducing BDNF did not differentiate into neurons, whereas cells expressing the antisense BDNF construct generated cells with morphological features of neurons and expressing immunological neuronal markers. Taken together, these results provide evidence that BDNF controls both the in vitro survival and differentiation of neural stem cells. After in vivo transplantation of BDNF-overproducing cells to the rat neostriatum, these survived better than the control ones, and induced the expected neurotrophic effects on cholinergic neurons. However, long-term (3 months) administration of BDNF resulted in detrimental effects, at this location. These findings may be of importance for the understanding of brain development, for the design of therapeutic neuro-regenerative strategies, and for cell replacement and gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Rubio
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Autonomous University of Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Lesser SS, Holmes TM, Pittman AJ, Lo DC. Induction of electrical excitability by NGF requires autocrine action of a CNTF-like factor. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999; 14:169-79. [PMID: 10576888 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1999.0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The overlapping expression of neurotrophin and neural cytokine receptors indicates that most neuronal populations are responsive to both classes of factors, yet relatively little is known about how these two trophic signaling systems interact to regulate neuronal phenotype. We report here that one hallmark of NGF's effects on target cells, the induction of membrane electrical excitability, requires the intermediary action of a CNTF-like factor. We found that NGF's regulation of voltage-gated potassium channels, unlike its regulation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, involves a CNTF-like autocrine/paracrine loop. We showed that NGF induces secretion of a soluble factor that mimics the action of exogenous CNTF in regulating voltage-gated potassium channels and that NGF's ability to regulate this potassium channel is blocked by three independent reagents that inhibit the signaling of CNTF and/or related factors. The identity of this autocrine factor does not appear to be CNTF itself. Thus, a CNTF-like autocrine/paracrine factor is both necessary and sufficient for the regulation of potassium channels by NGF and is a key determinant of the type of electrical excitability that NGF induces in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Lesser
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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19
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Weisenhorn DM, Roback J, Young AN, Wainer BH. Cellular aspects of trophic actions in the nervous system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 189:177-265. [PMID: 10333580 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the past three decades the number of molecules exhibiting trophic actions in the brain has increased drastically. These molecules promote and/or control proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival (sometimes even the death) of their target cells. In this review a comprehensive overview of small diffusible factors showing trophic actions in the central nervous system (CNS) is given. The factors discussed are neurotrophins, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factors, ciliary neurotrophic factor and related molecules, glial-derived growth factor and related molecules, transforming growth factor-beta and related molecules, neurotransmitters, and hormones. All factors are discussed with respect to their trophic actions, their expression patterns in the brain, and molecular aspects of their receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. It becomes evident that there does not exist "the" trophic factor in the CNS but rather a multitude of them interacting with each other in a complicated network of trophic actions forming and maintaining the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Weisenhorn
- Wesley Woods Laboratory for Brain Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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20
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Mehler MF, Kessler JA. Cytokines in brain development and function. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1999; 52:223-51. [PMID: 9917922 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Mehler
- Department of Neurology, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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21
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Daadi M, Arcellana-Panlilio MY, Weiss S. Activin co-operates with fibroblast growth factor 2 to regulate tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the basal forebrain ventricular zone progenitors. Neuroscience 1998; 86:867-80. [PMID: 9692723 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activin and its cognate receptors are expressed during embryogenesis in the rapidly dividing cells of the basal forebrain ventricular zone. This finding prompted us to study the role of activin in regulating neurotransmitter phenotype expression and other aspects of the ventricular zone-derived progenitor cell differentiation. Although virtually ineffective alone, activin co-operated with fibroblast growth factor 2 to induce a rapid tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in cultured ventricular zone progenitors. Northern analysis indicated that the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity was associated with increased tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression. Activin and fibroblast growth factor 2 action was specific to tyrosine hydroxylase, as it did not induce the expression of choline acetyltransferase, nor enhance the expression of glutamate decarboxylase. Cultures treated with the DNA replication marker bromodeoxyuridine revealed that both proliferating ventricular zone progenitors and their post-mitotic progeny were induced to express tyrosine hydroxylase. In these cultures, activin acted to reduce fibroblast growth factor 2 stimulated mitotic activity. Furthermore, activin permitted neuronal differentiation and survival of the ventricular zone progenitors after three days in vitro. Together these data demonstrate a novel role of activin and fibroblast growth factor 2 in regulating the fate of the embryonic basal forebrain ventricular zone progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daadi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Ensoli F, Fiorelli V, Vannelli B, Barni T, De Cristofaro M, Ensoli B, Thiele CJ. Basic fibroblast growth factor supports human olfactory neurogenesis by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Neuroscience 1998; 86:881-93. [PMID: 9692724 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, olfactory sensory neurons are renewed from a population of dividing stem cells. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activation, self-renewal and differentiation of olfactory neuronal precursors; however, evidence indicates that soluble mediators may play a central role in olfactory neurogenesis. To identify molecules that regulate olfactory self-renewal and differentiation, we have recently established, cloned and propagated in vitro primary long-term cell cultures from the human fetal olfactory neuroepithelium. Here we show that primary human olfactory neuroblasts synthesize and release biologically active basic fibroblast growth factor which, in turn, supports neuroblast growth by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. The growth-promoting activity of basic fibroblast growth factor is dose dependent and is accompanied by morphological changes of the cells and by an increase in the expression of neuronal-related genes. These observations indicate that endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor participates in controlling olfactory self-renewal and suggest that this cytokine represents a key regulatory element of olfactory neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ensoli
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Halfter H, Kremerskothen J, Weber J, Hacker-Klom U, Barnekow A, Ringelstein EB, Stögbauer F. Growth inhibition of newly established human glioma cell lines by leukemia inhibitory factor. J Neurooncol 1998; 39:1-18. [PMID: 9760066 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005901423332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have established three new cell lines deriving from malignant human gliomas. The cell lines were described in terms of both morphology and growth characteristics. Most cells in all three cell lines expressed the neuroepithelial marker protein GFAP. In terms of growth characteristics, the cells showed only slight differences. The cell lines showed no expression of the neural form of the c-src gene, pp60c-srcN, but did express the ubiquitous form, pp60c-src. The established glioma cell lines were also examined for expression of members of the neuropoietic cytokine family, CNTF and LIF, and their respective receptor components CNTFRalpha, LIFRbeta and gp130. With the exception of CNTFRalpha both the ligands and their receptor components were expressed in similar amounts in all three cell lines. The presence of ligand and receptor prompted us to study the effects of exogenously supplied factors on the growth of the glioma cell lines. Whereas LIF induced a high c-fos expression, only low c-fos induction was observed upon CNTF treatment. Accordingly, CNTF did not have any noticeable effects on glioma cell growth in culture, while LIF mediated an inhibiting effect on the growth of the three glioma cell lines in culture.
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MESH Headings
- Aneuploidy
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/chemistry
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Division
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
- Cytokine Receptor gp130
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, fos
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/biosynthesis
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/pathology
- Growth Inhibitors/biosynthesis
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-6
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, OSM-LIF
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H Halfter
- Klinik für Neurologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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24
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Chalazonitis A, Rothman TP, Chen J, Vinson EN, MacLennan AJ, Gershon MD. Promotion of the development of enteric neurons and glia by neuropoietic cytokines: Interactions with neurotrophin-3. Dev Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(98)80010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Grothe C, Meisinger C, Holzschuh J, Wewetzer K, Cattini P. Over-expression of the 18 kD and 21/23 kD fibroblast growth factor-2 isoforms in PC12 cells and Schwann cells results in altered cell morphology and growth. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 57:97-105. [PMID: 9630544 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) occurs in different isoforms which represent alternative translation products from a single mRNA. The question of whether the presence of multiple FGF-2 isoforms has physiological implications is compelling but unresolved so far. However, it has been shown recently that the FGF-2 isoforms are differentially regulated in sensory ganglia and peripheral nerve following nerve injury and, moreover, in the adrenal medulla during postnatal development and after hormonal stimuli suggesting that the isoforms may serve different physiological functions. To investigate isoform-specific effects we have established immortalized Schwann cells and PC12 cells stably over-expressing the 18 kD and the HMW isoforms. We found that the over-expression of the different isoforms alters morphology and growth of the Schwann cells. PC12 cells over-expressing the 18 kD FGF-2 were found to differentiate towards the neuronal phenotype whereas over-expression of the HMW isoforms resulted in a stabilization of the endocrine phenotype. Taken together, these data corroborate the idea of FGF-2 isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grothe
- Hannover Medical School, Center of Anatomy, OE 4140, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Ip NY. The neurotrophins and neuropoietic cytokines: two families of growth factors acting on neural and hematopoietic cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 840:97-106. [PMID: 9629241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress has revealed similarities between the receptors and signaling systems used by neurotrophic factors as compared to other growth factors and cytokines. The neurotrophins use a family of receptor tyrosine kinases known as the Trk receptors, whereas ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) uses a "cytokine receptor" system that shares receptor components with a number of distantly related cytokines. We have used a human embryonal carcinoma cell line and human leukemia cell lines to examine the actions of the neurotrophins and CNTF on cellular differentiation. Our findings demonstrate that specific combinations of neurotrophic factors are required to influence the neuronal progenitor cells to become postmitotic mature CNS neurons. Such synergistic interactions may play an important role in modulating the differentiation of a wide assortment of neuronal precursors in the developing nervous system. Furthermore, our studies with leukemia cells suggest that neurotrophic factors may play a similar role in hematopoietic differentiation and that these factors may have therapeutic application in leukemia differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Ip
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay.
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27
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Song Q, Mehler MF, Kessler JA. Bone morphogenetic proteins induce apoptosis and growth factor dependence of cultured sympathoadrenal progenitor cells. Dev Biol 1998; 196:119-27. [PMID: 9527885 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuron numbers in developing vertebrate organisms are regulated by the availability of growth factors which promote their survival. However, neuron survival may also be regulated by growth factors which promote rather than prevent cell death. This study examined the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in inducing apoptosis of MAH cells, an immortalized sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line. Treatment of MAH cells with BMP2 or BMP4 killed the cells in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, treatment with BMP7 or TGFbeta1 failed to affect survival, suggesting that induction of apoptosis is specific to the dpp subgroup of BMPs. Survival after treatment with BMP2 or BMP4 required addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), indicating that BMP treatment made the neurons dependent upon an exogenous factor for survival. Several experimental observations suggested an apoptotic mechanism for BMP-induced death. After BMP2 treatment, the cells progressively shrank and became pyknotic. Further, there was prominent endonucleosomic cleavage of DNA (laddering) as well as TUNEL staining. Moreover, BMP-induced death was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor z-VAD and was partially prevented by the endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid. These observations suggest that neuron numbers may be regulated by factors which promote death and that exposure to such factors may be a signal for the development of dependence upon other growth factors for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Song
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Kennedy Center Room 901, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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28
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Synergistic effects of schwann- and muscle-derived factors on motoneuron survival involve GDNF and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9454853 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-04-01440.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of central neurons depends on multiple neurotrophic factors produced by different cell types. We demonstrate that media conditioned by muscle and Schwann cell lines show strong synergistic effects on survival of purified embryonic day 14.5 rat motoneurons in culture. Different lines of evidence implicate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) in this synergy. Their expression in the environment of the motoneuron is compartmentalized: gdnf transcripts are expressed principally in Schwann cell lines, whereas ct-1 mRNA is present in myotubes. Blocking antibodies to GDNF inhibit the trophic activity of Schwann cell line-conditioned media by 75%, whereas CT-1 antibodies diminish the myotube-derived activity by 46%. CT-1 and GDNF act synergistically to enhance motoneuron survival in vitro. In vivo, individual motoneurons coexpress both GDNF and CT-1 receptor components. GDNF and CT-1, therefore, are major components of the trophic support provided by the Schwann and muscle cells, respectively. The possibility that they act together on individual motoneurons suggests that the motoneuron must integrate distinct signals from different cellular partners when deciding whether to die or to survive.
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29
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Holst A, Heller S, Junghans D, Geissen M, Ernsberger U, Rohrer H. Onset of CNTFRalpha expression and signal transduction during neurogenesis in chick sensory dorsal root ganglia. Dev Biol 1997; 191:1-13. [PMID: 9356167 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha (CNTFRalpha) was investigated in the developing chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using affinity-purified anti-CNTFRalpha antibodies. At thoracic levels, CNTFRalpha-immunoreactivity (CNTFRalpha-IR) was first observed at stage 19 (E3) in cells with neuronal morphology. CNTFRalpha-IR is restricted to the neuronal lineage in the DRG throughout development. CNTFRalpha expression precedes that of neuron-specific beta tubulin, Hu antigen, and Q211 antigen, which are markers expressed in developing sensory neurons. [3H]Thymidine-labeling studies showed the onset of CNTFRalpha expression during terminal mitosis of sensory neuron precursors, making CNTFRalpha the earliest known neuronal marker in the DRG. CNTFRalpha-mediated signal transduction was demonstrated in E7 and E11 DRG neuron cultures by CNTF-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Although low ligand concentrations (5 pM) elicit STAT3 phosphorylation in E7 and E11 DRG neurons, a survival response is only observed in neurons from E11 DRG. This implicates a complex readout mechanism downstream of STAT3 phosphorylation leading to different cellular responses that depend on the age of the DRG neuron. These results argue against a role of CNTFRalpha ligands in the control of early neuron survival but are compatible with other functions in neurogenesis and sensory neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holst
- Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Deutschordenstrasse 46, Frankfurt, D-60528, Federal Republic of Germany
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30
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Miyasaka N, Matsuoka I, Kurihara K. An immortalized septal cell line that expresses trkA mRNA in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. Neurochem Int 1997; 31:557-62. [PMID: 9308005 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(97)00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells dissociated from embryonic rat septum were transfected with SV40 large T antigen gene by the calcium phosphate precipitation method. One of the cloned lines (EG6) had a flat morphology and expressed nestin gene, a marker of neural stem cells. Upon stimulation with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), morphological changes of EG6 cells were induced, e.g. shrinkage of cell body and extension of neuritic processes. Furthermore, bFGF induced expression of the high affinity NGF receptor (trkA) gene. EG6 cell line thus will be useful for studies of roles of bFGF in the developing CNS as well as for studies of the regulation of trkA gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miyasaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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31
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Goldstein BJ, Wolozin BL, Schwob JE. FGF2 suppresses neuronogenesis of a cell line derived from rat olfactory epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199710)33:4<411::aid-neu6>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Abstract
It is now clear that cytokines traditionally viewed as immune modulators participate in inflammatory responses within the adult nervous system. However, in the developing nervous system hematolymphopoietic cytokines also play a role unrelated to neural-immune interactions. Instead, many of these factors subserve primary regulatory functions related both to the morphogenesis and to the cellular maturation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This article focuses specifically on cytokine actions in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Mehler
- Dept of Neurology, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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33
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Meisinger C, Grothe C. Differential expression of FGF-2 isoforms in the rat adrenal medulla during postnatal development in vivo. Brain Res 1997; 757:291-4. [PMID: 9200760 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) isoforms of the adrenal medulla are differentially expressed during rat postnatal development. While the 18 and 23 kDa isoforms continuously rise towards the adult expression level, the 21 kDa isoform displays a peak expression at postnatal day 28. The peak expression of the 21 kDa isoform correlates with the peak of the corticosterone concentration during postnatal development. Together with the previously demonstrated increase of the 21 kDa isoform in the adrenal medulla in vivo after glucocorticoid administration these results suggest that the differential regulation of the FGF-2 isoforms could be a physiologically occurring mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meisinger
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Wong V, Glass DJ, Arriaga R, Yancopoulos GD, Lindsay RM, Conn G. Hepatocyte growth factor promotes motor neuron survival and synergizes with ciliary neurotrophic factor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5187-91. [PMID: 9030587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to function as a potent mitogen for a variety of cells, transducing its signal through the c-met tyrosine kinase receptor. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a cytokine that has been shown to promote survival of motor neurons. We show here that c-met mRNA is present in the embryonic rat spinal cord. Peak expression of c-met (at E14) coincides with the period of naturally occurring cell death in motor neurons, suggesting a possible role of HGF in the regulation of this process. Utilizing a neuron-enriched culture system, we established that HGF, like CNTF, stimulates choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in motor neurons. When co-administered to motor neuron cultures, saturating concentrations of HGF and CNTF produced a synergistic increase in CAT levels. We show that this synergy reflects enhanced motor neuron survival. Exposure of motor neuron cultures to the cytostatic agent vincristine markedly decreased CAT levels; co-treatment with HGF and CNTF (but not either factor alone) restored CAT activity to control levels. Our findings indicate that HGF is a survival factor for motor neurons, that it acts synergistically with CNTF, and that HGF and CNTF can together be neuroprotective in the face of vincristine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
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35
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Fisher LJ. Neural precursor cells: applications for the study and repair of the central nervous system. Neurobiol Dis 1997; 4:1-22. [PMID: 9258907 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.1997.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of gene transfer and intracerebral transplantation techniques has been used in studies of CNS development to provide the most compelling evidence to date that the broad diversity of cell types that exist in the CNS arises from single precursor cells. Although the factors that influence cellular differentiation in vivo remain to be clarified, work conducted in vitro with neural precursors has demonstrated that environmental signals (both soluble factors and substrate molecules) play a pivotal role in these decisions. In particular, FGF-2 appears to be one of the prominent influential factors involved in CNS development (see Temple & Qian, 1995). The generation of immortalized precursor populations that are capable of differentiating into multiple CNS cell types in vivo has significant implications for the treatment of neural dysfunction. Such cells may be manipulated toward a lineage that synthesizes factors of interest and used in grafting strategies to replace substances that are lost after injury or in neurodegenerative disease. Alternatively, precursor cells may be directed to a neuronal lineage and used to functionally repair damaged neural systems. Finally, genetic modification of precursor populations provides a method for introducing therapeutic gene products both into discrete regions of the brain and into widely dispersed areas of the CNS. In considering applications to human disease, it has been reported that nestin is expressed in human neuroepithelial cells (Tohyama et al., 1992), suggesting the existence of neural precursors. Recently, such precursors were in fact isolated by two separate groups (Kirschenbaum et al., 1994; Sabaté et al., 1995) and shown to be amenable to gene transfer and to successfully survive transplantation into the brain of experimental animals (Sabaté et al., 1995). Such findings encourage the possibility that precursor cells from the human CNS may be utilized in cell replacement or gene therapy strategies directed toward human neurodegenerative disorders. While immortalization techniques have been essential for generating large quantities of precursor cells for study and transplantation, the genetic modification of cells may alter vital cellular properties. Thus, the ability to induce the proliferation of nonimmortalized neural populations in vitro with the use of growth factors (see section on CNS precursor cells above) provides an important alternative approach for developing perpetual neural cell lines. Recent work with such growth factor-responsive precursor cells has suggested their therapeutic potential in the CNS, as evidenced by the finding that FGF-2-responsive cells can successfully engraft and express transgenes in the adult brain (Gage et al., 1995; Sabaté et al., 1995; Suhonen et al., 1996). Continuing studies with these cells will provide additional insight into the properties of primary CNS stem cells and increase the range of precursor populations that are useful for exploring the development, function, and plasticity of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fisher
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, San Diego, California 92186-5800, USA
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36
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de Luca A, Weller M, Frei K, Fontana A. Maturation-dependent modulation of apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons by cytokines and neurotrophins. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8:1994-2005. [PMID: 8921290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immature cerebellar granule neurons die by apoptosis within 1 week in vitro unless maintained in depolarizing (high) concentrations of potassium (25 mM K+). Neurons allowed to survive and differentiate in high K+ medium for several days in vitro are still induced to undergo apoptosis when switched back to physiological (low) concentrations of K+ (5 mM). Here we have investigated the effects of various cytokines and growth factors in these two well-defined paradigms of neuronal apoptosis. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha, leukaemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, interleukin-10 and interleukin-13 delayed apoptosis and prolonged survival of cerebellar granule neurons maintained in low K+ medium. The effect observed required continuous exposure of the cultures to the cytokines and appeared not to involve modulation of Bcl-2 protein expression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor accelerated neuronal death in low K+ medium. In contrast, when apoptosis of the neurons was precipitated by switching mature high K+ neurons to low K+ medium, neither tumour necrosis factor-alpha, leukaemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, interleukin-10 nor interleukin-13 prevented apoptosis. When testing the cytokines and growth factors for their capacity to alter N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity of differentiated cerebellar granule neurons, no significant effect was observed. These data appear to define a maturation-dependent modulation of cerebellar granule cell survival by cytokines and neurotrophic factors that are expressed in a developmental pattern in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Luca
- Department of Internal medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Borasio GD, Markus A, Heumann R, Ghezzi C, Sampietro A, Wittinghofer A, Silani V. Ras p21 protein promotes survival and differentiation of human embryonic neural crest-derived cells. Neuroscience 1996; 73:1121-7. [PMID: 8809829 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the oncogene product p21 Ras is essential for the survival and neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of nerve growth factor on cultured chick embryonic sensory, but not sympathetic neurons. In order to extend our observations to the human system and to non-neuronal cells, we introduced the oncogenic form of p21 Ras into the cytoplasm of three different types of cultured human embryonic neural crest derivatives (8th-11th gestational week): dorsal root ganglion neurons, sympathetic neurons, and adrenal chromaffin cells. These cells are dependent on nerve growth factor for survival and/or fibre outgrowth in vitro. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, p21 Ras promoted survival and fibre outgrowth which was quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to the nerve growth factor effect (84% vs. 95%, control 18%). Sympathetic neurons showed a similar effect, albeit with a higher background survival (91% vs. 93%, control 58%). On chromaffin cells, which respond to nerve growth factor with pronounced fibre outgrowth in culture, the effect of p21 Ras was again comparable to that of nerve growth factor (35% vs. 30%, control 5%). The survival and fibre outgrowth-promoting effects of p21 Ras on human embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons, sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells suggest an involvement of p21 Ras in the intracellular signal transduction of nerve growth factor in human neural crest-derived cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Borasio
- Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Klinikum Grosshadern, München, Germany
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38
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Meisinger C, Zeschnigk C, Grothe C. In vivo and in vitro effect of glucocorticoids on fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF receptor 1 expression. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:16520-5. [PMID: 8663254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.28.16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to clarify the physiological function of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in the adrenal medulla the regulation of FGF-2 and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) was studied in vitro and in vivo in response to glucocorticoids. To assess the effects of glucocorticoids, in vivo extracts of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex were analyzed by RNase protection assay and Western blot analysis. PC12 cells were chosen as a model system to study the effects of glucocorticoids in vitro. In PC12 cells, dexamethasone (DEX) was found to stimulate dramatically the expression of both FGF-2 mRNA and protein. Western blot analysis revealed that exclusively the 21-kDa FGF-2 isoform was enhanced. In contrast to the FGF-2 mRNA level FGFR1 was not affected by treatment with glucocorticoids. In vivo FGF-2 mRNA level and 21-kDa FGF-2 isoform level are significantly enhanced in the adrenal medulla 24 h after DEX injection. In vivo application of DEX leads to an increase of the medullary and cortical FGFR1 transcript levels. Glucocorticoid effects on FGF-2 expression were not found in adrenal cortex, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney, respectively, in vivo and in L6 rat myoblasts in vitro. In addition to adrenal medullary cells glucocorticoids elevated the FGF-2 mRNA and protein level also in vivo in the brain and in vitro in immortalized Schwann cells. The present results suggest that the 21-kDa FGF-2 isoform mediates a physiological function specific for neuronal tissue which is modulated by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meisinger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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39
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Tsai PS, Weiner RI. Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by basic fibroblast growth factor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1996; 7:65-8. [PMID: 18406728 DOI: 10.1016/1043-2760(95)00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of a functional network of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the central nervous system requires a series of complex regulatory mechanisms, presumably mediated in part by neurotrophic factors. The difficulty in studying factors regulating the development of GnRH neurons stems from their paucity and scattered distribution in the brain; as a result, little was known about the role of neurotrophic factors in the development of the mature GnRH neuronal network. Recent utilization of immortalized GnRH neuronal cell lines (GT1) has enabled us to identify and study specific neurotrophic factors and their functions in vitro. The potent neurotrophic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the presence of a high abundance of receptors for bFGF in GT1 cells have led to the hypothesis that bFGF may be an important regulator of GnRH neuron expansion, survival, migration, and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Tsai
- Department of Physiology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1751, USA
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40
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Sui X, Tsuji K, Tajima S, Tanaka R, Muraoka K, Ebihara Y, Ikebuchi K, Yasukawa K, Taga T, Kishimoto T, Nakahata T. Erythropoietin-independent erythrocyte production: signals through gp130 and c-kit dramatically promote erythropoiesis from human CD34+ cells. J Exp Med 1996; 183:837-45. [PMID: 8642288 PMCID: PMC2192354 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.3.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary humoral regulator of erythropoiesis and no other factor has previously been reported to support proliferation and terminal maturation of erythroid cells from hemopoietic stem cells. Here we show that stimulation of glycoprotein (gp130) by a combination of recombinant human soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R) and IL-6 but not sIL-6R or IL-6 alone can support proliferation, differentiation, and terminal maturation of erythroid cells in the absence of EPO from purified human CD34+ cells in suspension culture containing stem cell factor (SCF). A number of erythroid bursts and mixed erythroid colonies also developed in methylcellulose culture under the same combination. The addition of anti-gp130 monoclonal antibodies but not anti-EPO antibody to the same culture completely abrogated the generation of erythroid cells. These results clearly demonstrate that mature erythroid cells can be emerged from hemopoietic progenitors without EPO in vitro. Together with the previous reports that human sera contain detectable levels of sIL-6R, IL-6, and SCF, current data suggest that gp130 signaling in association with c-kit activation may play a role in human erythropoiesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sui
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Verdi JM, Groves AK, Fariñas I, Jones K, Marchionni MA, Reichardt LF, Anderson DJ. A reciprocal cell-cell interaction mediated by NT-3 and neuregulins controls the early survival and development of sympathetic neuroblasts. Neuron 1996; 16:515-27. [PMID: 8785049 PMCID: PMC2711899 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) can support the survival of some embryonic sympathetic neuroblasts before they become nerve growth factor dependent. We show that NT-3 is produced in vivo by nonneuronal cells neighboring embryonic sympathetic ganglia. NT-3 mRNA is produced by these nonneuronal cells in vitro and is up-regulated by platelet-derived growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and glial growth factor 2 (a neuregulin). Nonneuronal cell-conditioned medium promotes survival and induces TrkA expression in isolated sympathetic neuroblasts, and this activity is blocked by anti-NT-3 antibody. Neuroblasts also enhance NT-3 production by nonneural cells. Neuroblasts synthesize several forms of neuregulin, and antibodies to neuregulin attenuate the effect of the neuroblasts on the nonneuronal cells. These data suggest a reciprocal cell-cell interaction, in which neuroblast-derived neuregulins promote NT-3 production by neighboring nonneuronal cells, which in turn promotes neuroblast survival and further differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Verdi
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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42
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Whittemore SR, Snyder EY. Physiological relevance and functional potential of central nervous system-derived cell lines. Mol Neurobiol 1996; 12:13-38. [PMID: 8732538 DOI: 10.1007/bf02740745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-derived neural cell lines have proven to be extremely useful for delineating mechanisms controlling such diverse phenomena as cell lineage choice and differentiation, synaptic maturation, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, and growth factor signalling. In addition, there has been hope that such lines might play pivotal roles in CNS gene therapy and repair. The ability of some neural cell lines to integrate normally into the CNS following transplantation and to express foreign, often corrective gene products in situ might offer potential therapeutic approaches to certain neurodegenerative diseases. Five general strategies have evolved to develop neural cell lines: isolation and cloning of spontaneous or mutagenically induced malignancies, targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice, somatic cell fusion, growth factor mediated expansion of CNS progenitor or stem cells, and retroviral transduction of neuroepithelial precursors. in this article, we detail recent progress in these areas, focusing on those cell lines that have enabled novel insight into the mechanisms controlling neuronal cell lineage choice and differentiation, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Whittemore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, School of Medicine, FL, USA
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43
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Abstract
Rapid advances in characterization of the biological actions mediated by the third member of the neurotrophin family, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), have been made recently in vitro as well as in situ. These have been made possible by the cloning of the genes for NT-3 and for its transducing receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC. This article will focus on the roles of NT-3 in the nervous system. In situ localization of NT-3 consistent with that of its receptor is manifested at all developmental stages studied and into adulthood. Through TrkC, NT-3 signals a number of trophic effects, ranging from mitogenesis, promotion of survival, or differentiation, depending on the developmental stage of the target cells. The sites of action of NT-3 reside primarily in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), various areas of the central nervous system (CNS), and in the enteric system (ENS). Analyses of the phenotypes of transgenic mice lacking NT-3 or injection of embryos with a blocking antibody have so far revealed the essential role of NT-3 in development of specific populations of the PNS, and in particular of proprioceptive, nodose, and auditory sensory neurons and of sympathetic neurons. The actions of NT-3 also extend to modulation of transmitter release at several types of synapses in the periphery as well as in the adult CNS. In addition, NT-3 may play a role in the development of tissues other than the nervous system, such as the cardiovascular system. Future investigations will widen the understanding of the many roles of NT-3 on both neuronal and nonneuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chalazonitis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Meisinger C, Hertenstein A, Grothe C. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in the adrenal gland and PC12 cells: developmental expression and regulation by extrinsic molecules. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 36:70-8. [PMID: 9011767 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00246-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we have analyzed the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1) mRNA in the developing and adult rat adrenal gland and in PC12 cells under different culture conditions. For this purpose a sensitive ribonuclease protection assay using 33P-labelled riboprobes was established. 33P-labelled riboprobes show a high resolution and are relatively easy to handle. FGFR-1 mRNA was found to be present in the postnatal and adult adrenal gland. In the cortex high levels of FGFR-1 mRNA were detected at postnatal day (P) 1 and P8, during the third week the mRNA levels declined, and reached low levels during adulthood. PC12 cells also contained detectable amounts of FGFR-1 mRNA. With the exception of NGF, however, the different treatment procedures did not affect FGFR-1 mRNA levels. The expression pattern of the FGFR-1 transcript matches that of the expression of FGF-2 and of the mitotic activity in the developing and adult cortex. This supports the idea that FGF-2 might act as an autocrine mitogen for adrenocortical cells. In the medulla FGFR-1 mRNA levels were low at the first 3 postnatal weeks and increased towards the adult. In accordance with the developing expression pattern of FGF-2 in the medulla and in vitro effects of this protein on chromaffin and PC12 cells an autocrine/paracrine role as a maintenance and differentiation factor for chromaffin cells is conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meisinger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany
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45
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PDGF and FGF receptors in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5687(96)80009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Jonakait
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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47
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Zaheer A, Zhong W, Lim R. Expression of mRNAs of multiple growth factors and receptors by neuronal cell lines: detection with RT-PCR. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:1457-63. [PMID: 8789608 DOI: 10.1007/bf00970594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and glia are capable of both secreting and responding to a large variety of growth factors. However, information on multiple expression of growth factors and their receptors was usually obtained from uncorrelated observations, using cells from various animals of origin, developmental stages, growth phases, culture ages and culture conditions. Because of its specificity and extreme sensitivity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is uniquely suitable to study a large panel of growth factors and their receptors from a limited cell sample, free of these intervening variables. In this paper we evaluate the expression of mRNA of a total of 35 growth factor-related proteins by conducting RT-PCR on three neuronal cell lines: the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma line, the MAH rat sympathoadrenal progenitor line, and the N18 mouse neuroblastoma line. Three types of results are presented. The first confirms the existing knowledge such as the presence of Trk-A (NFG receptor) in PC12. The second consists of new information that expands and extends earlier observations, such as the presence of CNTF receptor complex in PC12, which explains our previous report that CNTF enhances the biological effects of NGF on these cells. The third consists of novel information that leads the way to further experimentation by the more conventional methods. These include the strong expression of Trk-B by MAH, predicting the biological responsiveness of MAH to BDNF and NT-4, and the expression of CNTF receptor in N18. Our results also suggest that CNTF is an autocrine factor for PC12 and MAH, since both lines express the growth factor as well as the receptor. Thus, RT-PCR is a valuable tool in growth factor research that can be used in complement to, and interactively with, other approaches such as bioassay, receptor binding, and immunochemical determination. It will be particularly useful for screening a large number of growth factors in minute areas of the brain in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242, USA
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48
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Burchill SA, Berry PA, Lewis IJ. Activation of p21ras by nerve growth factor in neuroblastoma cells. J Neurol Sci 1995; 133:3-10. [PMID: 8583229 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00163-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the differentiation and survival of sympathetic and sensory neurones and is thought to play a role in the differentiation of neuroblastoma. In this study we have shown NGF decreased the mRNA level of the two GTPase activating proteins neurofibromin (containing the NF1-GRD) and type 1 GAP120 in two neuroblastoma cell lines, IMR-32 and SK-N-SH. This effect was seen within 15 min exposure to NGF and was maintained up to 2 h after the addition of NGF. Treatment with NGF increased the amount of GTP bound p21ras 3-fold, within 20 min exposure. Western blot analysis showed SK-N-SH and IMR-32 cells to contain equal amounts of p21ras protein and these levels were unchanged by NGF treatment. However, NGF induced an increase in the level of neurofilament L protein, which was accompanied by an increase in neurite extension. These effects of NGF occurred in the absence of growth inhibition. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a decrease in GTPase activating proteins and activation of p21ras by NGF in IMR-32 and SK-N-SH cells, thus implicating p21ras in NGF signal transduction in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Burchill
- Candlelighters Children's Research Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Medicine Research Unit and Paediatric Oncology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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49
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Doering LC, Roder JC, Henderson JT. Ciliary neurotrophic factor promotes the terminal differentiation of v-myc immortalized sympathoadrenal progenitor cells in vivo. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 89:56-66. [PMID: 8575093 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(95)00095-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Survival and differentiation of a sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line (termed MAH), transduced with a v-myc oncogene, was studied subsequent to transplantation in the peripheral and central nervous system of adult rats. In the brain, MAH cell survival depended on the secretion of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) by co-grafts of genetically modified glioma cells. No trophic factor supplement was required for development of the MAH cells in the peripheral nerve environment. Transplanted progenitor cells withdrew from the cell cycle within 48 h and differentiated into a prominent population of large sympathetic-like neurons. The neurons expressed the alpha subunit of the CNTF receptor and appropriate spatial distributions of cytoskeletal proteins and catecholamine related enzymes. The results identify a role for CNTF in the development of the sympathoadrenal cell lineage and support the concept of immortalized progenitor cells as alternatives to primary cells for cell replacement strategies in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Doering
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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50
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DeChiara TM, Vejsada R, Poueymirou WT, Acheson A, Suri C, Conover JC, Friedman B, McClain J, Pan L, Stahl N, Ip NY, Yancopoulos GD. Mice lacking the CNTF receptor, unlike mice lacking CNTF, exhibit profound motor neuron deficits at birth. Cell 1995; 83:313-22. [PMID: 7585948 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) supports motor neuron survival in vitro and in mouse models of motor neuron degeneration and was considered a candidate for the muscle-derived neurotrophic activity that regulates motor neuron survival during development. However, CNTF expression is very low in the embryo, and CNTF gene mutations in mice or human do not result in notable abnormalities of the developing nervous system. We have generated and directly compared mice containing null mutations in the genes encoding CNTF or its receptor (CNTFR alpha). Unlike mice lacking CNTF, mice lacking CNTFR alpha die perinatally and display severe motor neuron deficits. Thus, CNTFR alpha is critical for the developing nervous system, most likely by serving as a receptor for a second, developmentally important, CNTF-like ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M DeChiara
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
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