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Chu L, Wang A, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Duan X, Li N, Xia H, Liu W, Sun K. Exosome-mediated delivery platform of biomacromolecules into the brain: Cetuximab in combination with doxorubicin for glioblastoma therapy. Int J Pharm 2024:124262. [PMID: 38815637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become the predominant treatment modality for various diseases due to their high affinity and specificity. Although antibodies also have great potential for neurological diseases, they couldn't fully meet the therapeutic requirements due to their high molecular weight and limitations in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, an innovative strategy based on exosomes (Exos) platform was developed to enhance the delivery of cetuximab (CTX) into the brain, and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) for the synergistic targeted therapy of glioblastoma (GBM). The in vitro/vivo experiments have shown that exosomes could effectively promote BBB penetration and increase the content of CTX in glioma cells and brain lesions. Cytotoxicity and wound healing experiments have shown that CTX-Exo-DOX could significantly inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. Finally, in vivo results showed that CTX-Exo-DOX significantly prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing rats to 28 days, which was 1.47 times that of the DOX group. In summary, exosomes could deliver more antibodies into the brain, and CTX-Exo-DOX is a promising co-delivery system for the treatment of GBM. The results of this study will also provide a prospective strategy for antibody drugs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxiang Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China; Yantai Laishan Fourth People's Hospital, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China.
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Yiying Sun
- Shandong Business Institute, Yantai, 264670, China
| | - Xinliu Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Nuannuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Hangyu Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Novapath Pharma (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China.
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2
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Wiklander OPB, Mamand DR, Mohammad DK, Zheng W, Jawad Wiklander R, Sych T, Zickler AM, Liang X, Sharma H, Lavado A, Bost J, Roudi S, Corso G, Lennaárd AJ, Abedi-Valugerdi M, Mäger I, Alici E, Sezgin E, Nordin JZ, Gupta D, Görgens A, El Andaloussi S. Antibody-displaying extracellular vesicles for targeted cancer therapy. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01214-6. [PMID: 38769158 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as natural delivery vectors and mediators of biological signals across tissues. Here, by leveraging these functionalities, we show that EVs decorated with an antibody-binding moiety specific for the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain can be used as a modular delivery system for targeted cancer therapy. The Fc-EVs can be decorated with different types of immunoglobulin G antibody and thus be targeted to virtually any tissue of interest. Following optimization of the engineered EVs by screening Fc-binding and EV-sorting moieties, we show the targeting of EVs to cancer cells displaying the human epidermal receptor 2 or the programmed-death ligand 1, as well as lower tumour burden and extended survival of mice with subcutaneous melanoma tumours when systemically injected with EVs displaying an antibody for the programmed-death ligand 1 and loaded with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. EVs with Fc-binding domains may be adapted to display other Fc-fused proteins, bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar P B Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Wenyi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rim Jawad Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Taras Sych
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Antje M Zickler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jeremy Bost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Samantha Roudi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Giulia Corso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Angus J Lennaárd
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evren Alici
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine (KITM), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska ATMP Center, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden.
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
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3
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Payet T, Gabinaud E, Landrier JF, Mounien L. Role of micro-RNAs associated with adipose-derived extracellular vesicles in metabolic disorders. Obes Rev 2024:e13755. [PMID: 38622087 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Micro-RNAs have emerged as important actors in the onset of metabolic disorders including obesity or type 2 diabetes. Particularly, several micro-RNAs are known to be key modulators of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, or feeding behavior. Interestingly, the role of extracellular vesicles containing micro-RNAs, especially adipose-derived extracellular vesicles, are well-documented endocrine signals and disease biomarkers. However, the role of adipose-derived extracellular vesicles on the different tissues is different and highly related to the micro-RNA content. This review provides recent data about the potential involvement of adipose-derived extracellular vesicle-containing micro-RNAs in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Payet
- Aix Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Elisa Gabinaud
- Aix Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Landrier
- Aix Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
- PhenoMARS Aix-Marseille Technology Platform, CriBiom, Marseille, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Aix Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
- PhenoMARS Aix-Marseille Technology Platform, CriBiom, Marseille, France
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4
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Ramachandran A, Dhar R, Devi A. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: An Advanced Horizon to Cancer Regenerative Medicine. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2128-2139. [PMID: 38568170 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer research has made significant progress in recent years, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) based cancer investigation reveals several facts about cancer. Exosomes are a subpopulation of EVs. In the present decade, exosomes is mostly highlighted for cancer theranostic research. Tumor cell derived exosomes (TEXs) promote cancer but there are multiple sources of exosomes that can be used as cancer therapeutic agents (plant exosomes, stem cell-derived exosomes, modified or synthetic exosomes). Stem cells based regenerative medicine faces numerous challenges, such as promote tumor development, cellular reprogramming etc., and therefore addressing these complications becomes essential. Stem cell-derived exosomes serves as an answer to these problems and offers a better solution. Global research indicates that stem cell-derived exosomes also play a dual role in the cellular system by either inhibiting or promoting cancer. Modified exosomes which are genetically engineered exosomes or surface modified exosomes to increase the efficacy of the therapeutic properties can also be considered to target the above concerns. However, the difficulties associated with the exosomes include variations in exosomes heterogenity, isolation protocols, large scale production, etc., and these have to be managed effectively. In this review, we explore exosomes biogenesis, multiple stem cell-derived exosome sources, drug delivery, modified stem cells exosomes, clinical trial of stem cells exosomes, and the related challenges in this domain and future orientation. This article may encourage researchers to explore stem cell-derived exosomes and develop an effective and affordable cancer therapeutic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ramachandran
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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5
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Poinsot V, Pizzinat N, Ong-Meang V. Engineered and Mimicked Extracellular Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:639. [PMID: 38607173 PMCID: PMC11013861 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are spherical extracellular nanovesicles with an endosomal origin and unilamellar lipid-bilayer structure with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm. They contain a large range of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid species, depending on the state and origin of the extracellular vesicle (EV)-secreting cell. EVs' function is to encapsulate part of the EV-producing cell content, to transport it through biological fluids to a targeted recipient, and to deliver their cargos specifically within the aimed recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are considered to be potential biological drug-delivery systems that can stably deliver their cargo into targeted cells. Various cell-derived exosomes are produced for medical issues, but their use for therapeutic purposes still faces several problems. Some of these difficulties can be avoided by resorting to hemisynthetic approaches. We highlight here the uses of alternative exosome-mimes involving cell-membrane coatings on artificial nanocarriers or the hybridization between exosomes and liposomes. We also detail the drug-loading strategies deployed to make them drug-carrier systems and summarize the ongoing clinical trials involving exosomes or exosome-like structures. Finally, we summarize the open questions before considering exosome-like disposals for confident therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Poinsot
- Inserm, CNRS, Faculté de Santé, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, I2MC U1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; (N.P.); (V.O.-M.)
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6
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Alavi SE, Alharthi S, Alavi SF, Alavi SZ, Zahra GE, Raza A, Ebrahimi Shahmabadi H. Microfluidics for personalized drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103936. [PMID: 38428803 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights the transformative impact of microfluidic technology on personalized drug delivery. Microfluidics addresses issues in traditional drug synthesis, providing precise control and scalability in nanoparticle fabrication, and microfluidic platforms show high potential for versatility, offering patient-specific dosing and real-time monitoring capabilities, all integrated into wearable technology. Covalent conjugation of antibodies to nanoparticles improves bioactivity, driving innovations in drug targeting. The integration of microfluidics with sensor technologies and artificial intelligence facilitates real-time feedback and autonomous adaptation in drug delivery systems. Key challenges, such as droplet polydispersity and fluidic handling, along with future directions focusing on scalability and reliability, are essential considerations in advancing microfluidics for personalized drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia.
| | - Sitah Alharthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Al-Dawadmi 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Alavi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Seyed Zeinab Alavi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 7718175911, Iran
| | - Gull E Zahra
- Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 7718175911, Iran.
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7
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Defourny KAY, Pei X, van Kuppeveld FJM, Nolte-T Hoen ENM. Picornavirus security proteins promote the release of extracellular vesicle enclosed viruses via the modulation of host kinases. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012133. [PMID: 38662794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as carriers of virus particles calls for a reevaluation of the release strategies of non-enveloped viruses. Little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms that determine the release and composition of EVs produced by virus-infected cells, as well as conservation of these mechanisms among viruses. We previously described an important role for the Leader protein of the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in the induction of virus-carrying EV subsets with distinct molecular and physical properties. EMCV L acts as a 'viral security protein' by suppressing host antiviral stress and type-I interferon (IFN) responses. Here, we tested the ability of functionally related picornavirus proteins of Theilers murine encephalitis virus (TMEV L), Saffold virus (SAFV L), and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3 2Apro), to rescue EV and EV-enclosed virus release when introduced in Leader-deficient EMCV. We show that all viral security proteins tested were able to promote virus packaging in EVs, but that only the expression of EMCV L and CVB3 2Apro increased overall EV production. We provide evidence that one of the main antiviral pathways counteracted by this class of picornaviral proteins, i.e. the inhibition of PKR-mediated stress responses, affected EV and EV-enclosed virus release during infection. Moreover, we show that the enhanced capacity of the viral proteins EMCV L and CVB3 2Apro to promote EV-enclosed virus release is linked to their ability to simultaneously promote the activation of the stress kinase P38 MAPK. Taken together, we demonstrate that cellular stress pathways involving the kinases PKR and P38 are modulated by the activity of non-structural viral proteins to increase the release EV-enclosed viruses during picornavirus infections. These data shed new light on the molecular regulation of EV production in response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra A Y Defourny
- Infection Biology Section, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyi Pei
- Infection Biology Section, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-T Hoen
- Infection Biology Section, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Muskan M, Abeysinghe P, Cecchin R, Branscome H, Morris KV, Kashanchi F. Therapeutic potential of RNA-enriched extracellular vesicles: The next generation in RNA delivery via biogenic nanoparticles. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00094-7. [PMID: 38414242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) (∼50-150 nm) that have emerged as promising vehicles for therapeutic applications and drug delivery. These membrane-bound particles, released by all actively dividing cells, have the ability to transfer effector molecules, including proteins, RNA, and even DNA, from donor cells to recipient cells, thereby modulating cellular responses. RNA-based therapeutics, including microRNAs, messenger RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, hold great potential in controlling gene expression and treating a spectrum of medical conditions. RNAs encapsulated in EVs are protected from extracellular degradation, making them attractive for therapeutic applications. Understanding the intricate biology of cargo loading and transfer within EVs is pivotal to unlocking their therapeutic potential. This review discusses the biogenesis and classification of EVs, methods for loading RNA into EVs, their advantages as drug carriers over synthetic-lipid-based systems, and the potential applications in treating neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and viral infections. Notably, EVs show promise in delivering RNA cargo across the blood-brain barrier and targeting tumor cells, offering a safe and effective approach to RNA-based therapy in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Muskan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Pevindu Abeysinghe
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Riccardo Cecchin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Heather Branscome
- George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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9
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Fakharian F, Sadeghi A, Pouresmaeili F, Soleimani N, Yadegar A. Anti-inflammatory effects of extracellular vesicles and cell-free supernatant derived from Lactobacillus crispatus strain RIGLD-1 on Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammatory response in gastric epithelial cells in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01138-3. [PMID: 38308067 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the major risk factor associated with the development of gastric cancer. Currently, administration of standard antibiotic therapy combined with probiotics and postbiotics has gained significant attention in the management of H. pylori infection. In this work, the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus crispatus-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-free supernatant (CFS) were investigated on H. pylori-induced inflammatory response in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. L. crispatus-derived EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and physically characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the protein content of L. crispatus-derived EVs was also evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Cell viability of AGS cells exposed to varying concentrations of EVs and CFS was assessed by MTT assay. The mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-ß genes was determined by RT-qPCR. ELISA was used for the measurement of IL-8 production in AGS cells. In addition, EVs (50 μg/mL) and CFS modulated the H. pylori-induced inflammation by downregulating the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and upregulating the expression of IL-10, and TGF-ß genes in AGS cells. Furthermore, H. pylori-induced IL-8 production was dramatically decreased after treatment with L. crispatus-derived EVs and CFS. In conclusion, our observation suggests for the first time that EVs released by L. crispatus strain RIGLD-1 and its CFS could be recommended as potential therapeutic agents against H. pylori-triggered inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fakharian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Pouresmaeili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Soleimani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Liu X, Cao Y, Wang S, Liu J, Hao H. Extracellular vesicles: powerful candidates in nano-drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:295-311. [PMID: 37581742 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanoparticles that are actively released by cells, contain a variety of biologically active substances, serve as significant mediators of intercellular communication, and participate in many processes, in health and pathologically. Compared with traditional nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs), EVs have unique advantages due to their natural physiological properties, such as their biocompatibility, stability, ability to cross barriers, and inherent homing properties. A growing number of studies have reported that EVs deliver therapeutic proteins, small-molecule drugs, siRNAs, miRNAs, therapeutic proteins, and nanomaterials for targeted therapy in various diseases. However, due to the lack of standardized techniques for isolating, quantifying, and characterizing EVs; lower-than-anticipated drug loading efficiency; insufficient clinical production; and potential safety concerns, the practical application of EVs still faces many challenges. Here, we systematically review the current commonly used methods for isolating EVs, summarize the types and methods of loading therapeutic drugs into EVs, and discuss the latest progress in applying EVs as NDDs. Finally, we present the challenges that hinder the clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfang Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, No. 17 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Xie Q, Hao Y, Li N, Song H, Chen X, Zhou Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li H, Han P, Wang X. Cellular Uptake of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: Biomechanisms, Engineered Strategies, and Disease Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302280. [PMID: 37812035 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid-enclosed nanosized membrane vesicles, are regarded as new vehicles and therapeutic agents in intercellular communication. During internal circulation, if EVs are not effectively taken up by recipient cells, they will be cleared as "cellular waste" and unable to deliver therapeutic components. It can be seen that cells uptake EVs are the prerequisite premise for sharing intercellular biological information. However, natural EVs have a low rate of absorption by their recipient cells, off-target delivery, and rapid clearance from circulation, which seriously reduces the utilization rate. Affecting the uptake rate of EVs through engineering technologies is essential for therapeutic applications. Engineering strategies for customizing EV uptake can potentially overcome these limitations and enable desirable therapeutic uses of EVs. In this review, the mechanism and influencing factors of natural EV uptake will be described in detail. Targeting each EV uptake mechanism, the strategies of engineered EVs and their application in diseases will be emphatically discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of engineered EVs are presented multidimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpeng Xie
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yujia Hao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Na Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Haoyue Song
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaohang Chen
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Zilan Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Huifei Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Pengcheng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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12
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Breton V, Nazac P, Boulet D, Danglot L. Molecular mapping of neuronal architecture using STORM microscopy and new fluorescent probes for SMLM imaging. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:014414. [PMID: 38464866 PMCID: PMC10923464 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.1.014414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Imaging neuronal architecture has been a recurrent challenge over the years, and the localization of synaptic proteins is a frequent challenge in neuroscience. To quantitatively detect and analyze the structure of synapses, we recently developed free SODA software to detect the association of pre and postsynaptic proteins. To fully take advantage of spatial distribution analysis in complex cells, such as neurons, we also selected some new dyes for plasma membrane labeling. Using Icy SODA plugin, we could detect and analyze synaptic association in both conventional and single molecule localization microscopy, giving access to a molecular map at the nanoscale level. To replace those molecular distributions within the neuronal three-dimensional (3D) shape, we used MemBright probes and 3D STORM analysis to decipher the entire 3D shape of various dendritic spine types at the single-molecule resolution level. We report here the example of synaptic proteins within neuronal mask, but these tools have a broader spectrum of interest since they can be used whatever the proteins or the cellular type. Altogether with SODA plugin, MemBright probes thus provide the perfect toolkit to decipher a nanometric molecular map of proteins within a 3D cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Breton
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain, Paris, France
| | - Paul Nazac
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain, Paris, France
| | - David Boulet
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, NeurImag Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Membrane Traffic in Healthy and Diseased Brain, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, NeurImag Core Facility, Paris, France
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13
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Allahham N, Colic I, Rayner MLD, Gurnani P, Phillips JB, Rahim AA, Williams GR. Advanced Formulation Approaches for Emerging Therapeutic Technologies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:343-365. [PMID: 37733107 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to proteins, discussed in the Chapter "Advances in Vaccine Adjuvants: Nanomaterials and Small Molecules", there are a wide range of alternatives to small molecule active ingredients. Cells, extracellular vesicles, and nucleic acids in particular have attracted increasing research attention in recent years. There are now a number of products on the market based on these emerging technologies, the most famous of which are the mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-COV-2. These advanced therapeutic moieties are challenging to formulate however, and there remain significant challenges for their more widespread use. In this chapter, we consider the potential and bottlenecks for developing further medical products based on these systems. Cells, extracellular vesicles, and nucleic acids will be discussed in terms of their mechanism of action, the key requirements for translation, and how advanced formulation approaches can aid their future development. These points will be presented with selected examples from the literature, and with a focus on the formulations which have made the transition to clinical trials and clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Allahham
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ines Colic
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Pratik Gurnani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Barone A, Zimbo AM, d'Avanzo N, Tolomeo AM, Ruga S, Cardamone A, Celia C, Scalise M, Torella D, La Deda M, Iaccino E, Paolino D. Thermoresponsive M1 macrophage-derived hybrid nanovesicles for improved in vivo tumor targeting. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:3154-3168. [PMID: 37365403 PMCID: PMC10624726 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the efforts and advances done in the last few decades, cancer still remains one of the main leading causes of death worldwide. Nanomedicine and in particular extracellular vesicles are one of the most potent tools to improve the effectiveness of anticancer therapies. In these attempts, the aim of this work is to realize a hybrid nanosystem through the fusion between the M1 macrophages-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs-M1) and thermoresponsive liposomes, in order to obtain a drug delivery system able to exploit the intrinsic tumor targeting capability of immune cells reflected on EVs and thermoresponsiveness of synthetic nanovesicles. The obtained nanocarrier has been physicochemically characterized, and the hybridization process has been validated by cytofluorimetric analysis, while the thermoresponsiveness was in vitro confirmed through the use of a fluorescent probe. Tumor targeting features of hybrid nanovesicles were in vivo investigated on melanoma-induced mice model monitoring the accumulation in tumor site through live imaging and confirmed by cytofluorimetric analysis, showing higher targeting properties of hybrid nanosystem compared to both liposomes and native EVs. These promising results confirmed the ability of this nanosystem to combine the advantages of both nanotechnologies, also highlighting their potential use as effective and safe personalized anticancer nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Barone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zimbo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola d'Avanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tolomeo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food, Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food, Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus G. 9, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S, 87036, Cosenza, Rende, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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15
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Liu Q, Zou J, Chen Z, He W, Wu W. Current research trends of nanomedicines. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4391-4416. [PMID: 37969727 PMCID: PMC10638504 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the inherent shortcomings of traditional therapeutic drugs in terms of inadequate therapeutic efficacy and toxicity in clinical treatment, nanomedicine designs have received widespread attention with significantly improved efficacy and reduced non-target side effects. Nanomedicines hold tremendous theranostic potential for treating, monitoring, diagnosing, and controlling various diseases and are attracting an unfathomable amount of input of research resources. Against the backdrop of an exponentially growing number of publications, it is imperative to help the audience get a panorama image of the research activities in the field of nanomedicines. Herein, this review elaborates on the development trends of nanomedicines, emerging nanocarriers, in vivo fate and safety of nanomedicines, and their extensive applications. Moreover, the potential challenges and the obstacles hindering the clinical translation of nanomedicines are also discussed. The elaboration on various aspects of the research trends of nanomedicines may help enlighten the readers and set the route for future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiahui Zou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
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16
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Gandek TB, van der Koog L, Nagelkerke A. A Comparison of Cellular Uptake Mechanisms, Delivery Efficacy, and Intracellular Fate between Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300319. [PMID: 37384827 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect for successful drug delivery via lipid-based nanoparticles is their internalization in target cells. Two prominent examples of such drug delivery systems are artificial phospholipid-based carriers, such as liposomes, and their biological counterparts, the extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite a wealth of literature, it remains unclear which mechanisms precisely orchestrate nanoparticle-mediated cargo delivery to recipient cells and the subsequent intracellular fate of therapeutic cargo. In this review, internalization mechanisms involved in the uptake of liposomes and EVs by recipient cells are evaluated, also exploring their intracellular fate after intracellular trafficking. Opportunities are highlighted to tweak these internalization mechanisms and intracellular fates to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these drug delivery systems. Overall, literature to date shows that both liposomes and EVs are predominantly internalized through classical endocytosis mechanisms, sharing a common fate: accumulation inside lysosomes. Studies tackling the differences between liposomes and EVs, with respect to cellular uptake, intracellular delivery and therapy efficacy, remain scarce, despite its importance for the selection of an appropriate drug delivery system. In addition, further exploration of functionalization strategies of both liposomes and EVs represents an important avenue to pursue in order to control internalization and fate, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea B Gandek
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, Groningen, 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Luke van der Koog
- Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB10, Groningen, 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, Groningen, 9700 AD, The Netherlands
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17
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Yan R, Chen H, Selaru FM. Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Progress and Challenges in the Translation from the Laboratory to Clinic. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1599. [PMID: 37763719 PMCID: PMC10534795 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in intercellular communication by transporting bioactive cargo to recipient cells. EVs have been implicated in a range of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, metastasis, immune modulation, and drug resistance. The objective of this review is to present a thorough overview of recent studies focusing on EVs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with an emphasis on their potential utility as diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Initially, we explore the utility of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers for HCC, followed by a discussion of their potential as carriers of therapeutic payloads. Additionally, we delve into the emerging field of therapeutic EVs for modulating tumor immune responses. Through this review, our ultimate aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges in the clinical translation of EV research in the domain of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- The Institute for Nanobiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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18
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Yarani R, Lim SK, Giebel B. Mesenchymal stromal cells extracellular vesicles; unlocking the potential. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:808-809. [PMID: 37294248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Exosome Committee, International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Exosome Committee, International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Exosome Committee, International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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19
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Lin Y, Wang Z, Liu S, Liu J, Zhang Z, Ouyang Y, Su Z, Chen D, Guo L, Luo T. Roles of extracellular vesicles on macrophages in inflammatory bone diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04809-w. [PMID: 37436653 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bone disease is a general term for a series of diseases caused by chronic inflammation, which leads to the destruction of bone homeostasis, that is, the osteolytic activity of osteoclasts increases, and the osteogenic activity of osteoblasts decreases, leading to osteolysis. Macrophages are innate immune cell with plasticity, and their polarization is related to inflammatory bone diseases. The dynamic balance of macrophages between the M1 phenotype and the M2 phenotype affects the occurrence and development of diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that extracellular vesicles existing in the extracellular environment can act on macrophages, affecting the progress of inflammatory diseases. This process is realized by influencing the physiological activity or functional activity of macrophages, inducing macrophages to secrete cytokines, and playing an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory role. In addition, by modifying and editing extracellular vesicles, the potential of targeting macrophages can be used to provide new ideas for developing new drug carriers for inflammatory bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lin
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaohong Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanting Ouyang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikang Su
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lvhua Guo
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Laura Francés J, Pagiatakis C, Di Mauro V, Climent M. Therapeutic Potential of EVs: Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1907. [PMID: 37509546 PMCID: PMC10377624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their different biological functions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential from a therapeutic point of view. They are released by all cell types, carrying and delivering different kinds of biologically functional cargo. Under pathological events, cells can increase their secretion of EVs and can release different amounts of cargo, thus making EVs great biomarkers as indicators of pathological progression. Moreover, EVs are also known to be able to transport and deliver cargo to different recipient cells, having an important role in cellular communication. Interestingly, EVs have recently been explored as biological alternatives for the delivery of therapeutics, being considered natural drug delivery carriers. Because cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, in this review, we will discuss the up-to-date knowledge regarding the biophysical properties and biological components of EVs, focusing on myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, three very different types of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Pagiatakis
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Vittoria Di Mauro
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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21
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Tian W, Niu X, Feng F, Wang X, Wang J, Yao W, Zhang P. The promising roles of exosomal microRNAs in osteosarcoma: A new insight into the clinical therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114771. [PMID: 37119740 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone sarcoma in children. Chemotherapy drugs resistance significantly hinders the overall survival of patients. Due to high biocompatibility and immunocompatibility, exosomes have been explored extensively. Multiple parent cells can actively secrete numerous exosomes, and the membrane structure of exosomes can protect miRNAs from degradation. Based on these characteristics, exosomal miRNAs play an important role in the occurrence, development, drug resistance. Therefore, in-depth exploration of exosome biogenesis and role of exosomal miRNAs will provide new strategies and targets for understanding the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and overcoming chemotherapy drug resistance. Moreover, advancing evidences have showed that engineering modification could attribute stronger targeting to exosomes to deliver cargos to recipient cells more effectively. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs on the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma and the potential to function as tumor biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis prediction. In addition, we also summarize recent advances in the clinical application values of engineering exosomes to provide novel ideas and directions for overcoming the chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Weitao Yao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
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22
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Macedo-Pereira A, Martins C, Lima J, Sarmento B. Digging the intercellular crosstalk via extracellular vesicles: May exosomes be the drug delivery solution for target glioblastoma? J Control Release 2023; 358:98-115. [PMID: 37120033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an adult's most aggressive brain tumor. The advances in molecular pathology and cell signaling pathways have deepened researchers' understanding of intercellular communication mechanisms that can induce tumor progression, namely the release of extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles in various biological fluids released by almost all cells, thus carrying various biomolecules specific to their parental cell. Several pieces of evidence indicate that exosomes mediate intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), valuable tools for diagnostic and therapeutic applications under the scope of brain diseases such as brain tumors. This review aims to resume the several biological characteristics and the interplay between glioblastoma and exosomes, describing highlight studies that demonstrate the role of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment of GBM and their potential for non-invasive diagnoses and therapeutic approaches, namely, as nanocarriers for drug or gene delivery and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Macedo-Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo, Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo, Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Lima
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo, Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo, Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; IUCS - CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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23
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Lopes D, Lopes J, Pereira-Silva M, Peixoto D, Rabiee N, Veiga F, Moradi O, Guo ZH, Wang XD, Conde J, Makvandi P, Paiva-Santos AC. Bioengineered exosomal-membrane-camouflaged abiotic nanocarriers: neurodegenerative diseases, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:19. [PMID: 37101293 PMCID: PMC10134679 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A bio-inspired strategy has recently been developed for camouflaging nanocarriers with biomembranes, such as natural cell membranes or subcellular structure-derived membranes. This strategy endows cloaked nanomaterials with improved interfacial properties, superior cell targeting, immune evasion potential, and prolonged duration of systemic circulation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the production and application of exosomal membrane-coated nanomaterials. The structure, properties, and manner in which exosomes communicate with cells are first reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the types of exosomes and their fabrication methods. We then discuss the applications of biomimetic exosomes and membrane-cloaked nanocarriers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, imaging, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we appraise the current challenges associated with the clinical translation of biomimetic exosomal membrane-surface-engineered nanovehicles and evaluate the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Omid Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 374-37515, Iran
| | - Zhan-Hu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - João Conde
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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24
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Oshchepkova A, Zenkova M, Vlassov V. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery: Loading Strategies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087287. [PMID: 37108446 PMCID: PMC10139028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the ability of EVs to function as carriers for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs), challenges associated with the use of such carriers in vivo, and various strategies for tNA loading into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Oshchepkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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25
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Anwar S, Mir F, Yokota T. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugation, Chemical Modification, and Carrier-Based Delivery Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041130. [PMID: 37111616 PMCID: PMC10140998 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapies are a promising approach for treating a wide range of hard-to-treat diseases, particularly genetic and rare diseases. These therapies involve the use of short synthetic sequences of DNA or RNA that can modulate gene expression or inhibit proteins through various mechanisms. Despite the potential of these therapies, a significant barrier to their widespread use is the difficulty in ensuring their uptake by target cells/tissues. Strategies to overcome this challenge include cell-penetrating peptide conjugation, chemical modification, nanoparticle formulation, and the use of endogenous vesicles, spherical nucleic acids, and smart material-based delivery vehicles. This article provides an overview of these strategies and their potential for the efficient delivery of oligonucleotide drugs, as well as the safety and toxicity considerations, regulatory requirements, and challenges in translating these therapies from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Anwar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Farin Mir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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26
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Aharon A, Dangot A, Kinaani F, Zavaro M, Bannon L, Bar-Lev T, Keren-Politansky A, Avivi I, Jacob G. Extracellular Vesicles of COVID-19 Patients Reflect Inflammation, Thrombogenicity, and Disease Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065918. [PMID: 36982991 PMCID: PMC10054500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 infections present with cytokine storms, hypercoagulation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) being involved in coagulation and inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether coagulation profiles and EVs reflect COVID-19 disease severity. Thirty-six patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection with mild/moderate/severe disease (12 in each group) were analyzed. Sixteen healthy individuals served as controls. Coagulation profiles and EV characteristics were tested by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), flow cytometry, and Western blot. While coagulation factors VII, V, VIII, and vWF were comparable, significant differences were found in patients' D-Dimer/fibrinogen/free protein S levels compared to controls. Severe patients' EVs displayed higher percentages of small EVs (<150 nm) with increased expression of exosome marker CD63. Severe patients' EVs displayed high levels of platelet markers (CD41) and coagulation factors (tissue factor activity, endothelial protein C receptor). EVs of patients with moderate/severe disease expressed significantly higher levels of immune cell markers (CD4/CD8/CD14) and contained higher levels of IL-6. We demonstrated that EVs, but not the coagulation profile, may serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 severity. EVs demonstrated elevated levels of immune- and vascular-related markers in patients with moderate/severe disease, and may play a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Aharon
- Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Ayelet Dangot
- Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Fadi Kinaani
- Department of Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Mor Zavaro
- Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Lian Bannon
- Department of Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Tali Bar-Lev
- Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Irit Avivi
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Giris Jacob
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Department of Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Recanati Center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Joorabloo A, Liu T. Engineering exosome-based biomimetic nanovehicles for wound healing. J Control Release 2023; 356:463-480. [PMID: 36907562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Complexity and difficulties in wound management are pressing concerns that affect patients' quality of life and may result in tissue infection, necrosis, and loss of local and systemic functions. Hence, novel approaches to accelerate wound healing are being actively explored over the last decade. Exosomes as important mediators of intercellular communications are promising natural nanocarriers due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, drug loading and targeting capacities, and innate stability. More importantly, exosomes are developed as a versatile pharmaceutical engineering platform for wound repair. This review provides an overview of the biological and physiological functions of exosomes derived from a variety of biological origins during wound healing phases, strategies for exosomal engineering, and therapeutic applications in skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Joorabloo
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia.
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28
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van de Looij SM, de Jong OG, Vermonden T, Lorenowicz MJ. Injectable hydrogels for sustained delivery of extracellular vesicles in cartilage regeneration. J Control Release 2023; 355:685-708. [PMID: 36739906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a population of small vesicles secreted by essentially all cell types, containing a wide variety of biological macromolecules. Due to their intrinsic capabilities for efficient intercellular communication, they are involved in various aspects of cellular functioning. In the past decade, EVs derived from stem cells attracted interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Owing to their regenerative properties, they have great potential for use in tissue repair, in particular for tissues with limited regenerative capabilities such as cartilage. The maintenance of articular cartilage is dependent on a precarious balance of many different components that can be disrupted by the onset of prevalent rheumatic diseases. However, while cartilage is a tissue with strong mechanical properties that can withstand movement and heavy loads for years, it is virtually incapable of repairing itself after damage has occurred. Stem cell-derived EVs (SC-EVs) transport regenerative components such as proteins and nucleic acids from their parental cells to recipient cells, thereby promoting cartilage healing. Many possible pathways through which SC-EVs execute their regenerative function have been reported, but likely there are still numerous other pathways that are still unknown. This review discusses various preclinical studies investigating intra-articular injections of free SC-EVs, which, while often promoting chondrogenesis and cartilage repair in vivo, showed a recurring limitation of the need for multiple administrations to achieve sufficient tissue regeneration. Potentially, this drawback can be overcome by making use of an EV delivery platform that is capable of sustainably releasing EVs over time. With their remarkable versatility and favourable chemical, biological and mechanical properties, hydrogels can facilitate this release profile by encapsulating EVs in their porous structure. Ideally, the optimal delivery platform can be formed in-situ, by means of an injectable hydrogel that can be administered directly into the affected joint. Relevant research fulfilling these criteria is discussed in detail, including the steps that still need to be taken before injectable hydrogels for sustained delivery of EVs can be applied in the context of cartilage regeneration in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M van de Looij
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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29
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Tong B, Liao Z, Liu H, Ke W, Lei C, Zhang W, Liang H, Wang H, He Y, Lei J, Yang K, Zhang X, Li G, Ma L, Song Y, Hua W, Feng X, Wang K, Wu X, Tan L, Gao Y, Yang C. Augmenting Intracellular Cargo Delivery of Extracellular Vesicles in Hypoxic Tissues through Inhibiting Hypoxia-Induced Endocytic Recycling. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2537-2553. [PMID: 36730125 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As mesenchymal stem-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have been widely applied in treatment of degenerative diseases, it is essential to improve their cargo delivery efficiency in specific microenvironments of lesions. However, the interaction between the microenvironment of recipient cells and MSC-sEVs remains poorly understood. Herein, we find that the cargo delivery efficiency of MSC-sEVs was significantly reduced under hypoxia in inflammaging nucleus pulposus cells due to activated endocytic recycling of MSC-sEVs. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-induced upregulated RCP (also known as RAB11FIP1) is shown to promote the Rab11a-dependent recycling of internalized MSC-sEVs under hypoxia via enhancing the interaction between Rab11a and MSC-sEV. Based on this finding, si-RCP is loaded into MSC-sEVs using electroporation to overcome the hypoxic microenvironment of intervertebral disks. The engineered MSC-sEVs significantly inhibit the endocytic recycling process and exhibit higher delivery efficiency under hypoxia. In a rat model of intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD), the si-RCP-loaded MSC-sEVs successfully treat IDD with improved regenerative capacity compared with natural MSC-sEV. Collectively, the findings illustrate the intracellular traffic mechanism of MSC-sEVs under hypoxia and demonstrate that the therapeutic capacity of MSC-sEVs can be improved via inhibiting endocytic recycling. This modifying strategy may further facilitate the application of extracellular vesicles in hypoxic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bide Tong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wencan Ke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunchi Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huaizhen Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongchuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yaqi He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- Wuhan Britain-China School, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gaocai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenbin Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaobo Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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30
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Biagiotti S, Abbas F, Montanari M, Barattini C, Rossi L, Magnani M, Papa S, Canonico B. Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020365. [PMID: 36839687 PMCID: PMC9961903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The article is divided into several sections, focusing on extracellular vesicles' (EVs) nature, features, commonly employed methodologies and strategies for their isolation/preparation, and their characterization/visualization. This work aims to give an overview of advances in EVs' extensive nanomedical-drug delivery applications. Furthermore, considerations for EVs translation to clinical application are summarized here, before focusing the review on a special kind of extracellular vesicles, the ones derived from red blood cells (RBCEVs). Generally, employing EVs as drug carriers means managing entities with advantageous properties over synthetic vehicles or nanoparticles. Besides the fact that certain EVs also reveal intrinsic therapeutic characteristics, in regenerative medicine, EVs nanosize, lipidomic and proteomic profiles enable them to pass biologic barriers and display cell/tissue tropisms; indeed, EVs engineering can further optimize their organ targeting. In the second part of the review, we focus our attention on RBCEVs. First, we describe the biogenesis and composition of those naturally produced by red blood cells (RBCs) under physiological and pathological conditions. Afterwards, we discuss the current procedures to isolate and/or produce RBCEVs in the lab and to load a specific cargo for therapeutic exploitation. Finally, we disclose the most recent applications of RBCEVs at the in vitro and preclinical research level and their potential industrial exploitation. In conclusion, RBCEVs can be, in the near future, a very promising and versatile platform for several clinical applications and pharmaceutical exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Biagiotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Faiza Abbas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mariele Montanari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Chiara Barattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- AcZon s.r.l., 40050 Monte San Pietro, BO, Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Xiao G, Xu Z, Luo F. Combinational antitumor strategies of exosomes as drug carriers: Mini review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1107329. [PMID: 36744207 PMCID: PMC9897293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1107329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies have made tremendous progress in the last decade, but monotherapy still has apparent limitations and lacks therapeutic efficacy. Thus, the simultaneous administration of multiple drugs has been widely explored and has shown better outcomes. Exosomes, deriving from almost all living cells, are natural nanocarriers designed to deliver drugs to tumor sites. Therefore, combinational antitumor therapies based on exosomes, such as engineered exosomes and different combinations of chemotherapeutic agents, therapeutic nucleic acids, photosensitizers, immunotherapy and phytochemicals, have considerable prospects and potential for clinical translation. Here, we summarize current strategies of cancer combination therapy in exosomes and propose opportunities and challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiu Xiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Feng Luo,
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32
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Lucci C, De Groef L. On the other end of the line: Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication in glaucoma. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1148956. [PMID: 37113676 PMCID: PMC10126352 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1148956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising field of research due to their ability to participate in cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of their very diverse and complex cargo. The latter reflects the nature and physiological state of the cell of origin and, as such, EVs may not only play a pivotal role in the cellular events that culminate into disease, but also hold great potential as drug delivery vehicles and biomarkers. Yet, their role in glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, has not been fully studied. Here, we provide an overview of the different EV subtypes along with their biogenesis and content. We elaborate on how EVs released by different cell types can exert a specific function in the context of glaucoma. Finally, we discuss how these EVs provide opportunities to be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of disease.
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Macher M, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Bottom-Up Assembly of Bioinspired, Fully Synthetic Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:263-276. [PMID: 37106188 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed compartments released by cells for intercellular communication in homeostasis and disease. Studies have shown great therapeutic potential of EVs, including but not limited to regenerative and immunomodulatory therapies. Additionally, EVs are promising next-generation drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and inherent target specificity. However, clinical application of EVs is so far limited due to challenges in scaling up production, high heterogeneity, batch-to-batch variation, and limited control over composition. Although attaining a fundamental characterization of EVs' functions is a compelling goal, these limitations have hindered a full understanding. Therefore, there is rising interest in exploiting the beneficial properties of EVs while gaining better control over their production and composition. Herein, we describe a method for the bottom-up assembly of bioinspired, fully synthetic vesicles that mimic the most important biophysical and biochemical properties of natural EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meline Macher
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Zhou S, Li C, Yuan Y, Jiang L, Chen W, Jiang X. Dendritic lipopeptide liposomes decorated with dual-targeted proteins. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:7032-7041. [PMID: 36318065 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00952h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to their homing effects, cell and cell membrane-derived nanocarriers have been widely used to enhance drug target delivery. Inspired by the protein-anchored cell membrane architecture, we here report a tumor-targeted liposome, dtDLP, which was constructed through the electrostatic interaction between dendritic lipopeptide liposomes and a dual-targeted recombinant protein, achieving superior tumor homing, cellular endocytotic and penetration abilities. The dual-targeted recombinant protein consists of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor single domain antibody and a peptide ligand for the integrin αvβ3. dtDLPs substantially reduced macrophage phagocytosis and increased drug internalization in both 4T1 cells and HeLa cells by providing more endocytic pathways. In addition, the dtDLPs showed great penetration ability in both multicellular spheroids and tumor tissues. Due to the improved cancer cellular uptake and tumor penetration, the dtDLPs exhibited a superior anticancer effect in both HeLa and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. This work will be helpful for the design of cell-specific liposomes with admirable tumor targeting, endocytotic and penetration abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weizhi Chen
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China.
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China.
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Horbay R, Hamraghani A, Ermini L, Holcik S, Beug ST, Yeganeh B. Role of Ceramides and Lysosomes in Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Cargo Sorting and Release. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315317. [PMID: 36499644 PMCID: PMC9735581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have the ability to communicate with their immediate and distant neighbors through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs facilitate intercellular signaling through the packaging of specific cargo in all type of cells, and perturbations of EV biogenesis, sorting, release and uptake is the basis of a number of disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances of the complex roles of the sphingolipid ceramide and lysosomes in the journey of EV biogenesis to uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Horbay
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ali Hamraghani
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sophie Holcik
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Shawn T. Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.T.B.); or (B.Y.); Tel.: +1-613-738-4176 (B.Y.); Fax: +1-613-738-4847 (S.T.B. & B.Y.)
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.T.B.); or (B.Y.); Tel.: +1-613-738-4176 (B.Y.); Fax: +1-613-738-4847 (S.T.B. & B.Y.)
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36
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Cell-Derived Vesicles for mRNA Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122699. [PMID: 36559192 PMCID: PMC9787719 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical translation of messenger mRNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics requires safe and effective delivery systems. Although considerable progress has been made on the development of mRNA delivery systems, many challenges, such as the dose-limiting toxicity and specific delivery to extrahepatic tissues, still remain. Cell-derived vesicles, a type of endogenous membranous particle secreted from living cells, can be leveraged to load mRNA during or after their biogenesis. Currently, they have received increasing interest for mRNA delivery due to their natural origin, good biocompatibility, cell-specific tropism, and unique ability to cross physiological barriers. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the naturally occurring mRNA delivery platforms and their biomedical applications. Furthermore, the future perspectives on clinical translation of cell-derived vesicles have been discussed.
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Yong T, Wei Z, Gan L, Yang X. Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Enhanced Antitumor Therapies through Modulating the Cancer-Immunity Cycle. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201054. [PMID: 35726204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy harnessing activity of the immune system against tumors has made great progress, the treatment efficacy remains limited in most cancers. Current anticancer immunotherapy is primarily based on T-cell-mediated cellular immunity, which highly relies on efficiency of triggering the cancer-immunity cycle, namely, tumor antigen release, antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells, T cell activation, recruitment and infiltration of T cells into tumors, and recognition and killing of tumor cells by T cells. Unfortunately, these immunotherapies are restricted by inefficient drug delivery and acting on only a single step of the cancer-immunity cycle. Due to high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, intrinsic cell targeting, and easy chemical and genetic manipulation, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based drug delivery systems are widely used to amplify anticancer immune responses by serving as an integrated platform for multiple drugs or therapeutic strategies to synergistically activate several steps of cancer-immunity cycle. This review summarizes various mechanisms related to affecting cancer-immunity cycle disorders. Meanwhile, preparation and application of EV-based drug delivery systems in modulating cancer-immunity cycle are introduced, especially in the improvement of T cell recruitment and infiltration into tumors. Finally, opportunities and challenges of EV-based drug delivery systems in translational clinical applications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuying Yong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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38
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de Almeida Fuzeta M, Gonçalves PP, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Cabral JMS, Bernardes N, da Silva CL. From Promise to Reality: Bioengineering Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110675. [PMID: 36354586 PMCID: PMC9687169 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the focus of great attention over the last decade, considering their promising application as next-generation therapeutics. EVs have emerged as relevant mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given their natural ability to shuttle messages between cells, EVs have been explored both as inherent therapeutics in regenerative medicine and as drug delivery vehicles targeting multiple diseases. However, bioengineering strategies are required to harness the full potential of EVs for therapeutic use. For that purpose, a good understanding of EV biology, from their biogenesis to the way they are able to shuttle messages and establish interactions with recipient cells, is needed. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art on EV biology, complemented by representative examples of EVs roles in several pathophysiological processes, as well as the intrinsic therapeutic properties of EVs and paradigmatic strategies to produce and develop engineered EVs as next-generation drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro P. Gonçalves
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (C.L.d.S.)
| | - Cláudia L. da Silva
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (C.L.d.S.)
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39
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Pauwels MJ, Xie J, Ceroi A, Balusu S, Castelein J, Van Wonterghem E, Van Imschoot G, Ward A, Menheniott TR, Gustafsson O, Combes F, El Andaloussi S, Sanders NN, Mäger I, Van Hoecke L, Vandenbroucke RE. Choroid plexus-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit brain targeting characteristics. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121830. [PMID: 36302306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain is protected against invading organisms and other unwanted substances by tightly regulated barriers. However, these central nervous system (CNS) barriers impede the delivery of drugs into the brain via the blood circulation and are therefore considered major hurdles in the treatment of neurological disorders. Consequently, there is a high need for efficient delivery systems that are able to cross these strict barriers. While most research focuses on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the design of drug delivery platforms that are able to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, formed by a single layer of choroid plexus epithelial cells, remains a largely unexplored domain. The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) make up a natural mechanism for information transfer between cells and across cell layers, has stimulated interest in their potential use as drug delivery platform. Here, we report that choroid plexus epithelial cell-derived EVs exhibit the capacity to home to the brain after peripheral administration. Moreover, these vesicles are able to functionally deliver cargo into the brain. Our findings underline the therapeutic potential of choroid plexus-derived EVs as a brain drug delivery vehicle via targeting of the blood-CSF interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Pauwels
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Junhua Xie
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adam Ceroi
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Castelein
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Imschoot
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd. Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd. Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oskar Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francis Combes
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF AS, Sem Sælands V. 2A, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Imre Mäger
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50 411, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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40
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Sharma K, Zhang Y, Paudel KR, Kachelmeier A, Hansbro PM, Shi X. The Emerging Role of Pericyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular and Neurological Health. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193108. [PMID: 36231071 PMCID: PMC9563036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs), as a central component of the neurovascular unit, contribute to the regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) by virtue of their role in blood flow regulation, angiogenesis, maintenance of the BBB, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Emerging evidence indicates that PCs also have a role in mediating cell-to-cell communication through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived, micro- to nano-sized vesicles that transport cell constituents such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from a parent originating cell to a recipient cell. PC-derived EVs (PC-EVs) play a crucial homeostatic role in neurovascular disease, as they promote angiogenesis, maintain the integrity of the blood-tissue barrier, and provide neuroprotection. The cargo carried by PC-EVs includes growth factors such as endothelial growth factor (VEGF), connecting tissue growth factors (CTGFs), fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietin 1, and neurotrophic growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF), neuron growth factor (NGF), and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), as well as cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1. The PC-EVs also carry miRNA and circular RNA linked to neurovascular health and the progression of several vascular and neuronal diseases. Therapeutic strategies employing PC-EVs have potential in the treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses current research on the characteristic features of EVs secreted by PCs and their role in neuronal and vascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Sharma
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yunpei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Allan Kachelmeier
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-494-2997
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41
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Fan Z, Jiang C, Wang Y, Wang K, Marsh J, Zhang D, Chen X, Nie L. Engineered extracellular vesicles as intelligent nanosystems for next-generation nanomedicine. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:682-714. [PMID: 35662310 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural carriers of bioactive cargo, have a unique micro/nanostructure, bioactive composition, and characteristic morphology, as well as fascinating physical, chemical and biochemical features, which have shown promising application in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. However, native EVs have limitations such as lack of or inefficient cell targeting, on-demand delivery, and therapeutic feedback. Recently, EVs have been engineered to contain an intelligent core, enabling them to (i) actively target sites of disease, (ii) respond to endogenous and/or exogenous signals, and (iii) provide treatment feedback for optimal function in the host. These advances pave the way for next-generation nanomedicine and offer promise for a revolution in drug delivery. Here, we summarise recent research on intelligent EVs and discuss the use of "intelligent core" based EV systems for the treatment of disease. We provide a critique about the construction and properties of intelligent EVs, and challenges in their commercialization. We compare the therapeutic potential of intelligent EVs to traditional nanomedicine and highlight key advantages for their clinical application. Collectively, this review aims to provide a new insight into the design of next-generation EV-based theranostic platforms for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Fan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tai Zhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jade Marsh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Da Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Liming Nie
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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Characterisation of Extracellular Vesicles from Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105858. [PMID: 35628667 PMCID: PMC9145091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-encapsulated particles secreted by virtually all cell types. EVs play an essential role in cellular crosstalk in health and disease. The cellular origin of EVs determines their composition and potential therapeutic effect. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-derived EVs have shown a comparable therapeutic potential to their donor cells, making them a promising tool for regenerative medicine. The therapeutic application of EVs circumvents some safety concerns associated with the transplantation of viable, replicating cells and facilitates the quality-controlled production as a ready-to-go, off-the-shelf biological therapy. Recently, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) suggested a set of minimal biochemical, biophysical and functional standards to define extracellular vesicles and their functions to improve standardisation in EV research. However, nonstandardised EV isolation methods and the limited availability of cross-reacting markers for most animal species restrict the application of these standards in the veterinary field and, therefore, the species comparability and standardisation of animal experiments. In this study, EVs were isolated from equine bone-marrow-derived MSCs using two different isolation methods, stepwise ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography, and minimal experimental requirements for equine EVs were established and validated. Equine EVs were characterised using a nanotracking analysis, fluorescence-triggered flow cytometry, Western blot and transelectron microscopy. Based on the ISEV standards, minimal criteria for defining equine EVs are suggested as a baseline to allow the comparison of EV preparations obtained by different laboratories.
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Ginini L, Billan S, Fridman E, Gil Z. Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091375. [PMID: 35563681 PMCID: PMC9101098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogamous lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous structures secreted by cells. They are comprised of apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, and carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins that are necessary for cell-to-cell communication via interaction on the cells surface. They initiate intracellular signaling pathways or the transference of cargo molecules, which elicit pleiotropic responses in recipient cells in physiological processes, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer. It is therefore important to understand the molecular means by which EVs are taken up into cells. Accordingly, this review summarizes the underlying mechanisms involved in EV targeting and uptake. The primary method of entry by EVs appears to be endocytosis, where clathrin-mediated, caveolae-dependent, macropinocytotic, phagocytotic, and lipid raft-mediated uptake have been variously described as being prevalent. EV uptake mechanisms may depend on proteins and lipids found on the surfaces of both vesicles and target cells. As EVs have been shown to contribute to cancer growth and progression, further exploration and targeting of the gateways utilized by EVs to internalize into tumor cells may assist in the prevention or deceleration of cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ginini
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Salem Billan
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Medical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Program, Oncology Section, Rambam Health Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya Street 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-854-2480
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Sanmartin MC, Borzone FR, Giorello MB, Yannarelli G, Chasseing NA. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:882545. [PMID: 35497332 PMCID: PMC9046597 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.882545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Despite advances in targeted therapies, some pharmacological drawbacks associated with anticancer chemo and immunotherapeutic agents include high toxicities, low bioavailability, and drug resistance. In recent years, extracellular vesicles emerged as a new promising platform for drug delivery, with the advantage of their inherent biocompatibility and specific targeting compared to artificial nanocarriers, such as liposomes. Particularly, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were proposed as a source of extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy because of their intrinsic properties: high in vitro self-renewal and proliferation, regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, and secretion of extracellular vesicles that mediate most of their paracrine functions. Moreover, extracellular vesicles are static and safer in comparison with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which can undergo genetic/epigenetic or phenotypic changes after their administration to patients. In this review, we summarize currently reported information regarding mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles, their proper isolation and purification techniques - from either naive or engineered mesenchymal stem/stromal cells - for their application in cancer therapy, as well as available downstream modification methods to improve their therapeutic properties. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy, and we review some preclinical and clinical data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Sanmartin
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Raúl Borzone
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Giorello
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Alejandra Chasseing
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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45
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Chemically Modified Extracellular Vesicles and Applications in Radiolabeling and Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030653. [PMID: 35336027 PMCID: PMC8955996 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been exploited as bio-inspired drug delivery systems (DDS) in the biomedical field. EVs have more advantages than synthetic nanoparticles: they are naturally equipped to cross extra- and intra-cellular barriers. Furthermore, they can deliver functional biomolecules from one cell to another even far away in the body. These advantages, along with obtained promising in vivo results, clearly evidenced the potential of EVs in drug delivery. Nevertheless, due to the difficulties of finding a chemical approach that is coherent with EVs’ rational clinical therapeutic use, those in the drug delivery community are expecting more from EVs’ use. Therefore, this review gathered knowledge of the current chemical approaches dealing with the conjugation of EVs for drugs and radiotracers.
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Paterna A, Rao E, Adamo G, Raccosta S, Picciotto S, Romancino D, Noto R, Touzet N, Bongiovanni A, Manno M. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles From Microalgae: A Renewable and Scalable Bioprocess. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836747. [PMID: 35360396 PMCID: PMC8963918 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role as potent signal transducers among cells, with the potential to operate cross-species and cross-kingdom communication. Nanoalgosomes are a subtype of EVs recently identified and isolated from microalgae. Microalgae represent a natural bioresource with the capacity to produce several secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activities and commercial applications. The present study highlights the upstream and downstream processes required for the scalable production of nanoalgosomes from cultures of the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii. Different technical parameters, protocols, and conditions were assessed to improve EVs isolation by tangential flow filtration (TFF), aiming to enhance sample purity and yield. The optimization of the overall bioprocess was enhanced by quality control checks operated through robust biophysical and biochemical characterizations. Further, we showed the possibility of recycling by TFF microalgae cells post-EVs isolation for multiple EV production cycles. The present results highlight the potential of nanoalgosome production as a scalable, cost-effective bioprocess suitable for diverse scientific and industrial exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Paterna
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Estella Rao
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Adamo
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Samuele Raccosta
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picciotto
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Romancino
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosina Noto
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Touzet, ; Antonella Bongiovanni, ; Mauro Manno,
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Touzet, ; Antonella Bongiovanni, ; Mauro Manno,
| | - Mauro Manno
- Cell-Tech Hub, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Touzet, ; Antonella Bongiovanni, ; Mauro Manno,
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47
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Platelet Membrane: An Outstanding Factor in Cancer Metastasis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020182. [PMID: 35207103 PMCID: PMC8875259 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being biological barriers where the internalization or release of biomolecules is decided, cell membranes are contact structures between the interior and exterior of the cell. Here, the processes of cell signaling mediated by receptors, ions, hormones, cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and vesicles begin. They triggering several responses from the cell membrane that include rearranging its components according to the immediate needs of the cell, for example, in the membrane of platelets, the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia as a tissue repair response. In cancer, the cancer cells must adapt to the new tumor microenvironment (TME) and acquire capacities in the cell membrane to transform their shape, such as in the case of epithelial−mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the metastatic process. The cancer cells must also attract allies in this challenging process, such as platelets, fibroblasts associated with cancer (CAF), stromal cells, adipocytes, and the extracellular matrix itself, which limits tumor growth. The platelets are enucleated cells with fairly interesting growth factors, proangiogenic factors, cytokines, mRNA, and proteins, which support the development of a tumor microenvironment and support the metastatic process. This review will discuss the different actions that platelet membranes and cancer cell membranes carry out during their relationship in the tumor microenvironment and metastasis.
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48
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Rodríguez DA, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hybrid Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020267. [PMID: 35214000 PMCID: PMC8878585 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous technological advancement of nanomedicine has enabled the development of novel vehicles for the effective delivery of therapeutic substances. Synthetic drug delivery systems are nano-sized carriers made from various materials that can be designed to deliver therapeutic cargoes to cells or tissues. However, rapid clearance by the immune system and the poor targeting profile of synthetic drug delivery systems are examples of the pressing obstacles faced in nanomedicine, which have directed the field toward the development of alternative strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles enclosed by a protein-rich lipid bilayer; they are released by cells and are considered to be important mediators of intercellular communication. Owing to their natural composition, EVs have been suggested to exhibit good biocompatibility and to possess homing properties to specific cell types. Combining EVs with synthetic nanoparticles by defined hybridization steps gives rise to a novel potential drug delivery tool, i.e., EV-based hybrid systems. These novel therapeutic vehicles exhibit potential advantageous features as compared to synthetic drug delivery systems such as enhanced cellular uptake and cargo delivery, immuno-evasive properties, capability of crossing biological barriers, and tissue targeting profile. Here, we provide an overview of the various strategies practiced to produce EV-based hybrid systems and elucidate those advantageous features obtained by synthetic drug delivery systems upon hybridization with EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Rodríguez
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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49
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Yan Y, Liu XY, Lu A, Wang XY, Jiang LX, Wang JC. Non-viral vectors for RNA delivery. J Control Release 2022; 342:241-279. [PMID: 35016918 PMCID: PMC8743282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA-based therapy is a promising and potential strategy for disease treatment by introducing exogenous nucleic acids such as messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) or antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to modulate gene expression in specific cells. It is exciting that mRNA encoding the spike protein of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) exhibits the efficient protection of lungs infection against the virus. In this review, we introduce the biological barriers to RNA delivery in vivo and discuss recent advances in non-viral delivery systems, such as lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-siRNA conjugate, and biomimetic nanovectors, which can protect RNAs against degradation by ribonucleases, accumulate in specific tissue, facilitate cell internalization, and allow for the controlled release of the encapsulated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - An Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Xia Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China..
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50
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Hirose M, Ueno T, Nagumo H, Sato Y, Sakai-Kato K. Enhancing the Endocytosis of Phosphatidylserine-Containing Liposomes through Tim4 by Modulation of Membrane Fluidity. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:91-99. [PMID: 34913345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a unique lipid that is recognized by the endogenetic receptor, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 4 (Tim4), and PS-containing liposomes have potential use in therapeutic applications. We prepared PS-containing liposomes of various lipid compositions and examined how lipid membrane fluidity affects PS recognition by Tim4 and the resulting endocytosis efficiency into Hela cells. Surface plasmon resonance and laurdan studies showed that increasing lipid membrane fluidity increased the stability of the PS-Tim4 interaction but hampered the entry of liposomes into cells. These results show that endocytosis efficiency is determined by balancing opposing forces induced by membrane fluidity. We found that inclusion of the zwitterionic helper lipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, into liposomes ensured efficient cellular internalization because the presence of this lipid provides an ideal balance of lipid fluidity and Tim4 affinity. The results showed that PS recognition by Tim4 and the resulting endocytosis efficiency can be maximized by modulating the membrane fluidity of liposomes by selecting a zwitterionic helper lipid. This study improves our understanding of how to rationally optimize nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Hirose
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takayo Ueno
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagumo
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yusui Sato
- Scientific/Semiconductor Product R&D Center, HORIBA, Ltd., Kanda Awaji-cho 2-6, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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