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Optimizing dentin bond durability: control of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins. Dent Mater 2012; 29:116-35. [PMID: 22901826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contemporary adhesives lose their bond strength to dentin regardless of the bonding system used. This loss relates to the hydrolysis of collagen matrix of the hybrid layers. The preservation of the collagen matrix integrity is a key issue in the attempts to improve the dentin bonding durability. METHODS Dentin contains collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins, which are responsible for the hydrolytic degradation of collagen matrix in the bonded interface. RESULTS The identities, roles and function of collagenolytic enzymes in mineralized dentin has been gathered only within last 15 years, but they have already been demonstrated to have an important role in dental hard tissue pathologies, including the degradation of the hybrid layer. Identifying responsible enzymes facilitates the development of new, more efficient methods to improve the stability of dentin-adhesive bond and durability of bond strength. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the nature and role of proteolytic degradation of dentin-adhesive interfaces has improved immensely and has practically grown to a scientific field of its own within only 10 years, holding excellent promise that stable resin-dentin bonds will be routinely available in a daily clinical setting already in a near future.
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SPARC Promotes Cathepsin B-Mediated Melanoma Invasiveness through a Collagen I/α2β1 Integrin Axis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2438-47. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cystatins – Extra- and intracellular cysteine protease inhibitors: High-level secretion and uptake of cystatin C in human neuroblastoma cells. Biochimie 2010; 92:1625-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Low molecular-mass plasma proteins play a key role in health and disease. Cystatin C is an endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitor belonging to the type 2 cystatin superfamily. The mature, active form of human cystatin C is a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 120 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 13,343-13,359 Da, and containing four characteristic disulfide-paired cysteine residues. Human cystatin C is encoded by the CST3 gene, ubiquitously expressed at moderate levels. Cystatin C monomer is present in all human body fluids; it is preferentially abundant in cerebrospinal fluid, seminal plasma, and milk. Cystatin C L68Q variant is an amyloid fibril-forming protein with a high tendency to dimerize. It forms self-aggregates with massive amyloid deposits in the brain arteries of young adults, leading to lethal cerebral hemorrhage. The main catabolic site of cystatin C is the kidney: more than 99% of the protein is cleared from the circulation by glomerular ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption. The diagnostic value of cystatin C as a marker of kidney dysfunction has been extensively investigated in multiple clinical studies on adults, children, and in the elderly. In almost all the clinical studies, cystatin C demonstrated a better diagnostic accuracy than serum creatinine in discriminating normal from impaired kidney function, but controversial results have been obtained by comparing this protein with other indices of kidney disease, especially serum creatinine-based equations. In this review, we present and discuss most of the available data from the literature, critically reviewing conclusions and suggestions for the use of cystatin C in clinical practice. Despite the multitude of clinical data in the literature, cystatin C has not been widely used, perhaps because of a combination of factors, such as a general diffidence among clinicians, the absence of definitive cut-off values, conflicting results in clinical studies, no clear evidence on when and how to request the test, the poor commutability of results, and no accurate examination of costs and of its routine use in a stat laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mussap
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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5
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Abstract
Cathepsins are a class of globular proteases, initially described as intracellular peptide hydrolases, although several cathepsins also have extracellular functions. Cathepsins B, C, F, H, L, K, O, S, V, W, and X are cysteine proteases of the papain family, and represent the largest and best-known class of the cathepsins. Cathepsin G is a serine carboxypeptidases, and cathepsins D and E are aspartic proteases. Cathepsins are synthesized as inactive proenzymes and processed to become mature and active enzymes. Endogenous protein inhibitors, such as cystatins and some serpins, inhibit active enzymes. As primarily lysosomal proteases, cathepsins play important roles in proteolysis during physiological processes, as well as in several diseases. On the basis of their ability to degrade extracellular matrix proteins, cathepsins have been implicated to play a role in invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer. In the present review, the role of cathepsins in the disease process of colorectal cancers and the correlation of cathepsin expression and activity with clinicopathological features is discussed. Furthermore, we give an overview of the recent developments of cathepsins in animal models and in in vitro experiments of colorectal disease, and provide information on inhibitors of cathepsins as possible therapeutics.
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Keppler D. Towards novel anti-cancer strategies based on cystatin function. Cancer Lett 2006; 235:159-76. [PMID: 15893421 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins have recently emerged as important players in a multitude of physiological and patho-physiological settings that range from cell survival and proliferation, to differentiation, cell signaling and immunomodulation. This group of cysteine protease inhibitors forms a large super-family of proteins composed of one, two, three, and, in some species, more than three cystatin domains. Over the last 20 years or so, members of the cystatin super-family have been primarily explored with respect to their capacity to inhibit intracellular cysteine proteases. Yet, this classical mode of action does not fully explain their remarkably diverse biological functions. Due to the space limitations, the author will discuss here the most recent findings that suggest that some of the single-domain, cytoplasmic and cell-secreted cystatins may play important roles in the promotion or suppression of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Based on the present understanding of cystatin function, novel avenues for anti-cancer strategies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keppler
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Mori M, Takeuchi H, Sato M, Sumitomo S. Antimicrobial Peptides in Saliva and Salivary Glands: Their Roles in the Oral Defense System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Masaru Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Shinichiro Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahi University School of Dentistry
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8
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Chen TY, Hsieh YS, Yang CC, Wang CP, Yang SF, Cheng YW, Chiou HL. Relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and cystatin C levels in patients with hepatic disease. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:632-8. [PMID: 16009142 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A direct relationship between cystatin C levels and the severity of hepatic disease has been revealed in our previous study. This study was aimed to consider whether a correlation exists between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which have been proven to be involved in liver cirrhosis, and cystatin C to reflect the severity of hepatic disease. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 154 consecutive patients with various liver diseases were recruited to determine their serum levels of cystatin C, MMP-2 and-9, together with other hepatic parameters. These were compared with 40 normal controls. RESULTS Average levels of MMP-2 and cystatin C were significantly higher in patients while MMP-9 was significantly lower, as compared to controls. A linear regression analysis has revealed a direct relationship between cystatin C and MMP-2 (Y=83.39 + 270.56 X, R=0.38, P< 0.001), as well as between MMP-2 and the severity of liver diseases. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate a correlation between cystatin C and MMP-2, suggesting that there may be certain interactions between cystatin C and MMP-2 in patients with hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzy-Yen Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Chu SC, Wang CP, Chang YH, Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Su JM, Yang CC, Chiou HL. Increased cystatin C serum concentrations in patients with hepatic diseases of various severities. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 341:133-8. [PMID: 14967169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indicators for long-term monitor of the progress of hepatic diseases are of great clinical importance. Since elevated cathepsin was observed in liver diseases, the aim of this study is to investigate the involvement of cystatin C, a very potent inhibitor of cathepsin and a recently introduced marker for renal function, and to see the applicability of serum cystatin C being a convenient marker for the progression of liver diseases. METHODS One hundred eighty consecutive patients with chronic liver disease of various severities and 45 healthy controls were recruited to determine their serum cystatin C concentrations by N Latex Cystatin C kit, as well as certain relevant clinical values, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and AFP. RESULTS Average serum cystatin C concentration of patients with hepatic diseases was significantly higher than that of control (0.0902+/-0.0025 mg/dl vs. 0.067+/-0.007 mg/dl; p<0.001), and a linear regression analysis has revealed a direct relation between cystatin C and the severity of liver diseases (Y=1.172+5.492X, R(2)=0.088, p<0.001). CONCLUSION This study suggested that cystatin C may be an applicable monitoring marker for monitoring liver functions and progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
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10
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Shridhar R, Zhang J, Song J, Booth BA, Kevil CG, Sotiropoulou G, Sloane BF, Keppler D. Cystatin M suppresses the malignant phenotype of human MDA-MB-435S cells. Oncogene 2003; 23:2206-15. [PMID: 14676833 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in many aspects of tumor progression, including cell survival and proliferation, escape from immune surveillance, cell adhesion and migration, remodeling and invasion of the extracellular matrix. Several lysosomal cysteine proteases have been cloned and shown to be overexpressed in cancer; yet, despite the great potential for development of novel therapeutics, we still know little about the regulation of their proteolytic activity. Cystatins such as cystatin M are potent endogenous protein inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteases. Cystatin M is expressed in normal and premalignant human epithelial cells, but not in many cancer cell lines. Here, we examined the effects of cystatin M expression on malignant properties of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435S cells. Cystatin M was found to significantly reduce in vitro: cell proliferation, migration, Matrigel invasion, and adhesion to endothelial cells. Reduction of cell proliferation and adhesion to an endothelial cell monolayer were both independent of the inhibition of lysosomal cysteine proteases. In contrast, cell migration and matrix invasion seemed to rely on lysosomal cysteine proteases, as both recombinant cystatin M and E64 were able to block these processes. This study provides the first evidence that cystatin M may play important roles in safeguarding against human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shridhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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11
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Wu FPK, Boelens PG, van Leeuwen PAM, Hoekman K, Hansma AHG, Wiezer MJ, Meijer C, Meijer S, Scotté M, Cuesta MA. Effects of major liver resection, with or without recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21), on the angiogenic profile of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2003; 84:137-42. [PMID: 14598357 DOI: 10.1002/jso.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery induces a process of wound healing, which has immunological and angiogenic aspects. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is found in azurophilic granules of human neutrophils, which is bactericidal and neutralizes lipo-polysaccharide (LPS). This may reduce postoperative infectious complications. In addition, BPI has been shown to be an inhibitor of angiogenesis. METHODS A total of 18 patients with metastasized colorectal carcinoma to the liver were double blind randomized. The levels of the pro-angiogenic factors interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin were investigated after liver surgery with perioperative administration of either rBPI(21) or placebo. RESULTS The highest IL-6 levels were found during the first 24 hr and reached peak levels already at 2 hr postoperatively in both groups. In both groups VEGF levels decreased sharply in the postoperative hours, returning to baseline levels in the days afterwards. In both groups, an immediate decrease in endostatin levels was observed which remained significantly low. RBPI(21) transiently influenced IL-6 and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS RBPI(21) only marginally affected IL-6 and VEGF levels. Surgery per se induced an immediate immune response (IL-6) and an immediate angiogenic response, reflected in an initial VEGF decrease and a longer lasting decrease of endostatin. These findings demonstrate the dynamics of tissue responses in the first phase of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P K Wu
- Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wassélius J, Wallin H, Abrahamson M, Ehinger B. Cathepsin B in the rat eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 241:934-42. [PMID: 14586591 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin B is a mammalian cysteine protease. The enzyme has been suggested to participate in the patophysiological processes of keratoconus as well as in the corneal response to infectious agents. This study describes the localization of cathepsin B in the rat eye. METHODS Cathepsin B was identified in rat ocular tissues by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cathepsin B mRNA levels were analyzed in the tissues by quantitative real-time cDNA amplification (QRT-PCR). RESULTS Cathepsin B is present in the epithelium, in stromal cells and in the endothelium of the cornea. It is also present in the epithelium lining the ciliary processes, in occasional stromal cells in the iris, in the anterior subcapsular lens epithelium and in various cell types in the retina. At all locations cathepsin B is present in cytoplasmic granules, presumably lysosomes. QRT-PCR analysis detected cathepsin B mRNA in all these tissues in amounts correlating to the immunodetection results, suggesting that the enzyme detected is locally produced. CONCLUSIONS Cathepsin B is present in several tissues and cell types throughout the rat eye. It is localized to cytoplasmic granules, presumably lysosomes. Our results suggest that it is probably also produced in the same cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wassélius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lund, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Konduri SD, Yanamandra N, Siddique K, Joseph A, Dinh DH, Olivero WC, Gujrati M, Kouraklis G, Swaroop A, Kyritsis AP, Rao JS. Modulation of cystatin C expression impairs the invasive and tumorigenic potential of human glioblastoma cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:8705-12. [PMID: 12483523 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2002] [Revised: 07/31/2002] [Accepted: 08/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increases in the abundance of cathepsin B transcript and protein with increased tumor grade and changes in subcellular localization and activity of this enzyme. We observed progressive reductions in levels of the protease inhibitor cystatin C, an inhibitor of cathepsin B with corresponding increases in the malignancy of glioma cell lines, implying an inverse correlation between cystatin C and tumor grade. To investigate the role of cystatin C in the invasion of brain tumor cells, we stably transfected SNB19 glioblastoma cells with either a 0.4-kb cDNA construct of human cystatin C in the sense orientation or an empty vector. Clones expressing sense-cystatin C cDNA had higher cystatin C mRNA and protein levels than did control cells. Sense-transfected cells were also markedly less invasive than control cells in a Matrigel invasion assay and in a coculture assay of SNB19 spheroids and fetal rat brain aggregates. Finally, the sense-transfected cells did not form tumors in nude mice upon intracerebral injection. These results strongly implicate cystatin C in the invasiveness of human glioblastoma cells and suggest that sense transcripts of cystatin C may prove useful in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi D Konduri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
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Koblinski JE, Dosescu J, Sameni M, Moin K, Clark K, Sloane BF. Interaction of human breast fibroblasts with collagen I increases secretion of procathepsin B. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:32220-7. [PMID: 12072442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204708200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of stromal and tumor cells with the extracellular matrix may regulate expression of proteases including the lysosomal proteases cathepsins B and D. In the present study, we determined whether the expression of these two proteases in human breast fibroblasts was modulated by interactions with the extracellular matrix component, collagen I. Breast fibroblasts were isolated from non-malignant breast tissue as well as from tissue surrounding malignant human breast tumors. Growth of these fibroblasts on collagen I gels affected cell morphology, but not the intracellular localization of vesicles staining for cathepsin B or D. Cathepsins B and D levels (mRNA or intracellular protein) were not affected in fibroblasts growing on collagen I gels or plastic, nor was cathepsin D secreted from these cells. In contrast, protein expression and secretion of cathepsin B, primarily procathepsin B, was induced by growth on collagen I gels. The induced secretion appeared to be mediated by integrins binding to collagen I, as inhibitory antibodies against alpha(1), alpha(2), and beta(1) integrin subunits prevented procathepsin B secretion from fibroblasts grown on collagen. In addition, procathepsin B secretion was induced when cells were plated on beta(1) integrin antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first examination of cathepsin B and D expression and localization in human breast fibroblasts and their regulation by a matrix protein. Secretion of the cysteine protease procathepsin B from breast fibroblasts may have physiological and pathological consequences, as proteases are required for normal development and for lactation of the mammary gland, yet can also initiate and accelerate the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Koblinski
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Dong Z, Katar M, Linebaugh BE, Sloane BF, Berk RS. Expression of cathepsins B, D and L in mouse corneas infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6408-16. [PMID: 11737195 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6J naïve and immunized mice were intracorneally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect cathepsin gene expression and the results were further confirmed by immunoblot analysis. The enzymatic activities of cathepsins B, D and L were measured by peptidase assays. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to localize the expression of the cathepsins. Cathepsins B, D and L were detected in the normal cornea by RT-PCR. A peptidase assay revealed activities of all three cathepsins under normal physiological conditions. In naïve mice, enzymatic activities of cathepsins B, D and L were all significantly enhanced when the corneas were infected with P. aeruginosa and the peak of the induction appeared around day 6 postinfection. Immunoblot analysis showed increased expression of cathepsins B, D and L. The infected corneal samples from immunized mice exhibited much lower induction of enzymatic activities compared to those from naïve mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of cathepsins in the normal cornea was restricted to the epithelial tissue while the induced expression of cathepsins was predominantly in the substantia propria. Our data revealed up-regulated enzymatic activities of cathepsins B, D and L in the naïve corneas infected with P. aeruginosa, which correlated well with the inflammatory response. Immunization of mice against P. aeruginosa attenuated the inducing effect on cathepsin expression caused by infection. The time sequence for induction of cathepsin proteins and enzymatic activities suggests a mechanism of host proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix resulting in corneal destruction after P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dong
- Department of Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Takeuchi M, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Hayakawa T. Elevation of serum cystatin C concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13:951-5. [PMID: 11507361 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200108000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined serum cystatin C concentrations in patients to explore the possible clinical application of cystatin C as a marker of disease severity in cases of chronic liver diseases. METHODS Serum cystatin C concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit in 103 patients with various chronic liver diseases and compared with concentrations in healthy control volunteers. RESULTS The mean cystatin C concentration was 0.68 +/- 0.03 mg/l in chronic hepatitis patients, 1.13 +/- 0.09 mg/l in liver cirrhosis patients and 1.16 +/- 0.10 mg/l in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, all significantly higher than concentrations in the control volunteers (P < 0.0001). Significant correlations were observed between cystatin C concentrations and total bilirubin levels, albumin levels, platelet levels, type IV collagen levels and hyaluronic acid levels. Serum cystatin C concentrations correlated well with histological stages despite the lack of correlation with histological grades. CONCLUSION Our results show that serum cystatin C increases with the progression of chronic liver disease and that it is a potential marker for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Bank U, Krüger S, Langner J, Roessner A. Review: peptidases and peptidase inhibitors in the pathogenesis of diseases. Disturbances in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system. Protease-antiprotease imbalance in inflammatory reactions. Role of cathepsins in tumour progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 477:349-78. [PMID: 10849763 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46826-3_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Bank
- Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Halle
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Mai J, Finley RL, Waisman DM, Sloane BF. Human procathepsin B interacts with the annexin II tetramer on the surface of tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12806-12. [PMID: 10777578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.17.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To study potential roles of plasma membrane-associated extracellular cathepsin B in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to screen for proteins that interact with human procathepsin B. The annexin II light chain (p11), one of the two subunits of the annexin II tetramer, was one of the proteins identified. We have confirmed that recombinant human procathepsin B interacts with p11 as well as with the annexin II tetramer in vitro. Furthermore, procathepsin B could interact with the annexin II tetramer in vivo as demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation. Cathepsin B and the annexin II tetramer were shown by immunofluorescent staining to colocalize on the surface of human breast carcinoma and glioma cells. Taken together, our results indicate that the annexin II tetramer can serve as a binding protein for procathepsin B on the surface of tumor cells, an interaction that may facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Linebaugh BE, Sameni M, Day NA, Sloane BF, Keppler D. Exocytosis of active cathepsin B enzyme activity at pH 7.0, inhibition and molecular mass. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:100-9. [PMID: 10447678 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal cathepsin B has been implicated in parasitic, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Most of these pathologies suggest a role for cathepsin B outside the cells, although the origin of extracellular active enzyme is not well defined. The activity of extracellular cathepsin B is difficult to assess because of the presence of inhibitors and inactivation of the enzyme by oxidizing agents. Therefore, we have developed a continuous assay for measurement of cathepsin B activity produced pericellularly by living cells. The kinetic rate of Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec conversion was monitored and the assay optimized for enzyme stability, cell viability and sensitivity. To validate the assay, we determined that human liver cathepsin B was stable and active under the conditions of the assay and its activity could be inhibited by the selective epoxide derivative CA-074. Via this assay, we were able to demonstrate that active cathepsin B was secreted pericellularly by viable cells. Both preneoplastic and malignant cells secreted active cathepsin B. Pretreatment of cells with the membrane-permeant proinhibitor CA-074Me completely abolished pericellular and total cathepsin B activity whereas pretreatment with the active drug CA-074 had no effect. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting experiments suggested that the active enzyme species was 31-kDa single-chain cathepsin B. Exocytosis of cathepsin B was not related to secretion of proenzyme or secretion from mature lysosomes. Our results suggest an alternative pathway for exocytosis of active cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Linebaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
Cathepsin B is a matrix protease that may be associated with colorectal carcinoma invasion and progression. In this study, we investigated the localization of cathepsin B in cancerous and noncancerous tissues of 80 patients with colorectal cancer including 25 cases with liver metastasis. In addition, the expression of cystatin C, one of several cathepsin B inhibitors, was compared with that of cathepsin B in the same samples to reveal one of the regulation mechanisms of cathepsin B. The cancer cells in the advancing edge of the tumors often exhibited the strongest immunostaining of cathepsin B, and stromal cells and normal epithelial cells adjacent to the tumors were also positive for cathepsin B. The percentage of cathepsin B-positive cases was significantly larger in the group with liver metastases than in the group without liver metastases. In the group without liver metastases, the cancer cells and stromal cells more frequently exhibited cathepsin B immunoreactivity in Dukes' A cases than in Dukes' B and C cases. In situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed cathepsin B synthesis in the cancer and proximal epithelial cells. There was an average 3.7-fold increase in cathepsin B mRNA levels in the cancerous tissues compared with that of noncancerous tissues, and Dukes' A tumors exhibited the highest expression level. Conversely, cystatin C mRNA levels were similar in all samples, and tended to show an inverse correlation with the cathepsin B levels. In conclusion, cathepsin B expression by human colorectal cancers and surrounding noncancerous cell components may contribute to both local invasion at the early stage and remote metastasis without influence of cystatin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirai
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Bjarnadottir M, Wulff BS, Sameni M, Sloane BF, Keppler D, Grubb A, Abrahamson M. Intracellular accumulation of the amyloidogenic L68Q variant of human cystatin C in NIH/3T3 cells. Mol Pathol 1998; 51:317-26. [PMID: 10193512 PMCID: PMC395658 DOI: 10.1136/mp.51.6.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the cellular transport of L68Q cystatin C, the cystatin variant causing amyloidosis and brain haemorrhage in patients suffering from hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy (HCCAA). METHODS Expression vectors for wild-type and L68Q cystatin C were constructed and used to transfect mouse NIH/3T3 cells. Stable cell clones were isolated after cotransfection with pSV2neo. Clones expressing human wild-type and L68Q cystatin C were compared with respect to secreted cystatin C by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and for intracellular cystatin C by western blotting and immunofluorescence cytochemistry. Colocalisation studies in cells were performed by double staining with antibodies against human cystatin C and marker proteins for lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, or the endoplasmic reticulum, and evaluated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Concentrations of human cystatin C secreted from transfected NIH/3T3 cells were similar to those secreted from human cells in culture. In general, clones expressing the gene encoding L68Q cystatin C secreted slightly lower amounts of the protein than clones expressing wild-type human cystatin C. Both immunofluorescence cytochemistry and western blotting experiments showed an increased accumulation of cystatin C in cells expressing the gene encoding L68Q cystatin C compared with cells expressing the gene for the wild-type protein. The intracellularly accumulating L68Q cystatin C was insoluble and located mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS The cellular transport of human cystatin C is impeded by the pathogenic amino acid substitution Leu68-->Gln. The resulting intracellular accumulation and increased localised concentration of L68Q cystatin C might be an important event in the molecular pathophysiology of amyloid formation and brain haemorrhage in patients with HCCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bjarnadottir
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Lund, University Hospital, Sweden
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22
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Keyszer G, Redlich A, Häupl T, Zacher J, Sparmann M, Engethüm U, Gay S, Burmester GR. Differential expression of cathepsins B and L compared with matrix metalloproteinases and their respective inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a parallel investigation by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:1378-87. [PMID: 9704635 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1378::aid-art6>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of the cysteine proteinases cathepsin B and L and their most potent inhibitor cystatin C in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) on both the messenger RNA (mRNA) level and the protein level. METHODS The expression of both cysteine proteinases and cystatin C was investigated in synovial tissue from 15 RA and 11 OA patients and compared with the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1; collagenase), MMP-3 (stromelysin), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1). Expression of mRNA was analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The results were correlated with the histologic evidence of inflammatory activity. RESULTS A significantly more pronounced expression of MMP mRNA was observed in RA synovium compared with OA. In contrast, the mRNA expression of cysteine proteinases, as well as TIMP-1 and cystatin C, did not differ between the patient groups. However, the protein expression of both MMP and cysteine proteinases was significantly more prominent in RA synovial lining compared with OA, whereas cystatin C and TIMP-1 protein were expressed equally. CONCLUSION The data indicate a more pronounced expression of MMP mRNA compared with cysteine proteinases in RA. The higher levels of cathepsin B and L proteins in RA synovial lining cells compared with OA are consistent with previous studies that assert a post-transcriptional up-regulation of these enzymes in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Keyszer
- Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Bernard-Perrone F, Carrere J, Renaud W, Moriscot C, Thoreux K, Bernard P, Servin A, Balas D, Senegas-Balas F. Pancreatic trypsinogen I expression during cell growth and differentiation of two human colon carcinoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:G1077-86. [PMID: 9696708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.6.g1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic trypsin has been found to induce tight junction or dome formation in some colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, Caco-2), and a tumor-associated trypsinogen, trypsinogen type II, has been isolated from another colon cancer cell line (COLO 205). We have tried to determine if trypsinogen is present and how its expression varies during cell culture in HT-29 Glc+/- and Caco-2 cells, which exhibit enterocytic differentiation, and in HT-29 Glc+ cells, which never differentiate. Trypsinogen mRNA presence and expression were demonstrated in these cells by mRNA hybridization, RT-PCR, cytoimmunofluorescence, Western immunoblot analysis, and gel filtration. Trypsinogen was found to be trypsinogen type I and was mainly in zymogen form in culture media. Differentiating cells exhibited variations in trypsinogen I expression, but cells that remained undifferentiated did not. In the differentiated cells, a high and transient peak in trypsinogen I expression was observed during the first steps of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bernard-Perrone
- Groupe de Recherche sur la Trophicité et le Vieillissement, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
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24
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Creemers LB, Hoeben KA, Jansen DC, Buttle DJ, Beertsen W, Everts V. Participation of intracellular cysteine proteinases, in particular cathepsin B, in degradation of collagen in periosteal tissue explants. Matrix Biol 1998; 16:575-84. [PMID: 9569125 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(98)90068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of cysteine proteinases in the degradation of soft connective tissue collagen was studied in cultured periosteal explants. Using cysteine proteinase inhibitors that were active intracellularly or extracellularly (Ep453 and Ep475, respectively), it was shown that over-all collagen degradation, as measured by the release of hydroxyproline, decreased significantly on inhibition of the intracellular pool of cysteine proteinases by Ep453. This inhibitor also induced an accumulation of intracellular fibrillar collagen in fibroblasts, indicating a decreased degradation of phagocytosed collagen. The extracellular inhibitor, Ep475, had minor or no effects. Histochemical analysis using a substrate for the cysteine proteinases cathepsins B and L revealed a high level of enzyme activity, which was completely blocked in explants preincubated with a selective intracellular inhibitor of cathepsin B, Ca074-Me. Moreover, the cathepsin B inhibitor strongly affected collagen degradation, decreasing the release of hydroxyproline and increasing the accumulation of phagocytosed collagen. These effects were comparable or slightly stronger than those found with the general intracellular inhibitor (Ep453). Taken together, these data strongly suggest that intracellular cysteine proteinases, in particular cathepsin B, play an important role in the digestion of soft connective tissue collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Creemers
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands
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25
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Van Noorden CJ, Jonges TG, Van Marle J, Bissell ER, Griffini P, Jans M, Snel J, Smith RE. Heterogeneous suppression of experimentally induced colon cancer metastasis in rat liver lobes by inhibition of extracellular cathepsin B. Clin Exp Metastasis 1998; 16:159-67. [PMID: 9514097 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006524321335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic rat colon cancer cells but not normal rat hepatocytes showed activity of cathepsin B on their plasma membranes. Activity was visualized in living cells with a new fluorogenic substrate, [Z-Arg]2-cresyl violet, and confocal microscopy. When these cancer cells were injected into the portal vein of rats, the animals developed tumors in the liver in a heterogeneous fashion. Three- to four-fold more tumors were found in the small caudate lobe than in the other three large lobes of the liver. Oral treatment with a selective water-soluble inhibitor of extracellular cathepsin B, Mu-Phe-homoPhe-fluoromethylketone, resulted in 60% reduction of the number of tumors and 80% reduction of the volume of tumors in the three large lobes whereas tumor development was not affected in the small caudate lobe. This study supports the conclusions that (a) extracellular cathepsin B plays a crucial but complex role in liver colonisation by rat colon carcinoma cells in vivo, (b) its selective inhibition suppresses tumor growth heterogeneously in the liver and (c) the caudate lobe of the liver is a relatively large risk factor for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Van Noorden
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, The Netherlands.
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26
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Heidtmann HH, Salge U, Abrahamson M, Bencina M, Kastelic L, Kopitar-Jerala N, Turk V, Lah TT. Cathepsin B and cysteine proteinase inhibitors in human lung cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 1997; 15:368-81. [PMID: 9219725 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018494020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines derived from human squamous cell (EPCL), large cell (LCLC), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lines were investigated for the expression of cathepsin B (Cat B) and cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CPIs). The EPLC and LCLC lines expressed 5- to 50-fold more Cat B activity and contained more mature Cat B of M(r) 27-29 kDa (> 2.5 microg/mg total protein) than the SCLC lines (< 1.0 microg/mg total protein). The LPLC lines also secreted the highest amounts of Cat B precursor of M(r) about 46 kDa. Inhibitory activities against Cat B and papain were associated with high molecular mass (HMM) and low molecular mass (LMM) inhibitory proteins, both in cell extracts and in media. About 75% of the inhibitory activity was associated with HMM inhibitors, the majority of which were kininogens (M(r) > or = 67 kDa). The LMM inhibitors of M(r) 10-15 kDa were cystatin C and stefins A and B, which were quantitated by ELISA: stefins A and B were present in cell extracts and medium in similar concentrations (5-200 ng/10(6) cells), while 80-99% of the cystatin C was released in the medium (10-195 ng/10(6) cells). Phorbol ester (PMA), which induces protein-kinase C mediated signal transduction and enhances cellular differentiation in many non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, increased intracellular Cat B activity and Cat B protein as well as its secretion in some cell lines but not in others, regardless of their histological type. PMA significantly (P < 0.049) decreased intracellular stefin A concentrations in two EPLC lines and non-significantly in two LCLC lines. PMA decreased secretion of stefin A in all EPLC lines, but not in LCLC lines, while IGF-I significantly increased stefin B secretion in both SCLC lines. These data showed that lung tumor cells produce both cysteine proteinases and cystatins. As the antagonistic molecules are regulated differently in histologically different types of lung tumor cells, it is possible that an imbalance between the proteinases and their specific inhibitors plays a role in progression of certain types of lung tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Heidtmann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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27
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Li Q, Falkler WA, Bever CT. Endotoxin induces increased intracellular cathepsin B activity in THP-1 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1997; 19:215-37. [PMID: 9130007 DOI: 10.3109/08923979709007660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage cathepsin B (CB) is implicated in tissue injury in inflammatory diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an activator of macrophages whose effect on CB is unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of macrophages as a source of increased CB and to determine if exposure to LPS might stimulate CB levels. As a model we chose the macrophage-like tumor line, THP-1. Incubation with LPS led to a time and dose-dependent increase in CB activity. LPS potentiated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced elevations of CB and led to an additive increase in CB activity. Pretreatment of the cells with LPS not only caused a marked stimulation of CB activity over that seen with IFN-gamma alone, but also decreased the concentration and exposure time to the cytokine necessary to achieve maximum induction of the enzyme. The LPS and IFN-gamma induced CB increases were abolished by cycloheximide or actinomycin D in the cultures, indicating that the increases in CB required increased RNA transcription and de novo protein synthesis. Direct measurement of CB mRNA showed increases. These data indicate that although LPS alone appears to induce the production of CB in THP-1 cells, it augments IFN-gamma induced increases, suggesting that two signals are necessary for maximum CB induction in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Medical Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Maryland, USA
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28
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Li Q, Bever CT. Interferon-gamma induced increases in intracellular cathepsin B activity in THP-1 cells are dependent on RNA transcription. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 74:77-84. [PMID: 9119982 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment of human macrophages induces increased intracellular levels of cathepsin B (CB), a lysosomal cysteine proteinase which is implicated in inflammatory tissue injury. To determine the mechanism of the increase, we studied the macrophage-like cell line, THP-1. Dose and time dependent increases in intracellular CB were seen when cells primed with phorbol ester (PMA) were cultured with IFN-gamma. To determine whether protein synthesis was required for the increase, PMA primed cells were cultured in the presence of IFN-gamma and cycloheximide: The expected increase was inhibited. To determine whether RNA synthesis was required for the IFN-gamma induced increases, PMA primed cells were cultured in the presence of IFN-gamma and actinomycin D. Again the expected increases were not seen. Direct measurement of CB mRNA levels showed increases in cells not treated with inhibitors. These results suggest that the IFN-gamma induced increases in THP-1 cell CB are dependent on RNA and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- The Medical Research Service, Baltimore VAMC, MD 21201, USA
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29
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van der Stappen JW, Williams AC, Maciewicz RA, Paraskeva C. Activation of cathepsin B, secreted by a colorectal cancer cell line requires low pH and is mediated by cathepsin D. Int J Cancer 1996; 67:547-54. [PMID: 8759615 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960807)67:4<547::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify changes in secreted procathepsin B levels in a model of the human colorectal adenoma to carcinoma sequence and to determine the factors required for its extracellular activation. Conversion of the non-tumorigenic adenoma-derived cell line PC/AA to a highly tumorigenic phenotype (designated AA/CI/SB10/M) was associated with an 8-fold increase in the presence of the proform of cathepsin B in 24 hr conditioned serum-free medium (SFM). In addition, mature enzyme was only detected in the cell lines of this model with increased malignant potential. This is in agreement with the findings of a previous study, in which mature cathepsin B was only present in the 24 hr conditioned SFM of cancer-derived cell lines and not in SFM from adenoma-derived cell lines. Having demonstrated a reduction in the pH of conditioned medium from cell lines with increased malignant potential, we used a range of specific proteinase inhibitors to show that an aspartyl proteinase was involved in the initial activation of procathepsin B. Consistent with this finding, we subsequently demonstrated an increased secretion of the aspartyl proteinase cathepsin D in the medium of the AA/CI/SB10/M adenocarcinoma cells compared with the non-tumorigenic AA/Cl cell line. Therefore, the presence of mature cathpsin B in the conditioned medium of the more malignant cell lines coincided with a reduction in pH and an increase in the amount of cathepsin D secreted. Data from the human colorectal derived adenoma to carcinoma sequence indicate that an in vivo mechanism may exist that, dependent on the simultaneous presence of both a tumour-generated acidic extracellular environment and an elevated secretion of procathepsin D, could result in the activation of latent procathepsin outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W van der Stappen
- CRC Colorectal Tumour Biology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
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30
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Keppler D, Markert M, Carnal B, Berdoz J, Bamat J, Sordat B. Human colon carcinoma cells synthesize and secrete alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1996; 377:301-11. [PMID: 8828821 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1996.377.5.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our previous results have shown that tumor cell-secreted procathepsin B can be activated by neutrophil elastase in vitro. In the present study, we addressed two questions: 1. Can neutrophil elastase be detected in human colon carcinomas, and 2. Does the co-culture of human colon carcinoma cells with neutrophils generate a cathepsin B-dependent pericellular proteolysis as assessed with radiolabeled laminin? We show that neutrophil elastase is present in colon carcinoma tissue and that its level is in good agreement with the degree of tissue infiltration by neutrophils. In co-culture experiments, elastase is released by neutrophils in a cell number dependent way, but no activation of tumor cell-secreted procathepsin B could be observed. In addition, the degradation of radiolabeled laminin by neutrophil proteinases was markedly decreased in the presence of tumor cells. These findings prompted us to search for a tumor cell-secreted elastase inhibitor. We show by enzyme activity measurements, gelatin-zymography, immunoblotting and RT-PCR that colon carcinoma cells synthesize and secrete alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, a functional inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. The importance of this finding in the context of pericellular activation of tumor cell-secreted procathepsin B by neutrophil elastase is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keppler
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Epalinges, Switzerland
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31
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Henskens YM, Veerman EC, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Cystatins in health and disease. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1996; 377:71-86. [PMID: 8868064 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1996.377.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes have many physiological functions in plants, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and mammals. They play a role in processes such as food digestion, complement activation or blood coagulation. The action of proteolytic enzymes is biologically controlled by proteinase inhibitors and increasing attention is being paid to the physiological significance of these natural inhibitors in pathological processes. The reason for this growing interest is that uncontrolled proteolysis can lead to irreversible damage e.g. in chronic inflammation or tumor metastasis. This review focusses on the possible role of the cystatins, natural and specific inhibitors of the cysteine proteinases, in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Henskens
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Netherlands
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32
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Berquin IM, Sloane BF. Cathepsin B expression in human tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 389:281-94. [PMID: 8861022 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0335-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B has been linked to tumor progression through observations that its activity, secretion or membrane association are increased. The most malignant tumors, and specifically the cells at the invasive edge of those tumors, express the highest activity. Cathepsin B may facilitate invasion directly by dissolving extracellular matrix barriers like the basement membrane, or indirectly by activating other proteases capable of digesting the extracellular matrix. Cathepsin B also might play a role in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Cathepsin B activity is the result of several levels of regulation: transcription, post-transcription processing, translation and glycosylation, maturation and trafficking, and inhibition. The majority of reports on cathepsin B expression in tumors have focused on measurements of activity or protein staining. In some tumors, e.g. gliomas, a correlation between the amounts of cathepsin B mRNA, protein and activity and tumor progression has been established. Regulation of cathepsin B at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels is still poorly understood. Although the putative promoter regions have characteristics of housekeeping-type promoters, cathepsin B mRNA expression varies depending on the cell type and state of differentiation. We have evidence that more than one promoter could direct expression of human cathepsin B. Multiple transcript species have been detected, resulting from alternative splicing in the 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions, and possibly the use of alternative promoter regions. The existence of transcript variants indicates a potential for post-transcriptional control of expression. In support of this, ras-transformation of MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells results in an increase in protein levels without a concomitant increase in mRNA levels. Cathepsin B mRNA species with distinct 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions may differ in their stability and translatability. Variations in the coding region may also alter cathepsin B properties. We and Frankfater's group have observed transcript species that would encode a truncated protein, lacking the prepeptide and about half of the propeptide. This truncated protein, if synthesized in cells, would be expected to be cytosolic; therefore its function is unclear. Once the several mechanisms of regulation of cathepsin B expression and activity are better understood, they could provide us with new strategies to specifically reduce cathepsin B activity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Berquin
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Reddy VY, Zhang QY, Weiss SJ. Pericellular mobilization of the tissue-destructive cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B, L, and S, by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:3849-53. [PMID: 7731994 PMCID: PMC42059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.9.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human macrophages are believed to damage host tissues in chronic inflammatory disease states, but these cells have been reported to express only modest degradative activity in vitro. However, while examining the ability of human monocytes to degrade the extracellular matrix component elastin, we identified culture conditions under which the cells matured into a macrophage population that displayed a degradative phenotype hundreds of times more destructive than that previously ascribed to any other cell population. The monocyte-derived macrophages synthesized elastinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (i.e., gelatinase B and matrilysin) as well as cysteine proteinases (i.e., cathepsins B, L, and S), but only the cathepsins were detected in the extracellular milieu as fully processed, mature enzymes by either vital fluorescence or active-site labeling. Consistent with these observations, macrophage-mediated elastinolytic activity was not affected by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors but could be almost completely abrogated by inhibiting cathepsins L and S. These data demonstrate that human macrophages mobilize cysteine proteinases to arm themselves with a powerful effector mechanism that can participate in the pathophysiologic remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Y Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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35
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Roiron-Lagroux D, Figarella C. Further evidence of different lactoferrin and transferrin binding sites on human HT29-D4 cells. Effects of lysozyme, fucose and cathepsin G. Comparison with transferrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1224:441-4. [PMID: 7803501 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have defined by using competition experiments the nature of specific lactoferrin binding sites, probably responsible for the previously observed stimulatory growth effect of the iron binding protein on HT29-D4 cells. Lysozyme, albumin and fucose do not affect lactoferrin binding showing that the binding of the protein is mediated neither by electrostatic forces nor by fucose. Iron-free and iron-loaded protein produce similar effects, demonstrating that the metal is not involved in the protein recognition. Similar results are observed for transferrin. A specific binding inhibition of lactoferrin by cathepsin G, a leukocyte proteinase, is observed, suggesting the existence of a common receptor for lactoferrin and cathepsin G on HT29-D4 cells. These results and the fact that tumor tissues are more often infiltrated by inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes could evoke an unexpected role for leukocytes, possibly mediated in part by these two proteins, on the proliferative cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Roiron-Lagroux
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Glandes Exocrines, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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