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Rasheed U, Khan S, Khalid M, Noor A, Zafar S. A systemic analysis of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease cases in Asia. Prion 2024; 18:11-27. [PMID: 38323574 PMCID: PMC10854368 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2024.2311950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder, also known as a subacute spongiform encephalopathy. There are three major subtypes of CJD i.e. Sporadic CJD, which occurs for reasons unbeknown to science (85% of known cases), Genetic or Familial CJD which is characterized by the presence of mutations in the human prion protein (PRNP) gene (10-15% cases) and Iatrogenic CJD that occurs via accidental transmission through medical and surgical procedures (1-2% cases). CJD cases occur globally with 1 case per one million population/year. Considerable data is available related to the incidence and prevalence of CJD in Europe and America. However, the global surveillance database is yet to include Asia even though several Asian countries have their own CJD monitoring units. sCJD is the highest among all CJD cases in Asia. China (1957) and Japan (1705) have reported more cases of sCJD than any Asian country and Hong Kong (1) has reported the least. On the other hand, gCJD is highest in Japan (370) and least in India (2). Our analysis establishes the presence of all variants of CJD across Asia. However, in most Asian countries in general and Southeast Asian countries in particular, CJD cases are misdiagnosed and often underreported. Since Asia is the most populated continent in the world, the actual global prevalence of CJD cannot be estimated until and unless these countries are accounted for. Concrete and reliable surveillance networks are needed across Asia to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of CJD in the region. [Figure: see text]The graphical abstract demonstrates the prevalence of CJD cases in the world and systematically analyses the incidence of CJD in Asian countries between the year 1986-2022. Highest number of cases were reported in Japan followed by China. The study emphasizes the need for assimilation of Asian data in global prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urwah Rasheed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Minahil Khalid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen and the German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert, Germany
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Wu YZ, Gao LP, Chen DD, Liang DL, Chen J, Xiao K, Hu C, Chen C, Shi Q, Dong XP. Spontaneous prion disease in homozygous and heterozygous transgenic mouse models of T188K genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:156-169. [PMID: 37660403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with T188K mutation (T188K gCJD) is the most frequent genetic prion disease in China. To explore the penetration of T188K mutation and the pathogenesis of T188K gCJD, we constructed 2 lines of transgenic mouse models: homozygous Tg188K+/+ mice containing T188K mutation in 2 alleles of human PRNP background and heterozygous Tg188K+/- mice containing 1 allele of T188K human PRNP and 1 allele of the wild-type mouse PRNP. Spontaneous neurological illnesses were identified in all Tg188K mice at their old ages (750-800 days old). About half of the Tg188K mice died prior to the final observation (930 days old). Extensive spongiosis, PrPSc deposit, and reactive gliosis of astrocytes and microglia are neuropathologically identified, showing time-dependent exacerbation. Proteinase K-resistant PrP was detected in the brain, muscle, and intestine tissues, and positive real-time quaking-induced conversion reactions were elicited by the brain and muscle tissues of Tg188K mice. Those data verify that the constructed Tg188K mice highly mimic the clinicopathology of human T188K gCJD, strongly indicating the pathogenicity of T188K mutated PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhang Wu
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Lin Liang
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Shi
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Shanghai, China.
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Shi Q, Xiao K, Gao L, Wu Y, Zhou W, Liang D, Chen C, Dong X. Geographic Diversity in the Incidence of Human Prion Diseases - China, 2006-2019. China CDC Wkly 2023; 5:958-965. [PMID: 38025513 PMCID: PMC10652079 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human prion diseases (PrDs) are rare, fatal encephalopathies requiring comprehensive diagnostic analysis. This study examines hospital referral patterns to the Chinese National Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CNS-CJD) from 2006 to 2019. Methods We assessed 1,970 PrD cases referred by various hospitals to CNS-CJD. Referral distributions were analyzed based on provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs). Differences in referral numbers and confirmed cases between monitored and non-monitored PLADs were statistically evaluated. Results The study included cases from 344 hospitals across 29 Chinese PLADs. Hospital referrals increased over the surveillance years: from 28.2 hospitals annually during 2006-2010, to 64 in 2011-2015, and 107 in 2016-2019. Of these, 12.2% (42/344) of hospitals reported ≥10 PrD cases, accounting for 70.0% (1,379/1,970) of total cases. Referral numbers varied across PLADs, with the top 5 of Beijing (41), Henan (26), Shanghai (21), Guangdong (21), and Jiangsu (21) leading. Additionally, 12 CJD-surveillance PLADs had more referring hospitals and PrD cases than the other 17 non-surveillance PLADs. Conclusions Geographical variations in PrD recognition exist across Chinese PLADs, with certain regions and major cities reporting notably higher case numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Gao
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuezhang Wu
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Donglin Liang
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- National Key-Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Walters RO, Haigh CL. Organoids for modeling prion diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:97-111. [PMID: 35088182 PMCID: PMC9329493 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids are an exciting and novel model system emerging in the field of neurobiology. Cerebral organoids are spheres of self-organizing, neuronal lineage tissue that can be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells and that present the possibility of on-demand human neuronal cultures that can be used for non-invasively investigating diseases affecting the brain. Compared with existing humanized cell models, they provide a more comprehensive replication of the human cerebral environment. The potential of the human cerebral organoid model is only just beginning to be elucidated, but initial studies have indicated that they could prove to be a valuable model for neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease. The application of the cerebral organoid model to prion disease, what has been learned so far and the future potential of this model are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O Walters
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Pierron L, Tezenas du Montcel S, Heinzmann A, Coarelli G, Héron D, Heide S, Herson A, Hennessy J, Petit E, Gargiulo M, Durr A. Reproductive choices and intrafamilial communication in neurogenetic diseases with different self-estimated severities. J Med Genet 2023; 60:346-351. [PMID: 36270767 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low uptake of presymptomatic testing and medically assisted reproduction in families impacted by neurogenetic diseases prompted us to investigate how reproductive options are considered and whether there is a relationship with perceived severity of the disease. We hypothesised that self-estimated severity would influence opinion on reproductive options and that prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis would be a motivation to inform relatives about their risk. METHODS We invited people impacted by neurogenetic diseases to evaluate the severity of their familial disease using analogic visual scales and to answer questionnaires about reproductive choices and intrafamilial communication. We compared answers between diseases and with the perceived severity of each disease. RESULTS We analysed 562 questionnaires. Participants were impacted by Huntington disease (n=307), spinocerebellar ataxias (n=114), Steinert myotonic dystrophy (n=82) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (n=59). Self-estimated severity differed between pathologies (p<0.0001). Overall, participants considered prenatal diagnosis (78.0±34.4 out of 100) and preimplantation diagnosis (75.2±36.1 out of 100) justified more than termination of pregnancy (68.6±38.5 out of 100). They were less in favour of gamete donation (48.3±39.8 out of 100) or pregnancy abstention (43.3±40.3 out of 100). The greater the perceived severity of the disease, the more reproductive options were considered justified, except for gamete donation. Prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis was a motivation to inform relatives for only 55.3% of participants (p=0.01). CONCLUSION Self-estimated severity minimally impacts opinions towards reproductive options. Medically assisted reproduction procedures are rarely sought and do not motivate familial communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pierron
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Tezenas du Montcel
- Institut Pierre Louis de Santé Publique, Medical Information Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anna Heinzmann
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Herson
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hennessy
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marcela Gargiulo
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie, Psychanalyse, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Tranulis MA, Tryland M. The Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease-A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040824. [PMID: 36832899 PMCID: PMC9955994 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and ruminant species consumed by humans. Ruminant prion diseases include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids. In 1996, prions causing BSE were identified as the cause of a new prion disease in humans; variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). This sparked a food safety crisis and unprecedented protective measures to reduce human exposure to livestock prions. CWD continues to spread in North America, and now affects free-ranging and/or farmed cervids in 30 US states and four Canadian provinces. The recent discovery in Europe of previously unrecognized CWD strains has further heightened concerns about CWD as a food pathogen. The escalating CWD prevalence in enzootic areas and its appearance in a new species (reindeer) and new geographical locations, increase human exposure and the risk of CWD strain adaptation to humans. No cases of human prion disease caused by CWD have been recorded, and most experimental data suggest that the zoonotic risk of CWD is very low. However, the understanding of these diseases is still incomplete (e.g., origin, transmission properties and ecology), suggesting that precautionary measures should be implemented to minimize human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Tranulis
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 As, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-67232040
| | - Morten Tryland
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2480 Koppang, Norway
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Molecular insights into the critical role of gallate moiety of green tea catechins in modulating prion fibrillation, cellular internalization, and neuronal toxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:755-765. [PMID: 36368361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases with no approved therapeutics. TSE pathology is characterized by abnormal accumulation of amyloidogenic and infectious prion protein conformers (PrPSc) in the central nervous system. Herein, we examined the role of gallate group in green tea catechins in modulating the aggregation of human prion protein (HuPrP) using two green tea constituents i.e., epicatechin 3-gallate (EC3G; with intact gallate ring) and epigallocatechin (EGC; without gallate ring). Molecular docking indicated distinct differences in hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions of EC3G and EGC at the β2-α2 loop of HuPrP. These differences were substantiated by 44-fold higher KD for EC3G as compared to EGC with the former significantly reducing Thioflavin T (ThT) binding aggregates of HuPrP. Conformational alterations in HuPrP aggregates were validated by particle sizing, AFM analysis and A11 and OC conformational antibodies. As compared to EGC, EC3G showed relatively higher reduction in toxicity and cellular internalization of HuPrP oligomers in Neuro-2a cells. Additionally, EC3G also displayed higher fibril disaggregating properties as observed by ThT kinetics and electron microscopy. Our observations were supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that showed markedly reduced α2-α3 and β2-α2 loop mobilities in presence of EC3G that may lead to constriction of HuPrP conformational space with lowered β-sheet conversion. In totality, gallate moiety of catechins play key role in modulating HuPrP aggregation, and toxicity and could be a new structural motif for designing therapeutics against prion diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Brain Imaging in Epilepsy-Focus on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112602. [PMID: 36359445 PMCID: PMC9689253 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder; 1% of people worldwide have epilepsy. Differentiating epileptic seizures from other acute neurological disorders in a clinical setting can be challenging. Approximately one-third of patients have drug-resistant epilepsy that is not well controlled by current antiepileptic drug therapy. Surgical treatment is potentially curative if the epileptogenic focus is accurately localized. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging technique that is sensitive to the diffusion of water molecules and provides additional information on the microstructure of tissue. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of peri-ictal, postictal, and interictal diffusion images can aid the differential diagnosis of seizures and seizure foci localization. This review focused on the fundamentals of DWI and its associated techniques, such as apparent diffusion coefficient, diffusion tensor imaging, and tractography, as well as their impact on epilepsy in terms of differential diagnosis, epileptic foci determination, and prognosis prediction.
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Nikolić L, Ferracin C, Legname G. Recent advances in cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:985-996. [PMID: 35983689 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prion diseases are a group of rare and lethal rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases arising due to conversion of the physiological cellular prion protein into its pathological counterparts, denoted as "prions". These agents are resistant to inactivation by standard decontamination procedures and can be transmitted between individuals, consequently driving the irreversible brain damage typical of the diseases. AREAS COVERED Since its infancy, prion research has mainly depended on animal models for untangling the pathogenesis of the disease as well as for the drug development studies. With the advent of prion-infected cell lines, relevant animal models have been complemented by a variety of cell-based models presenting a much faster, ethically acceptable alternative. EXPERT OPINION To date, there are still either no effective prophylactic regimens or therapies for human prion diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more relevant cellular models that best approximate in vivo models. Each cellular model presented and discussed in detail in this review has its own benefits and limitations. Once embarking in a drug screening campaign for the identification of molecules that could interfere with prion conversion and replication, one should carefully consider the ideal cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Nikolić
- PhD Student in Functional and Structural Genomics, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy,
| | - Chiara Ferracin
- PhD Student in Functional and Structural Genomics, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- D.Phil., Full Professor of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Mustafa G, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Sumrra SH, Ashfaq M, Zafar W, Ashfaq M. A critical review on recent trends on pharmacological applications of pyrazolone endowed derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Case Report: A Case of Creutzfeldt–Jakob Heidenhain Variant Simulating PRES. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071558. [PMID: 35885464 PMCID: PMC9318170 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is an uncommon early clinical syndrome of the otherwise regular sporadic CJD, which belongs to the group of prion diseases caused by a transmissible agent, the misfolded form of the prion protein. The most characteristic symptoms of CJD are rapidly progressive cognitive impairment, typical motor manifestations and mental and behavioural changes. Conversely, in the Heidenhain Variant, different kinds of visual disturbances are observed at onset due to microvacuolar spongiform degeneration or, less frequently, confluent spongiform changes in the parieto-occipital area, detectable through brain MRI with hyperintensity in T2-FLAIR or DWI in the same areas. Since this an extremely rare condition with a heterogeneous clinical presentation, it may easily be misdiagnosed with other diseases at the earlier stages. Here, we describe the case of a patient initially diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), presenting with visual disturbances and headache at onset in a context of poorly controlled arterial hypertension. Subsequently, a rapid worsening of cognitive decline, associated with myoclonus and startle reaction led to further investigations, shifting the diagnosis toward a rapidly evolving neurodegenerative form. This hypothesis was also supported by EEG traces, MRI and CSF analysis. Finally, the clinical–instrumental evolution confirmed the diagnosis of Heidenhain Variant of CJD.
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Xiao K, Pang MF, Zhao YQ, Gao LP, Wu YZ, Wang Y, Shi Q, Dong XP. Difference of geographic distributions of the Chinese patients with prion diseases in the permanent resident places and referring places. Prion 2022; 16:58-65. [PMID: 35638100 PMCID: PMC9176242 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2022.2080921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases (PrDs) are a group of transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that can be clarified as sporadic, genetic and iatrogenic forms. In this study, we have analysed the time and geographic distributions of 2011 PrD cases diagnosed by China National Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CNS-CJD) since 2006, including 1792 sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases and 219 gPrD cases. Apparently, the cases numbers of both sCJD and gPrD increased along with the surveillance years, showing a stepping up every five years. The geographic distributions of the PrDs cases based on the permanent residences were wide, distributing in 30 out of 31 provincial-level administrative divisions in Chinese mainland. However, the case numbers in the provincial level varied largely. The provinces in the eastern part of China had much more cases than those in the western part. Normalized the case numbers with the total population each province revealed higher incidences in six provinces. Further, the resident and referring places of all PrD cases were analysed, illustrating a clear concentrating pattern of referring in the large metropolises. Five provincial-level administrative divisions reported more PrD cases from other provinces than the local ones. Particularly, BJ reported not only more than one-fourth of all PrDs cases in Chinese mainland but also 3.64-fold more PrDs cases from other provinces than its local ones. We believed that good medical resources, well-trained programmes and knowledge of PrDs in the clinicians and the CDC staffs contributed to well-referring PrD cases in those large cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Fan Pang
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Qiao Zhao
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China.,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Shanghai, China.,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Kimura S, Kamishina H, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Furukawa Y, Yamato O, Maeda S, Kamatari YO. Novel oxindole compounds inhibit the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130114. [PMID: 35217127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidogenic proteins form aggregates in cells, thereby leading to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and prion's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans, and degenerative myelopathy (DM) and cognitive dysfunction in dogs. Hence, many small-molecule compounds have been screened to examine their inhibitory effects on amyloidogenic protein aggregation. However, no effective drug suitable for transition to clinical use has been found. Here we examined several novel oxindole compounds (GIF compounds) for their inhibitory effects on aggregate formation of the canine mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (cSOD1 E40K), a causative mutation resulting in DM, using Thioflavin-T fluorescence. Most GIF compounds inhibited the aggregation of cSOD1 E40K. Among the compounds, GIF-0854-r and GIF-0890-r were most effective. Their inhibitory effects were also observed in cSOD1 E40K-transfected cells. Additionally, GIF-0890-r effectively inhibited the aggregate formation of human SOD1 G93A, a causative mutation of ALS. GIF-0827-r and GIF-0856-r also effectively inhibited aggregate formation of human prion protein (hPrP). Subsequently, the correlation between their inhibitory effects on cSOD1 and hPrP aggregation was shown, indicating GIF compounds inhibited the aggregate formation of multiple amyloidogenic proteins. Conclusively, the novel oxindole compounds (GIF-0827-r, GIF-0854-r, GIF-0856-r, and GIF-0890-r) are proposed as useful therapeutic candidates for amyloidogenic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Gifu University,1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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14
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Silva CJ. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Cervids and the Consequences of a Mutable Protein Conformation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12474-12492. [PMID: 35465121 PMCID: PMC9022204 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids (deer, elk, moose, etc.). It spreads readily from CWD-contaminated environments and among wild cervids. As of 2022, North American CWD has been found in 29 states, four Canadian provinces and South Korea. The Scandinavian form of CWD originated independently. Prions propagate their pathology by inducing a natively expressed prion protein (PrPC) to adopt the prion conformation (PrPSc). PrPC and PrPSc differ solely in their conformation. Like other prion diseases, transmissible CWD prions can arise spontaneously. The CWD prions can respond to selection pressures resulting in the emergence of new strain phenotypes. Annually, 11.5 million Americans hunt and harvest nearly 6 million deer, indicating that CWD is a potential threat to an important American food source. No tested CWD strain has been shown to be zoonotic. However, this may not be true for emerging strains. Should a zoonotic CWD strain emerge, it could adversely impact the hunting economy and game meat consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Silva
- Produce Safety & Microbiology
Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States of America
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15
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Transport of Prions in the Peripheral Nervous System: Pathways, Cell Types, and Mechanisms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030630. [PMID: 35337037 PMCID: PMC8954800 DOI: 10.3390/v14030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible protein misfolding disorders that occur in animals and humans where the endogenous prion protein, PrPC, undergoes a conformational change into self-templating aggregates termed PrPSc. Formation of PrPSc in the central nervous system (CNS) leads to gliosis, spongiosis, and cellular dysfunction that ultimately results in the death of the host. The spread of prions from peripheral inoculation sites to CNS structures occurs through neuroanatomical networks. While it has been established that endogenous PrPC is necessary for prion formation, and that the rate of prion spread is consistent with slow axonal transport, the mechanistic details of PrPSc transport remain elusive. Current research endeavors are primarily focused on the cellular mechanisms of prion transport associated with axons. This includes elucidating specific cell types involved, subcellular machinery, and potential cofactors present during this process.
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16
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Poboinev VV, Khrustalev VV, Khrustaleva TA, Kasko TE, Popkov VD. The PentUnFOLD algorithm as a tool to distinguish the dark and the light sides of the structural instability of proteins. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1155-1171. [PMID: 35294674 PMCID: PMC8924573 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins are frequently involved in important regulatory processes in the cell thanks to their ability to bind several different targets performing sometimes even opposite functions. The PentUnFOLD algorithm is a physicochemical method that is based on new propensity scales for disordered, nonstable and stable elements of secondary structure and on the counting of stabilizing and destabilizing intraprotein contacts. Unlike other methods, it works with a PDB file, and it can determine not only those fragments of alpha helices, beta strands, and random coils that can turn into disordered state (the “dark” side of the disorder), but also nonstable regions of alpha helices and beta strands which are able to turn into random coils (the “light” side), and vice versa (H ↔ C, E ↔ C). The scales have been obtained from structural data on disordered regions from the middle parts of amino acid sequences only, and not on their expectedly disordered N- and C-termini. Among other tendencies we have found that regions of both alpha helices and beta strands that can turn into the disordered state are relatively enriched in residues of Ala, Met, Asp, and Lys, while regions of both alpha helices and beta strands that can turn into random coil are relatively enriched in hydrophilic residues, and Cys, Pro, and Gly. Moreover, PentUnFOLD has the option to determine the effect of secondary structure transitions on the stability of a given region of a protein. The PentUnFOLD algorithm is freely available at http://3.17.12.213/pent-un-fold and http://chemres.bsmu.by/PentUnFOLD.htm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatyana Aleksandrovna Khrustaleva
- Biochemical Group of the Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tihon Evgenyevich Kasko
- Department of General Chemistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzinskogo 83, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vadim Dmitrievich Popkov
- Department of General Chemistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzinskogo 83, Minsk, Belarus
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17
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Daude N, Lau A, Vanni I, Kang SG, Castle AR, Wohlgemuth S, Dorosh L, Wille H, Stepanova M, Westaway D. Prion protein with a mutant N-terminal octarepeat region undergoes cobalamin-dependent assembly into high-molecular weight complexes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101770. [PMID: 35271850 PMCID: PMC9010764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) has a C-terminal globular domain and a disordered N-terminal region encompassing five octarepeats (ORs). Encounters between Cu(II) ions and four OR sites produce interchangeable binding geometries; however, the significance of Cu(II) binding to ORs in different combinations is unclear. To understand the impact of specific binding geometries, OR variants were designed that interact with multiple or single Cu(II) ions in specific locked coordinations. Unexpectedly, we found that one mutant produced detergent-insoluble, protease-resistant species in cells in the absence of exposure to the infectious prion protein isoform, scrapie-associated prion protein (PrPSc). Formation of these assemblies, visible as puncta, was reversible and dependent upon medium formulation. Cobalamin (Cbl), a dietary cofactor containing a corrin ring that coordinates a Co3+ ion, was identified as a key medium component, and its effect was validated by reconstitution experiments. Although we failed to find evidence that Cbl interacts with Cu-binding OR regions, we instead noted interactions of Cbl with the PrPC C-terminal domain. We found that some interactions occurred at a binding site of planar tetrapyrrole compounds on the isolated globular domain, but others did not, and N-terminal sequences additionally had a marked effect on their presence and position. Our studies define a conditional effect of Cbl wherein a mutant OR region can act in cis to destabilize a globular domain with a wild type sequence. The unexpected intersection between the properties of PrPSc's disordered region, Cbl, and conformational remodeling events may have implications for understanding sporadic prion disease that does not involve exposure to PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Agnes Lau
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Ilaria Vanni
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew R Castle
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Serene Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Lyudmyla Dorosh
- Faculty of Engineering - Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Faculty of Engineering - Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Tejedor-Romero L, López-Cuadrado T, Almazán-Isla J, Calero M, García López FJ, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Survival Patterns of Human Prion Diseases in Spain, 1998–2018: Clinical Phenotypes and Etiological Clues. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:773727. [PMID: 35126037 PMCID: PMC8811314 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.773727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders of short duration. There are few studies on TSE survival. This study sought to analyze the survival and related factors of a TSE patient cohort, based on a nationwide surveillance system in Spain.MethodsSurvival analyses were performed on 1,530 cases diagnosed across the period 1998–2018 in Spain. We calculated median survival times and plotted survival curves using the Kaplan–Meier method for all cases and for sporadic TSE (sTSE) and genetic TSE (gTSE). Crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify variables associated with shorter survival.FindingsMedian age at onset decreased from the sporadic forms to gTSE and, lastly, to acquired TSE. Overall median and interquartile range (IQR) survival time was 5.2 (IQR, 3.0–11.7) months and 4.9 (IQR, 2.8–10.8) months in sporadic cases and 9 (IQR, 4.9 to over 12) months in genetic cases, p < 0.001. Male sex, older age at onset, presence of 14-3-3 protein, typical MRI, and MM and VV polymorphisms at codon 129 were associated with shorter survival. gTSE showed higher survival in crude comparisons but not after adjustment.InterpretationTSE survival in Spain replicates both the magnitude of that shown and the TSE entity-specific population patterns observed in Western countries but differs from features described in Asian populations, such as the Japanese. The reduction in differences in survival between gTSE and sTSE on adjusting for covariates and international patterns might support the view that gTSE and sTSE share causal and pathophysiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tejedor-Romero
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Preventive Medicine Unit, La Princesa University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Laura Tejedor-Romero,
| | - Teresa López-Cuadrado
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Almazán-Isla
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Fundación CIEN (Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Neurológicas), Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Disease Programme, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J. García López
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Differential Accumulation of Misfolded Prion Strains in Natural Hosts of Prion Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122453. [PMID: 34960722 PMCID: PMC8706046 DOI: 10.3390/v13122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of neurodegenerative protein misfolding diseases that invariably cause death. TSEs occur when the endogenous cellular prion protein (PrPC) misfolds to form the pathological prion protein (PrPSc), which templates further conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, accumulates, and initiates a cascade of pathologic processes in cells and tissues. Different strains of prion disease within a species are thought to arise from the differential misfolding of the prion protein and have different clinical phenotypes. Different strains of prion disease may also result in differential accumulation of PrPSc in brain regions and tissues of natural hosts. Here, we review differential accumulation that occurs in the retinal ganglion cells, cerebellar cortex and white matter, and plexuses of the enteric nervous system in cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, sheep and goats with scrapie, cervids with chronic wasting disease, and humans with prion diseases. By characterizing TSEs in their natural host, we can better understand the pathogenesis of different prion strains. This information is valuable in the pursuit of evaluating and discovering potential biomarkers and therapeutics for prion diseases.
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20
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Shi Q, Chen C, Xiao K, Zhou W, Gao LP, Chen DD, Wu YZ, Wang Y, Hu C, Gao C, Dong XP. Genetic Prion Disease: Insight from the Features and Experience of China National Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1570-1582. [PMID: 34487324 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) are directly associated with mutations and insertions in the PRNP (Prion Protein) gene. We collected and analyzed the data of 218 Chinese gPrD patients identified between Jan 2006 and June 2020. Nineteen different subtypes were identified and gPrDs accounted for 10.9% of all diagnosed PrDs within the same period. Some subtypes of gPrDs showed a degree of geographic association. The age at onset of Chinese gPrDs peaked in the 50-59 year group. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) cases usually displayed clinical symptoms earlier than genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) patients with point mutations. A family history was more frequently recalled in P105L GSS and D178N FFI patients than T188K and E200K patients. None of the E196A gCJD patients reported a family history. The gCJD cases with point mutations always developed clinical manifestations typical of sporadic CJD (sCJD). EEG examination was not sensitive for gPrDs. sCJD-associated abnormalities on MRI were found in high proportions of GSS and gCJD patients. CSF 14-3-3 positivity was frequently detected in gCJD patients. Increased CSF tau was found in more than half of FFI and T188K gCJD cases, and an even higher proportion of E196A and E200K gCJD patients. 63.6% of P105L GSS cases showed a positive reaction in cerebrospinal fluid RT-QuIC. GSS and FFI cases had longer durations than most subtypes of gCJD. This is one of the largest studies of gPrDs in East Asians, and the illness profile of Chinese gPrDs is clearly distinct. Extremely high proportions of T188K and E196A occur among Chinese gPrDs; these mutations are rarely reported in Caucasians and Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China. .,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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21
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Cortese A, Curro' R, Vegezzi E, Yau WY, Houlden H, Reilly MM. Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS): genetic and clinical aspects. Pract Neurol 2021; 22:14-18. [PMID: 34389644 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) typically presents in middle life with a combination of neuropathy, ataxia and vestibular disease, with patients reporting progressive imbalance, oscillopsia, sensory disturbance and a dry cough. Examination identifies a sensory neuropathy or neuronopathy and bilaterally impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex. The underlying genetic basis is of biallelic AAGGG expansions in the second intron of replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1). The frequency and phenotype spectrum of RFC1 disease is expanding, ranging from typical CANVAS to site-restricted variants affecting the sensory nerves, cerebellum and/or the vestibular system. Given the wide phenotype spectrum of RFC1, the differential diagnosis is broad. RFC1 disease due to biallelic AAGGG expansions is probably the most common cause of recessive ataxia. The key to suspecting the disease (and prompt genetic testing) is a thorough clinical examination assessing the three affected systems and noting the presence of chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK .,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Curro'
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Wai Yan Yau
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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22
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Evaluation of Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) Collected from North American Elk (Cervus canadensis) in an Area of Chronic Wasting Disease Endemicity for Evidence of PrP CWD Amplification Using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Assay. mSphere 2021; 6:e0051521. [PMID: 34346708 PMCID: PMC8386475 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00515-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a progressive and fatal spongiform encephalopathy of deer and elk species, caused by a misfolded variant of the normal prion protein. Horizontal transmission of the misfolded CWD prion between animals is thought to occur through shedding in saliva and other forms of excreta. The role of blood in CWD transmission is less clear, though infectivity has been demonstrated in various blood fractions. Blood-feeding insects, including ticks, are known vectors for a range of bacterial and viral infections in animals and humans, though to date, there has been no evidence for their involvement in prion disease transmission. In the present study, we evaluated winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) collected from 136 North American elk (Cervus canadensis) in an area where CWD is endemic for evidence of CWD prion amplification using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC). Although 30 elk were found to be CWD positive (22%) postmortem, amplifiable prions were found in just a single tick collected from an elk in advanced stages of CWD infection, with some evidence for prions in ticks collected from elk in mid-stage infection. These findings suggest that further investigation of ticks as reservoirs for prion disease may be warranted. IMPORTANCE This study reports the first finding of detectable levels of prions linked to chronic wasting disease in a tick collected from a clinically infected elk. Using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC), “suspect” samples were also identified; these suspect ticks were more likely to have been collected from CWD-positive elk, though suspect amplification was also observed in ticks collected from CWD-negative elk. Observed levels were at the lower end of our detection limits, though our findings suggest that additional research evaluating ticks collected from animals in late-stage disease may be warranted to further evaluate the role of ticks as potential vectors of chronic wasting disease.
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Garcés M, Guijarro IM, Ritchie DL, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. Novel Morphological Glial Alterations in the Spectrum of Prion Disease Types: A Focus on Common Findings. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050596. [PMID: 34068251 PMCID: PMC8153175 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are a group of rare fatal neurodegenerative diseases with sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. They are neuropathologically characterized by pathological prion protein accumulation, neuronal death, and vacuolation. Classical immunological response has long been known not to play a major in prion diseases; however, gliosis is known to be a common feature although variable in extent and poorly described. In this investigation, astrogliosis and activated microglia in two brain regions were assessed and compared with non-neurologically affected patients in a representative sample across the spectrum of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) forms and subtypes in order to analyze the influence of prion strain on pathological processes. In this report, we choose to focus on features common to all CJD types rather than the diversity among them. Novel pathological changes in both glial cell types were found to be shared by all CJD types. Microglial activation correlated to astrogliosis. Spongiosis, but not pathological prion protein deposition, correlated to both astrogliosis and microgliosis. At the ultrastructural level, astrocytic glial filaments correlated with pathological changes associated with prion disease. These observations confirm that neuroglia play a prominent role in the neurodegenerative process of prion diseases, regardless of the causative prion type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Garcés
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Isabel M. Guijarro
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Diane L. Ritchie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-762944
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24
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fernández Escámez P, Spiropoulos J, Iulietto MF, Ortiz‐Peláez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat ® process, AT). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06511. [PMID: 33889218 PMCID: PMC8048768 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat, including animal by-product (ABP) Category 1 tallow, was evaluated. The method consists of a conversion phase, based on esterification and transesterification in a single step (at temperature ≥ 200°C, pressure ≥ 70 bar with a retention time ≥ 15 min), using MgO as a catalyst and in the presence of methanol (10-15%), followed by vacuum distillation (at ≥ 150°C, ≤ 10 mbar) of the end-product, biodiesel and the co-product, glycerine. Prions (PrPS c), which are abnormal isoforms of the prion protein, were considered by the applicant to be the most resistant hazard. In accordance with previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, a reduction in prion infectivity, or detectable PrPS c, of at least 6 log10 should be achieved for the process to be considered equivalent to the processing method laid down in the Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. Published data from an experimental replication of the conversion step of the biodiesel production process under consideration were provided, which showed an at least 6 log10 reduction in detectable PrPS c, by Western blot, in tallow that had been spiked with murine and human prion strains. In addition, it was demonstrated that the presence of methanol does not affect the recovery or detection of PrPS c from a biodiesel substrate. Based on scientific literature, the vacuum distillation step has been shown to be capable of achieving an additional 3 log10 reduction in PrPS c. Therefore, the proposed alternative method is considered to be at least equivalent to the processing method laid down in the legislation for the production of biodiesel from raw materials including Category 1 ABP.
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25
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Bélondrade M, Nicot S, Mayran C, Bruyere-Ostells L, Almela F, Di Bari MA, Levavasseur E, Watts JC, Fournier-Wirth C, Lehmann S, Haïk S, Nonno R, Bougard D. Sensitive protein misfolding cyclic amplification of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions is strongly seed and substrate dependent. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4058. [PMID: 33603091 PMCID: PMC7893054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease prions, sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease prions have been shown to be difficult to amplify in vitro by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We assessed PMCA of pathological prion protein (PrPTSE) from 14 human sCJD brain samples in 3 substrates: 2 from transgenic mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) with either methionine (M) or valine (V) at position 129, and 1 from bank voles. Brain extracts representing the 5 major clinicopathological sCJD subtypes (MM1/MV1, MM2, MV2, VV1, and VV2) all triggered seeded PrPTSE amplification during serial PMCA with strong seed- and substrate-dependence. Remarkably, bank vole PrP substrate allowed the propagation of all sCJD subtypes with preservation of the initial molecular PrPTSE type. In contrast, PMCA in human PrP substrates was accompanied by a PrPTSE molecular shift during heterologous (M/V129) PMCA reactions, with increased permissiveness of V129 PrP substrate to in vitro sCJD prion amplification compared to M129 PrP substrate. Combining PMCA amplification sensitivities with PrPTSE electrophoretic profiles obtained in the different substrates confirmed the classification of 4 distinct major sCJD prion strains (M1, M2, V1, and V2). Finally, the level of sensitivity required to detect VV2 sCJD prions in cerebrospinal fluid was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bélondrade
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Nicot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charly Mayran
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lilian Bruyere-Ostells
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Almela
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Etienne Levavasseur
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chantal Fournier-Wirth
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, INM, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, (LBPC-PPC), Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Daisy Bougard
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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26
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Haley N. Amplification Techniques for the Detection of Misfolded Prion Proteins in Experimental and Clinical Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 130:e118. [PMID: 32150353 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article describes two methods for amplifying prions present in experimental and clinical samples: the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay and the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay. Protocols for preparation of amplification substrate and analysis of results are included in addition to those for the individual assays. For each assay, control and suspect samples are mixed with appropriate amplification substrate, which is whole brains from mice in the case of PMCA and recombinant prion protein produced in bacteria for RT-QuIC, followed by cyclic amplification over a number of cycles of sonication (PMCA) or shaking (RT-QuIC) at a consistent incubation temperature. The resultant amplification products are then assessed either by western blotting (PMCA) or based on fluorescent emissions (RT-QuIC). The equipment and expertise necessary for successfully performing either assay vary and will be important factors for individual laboratories to consider when identifying which assay is more appropriate for their experimental design. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Prion amplification via protein misfolding cyclic amplification Support Protocol 1: Collection of whole brains from mice and preparation of normal brain homogenate Basic Protocol 2: Prion amplification via real-time quaking-induced conversion Support Protocol 2: Preparation of recombinant truncated white-tailed-deer prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Haley
- College of Graduate Studies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
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27
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Nonno R, Di Bari MA, Pirisinu L, D'Agostino C, Vanni I, Chiappini B, Marcon S, Riccardi G, Tran L, Vikøren T, Våge J, Madslien K, Mitchell G, Telling GC, Benestad SL, Agrimi U. Studies in bank voles reveal strain differences between chronic wasting disease prions from Norway and North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31417-31426. [PMID: 33229531 PMCID: PMC7733848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013237117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a relentless epidemic disorder caused by infectious prions that threatens the survival of cervid populations and raises increasing public health concerns in North America. In Europe, CWD was detected for the first time in wild Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in 2016. In this study, we aimed at comparing the strain properties of CWD prions derived from different cervid species in Norway and North America. Using a classical strain typing approach involving transmission and adaptation to bank voles (Myodes glareolus), we found that prions causing CWD in Norway induced incubation times, neuropathology, regional deposition of misfolded prion protein aggregates in the brain, and size of their protease-resistant core, different from those that characterize North American CWD. These findings show that CWD prion strains affecting Norwegian cervids are distinct from those found in North America, implying that the highly contagious North American CWD prions are not the proximate cause of the newly discovered Norwegian CWD cases. In addition, Norwegian CWD isolates showed an unexpected strain variability, with reindeer and moose being caused by different CWD strains. Our findings shed light on the origin of emergent European CWD, have significant implications for understanding the nature and the ecology of CWD in Europe, and highlight the need to assess the zoonotic potential of the new CWD strains detected in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vanni
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiappini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcon
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Geraldina Riccardi
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Linh Tran
- World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Chronic Wasting Disease, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Turid Vikøren
- World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Chronic Wasting Disease, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Våge
- World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Chronic Wasting Disease, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Chronic Wasting Disease, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- National and World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and Chronic Wasting Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P9, Canada
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525
| | - Sylvie L Benestad
- World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Chronic Wasting Disease, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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28
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Qamar MS, Yousaf A, Nida A. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease With Atypical Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features. Cureus 2020; 12:e11294. [PMID: 33282571 PMCID: PMC7710345 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare neurodegenerative condition characterized by rapid progression and fatal outcomes. Patients with progressive dementia and associated atypical features should be investigated, especially with the MRI brain for CJD. Cortical ribboning on diffusion-weighted MRI images is a very crucial diagnostic sign for CJD. Here we present a case of a 52-year-old woman admitted to the hospital after a seizure episode and two-month history of altered mental status. She presented with a 40-minute episode of status epilepticus, necessitating admission to the intensive care unit. Head CT showed no acute intracranial abnormalities, and MRI showed generalized brain atrophy. Electroencephalography (EEG) demonstrated an intermittent slowing of the left hemisphere. Two weeks after admission, she got discharged. Four days later, she presented to the hospital after being found disoriented in a park. MRI showed ventricular dilation and a questionable focus of restricted diffusion in the left thalamus posteriorly. CJD protein panel was collected. Three days after discharge, she was brought to the hospital, and CJD protein testing revealed the presence of 14-3-3 protein, elevated T-tau, and negative real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). The National Prion Disease Surveillance Center reviewed her case, and the CJD diagnosis was confirmed.
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29
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Ascari LM, Rocha SC, Gonçalves PB, Vieira TCRG, Cordeiro Y. Challenges and Advances in Antemortem Diagnosis of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:585896. [PMID: 33195151 PMCID: PMC7606880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.585896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, arise from the structural conversion of the monomeric, cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its multimeric scrapie form (PrPSc). These pathologies comprise a group of intractable, rapidly evolving neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, a definitive diagnosis of TSE relies on the detection of PrPSc and/or the identification of pathognomonic histological features in brain tissue samples, which are usually obtained postmortem or, in rare cases, by brain biopsy (antemortem). Over the past two decades, several paraclinical tests for antemortem diagnosis have been developed to preclude the need for brain samples. Some of these alternative methods have been validated and can provide a probable diagnosis when combined with clinical evaluation. Paraclinical tests include in vitro cell-free conversion techniques, such as the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), as well as immunoassays, electroencephalography (EEG), and brain bioimaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whose importance has increased over the years. PrPSc is the main biomarker in TSEs, and the RT-QuIC assay stands out for its ability to detect PrPSc in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), olfactory mucosa, and dermatome skin samples with high sensitivity and specificity. Other biochemical biomarkers are the proteins 14-3-3, tau, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), astroglial protein S100B, α-synuclein, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL), but they are not specific for TSEs. This paper reviews the techniques employed for definite diagnosis, as well as the clinical and paraclinical methods for possible and probable diagnosis, both those in use currently and those no longer employed. We also discuss current criteria, challenges, and perspectives for TSE diagnosis. An early and accurate diagnosis may allow earlier implementation of strategies to delay or stop disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Ascari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie C. Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila B. Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Lauwers E, Lalli G, Brandner S, Collinge J, Compernolle V, Duyckaerts C, Edgren G, Haïk S, Hardy J, Helmy A, Ivinson AJ, Jaunmuktane Z, Jucker M, Knight R, Lemmens R, Lin IC, Love S, Mead S, Perry VH, Pickett J, Poppy G, Radford SE, Rousseau F, Routledge C, Schiavo G, Schymkowitz J, Selkoe DJ, Smith C, Thal DR, Theys T, Tiberghien P, van den Burg P, Vandekerckhove P, Walton C, Zaaijer HL, Zetterberg H, De Strooper B. Potential human transmission of amyloid β pathology: surveillance and risks. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:872-878. [PMID: 32949547 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies in experimental animals show transmissibility of amyloidogenic proteins associated with prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Although these data raise potential concerns for public health, convincing evidence for human iatrogenic transmission only exists for prions and amyloid β after systemic injections of contaminated growth hormone extracts or dura mater grafts derived from cadavers. Even though these procedures are now obsolete, some reports raise the possibility of iatrogenic transmission of amyloid β through putatively contaminated neurosurgical equipment. Iatrogenic transmission of amyloid β might lead to amyloid deposition in the brain parenchyma and blood vessel walls, potentially resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy after several decades. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy can cause life-threatening brain haemorrhages; yet, there is no proof that the transmission of amyloid β can also lead to Alzheimer's dementia. Large, long-term epidemiological studies and sensitive, cost-efficient tools to detect amyloid are needed to better understand any potential routes of amyloid β transmission and to clarify whether other similar proteopathic seeds, such as tau or α-synuclein, can also be transferred iatrogenically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lauwers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Lalli
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Veerle Compernolle
- Blood Services, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gustaf Edgren
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Adel Helmy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian J Ivinson
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Knight
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research and Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robin Lemmens
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I-Chun Lin
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - V Hugh Perry
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Pickett
- Alzheimer's Society, London, London, UK; Epilepsy Research UK, London, UK
| | - Guy Poppy
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Giampietro Schiavo
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Tiberghien
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St Denis, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche, INSERM, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Peter van den Burg
- European Blood Alliance, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Blood Services, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Clare Walton
- Alzheimer's Society, London, London, UK; Multiple Sclerosis International Federation, London, UK
| | - Hans L Zaaijer
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Huang Y, Jianfang M, Morales R, Tang H. Corticobasal manifestations of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with D178N-homozygous 129M genotype. Prion 2020; 14:232-237. [PMID: 32946318 PMCID: PMC7518738 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1812367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a prion disease, usually presented with memory loss, ataxia, dementia, myoclonus, involuntary movements and psychiatric problems. D178N-homozygous 129M genotype has been recognized in the diagnosis of fatal familial insomnia (FFI) globally. Here we report a patient presented with progressive left upper limb stiffness, bradykinesia, hypomimia and weight loss (10 kg) initially. She progressed to dementia, dysphasia, dysphonia and be bedridden quickly but did not present insomnia. She was diagnosed with CJD corticobasal subtype carrying a classic D178N-129M mutation of PRNP in FFI. Remarkably, she has a strong family history of neurological degeneration diseases but the other members of this pedigree who do not carry D178N-homozygous 129M mutation in PRNP do not present any CJD or FFI symptoms. We conclude that this patient carrying D178N-homozygous 129M mutation in PRNP should be diagnosed as CJD. Thus, the clinicopathology should be considered as a crucial evidence in diagnosing some cases, but FFI could be evaluated as a differential diagnosis with a unique clinical profile. List of abbreviations AD: Alzheimer disease; ADL: Activities of Daily Living; CBD Cortical basal degeneration; CBS: Corticobasal syndrome; CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; DWI: Diffusion-weighted image; EEG: Electroencephalograph, fCJD: familial Creutzfeld-Jakob disease; FFI: Fatal familial insomnia; FLAIR: Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PD: Parkinson disease; PrP: Prion protein; PSWC: Periodic sharp wave complexes; SWI: Susceptibility-weighted imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai, China
| | - Ma Jianfang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai, China
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA.,Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA). Universidad Bernardo OHiggins , Santiago, Chile
| | - Huidong Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai, China
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Spagnolli G, Requena JR, Biasini E. Understanding prion structure and conversion. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:19-30. [PMID: 32958233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since their original identification, prions have represented enigmatic agents that defy the classical concept of genetic inheritance. For almost four decades, the high-resolution structure of PrPSc, the infectious and misfolded counterpart of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), has remained elusive, mostly due to technical challenges posed by its high insolubility and aggregation propensity. As a result, such a lack of information has critically hampered the search for an effective therapy against prion diseases. Nevertheless, multiple attempts to get insights into the structure of PrPSc have provided important experimental constraints that, despite being at limited resolution, are paving the way for the application of computer-aided technologies to model the three-dimensional architecture of prions and their templated replication mechanism. Here, we review the most relevant studies carried out so far to elucidate the conformation of infectious PrPSc and offer an overview of the most advanced molecular models to explain prion structure and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spagnolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Trento, TN, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Jesús R Requena
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago, Spain
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Trento, TN, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy.
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Prospective Study Demonstrates Utility of EP-QuIC in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Diagnoses. Can J Neurol Sci 2020; 48:127-129. [PMID: 32646535 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prospectively acquired Canadian cerebrospinal fluid samples were used to assess the performance characteristics of three ante-mortem tests commonly used to support diagnoses of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The utility of the end-point quaking-induced conversion assay as a test for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnoses was compared to that of immunoassays designed to detect increased amounts of the surrogate markers 14-3-3γ and hTau. The positive predictive values of the end-point quaking-induced conversion, 14-3-3γ, and hTau tests conducted at the Prion Diseases Section of the Public Health Agency of Canada were 96%, 68%, and 66%, respectively.
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Basso C, Calabrese F, Sbaraglia M, Del Vecchio C, Carretta G, Saieva A, Donato D, Flor L, Crisanti A, Dei Tos AP. Feasibility of postmortem examination in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: the experience of a Northeast Italy University Hospital. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:341-347. [PMID: 32519035 PMCID: PMC7282199 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous spreading of SARS-CoV-2 and increasing number of deaths worldwide, the need and appropriateness for autopsy in patients with COVID-19 became a matter of discussion. In fact, in the COVID-19 era protection of healthcare workers is a priority besides patient management. No evidence is currently available about the real risk related to the procedure as well as to the subsequent management of the samples. We herein describe the procedure that has been used to perform the first series of postmortem examinations in the COVID center of the Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy, after the implementation of an ad hoc operating procedure, to minimize the risk of infection for pathologists and technicians. Provided that the procedure is performed in an adequate environment respecting strict biosafety rules, our data indicate that complete postmortem examination appears to be safe and will be highly informative providing useful insights into the complex disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Donato
- Chief Medical Office, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Luciano Flor
- Chief Medical Office, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Shi Q, Wu YZ, Yang X, Xiao K, Maimaitiming A, Gao LP, Chen C, Gao C, Guo Y, Dong XP. Significant enhanced expressions of aquaporin-1, -4 and -9 in the brains of various prion diseases. Prion 2020; 13:173-184. [PMID: 31814527 PMCID: PMC6746548 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1660487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues, among them AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are expressed predominately with relatively special distributing features in various brain regions. The aberrant changes of AQP1 and AQP4 have been observed in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate the underlying alteration of brain AQPs in prion diseases, scrapie strains of 139A, ME7 and S15 infected mice were tested in this study. Western blots revealed markedly increased levels of AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 in the brain tissues of all tested scrapie-infected mice collected at terminal stage. Analyses of the AQPs levels in the brain tissues collected at different time-points during incubation period showed time-dependent increased in 139A and ME7-infected mice, especially at the middle-late stage. The AQP1 levels also increased in the cortex regions of some human prion diseases, including the patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and G114V genetic CJD (gCJD). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays verified that the AQPs-positive cells were astrocyte-like morphologically; meanwhile, numerous various sizes of AQPs-positive particles and dots were also observable in the brain sections of scrapie-infected mice. Immunofluorescent assays (IFAs) illustrated that the signals of AQPs colocalized with those of the GFAP positive proliferative astrocytes, and more interestingly, appeared to overlap also with the signals of PrP in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Moreover, IHC assays with a commercial doublestain system revealed that distributing areas of AQPs overlapped not only with that of the activated large astrocytes, but also with that of abundantly deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues of scrapie murine models. Our data here propose the solid evidences that the expressions of brain AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are all aberrantly enhanced in various murine models of scrapie infection. The closely anatomical association between the accumulated AQPs and deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues indicates that the abnormally increased water channel proteins participate in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Adalaiti Maimaitiming
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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36
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Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Silva V, Remião F, Silva R. Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Role in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107554. [PMID: 32320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters represent one of the largest and most diverse superfamily of proteins in living species, playing an important role in many biological processes such as cell homeostasis, cell signaling, drug metabolism and nutrient uptake. Moreover, using the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis, they mediate the efflux of endogenous and exogenous substrates from inside the cells, thereby reducing their intracellular accumulation. At present, 48 ABC transporters have been identified in humans, which were classified into 7 different subfamilies (A to G) according to their phylogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, the most studied members with importance in drug therapeutic efficacy and toxicity include P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABCB subfamily, the multidrug-associated proteins (MPRs), members of the ABCC subfamily, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a member of the ABCG subfamily. They exhibit ubiquitous expression throughout the human body, with a special relevance in barrier tissues like the blood-brain barrier (BBB). At this level, they play a physiological function in tissue protection by reducing or limiting the brain accumulation of neurotoxins. Furthermore, dysfunction of ABC transporters, at expression and/or activity level, has been associated with many neurological diseases, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, these transporters are strikingly associated with the pharmacoresistance to central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs, because they contribute to the decrease in drug bioavailability. This article reviews the signaling pathways that regulate the expression and activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRPs subfamilies of transporters, with particular attention at the BBB level, and their mis-regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gil-Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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37
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Flønes IH, Ricken G, Klotz S, Lang A, Ströbel T, Dölle C, Kovacs GG, Tzoulis C. Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency correlates with the severity of neuropathology in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:50. [PMID: 32299489 PMCID: PMC7160955 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases but remains largely unexplored in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Here, we characterize the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the individual neuron level in the MM1 and VV2 common molecular subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Moreover, we investigate the associations between the mitochondrial respiratory chain and neuropathological markers of the disease.Brain tissue from individuals with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and age-matched controls were obtained from the brain collection of the Austrian Creutzfeldt-Jakob Surveillance. The mitochondrial respiratory chain was studied through a dichotomous approach of immunoreactivities in the temporal cortex and the hippocampal subregions of CA4 and CA3.We show that profound deficiency of all mitochondrial respiratory complexes (I-V) occurs in neurons of the severely affected temporal cortex of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This deficiency correlates strongly with the severity of neuropathological changes, including vacuolation of the neuropil, gliosis and disease associated prion protein load. Respiratory chain deficiency is less pronounced in hippocampal CA4 and CA3 regions compared to the temporal cortex. In both areas respiratory chain deficiency shows a predilection for the MM1 molecular subtype of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.Our findings indicate that aberrant mitochondrial respiration could be involved early in the pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and contributes to neuronal death, most likely via ATP depletion. Based on these results, we propose that the restricted MRI diffusion profile seen in the brain of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease might reflect cytotoxic changes due to neuronal respiratory chain failure and ATP loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Flønes
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Klotz
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lang
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Ströbel
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dölle
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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38
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Ma Y, Ma J. Immunotherapy against Prion Disease. Pathogens 2020; 9:E216. [PMID: 32183309 PMCID: PMC7157205 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "prion disease" encompasses a group of neurodegenerative diseases affecting both humans and animals. Currently, there is no effective therapy and all forms of prion disease are invariably fatal. Because of (a) the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans; (b) the heated debate about the prion hypothesis; and (c) the availability of a natural prion disease in rodents, the understanding of the pathogenic process in prion disease is much more advanced compared to that of other neurodegenerative disorders, which inspired many attempts to develop therapeutic strategies against these fatal diseases. In this review, we focus on immunotherapy against prion disease. We explain our rationale for immunotherapy as a plausible therapeutic choice, review previous trials using either active or passive immunization, and discuss potential strategies for overcoming the hurdles in developing a successful immunotherapy. We propose that immunotherapy is a plausible and practical therapeutic strategy and advocate more studies in this area to develop effective measures to control and treat these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
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39
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Frontzek K, Carta M, Losa M, Epskamp M, Meisl G, Anane A, Brandel JP, Camenisch U, Castilla J, Haïk S, Knowles T, Lindner E, Lutterotti A, Minikel EV, Roiter I, Safar JG, Sanchez-Valle R, Žáková D, Hornemann S, Aguzzi A. Autoantibodies against the prion protein in individuals with PRNP mutations. Neurology 2020; 95:e2028-e2037. [PMID: 32098855 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether naturally occurring autoantibodies against the prion protein are present in individuals with genetic prion disease mutations and controls, and if so, whether they are protective against prion disease. METHODS In this case-control study, we collected 124 blood samples from individuals with a variety of pathogenic PRNP mutations and 78 control individuals with a positive family history of genetic prion disease but lacking disease-associated PRNP mutations. Antibody reactivity was measured using an indirect ELISA for the detection of human immunoglobulin G1-4 antibodies against wild-type human prion protein. Multivariate linear regression models were constructed to analyze differences in autoantibody reactivity between (1) PRNP mutation carriers vs controls and (2) asymptomatic vs symptomatic PRNP mutation carriers. Robustness of results was examined in matched cohorts. RESULTS We found that antibody reactivity was present in a subset of both PRNP mutation carriers and controls. Autoantibody levels were not influenced by PRNP mutation status or clinical manifestation of prion disease. Post hoc analyses showed anti-PrPC autoantibody titers to be independent of personal history of autoimmune disease and other immunologic disorders, as well as PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic PRNP variants do not notably stimulate antibody-mediated anti-PrPC immunity. Anti-PrPC immunoglobulin G autoantibodies are not associated with the onset of prion disease. The presence of anti-PrPC autoantibodies in the general population without any disease-specific association suggests that relatively high titers of naturally occurring antibodies are well-tolerated. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02837705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Frontzek
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Manfredi Carta
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marco Losa
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mirka Epskamp
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Georg Meisl
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alice Anane
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ulrike Camenisch
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tuomas Knowles
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ewald Lindner
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eric Vallabh Minikel
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ignazio Roiter
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jiri G Safar
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Žáková
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Simone Hornemann
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (K.F., M.C., M.L., M.E., S. Hornemann, A.A.), Institute of Surgical Pathology (U.C.), and Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and MS Research (NIMS) (A.L.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry (G.M., T.K.), University of Cambridge, UK; CJD Foundation Israel (A.A.), Pardes Hanna; ICM (J.-P.B.), Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; CIC bioGUNE and IKERBASQUE (J.C.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Sorbonne University (S. Haïk), ICM, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Ophthalmology Division (E.L.), University of Graz, Austria; Broad Institute (E.V.M.), Cambridge, MA; Treviso Hospital (I.R.), Italy; Department of Pathology, Neurology, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (J.G.S.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Prion Diseases (D.Ž.), Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Dard L, Blanchard W, Hubert C, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. Mitochondrial functions and rare diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100842. [PMID: 32029308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles responsible for a large variety of biochemical processes as energy transduction, REDOX signaling, the biosynthesis of hormones and vitamins, inflammation or cell death execution. Cell biology studies established that 1158 human genes encode proteins localized to mitochondria, as registered in MITOCARTA. Clinical studies showed that a large number of these mitochondrial proteins can be altered in expression and function through genetic, epigenetic or biochemical mechanisms including the interaction with environmental toxics or iatrogenic medicine. As a result, pathogenic mitochondrial genetic and functional defects participate to the onset and the progression of a growing number of rare diseases. In this review we provide an exhaustive survey of the biochemical, genetic and clinical studies that demonstrated the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in human rare diseases. We discuss the striking diversity of the symptoms caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and the strategies proposed for mitochondrial therapy, including a survey of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - W Blanchard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Hubert
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Kampf G, Jung M, Suchomel M, Saliou P, Griffiths H, Vos MC. Prion disease and recommended procedures for flexible endoscope reprocessing - a review of policies worldwide and proposal for a simplified approach. J Hosp Infect 2019; 104:92-110. [PMID: 31408691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several guidelines recommend specific treatments for endoscopes, procedures of quarantine for endoscopes, or additional treatments for the endoscope washer disinfector (EWD) in suspected or confirmed cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or variant CJD (vCJD) but vary in many details. This study therefore reviewed guidelines on reprocessing flexible endoscopes after use in patients with suspected or confirmed prion disease. In addition, a literature search was performed in Medline on prion, CJD, vCJD, chemical inactivation, transmission healthcare, epidemiology healthcare, concentration tissue human and endoscope. Thus far, no case of CJD or vCJD transmitted by flexible endoscope has been reported. In animals it has been shown that oral uptake of 0.1-5 g of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected brain homogenate is necessary for transmission. The maximum prion concentration in other tissues (e.g., terminal ileum) is at least 100-fold lower. Automated cleaning of endoscopes alone results in very low total residual protein ≤5.6 mg per duodenoscopes. Recommendations vary between countries, sometimes with additional cleaning, use of alkaline cleaners, no use of cleaners with fixative properties, use of disinfectants without fixative properties or single-use disinfectants. Sodium hydroxide (1 M) and sodium hypochlorite (10,000 and 25,000 mg/L) are very effective in preventing transmission via contaminated wires implanted into animal brains, but their relevance for endoscopes is questionable. Based on circumstantial evidence, it is proposed to consider validated reprocessing as appropriate in the case of delayed suspected prion disease when immediate bedside cleaning, routine use of alkaline cleaners, no fixative agents anywhere prior to disinfection and single use brushes and cleaning solutions can be assured.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - M Jung
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Medical Department 1, Endoscopy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Suchomel
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Saliou
- Brest Teaching Hospital, Infection Control Unit, Brest, France
| | - H Griffiths
- Brecon War Memorial Hospital, Brecon, Powys, UK
| | - M C Vos
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ESCMID Study Group on Nosocomial Infections
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Bernardi L, Bruni AC. Mutations in Prion Protein Gene: Pathogenic Mechanisms in C-Terminal vs. N-Terminal Domain, a Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3606. [PMID: 31340582 PMCID: PMC6678283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the Prion protein (PrP), encoded by the PRNP gene, have been associated with autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders, such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI). Notably, PRNP mutations have also been described in clinical pictures resembling other neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia. Regarding the pathogenesis, it has been observed that these point mutations are located in the C-terminal region of the PRNP gene and, currently, the potential significance of the N-terminal domain has largely been underestimated. The purpose of this report is to review and provide current insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PRNP mutations, emphasizing the differences between the C- and N-terminal regions and focusing, in particular, on the lesser-known flexible N-terminal, for which recent biophysical evidence has revealed a physical interaction with the globular C-terminal domain of the cellular prion protein (PrPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy.
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Rigoli M, Spagnolli G, Faccioli P, Requena JR, Biasini E. Ok Google, how could I design therapeutics against prion diseases? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:39-45. [PMID: 31059982 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of previous successful attempts in the search for therapeutics for a variety of human pathologies highlight the importance of computational technologies in the drug discovery pipeline. This approach, often referred to as computer-aided drug design, is unfortunately inapplicable when the precise information regarding the three-dimensional structure of disease-associated proteins or the mechanism by which they are altered to generate misfolded isoforms are missing. A typical example is represented by prion diseases, fatal pathologies of the nervous system characterized by the conformational conversion of a physiological protein called PrPC into a misfolded and infectious isoform referred to as PrPSc. Missing information regarding the atomic structure of PrPSc as well as the mechanism of templated conversion of PrPC has severely halted the discovery of effective therapies for prion diseases. In this manuscript, we review emerging opportunities to apply computer-aided techniques to target PrPC, PrPSc or to design inhibitors of prion replication, and discuss how these fast-evolving technologies could lay the groundwork for the application of entirely novel rational drug design schemes for these devastating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rigoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Spagnolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Jesús R Requena
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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Lyon A, Mays CE, Borriello F, Telling GC, Soto C, Pritzkow S. Application of PMCA to screen for prion infection in a human cell line used to produce biological therapeutics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4847. [PMID: 30890734 PMCID: PMC6424962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in biotechnology have led to the development of a number of biological therapies for the treatment of diverse human diseases. Since these products may contain or are made using human or animal (e.g. cattle) derived materials, it is crucial to test their safety by ensuring the absence of infectious agents; specifically prions, which are highly resilient to elimination and produce fatal diseases in humans. Many cases of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been caused by the use of biological materials (e.g. human growth hormone) contaminated with prions. For this reason, it is important to screen cells and biological materials for the presence of prions. Here we show the utility of the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology as a screening tool for the presence of human (vCJD) and bovine (BSE) prions in a human cell therapy product candidate. First, we demonstrated the sensitivity of PMCA to detect a single cell infected with prions. For these experiments, we used RKM7 cells chronically infected with murine RML prions. Serial dilutions of an infected cell culture showed that PMCA enabled prion amplification from a sample comprised of only one cell. Next, we determined that PMCA performance was robust and uncompromised by the spiking of large quantities of uninfected cells into the reaction. Finally, to demonstrate the practical application of this technology, we analyzed a human cell line being developed for therapeutic use and found it to be PMCA-negative for vCJD and BSE prions. Our findings demonstrate that the PMCA technology has unparalleled sensitivity and specificity for the detection of prions, making it an ideal quality control procedure in the production of biological therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lyon
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles E Mays
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank Borriello
- Alloplex Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra Pritzkow
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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45
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Molinari N, Roche S, Peoc'h K, Tiers L, Séveno M, Hirtz C, Lehmann S. Sample Pooling and Inflammation Linked to the False Selection of Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Top-Down Proteomics: A Pilot Study. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:477. [PMID: 30618622 PMCID: PMC6305369 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic technologies have been recently adapted to the new field of clinical proteomics. The origin of errors and biases has been well-identified in the pre-analytical steps, leading to the measurement of clinical analytes. One possible source of inadequacy in clinical proteomics is linked to sample pooling. This practice is usually related to low sample availability, variability, experiment time/cost. In this study, we first asked whether sample pooling in top–down proteomics is suitable to obtain a relevant biological average. Our second objective was to identify inflammatory biomarkers of outlier samples in our population of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Our results demonstrated that, in a proteomics study, sample pooling as well as the inflammation status was an important source of errors: missed detection of biomarkers and false identification of others. Pooled samples were not equivalent to the average of biological values. In addition, this procedure reduced the statistical value of the identified biomarkers due to a stabilization of their standard deviation and rendered outlier samples difficult to detect. We identified serum amyloid A as a candidate biomarker of outlier samples. The presence of this protein, which could be explained by inflammatory processes, induced major modifications in the sample profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molinari
- Department of Statistics, CHU de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Roche
- INSERM, UMR 1251, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Katell Peoc'h
- APHP, HUPNVS, Hôpital Beaujon, UFR de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Clichy and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Tiers
- Laboratoire et Plateforme de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial Séveno
- CNRS, INSERM, BioCampus Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- Laboratoire et Plateforme de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire et Plateforme de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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46
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Orrù CD, Soldau K, Cordano C, Llibre-Guerra J, Green AJ, Sanchez H, Groveman BR, Edland SD, Safar JG, Lin JH, Caughey B, Geschwind MD, Sigurdson CJ. Prion Seeds Distribute throughout the Eyes of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients. mBio 2018; 9:e02095-18. [PMID: 30459197 PMCID: PMC6247090 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02095-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common prion disease in humans and has been iatrogenically transmitted through corneal graft transplantation. Approximately 40% of sCJD patients develop visual or oculomotor symptoms and may seek ophthalmological consultation. Here we used the highly sensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to measure postmortem prion seeding activities in cornea, lens, ocular fluid, retina, choroid, sclera, optic nerve, and extraocular muscle in the largest series of sCJD patient eyes studied by any assay to date. We detected prion seeding activity in 100% of sCJD eyes, representing three common sCJD subtypes, with levels varying by up to 4 log-fold among individuals. The retina consistently showed the highest seed levels, which in some cases were only slightly lower than brain. Within the retina, prion deposits were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the retinal outer plexiform layer in most sCJD cases, and in some eyes the inner plexiform layer, consistent with synaptic prion deposition. Prions were not detected by IHC in any other eye region. With RT-QuIC, prion seed levels generally declined in eye tissues with increased distance from the brain, and yet all corneas had prion seeds detectable. Prion seeds were also present in the optic nerve, extraocular muscle, choroid, lens, vitreous, and sclera. Collectively, these results reveal that sCJD patients accumulate prion seeds throughout the eye, indicating the potential diagnostic utility as well as a possible biohazard.IMPORTANCE Cases of iatrogenic prion disease have been reported from corneal transplants, yet the distribution and levels of prions throughout the eye remain unknown. This study probes the occurrence, level, and distribution of prions in the eyes of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). We tested the largest series of prion-infected eyes reported to date using an ultrasensitive technique to establish the prion seed levels in eight regions of the eye. All 11 cases had detectable prion seeds in the eye, and in some cases, the seed levels in the retina approached those in brain. In most cases, prion deposits could also be seen by immunohistochemical staining of retinal tissue; other ocular tissues were negative. Our results have implications for estimating the risk for iatrogenic transmission of sCJD as well as for the development of antemortem diagnostic tests for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Katrin Soldau
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jorge Llibre-Guerra
- Cognitive and Behavioral Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Henry Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Steven D Edland
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christina J Sigurdson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Osinalde N, Duarri A, Ramirez J, Barrio R, Perez de Nanclares G, Mayor U. Impaired proteostasis in rare neurological diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:164-177. [PMID: 30355526 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases are classified as such when their prevalence is 1:2000 or lower, but even if each of them is so infrequent, altogether more than 300 million people in the world suffer one of the ∼7000 diseases considered as rare. Over 1200 of these disorders are known to affect the brain or other parts of our nervous system, and their symptoms can affect cognition, motor function and/or social interaction of the patients; we refer collectively to them as rare neurological disorders or RNDs. We have focused this review on RNDs known to have compromised protein homeostasis pathways. Proteostasis can be regulated and/or altered by a chain of cellular mechanisms, from protein synthesis and folding, to aggregation and degradation. Overall, we provide a list comprised of above 215 genes responsible for causing more than 170 distinct RNDs, deepening on some representative diseases, including as well a clinical view of how those diseases are diagnosed and dealt with. Additionally, we review existing methodologies for diagnosis and treatment, discussing the potential of specific deubiquitinating enzyme inhibition as a future therapeutic avenue for RNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Anna Duarri
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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48
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Processing of high-titer prions for mass spectrometry inactivates prion infectivity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1174-1180. [PMID: 30282615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prions represent a class of universally fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and other mammals. The prion agent contains a pathologically aggregated form of the host prion protein that can transmit infectivity without any bacterial or viral component and is thus difficult to inactivate using disinfection protocols designed for infectious microorganisms. Methods for prion inactivation include treatment with acids, bases, detergents, bleach, prolonged autoclaving and incineration. During these procedures, the sample is often either destroyed or damaged such that further analysis for research purposes is compromised. In this study we show that a straightforward denaturation and in-gel protease digestion protocol used to prepare prion-infected samples for mass spectroscopy leads to the loss of at least 7 logs of prion infectivity, yielding a final product that fails to transmit prion disease in vivo. We further show that the resultant sample remains suitable for mass spectrometry-based protein identifications. Thus, the procedure described can be used to prepare prion-infected samples for mass spectrometry analysis with greatly reduced biosafety concerns.
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Sanchez-Garcia J, Fernandez-Funez P. D159 and S167 are protective residues in the prion protein from dog and horse, two prion-resistant animals. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 119:1-12. [PMID: 30010001 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolding of the prion protein (PrP). These conditions affect humans and animals, including endemic forms in sheep and deer. Bovine, rodents, and many zoo mammals also developed prion diseases during the "mad-cow" epidemic in the 1980's. Interestingly, rabbits, horses, and dogs show unusual resistance to prion diseases, suggesting that specific sequence changes in the corresponding endogenous PrP prevents the accumulation of pathogenic conformations. In vitro misfolding assays and structural studies have identified S174, S167, and D159 as the key residues mediating the stability of rabbit, horse, and dog PrP, respectively. Here, we expressed the WT forms of rabbit, horse, and dog PrP in transgenic Drosophila and found that none of them is toxic. Replacing these key residues with the corresponding amino acids in hamster PrP showed that mutant horse (S167D) and dog (D159N) PrP are highly toxic, whereas mutant rabbit (S174 N) PrP is not. These results confirm the impact of S167 and D159 in local and long-range structural features in the globular domain of PrP that increase its stability, while suggesting the role of additional residues in the stability of rabbit PrP. Identifying these protective amino acids and the structural features that stabilize PrP can contribute to advance the field towards the development of therapies that halt or reverse the devastating effects of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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50
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Wang J, Xiao K, Zhou W, Gao C, Chen C, Shi Q, Dong XP. A Chinese patient of P102L Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease contains three other disease-associated mutations in SYNE1. Prion 2018; 12:150-155. [PMID: 29509064 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1447733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) with the P102L mutation in PRNP gene is characterized with progressive cerebellar dysfunction clinically and PrPSc plaques neurologically. Due to the cerebellar ataxia in the early stage, GSS P102L is often misdiagnosed as other neurodegenerative disorders. We presented here a 49-year-old female patient with proven P102L PRNP mutation, and three heterologous mutations in hereditary ataxias associated gene SYNE1, including p.V3643L, p.M3376V and p.T2860A. The patient appeared progressive unsteady gait in early stage and developed the Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) - associated clinical manifestations, including progressive dementia, myoclonus, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs. She is still alive but with akinetic mutism 21 months after onset. Observation of intense signal changes in cortical regions (cortical ribboning) in diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) MRI scanning and positive protein 14-3-3 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proposed the diagnosis of sporadic CJD. The final diagnosis of P102L GSS was made after PRNP sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
| | - Kang Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
| | - Chen Gao
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
| | - Cao Chen
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
| | - Qi Shi
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University) , National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China.,b Center of Global Public Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing , China
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