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Roussel S, Coheleach M, Martin S, Day R, Badou A, Huchette S, Dubois P, Servili A, Gaillard F, Auzoux-Bordenave S. From reproductive behaviour to responses to predators: Ocean acidification does not impact the behaviour of an herbivorous marine gastropod. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167526. [PMID: 37793449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), which reduces ocean pH and leads to substantial changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, may strongly impact organisms, especially those with carbonate skeletons. In marine molluscs, while the physiological effects of OA are well known, with a reduction of growth and shell calcification, there are few studies on behavioural effects. A large marine gastropod, Haliotis tuberculata, was exposed to ambient (pHT 8.0) or low pH (pHT 7.7) during a 5-month experiment. Because animal fitness can be affected through various behavioural changes, a broad spectrum of behavioural parameters was investigated, including situations involving no stress, responses to predators, righting to evaluate indirectly the level of energy reserves, and finally, reproductive behaviour. In addition, we measured the expression profile of the GABA A-like and serotonin receptor genes, often described as central neuromodulators of sensory performance and behaviour and known to be affected by OA in molluscs. No significant effect of low pH as compared to ambient pH was observed on abalone behaviour for any of these behavioural traits or gene expressions after either one week or several months of exposure to OA. The significance tests were corroborated by estimating the size of pH effects. The behaviour of this mollusc appears not to be affected by pH decrease expected by the end of the century, suggesting some resilience of the species to OA at the adult stage. This is probably related to the ecological niche of this abalone, where important pH variations can be observed at tidal, diurnal or seasonal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Roussel
- Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané F-29280, France.
| | - Manon Coheleach
- Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- UMR 7144 "Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin" (AD2M), CNRS/SU, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff Cedex 29680, France
| | - Rob Day
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Aicha Badou
- Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche, l'Expertise, la Valorisation et l'Enseignement (DGD REVE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station marine de Concarneau, Concarneau 29900, France
| | | | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels CP160/15 1050, Belgium
| | - Arianna Servili
- IFREMER, Université de Brest, CNRS, Plouzané IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, France
| | - Fanny Gaillard
- UMR 7144 "Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin" (AD2M), CNRS/SU, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff Cedex 29680, France
| | - Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques" (BOREA), MNHN/CNRS/SU/IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau 29900, France
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2
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Briffa M, Arnott G, Hardege JD. Hermit crabs as model species for investigating the behavioural responses to pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167360. [PMID: 37774883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Human impacts on the environment affect organisms at all levels of biological organisation and ultimately can change their phenotype. Over time, phenotypic change may arise due to selection but individual phenotypes are also subject to change via genotype × environment interactions. In animals, behaviour is the most flexible aspect of phenotype, and hence the most liable to change across environmental gradients including exposure to pollution. Here we review current knowledge on the impacts of pollution, broadly defined to include the release of substances, energy, and the effects of carbon emissions, on the behaviour of a highly studied group, the globally distributed hermit crabs. We first show how their obligate association with empty gastropod shells underpins their use as model organisms for the study of resource-assessment, contest, and risk-coping behaviours. Intense study of hermit crabs has advanced our understanding of how animals use information, and we discuss the ways in which pollutants can disrupt the cognitive processes involved. We then highlight current studies of hermit crabs, which paint a clear picture of behavioural changes due to multiple pollutants. Impacts on behaviour vary across pollutants and entire suites of behaviours can be influenced by a single pollutant, with the potential for interactive and cascade effects. Hermit crabs offer the opportunity for detailed behavioural analysis, including application of the repeated measures animal-personality framework, and they are highly amenable to experimental manipulations. As such, we show how they now provide a model system for studying the impacts of pollution on behaviour, yielding insights broadly applicable across animal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Briffa
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Gareth Arnott
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jörg D Hardege
- Scool of Natural Sciences, Biological Science, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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3
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Durant A, Khodikian E, Porteus CS. Ocean acidification alters foraging behaviour in Dungeness crab through impairment of the olfactory pathway. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4126-4139. [PMID: 37158617 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean olfaction is fundamental to most aspects of living and communicating in aquatic environments and more broadly, for individual- and population-level success. Accelerated ocean acidification from elevated CO2 threatens the ability of crabs to detect and respond to important olfactory-related cues. Here, we demonstrate that the ecologically and economically important Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) exhibits reduced olfactory-related antennular flicking responses to a food cue when exposed to near-future CO2 levels, adding to the growing body of evidence of impaired crab behaviour. Underlying this altered behaviour, we find that crabs have lower olfactory nerve sensitivities (twofold reduction in antennular nerve activity) in response to a food cue when exposed to elevated CO2 . This suggests that near-future CO2 levels will impact the threshold of detection of food by crabs. We also show that lower olfactory nerve sensitivity in elevated CO2 is accompanied by a decrease in the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) expression of a principal chemosensory receptor protein, ionotropic receptor 25a (IR25a) which is fundamental for odorant coding and olfactory signalling cascades. The OSNs also exhibit morphological changes in the form of decreased surface areas of their somata. This study provides the first evidence of the effects of high CO2 levels at multiple levels of biological organization in marine crabs, linking physiological and cellular changes with whole animal behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Durant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elissa Khodikian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cosima S Porteus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Short-Term Microplastic Exposure Impairs Cognition in Hermit Crabs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061055. [PMID: 36978596 PMCID: PMC10044271 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested whether acute microplastic exposure impacts information gathering and processing (cognition) in hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus). For five days, we kept 51 hermit crabs in tanks containing either polyethylene microspheres (n = 27) or no plastic (n = 24). We then transferred individuals into an intermediate-quality shell and presented them with two vials containing either a better or worse shell. Because touching both shell vials required an equivalent behavioural response, this design controlled for general activity. Plastic-exposed hermit crabs were less likely and slower than controls to touch the better shell vial, instead preferring the worse shell vial. Microplastics, therefore, impaired assessments and decision-making, providing direct evidence of acute microplastic exposure disrupting hermit crab cognition.
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5
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Burciaga LM, Alcaraz G. Metabolic and behavioural effects of hermit crab shell removal techniques: Is heating less invasive than cracking? Anim Welf 2023; 32:e24. [PMID: 38487407 PMCID: PMC10936351 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Hermit crabs (Paguroidea; Latreille 1802) offer great opportunities to study animal behaviour and physiology. However, the animals' size and sex cannot be determined when they are inside their shell; information crucial to many experimental designs. Here, we tested the effects of the two most common procedures used to make crabs leave their shells: heating the shell apex and cracking the shell with a bench press. We compared the effects of each of the two procedures on the metabolic rate, hiding time, and duration of the recovery time relative to unmanipulated hermit crabs. The hermit crabs forced to abandon their shell through heating increased their respiratory rate shortly after the manipulation (1 h) and recovered their metabolic rate in less than 24 h, as occurs in individuals suddenly exposed to high temperatures in the upper-intertidal zone. Hermit crabs removed from their shells via cracking spent more time hiding in their new shells; this effect was evident immediately after the manipulation and lasted more than 24 h, similar to responses exhibited after a life-threatening predator attack. Both methods are expected to be stressful, harmful, or fear-inducing; however, the temperature required to force the crabs to abandon the shell is below the critical thermal maxima of most inhabitants of tropical tide pools. The wide thermal windows of intertidal crustaceans and the shorter duration of consequences of shell heating compared to cracking suggest heating to be a less harmful procedure for removing tropical hermit crabs from their shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Burciaga
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México04510, México
| | - Guillermina Alcaraz
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México04510, México
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Cheng W, Zhang H, Wang P, Wei Y, Chen C, Hou Y, Deng X, Li S, Sun S, Cai Q, Mao Y, Liu X. The Multiple Influences of Natural Farming Environment on the Cultured Population Behavior of Kuruma Prawn, Penaeus japonicus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233383. [PMID: 36496904 PMCID: PMC9740933 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a tremendous development in shrimp farming around the world, which, however, has raised a variety of issues, possibly due to a lack of knowledge of shrimp behavior in farms. This study focused on the relationship between shrimp behavior and the various factors of natural farming environment through situ surveys, as distinguished from the majority of laboratory studies on shrimp behavior. In the survey, the behaviors of kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus) were investigated in the groups of swimming in the water, crawling on the sand, resting on the sand, and hiding in the sand, followed by the quantification of the sex ratio, water quality, density, and light intensity. The results showed the average proportions of resting, hiding, crawling, and swimming activities of 69.87%, 20.85%, 8.24%, and 1.04%, respectively, of P. japonicus. The behavior of hiding, resting, and crawling is significantly affected by the sex ratio of the shrimp (p < 0.05). The proportions of hiding behavior exhibited a negative connection with density and a positive connection with light intensity, while the proportions of resting behavior showed the opposite according to both Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The light intensity was the only factor that significantly influenced the swimming behavior, in which the probability of the swimming behavior was reduced from 48% to 5% when light intensity varied from 0 to 10 lx, as determined by the generalized linear model. It could be speculated that P. japonicus prefers a tranquil environment. Female shrimp might exhibit less aggression and more adventure compared to male shrimp. The findings suggested light intensity, followed by density, as the most crucial element influencing the behavior of P. japonicus in the culture environment. These findings will contribute to the comprehension of the behavior of P. japonicus and provide a novel perspective for the formulation of its culture management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Zhangzhou 363400, China
| | - Heqian Zhang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yiming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chuanxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yiling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaojie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengyao Sun
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Zhangzhou 363400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qisi Cai
- National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Zhangzhou 363400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (X.L.)
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7
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Salinity-Driven Changes in Behavioral Responses of Catadromous Eriocher sinensis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172244. [PMID: 36077964 PMCID: PMC9454515 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salinity is an important environmental factor which can influence the behavior of Eriocheir sinensis. In this study, female crabs were more active in a saline environment, especially low salinity stress, and the changes of antennae were obviously different under salinity shifts. Interestingly, E. sinensis had obvious behavioral differences in the high and low salinity stress, suggesting E. sinensis has different behaviors to adapt to the change of water salinity. Abstract The effects of salinity on behavior are far-reaching, and Eriocheir sinensis showed disparate behaviors under different salinity conditions. Female crabs were more active in saline water, especially low salinity stress, which is beneficial for female crabs to escape from the low-salinity environment quickly. Then, antennal movement indicated that antennae might be the main osmoreceptors in E. sinensis, and 65 min might be a good starting time for salinity stress to analyze osmoregulation in crabs. Interestingly, E. sinensis had obvious behavioral differences in the high and low salinity stress, and behaviors were more intense in a salinity dip from salinity 18 to salinity 0. This study analyzed the osmoregulatory process of catadromous E. sinensis in different salinity from the point of osmoregulatory organ and behavioral response. These results will provide a scientific basis for the osmoregulatory mechanism of E. sinensis, which are conducive to evaluating and analyzing the impact of saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze River estuary on resource fluctuation.
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8
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Porteus CS, Roggatz CC, Velez Z, Hardege JD, Hubbard PC. Acidification can directly affect olfaction in marine organisms. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:270986. [PMID: 34310682 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, many studies have investigated the effects of low pH/high CO2 as a proxy for ocean acidification on olfactory-mediated behaviours of marine organisms. The effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of fish vary from very large to none at all, and most of the maladaptive behaviours observed have been attributed to changes in acid-base regulation, leading to changes in ion distribution over neural membranes, and consequently affecting the functioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission. Here, we highlight a possible additional mechanism by which ocean acidification might directly affect olfaction in marine fish and invertebrates. We propose that a decrease in pH can directly affect the protonation, and thereby, 3D conformation and charge distribution of odorants and/or their receptors in the olfactory organs of aquatic animals. This can sometimes enhance signalling, but most of the time the affinity of odorants for their receptors is reduced in high CO2/low pH; therefore, the activity of olfactory receptor neurons decreases as measured using electrophysiology. The reduced signal reception would translate into reduced activation of the olfactory bulb neurons, which are responsible for processing olfactory information in the brain. Over longer exposures of days to weeks, changes in gene expression in the olfactory receptors and olfactory bulb neurons cause these neurons to become less active, exacerbating the problem. A change in olfactory system functioning leads to inappropriate behavioural responses to odorants. We discuss gaps in the literature and suggest some changes to experimental design in order to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their effects on the associated behaviours to resolve some current controversy in the field regarding the extent of the effects of ocean acidification on marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima S Porteus
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbour St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Christina C Roggatz
- Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Zelia Velez
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jörg D Hardege
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Hubbard
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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deVries MS, Lowder KB, Taylor JRA. From Telson to Attack in Mantis Shrimp: Bridging Biomechanics and Behavior in Crustacean Contests. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:643-654. [PMID: 33974067 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the spirit of this symposium on the physical mechanisms of behavior, we review mantis shrimp ritualized fighting, from the telson to the attack, as an inspiring example of how the integration of biomechanics and behavioral research can yield a penetrating narrative for how animals accomplish important activities, including agonistic actions. Resolving conflicts with conspecifics over valuable resources is an essential task for animals, and this takes an unusual form in mantis shrimp due to their powerful raptorial appendages. Decades of field and laboratory research have provided key insights into the natural agonistic interactions of diverse mantis shrimp species, including how they use their raptorial weapons against one another in telson sparring matches over cavities. These insights provided the foundation for functional morphologists, biomechanists, and engineers to work through different levels of organization: from the kinematics of how the appendages move to the elastic mechanisms that power the strike, and down to the structure, composition, and material properties that transmit and protect against high-impact forces. Completing this narrative are studies on the defensive telson and how this structure is biomechanically matched to the weapon and the role it plays in ritualized fighting. The biomechanical understanding of the weapon and defense in mantis shrimp has, in turn, enabled a better understanding of whether mantis shrimp assess one another during contests and encouraged questions of evolutionary drivers on both the arsenal and behavior. Altogether, the body of research focused on mantis shrimp has presented perhaps the most comprehensive understanding of fighting, weapons, and defenses among crustaceans, from morphology and biomechanics to behavior and evolution. While this multi-level analysis of ritualized fighting in mantis shrimp is comprehensive, we implore the need to include additional levels of analysis to obtain a truly holistic understanding of this and other crustacean agonistic interactions. Specifically, both molting and environmental conditions are often missing from the narrative, yet they greatly affect crustacean weapons, defenses, and behavior. Applying this approach more broadly would generate a similarly profound understanding of how crustaceans carry out a variety of important tasks in diverse habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya S deVries
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R A Taylor
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Stein W, Harzsch S. The Neurobiology of Ocean Change - insights from decapod crustaceans. ZOOLOGY 2021; 144:125887. [PMID: 33445148 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented rate of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere has led to increased warming, acidification and oxygen depletion in the world's oceans, with projected impacts also on ocean salinity. In this perspective article, we highlight potential impacts of these factors on neuronal responses in decapod crustaceans. Decapod crustaceans comprise more than 8,800 marine species which have colonized a wide range of habitats that are particularly affected by global ocean change, including estuarine, intertidal, and coastal areas. Many decapod species have large economic value and high ecological importance because of their global invasive potential and impact on local ecosystems. Global warming has already led to considerable changes in decapod species' behavior and habitat range. Relatively little is known about how the decapod nervous system, which is the ultimate driver of all behaviors, copes with environmental stressors. We use select examples to summarize current findings and evaluate the impact of current and expected environmental changes. While data indicate a surprising robustness against stressors like temperature and pH, we find that only a handful of species have been studied and long-term effects on neuronal activity remain mostly unknown. A further conclusion is that the combined effects of multiple stressors are understudied. We call for greater research efforts towards long-term effects on neuronal physiology and expansion of cross-species comparisons to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stein
- Illinois State University, School of Biological Sciences, Normal, IL 61790, USA.
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
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11
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Gravinese PM, Page HN, Butler CB, Spadaro AJ, Hewett C, Considine M, Lankes D, Fisher S. Ocean acidification disrupts the orientation of postlarval Caribbean spiny lobsters. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18092. [PMID: 33093550 PMCID: PMC7581715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic inputs into coastal ecosystems are causing more frequent environmental fluctuations and reducing seawater pH. One such ecosystem is Florida Bay, an important nursery for the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Although adult crustaceans are often resilient to reduced seawater pH, earlier ontogenetic stages can be physiologically limited in their tolerance to ocean acidification on shorter time scales. We used a Y-maze chamber to test whether reduced-pH seawater altered the orientation of spiny lobster pueruli toward chemical cues produced by Laurencia spp. macroalgae, a known settlement cue for the species. We tested the hypothesis that pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater would be less responsive to Laurencia spp. chemical cues than pueruli in ambient-pH seawater by comparing the proportion of individuals that moved to the cue side of the chamber with the proportion that moved to the side with no cue. We also recorded the amount of time (sec) before a response was observed. Pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater were less responsive and failed to select the Laurencia cue. Our results suggest that episodic acidification of coastal waters might limit the ability of pueruli to locate settlement habitats, increasing postsettlement mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Gravinese
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Fisheries Ecology and Enhancement Program, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA.
| | - Heather N Page
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA.,Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Casey B Butler
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA
| | - Angelo Jason Spadaro
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA.,Department of Marine Science and Technology, The College of the Florida Keys, Key West, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Clay Hewett
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Megan Considine
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - David Lankes
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Samantha Fisher
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Fisheries Ecology and Enhancement Program, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
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12
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Allen GJP, Kuan PL, Tseng YC, Hwang PP, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Weihrauch D. Specialized adaptations allow vent-endemic crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) to thrive under extreme environmental hypercapnia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11720. [PMID: 32678186 PMCID: PMC7367285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shallow hydrothermal vent environments are typically very warm and acidic due to the mixing of ambient seawater with volcanic gasses (> 92% CO2) released through the seafloor making them potential ‘natural laboratories’ to study long-term adaptations to extreme hypercapnic conditions. Xenograpsus testudinatus, the shallow hydrothermal vent crab, is the sole metazoan inhabitant endemic to vents surrounding Kueishantao Island, Taiwan, where it inhabits waters that are generally pH 6.50 with maximum acidities reported as pH 5.50. This study assessed the acid–base regulatory capacity and the compensatory response of X. testudinatus to investigate its remarkable physiological adaptations. Hemolymph parameters (pH, [HCO3−], \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$\end{document}PCO2, [NH4+], and major ion compositions) and the whole animal’s rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured throughout a 14-day acclimation to pH 6.5 and 5.5. Data revealed that vent crabs are exceptionally strong acid–base regulators capable of maintaining homeostatic pH against extreme hypercapnia (pH 5.50, 24.6 kPa \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$\end{document}PCO2) via HCO3−/Cl− exchange, retention and utilization of extracellular ammonia. Intact crabs as well as their isolated perfused gills maintained \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$\end{document}PCO2tensions below environmental levels suggesting the gills can excrete CO2 against a hemolymph-directed \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$\end{document}PCO2 gradient. These specialized physiological mechanisms may be amongst the adaptations required by vent-endemic animals surviving in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garett J P Allen
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2M8, Canada
| | - Pou-Long Kuan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismal Biology's Marine Research Station, Academia Sinica, No. 23-10 Dawen Rd., Jiaoxi, 262, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Che Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismal Biology's Marine Research Station, Academia Sinica, No. 23-10 Dawen Rd., Jiaoxi, 262, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismal Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd., Nangang District, Taipei City, 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2M8, Canada.
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13
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Lin W, Ren Z, Mu C, Ye Y, Wang C. Effects of Elevated pCO 2 on the Survival and Growth of Portunus trituberculatus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:750. [PMID: 32754046 PMCID: PMC7367060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the response of Portunus trituberculatus to ocean acidification (OA) is critical to understanding the future development of this commercially important Chinese crab species. Recent studies have reported negative effects of OA on crustaceans. Here, we subjected swimming crabs to projected oceanic CO2 levels (current: 380 μatm; 2100: 750 μatm; 2200: 1500 μatm) for 4 weeks and analyzed the effects on survival, growth, digestion, antioxidant capacity, immune function, tissue metabolites, and gut bacteria of the crabs and on seawater bacteria. We integrated these findings to construct a structural equation model to evaluate the contribution of these variables to the survival and growth of swimming crabs. Reduced crab growth shown under OA is significantly correlated with changes in gut, muscle, and hepatopancreas metabolites whereas enhanced crab survival is significantly associated with changes in the carbonate system, seawater and gut bacteria, and activities of antioxidative and digestive enzymes. In addition, seawater bacteria appear to play a central role in the digestion, stress response, immune response, and metabolism of swimming crabs and their gut bacteria. We predict that if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to rise, future OA could lead to severe alterations in antioxidative, immune, and metabolic functions and gut bacterial community composition in the swimming crabs through direct oxidative stress and/or indirect seawater bacterial roles. These effects appear to mediate improved survival, but at the cost of growth of the swimming crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhiming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
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14
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Bednaršek N, Feely RA, Beck MW, Alin SR, Siedlecki SA, Calosi P, Norton EL, Saenger C, Štrus J, Greeley D, Nezlin NP, Roethler M, Spicer JI. Exoskeleton dissolution with mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:136610. [PMID: 31982187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) along the US West Coast is intensifying faster than observed in the global ocean. This is particularly true in nearshore regions (<200 m) that experience a lower buffering capacity while at the same time providing important habitats for ecologically and economically significant species. While the literature on the effects of OA from laboratory experiments is voluminous, there is little understanding of present-day OA in-situ effects on marine life. Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) is perennially one of the most valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. We focused on establishing OA-related vulnerability of larval crustacean based on mineralogical and elemental carapace to external and internal carapace dissolution by using a combination of different methods ranging from scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping and X-ray diffraction. By integrating carapace features with the chemical observations and biogeochemical model hindcast, we identify the occurrence of external carapace dissolution related to the steepest Ω calcite gradients (∆Ωcal,60) in the water column. Dissolution features are observed across the carapace, pereopods (legs), and around the calcified areas surrounding neuritic canals of mechanoreceptors. The carapace dissolution is the most extensive in the coastal habitats under prolonged (1-month) long exposure, as demonstrated by the use of the model hindcast. Such dissolution has a potential to destabilize mechanoreceptors with important sensory and behavioral functions, a pathway of sensitivity to OA. Carapace dissolution is negatively related to crab larval width, demonstrating a basis for energetic trade-offs. Using a retrospective prediction from a regression models, we estimate an 8.3% increase in external carapace dissolution over the last two decades and identified a set of affected OA-related sublethal pathways to inform future risk assessment studies of Dungeness crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Richard A Feely
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Marcus W Beck
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Simone R Alin
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Emily L Norton
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Casey Saenger
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Dana Greeley
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Nikolay P Nezlin
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Miranda Roethler
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - John I Spicer
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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15
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Li F, Mu FH, Liu XS, Xu XY, Cheung SG. Predator prey interactions between predatory gastropod Reishia clavigera, barnacle Amphibalanusamphitriteamphitrite and mussel Brachidontesvariabilis under ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110895. [PMID: 31957674 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the response to ocean acidification is species specific, differences in responses between predator and prey will alter their interactions, hence affect the population dynamics of both species. Changes in predator prey interactions between a predatory muricid gastropod Reishia clavigera and its prey, the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite amphitrite and mussel Brachidontes variabilis under three pCO2 levels (380, 950, and 1250 μatm) were investigated. The searching time for barnacles increased and the ability to locate them decreased at higher pCO2 levels. The movement speed and the prey consumption rate, however, were independent of pCO2. There was no preference towards either B. variabilis or A. amphitrite amphitrite regardless of pCO2. Exposure experiments involving multiple generations are suggested to assess transgenerational effects of ocean acidification and the potential compensation responses before any realistic predictions on the long term changes of population dynamics of the interacting species can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - F-H Mu
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - X-S Liu
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - X-Y Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S G Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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16
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Luo ZZ, Sun HM, Guo JW, Luo P, Hu CQ, Huang W, Shu H. Molecular characterization of a RNA polymerase (RNAP) II (DNA directed) polypeptide H (POLR2H) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and its role in response to high-pH stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:245-253. [PMID: 31830564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA polymerase (RNAP) II (DNA-directed) (POLR2) genes are essential for cell viability under environmental stress and for the transfer of biological information from DNA to RNA. However, the function and characteristics of POLR2 genes in crustaceans are still unknown. In the present study, a POLR2H cDNA was isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and designated as Lv-POLR2H. The full-length Lv-POLR2H cDNA is 772 bp in length and contains a 32-bp 5'- untranslated region (UTR), a 284-bp 3'- UTR with a poly (A) sequence, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 456 bp encoding an Lv-POLR2H protein of 151 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 17.21 kDa. The Lv-POLR2H protein only contains one functional domain, harbors no transmembrane domains and mainly locates in the nucleus. The expression of the Lv-POLR2H mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all selected tissues, with the highest level in the gills. In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis showed that Lv-POLR2H was mainly located in the secondary gill filaments, the transcript levels of Lv-POLR2H in the gills were found to be significantly affected after challenge by pH, low salinity and high concentrations of NO2- and NH4+, indicating that Lv-POLR2H in gill tissues might play roles under various physical stresses. Specifically, under high-pH stress, knockdown of Lv-POLR2H via siRNA significantly decreased the survival rate of the shrimp, indicating its key roles in the response to high-pH stress. Our study may provide the first evidence of the role of POLR2H in shrimp responding to high-pH stress and provides new insight into molecular regulation in response to high pH in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhan Luo
- School of Life Science/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hui-Ming Sun
- School of Life Science/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing-Wen Guo
- School of Life Science/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB)/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Chao-Qun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB)/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB)/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Hu Shu
- School of Life Science/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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17
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Turra A, Ragagnin MN, McCarthy ID, Fernandez WS. The effect of ocean acidification on the intertidal hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis is not modulated by cheliped amputation and sex. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 153:104794. [PMID: 31582297 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of the interactive effects of ocean acidification (OA) with other anthropogenic environmental stressors on marine biodiversity are receiving increasing attention in recent years. However, little is known about how organismal responses to OA may be influenced by common phenomena such as autotomy and sexual dimorphism. This study evaluated the long-term (120 days) combined effects of OA (pH 7.7), experimental cheliped amputation and sex on physiological stress (mortality, growth, number of molts, cheliped regeneration and startle response) and energy budget (lipid and calcium contents) in the intertidal sexually-dimorphic hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis. Crabs exposed to OA reduced survivorship (46%), molting frequency (36%) and lipid content (42%). Autotomised crabs and males molted more frequently (39% and 32%, respectively). Males presented higher regeneration (33%) and lower lipid content (24%). The few synergistic effects recorded did not indicate any clear pattern among treatments however, (1) a stronger reduction in lipid content was recorded in non-autotomised crabs exposed to low pH; (2) calcium content was higher in males than females only for autotomised crabs under control pH; and (3) autotomised females showed a proportionally slower activity recovery than autotomised males. Although our results suggest an effect of long-term exposure to low pH on the physiological stress and energy budget of Pagurus criniticornis, the physiological repertoire and plasticity associated with limb regeneration and the maintenance of dimorphism in secondary sexual characters may provide resilience to long-term exposure to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Turra
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marilia N Ragagnin
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian D McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
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18
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Gravinese PM, Enochs IC, Manzello DP, van Woesik R. Ocean acidification changes the vertical movement of stone crab larvae. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190414. [PMID: 31822243 PMCID: PMC6936016 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are increasing ocean temperature and decreasing ocean pH. Some coastal habitats are experiencing increases in organic runoff, which when coupled with a loss of vegetated coastline can accelerate reductions in seawater pH. Marine larvae that hatch in coastal habitats may not have the ability to respond to elevated temperature and changes in seawater pH. This study examined the response of Florida stone crab (Menippe mercenaria) larvae to elevated temperature (30°C control and 32°C treatment) and CO2-induced reductions in pH (8.05 pH control and 7.80 pH treatment). We determined whether those singular and simultaneous stressors affect larval vertical movement at two developmental stages. Geotactic responses varied between larval stages. The direction and rate of the vertical displacement of larvae were dependent on pH rather than temperature. Stage III larvae swam upwards under ambient pH conditions, but swam downwards at a faster rate under reduced pH. There was no observable change in the directional movement of Stage V larvae. The reversal in orientation by Stage III larvae may limit larval transport in habitats that experience reduced pH and could pose challenges for the northward dispersal of stone crabs as coastal temperatures warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Gravinese
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Fisheries Ecology and Enhancement, 1600 Ken Thompson Way, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.,Florida Institute of Technology, Institute for Global Ecology, 150 W. Univ. Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Ian C Enochs
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Derek P Manzello
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Robert van Woesik
- Florida Institute of Technology, Institute for Global Ecology, 150 W. Univ. Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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19
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Cohen‐Rengifo M, Agüera A, Bouma T, M'Zoudi S, Flammang P, Dubois P. Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12128-12143. [PMID: 31832148 PMCID: PMC6854335 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are intensively investigated as they pose major threats to marine organism. However, little effort is dedicated to another collateral climate change stressor, the increased frequency, and intensity of storm events, here referred to as intensified hydrodynamics. A 2-month experiment was performed to identify how OW and OA (temperature: 21°C; pHT: 7.7, 7.4; control: 17°C-pHT7.9) affect the resistance to hydrodynamics in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using an integrative approach that includes physiology, biomechanics, and behavior. Biomechanics was studied under both no-flow condition at the tube foot (TF) scale and flow condition at the individual scale. For the former, TF disk adhesive properties (attachment strength, tenacity) and TF stem mechanical properties (breaking force, extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness, toughness) were evaluated. For the latter, resistance to flow was addressed as the flow velocity at which individuals detached. Under near- and far-future OW and OA, individuals fully balanced their acid-base status, but skeletal growth was halved. TF adhesive properties were not affected by treatments. Compared to the control, mechanical properties were in general improved under pHT7.7 while in the extreme treatment (21°C-pHT7.4) breaking force was diminished. Three behavioral strategies were implemented by sea urchins and acted together to cope with flow: improving TF attachment, streamlining, and escaping. Behavioral responses varied according to treatment and flow velocity. For instance, individuals at 21°C-pHT7.4 increased the density of attached TF at slow flows or controlled TF detachment at fast flows to compensate for weakened TF mechanical properties. They also showed an absence of streamlining favoring an escaping behavior as they ventured in a riskier faster movement at slow flows. At faster flows, the effects of OW and OA were detrimental causing earlier dislodgment. These plastic behaviors reflect a potential scope for acclimation in the field, where this species already experiences diel temperature and pH fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Cohen‐Rengifo
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes Marins et BiomimétismeInstitut de recherches en BiosciencesUniversité de MonsMonsBelgium
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (CP160/15)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Antonio Agüera
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (CP160/15)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Institute of Marine ResearchAustevoll Research StationStorebøNorway
| | - Tjeerd Bouma
- Department of Estuarine and Delta SystemsRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)Utrecht UniversityYersekeThe Netherlands
| | - Saloua M'Zoudi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (CP160/15)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes Marins et BiomimétismeInstitut de recherches en BiosciencesUniversité de MonsMonsBelgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (CP160/15)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
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20
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Taking Current Climate Change Research to the Classroom—The “Will Hermit Crabs Go Hungry in Future Oceans?” Project. CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32898-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Gilliand S, Pechenik JA. Temperature and Salinity Effects on Shell Selection by the Hermit Crab Pagurus longicarpus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:178-184. [PMID: 30624115 DOI: 10.1086/700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread coastal hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus relies on empty gastropod shells for shelter. At low tide, these hermit crabs often become stranded in tide pools, where changes in temperature and salinity can occur rapidly. We tested how changes in temperature and salinity affected the sizes of the shells chosen by hermit crabs. Increasing the seawater temperature from 22 °C to 32 °C had a significant effect ( P<0.05 ) on the size of shells chosen, as did lowering the temperature to 16 °C. Reducing the salinity from 30 ppt to 20 ppt or raising it to 40 ppt did not affect shell choice significantly, but lowering the salinity from 30 ppt to 15 ppt did. This study builds on previous studies of shell size preference of hermit crabs by highlighting the importance of taking temperature and salinity into account when assigning shells of appropriate size in laboratory studies. These results also suggest that climate change may alter the sizes of shells that hermit crabs of the species P. longicarpus will seek in the field. Additional studies will be required to evaluate the potential impacts of such shifts on hermit crab survival and reproduction.
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22
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Ragagnin MN, McCarthy ID, Fernandez WS, Tschiptschin AP, Turra A. Vulnerability of juvenile hermit crabs to reduced seawater pH and shading. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 142:130-140. [PMID: 30316461 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple simultaneous stressors induced by anthropogenic activities may amplify their impacts on marine organisms. The effects of ocean acidification, in combination with other anthropogenic impacts (apart from temperature) are poorly understood, especially in coastal regions. In these areas, shading caused by infrastructure development, such as harbor construction, may potentially interact with CO2-induced pH reduction and affect invertebrate populations. Here, we evaluated the effects of reduced pH (7.6) and shading (24h in darkness) on mortality, growth, calcification and displacement behavior to live predator (danger signal) and dead gastropod (resource availability signal) odors using juveniles of the hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis collected in Araçá Bay (São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil). After a 98 day experimental period, both stressors had a significant interaction effect on mortality, and an additive effect on total growth. No difference in calcification was recorded among treatments, indicating that individuals were able to maintain calcification under reduced pH conditions. When exposed to odor of live predators, crab responses were only affected by shading. However, an interactive effect between both stressors was observed in response to gastropod odor, leading to reduced displacement behavior. This study shows how local disturbance impacts may enhance the effects of global environmental change on intertidal crustacean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Nagata Ragagnin
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ian Donald McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew St, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, Anglesey, United Kingdom.
| | - Wellington Silva Fernandez
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Paulo Tschiptschin
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 2463, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Turra
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hypercapnia-induced disruption of long-distance mate-detection and reduction of energy expenditure in a coastal keystone crustacean. Physiol Behav 2018; 195:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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Wang Y, Hu M, Wu F, Storch D, Pörtner HO. Elevated pCO 2 Affects Feeding Behavior and Acute Physiological Response of the Brown Crab Cancer pagurus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1164. [PMID: 30246790 PMCID: PMC6110915 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change exposes marine organisms to CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA). Marine animals may make physiological and behavioral adaptations to cope with OA. Elevated pCO2 may affect metabolism, feeding, and energy partition of marine crabs, and thereby affect their predator-prey dynamics with mussels. Therefore, we examined the effects of simulated future elevated pCO2 on feeding behavior and energy metabolism of the brown crab Cancer pagurus. Following 54 days of pre-acclimation to control CO2 levels (360 μatm) at 11°C, crabs were exposed to consecutively increased oceanic CO2 levels (2 weeks for 1200 and 2300 μatm, respectively) and subsequently returned to control CO2 level (390 μatm) for 2 weeks in order to study their potential to acclimate elevated pCO2 and recovery performance. Standard metabolic rate (SMR), specific dynamic action (SDA) and feeding behavior of the crabs were investigated during each experimental period. Compared to the initial control CO2 conditions, the SMRs of CO2 exposed crabs were not significantly increased, but increased significantly when the crabs were returned to normal CO2 levels. Conversely, SDA was significantly reduced under high CO2 and did not return to control levels during recovery. Under high CO2, crabs fed on smaller sized mussels than under control CO2; food consumption rates were reduced; foraging parameters such as searching time, time to break the prey, eating time, and handling time were all significantly longer than under control CO2, and prey profitability was significantly lower than that under control conditions. Again, a two-week recovery period was not sufficient for feeding behavior to return to control values. PCA results revealed a positive relationship between feeding/SDA and pH, but negative relationships between the length of foraging periods and pH. In conclusion, elevated pCO2 caused crab metabolic rate to increase at the expense of SDA. Elevated pCO2 affected feeding performance negatively and prolonged foraging periods. These results are discussed in the context of how elevated pCO2 may impair the competitiveness of brown crabs in benthic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Fangli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniela Storch
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Wu F, Wang T, Cui S, Xie Z, Dupont S, Zeng J, Gu H, Kong H, Hu M, Lu W, Wang Y. Effects of seawater pH and temperature on foraging behavior of the Japanese stone crab Charybdis japonica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:99-108. [PMID: 28479147 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined prey selection and foraging behaviors of the crab Charybdis japonica exposed to four combinations of pH (7.3 and 8.1) and temperature (18°C and 25°C). The order of prey selection by C. japonica was Potamocorbula laevis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Tegillarca granosa and Mactra veneriformis. Under high pCO2, times for searching, breaking, eating and handling were all significantly longer than those at the normal pCO2, and the prey profitability and predation rate under high pCO2 were significantly lower than normal pCO2. Moreover, temperature significantly influenced the foraging behaviors, but its effects were not as strong as those of pH; times for searching, eating and handling under high temperature were significantly lower than the low temperature, and the prey predation rates under high temperature was significantly higher than low temperature. In conclusion, high pCO2 negatively affected the foraging behavior, but high temperature actively stimulated the foraging behaviors of crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuaikang Cui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Jiangning Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaxin Gu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hui Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; National Marine Biosciences International Joint Research Center, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China.
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26
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Domenici P, Torres R, Manríquez PH. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on locomotion and the repeatability of lateralization in a keystone marine mollusc. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:667-676. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Recent work has shown that the behaviour of marine organisms can be affected by elevated PCO2, although little is known about the effect of multiple stressors. We therefore investigated the effect of elevated PCO2 and temperature on locomotion and behaviour during prey searching in the marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas, a predator characteristic of the southeastern Pacific coast. Movement duration, decision time, route finding and lateralization were measured using a T-maze tank with a prey positioned behind a barrier. Four treatments, representing present day and near-future scenarios of ocean acidification and warming were used in rearing the individuals for 6 months. Regardless of the treatment, no significant differences were found in relative and absolute lateralization before and after exposure for 6 months. However, relative lateralization was not repeatable for animals tested after 6 months at elevated PCO2 at both experimental temperatures, whereas it was repeatable in individuals kept at the present day level of PCO2. We suggest that these effects may be related to a behavioural malfunction caused by elevated PCO2. Movement duration, decision time and route finding were not repeatable. However, movement duration and decision time increased and route finding decreased in elevated PCO2 (at 15°C), suggesting that elevated PCO2 has negative effects on the locomotor and sensory performance of C. concholepas in the presence of a prey odour, thereby decreasing their ability to forage efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAMC - Istituto per l′Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique 5950000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación: Dinámica de Ecosistemas marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
| | - Patricio H. Manríquez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
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27
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White SJ, Briffa M. How do anthropogenic contaminants (ACs) affect behaviour? Multi-level analysis of the effects of copper on boldness in hermit crabs. Oecologia 2016; 183:391-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Charpentier CL, Cohen JH. Acidification and γ-aminobutyric acid independently alter kairomone-induced behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160311. [PMID: 27703697 PMCID: PMC5043316 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high pCO2 or low pH alters sensation and behaviour in many marine animals. We show that crab larvae lose their ability to detect and/or process predator kairomones after exposure to low pH over a time scale relevant to diel pH cycles in coastal environments. Previous work suggests that acidification affects sensation and behaviour through altered neural function, specifically the action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), because a GABA antagonist, gabazine, restores the original behaviour. Here, however, gabazine resulted in a loss of kairomone detection/processing, regardless of pH. Our results also suggest that GABAergic signalling is necessary for kairomone identification in these larvae. Hence, the mechanism for the observed pH effect varies from the original GABA hypothesis. Furthermore, we suggest that this pH effect is adaptive under diel-cycling pH.
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Dodd LF, Grabowski JH, Piehler MF, Westfield I, Ries JB. Ocean acidification impairs crab foraging behaviour. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0333. [PMID: 26108629 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric CO2 is driving global-scale ocean acidification, which consequently influences calcification rates of many marine invertebrates and potentially alters their susceptibility to predation. Ocean acidification may also impair an organism's ability to process environmental and biological cues. These counteracting impacts make it challenging to predict how acidification will alter species interactions and community structure. To examine effects of acidification on consumptive and behavioural interactions between mud crabs (Panopeus herbstii) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica), oysters were reared with and without caged crabs for 71 days at three pCO2 levels. During subsequent predation trials, acidification reduced prey consumption, handling time and duration of unsuccessful predation attempt. These negative effects of ocean acidification on crab foraging behaviour more than offset any benefit to crabs resulting from a reduction in the net rate of oyster calcification. These findings reveal that efforts to evaluate how acidification will alter marine food webs should include quantifying impacts on both calcification rates and animal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Dodd
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Jonathan H Grabowski
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Michael F Piehler
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Isaac Westfield
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Justin B Ries
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
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Rodríguez-Romero A, Jiménez-Tenorio N, Riba I, Blasco J. Laboratory simulation system, using Carcinus maenas as the model organism, for assessing the impact of CO2 leakage from sub-seabed injection and storage. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:117-129. [PMID: 26599590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The capture and storage of CO2 in sub-seabed geological formations has been proposed as one of the potential options to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations in order to mitigate the abrupt and irreversible consequences of climate change. However, it is possible that CO2 leakages could occur during the injection and sequestration procedure, with significant repercussions for the marine environment. We investigate the effects of acidification derived from possible CO2 leakage events on the European green crab, Carcinus maenas. To this end, a lab-scale experiment involving direct release of CO2 was conducted at pH values between 7.7 and 6.15. Female crabs were exposed for 10 days to sediment collected from two different coastal areas, one with relatively uncontaminated sediment (RSP) and the other with known contaminated sediment (MZ and ML), under the pre-established seawater pH conditions. Survival rate, histopathological damage and metal (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb) and As accumulation in gills and hepatopancreas tissue were employed as endpoints. In addition, the obtained results were compared with the results of the physico-chemical characterization of the sediments, which included the determination of the metals Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb and Cd, the metalloid As, certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as well as nonchemical sediment properties (grain size, organic carbon and total organic matter). Significant associations were observed between pH and the histological damage. Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cd and PAHs in sediment, presented significant negative correlations with the damage to gills and hepatopancreas, and positive correlations with metal accumulation in both tissues. The results obtained in this study reveal the importance of sediment properties in the biological effects caused by possible CO2 leakage. However, a clear pattern was not observed between metal accumulation in tissues and pH reduction. Animals' avoidance behavior and degree of tolerance to acidification are confounding factors for assessing metal bioaccumulation. Further research is required to find a suitable assay that would allow us to predict the risk to environmental health of possible negative side effects of metal mobility derived from CO2 leakage during its injection and storage in sub-seabed formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rodríguez-Romero
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Natalia Jiménez-Tenorio
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Riba
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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31
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Bamber SD, Westerlund S. Behavioral responses of brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) to reduced seawater pH following simulated leakages from sub-sea geological storage of CO2. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:526-537. [PMID: 27484135 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1171979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale storage of CO2 within sub-sea geological formations is a viable option for reducing the volume of this greenhouse gas released directly to the atmosphere from anthropogenic activities. Risks to benthic marine life following possible leakage of gas through the seabed from this carbon capture and storage (CCS) initiative are not yet well established. This study examined behavior (activity patterns) in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), exposed to a range of reduced seawater pH conditions (7.6, 7, or 6.5) simulating leakage scenarios of varying scales. Brown shrimp have an endogenous rhythmicity associated with their activity, which dictates they are most active during hours of darkness, presumably as protection against vision-dependent predators. This endogenous rhythm in activity continues to be expressed when shrimp are held under constant low-light conditions in the lab and provides an ecologically relevant endpoint to measure when examining the influence of reduced pH on the behavior of these animals. No marked differences in activity pattern were observed between control shrimp maintained at pH 8.1 and those at pH 7.6. However, changes in activity were evident at pH 7 and pH 6.5, where significant shifts in timing and intensity of activity occurred. There was an unexpected increase in activity within periods of expected light, probably signaling efforts by shrimp to migrate away from reduced seawater pH conditions. The loss of this important member of the benthic community due to migration may have important consequences for many of the resilient species that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw D Bamber
- a International Research Institute of Stavanger , Environment Department , Mekjarvik , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Stig Westerlund
- a International Research Institute of Stavanger , Environment Department , Mekjarvik , Randaberg , Norway
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32
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Lefcort H, Cleary DA, Marble AM, Phillips MV, Stoddard TJ, Tuthill LM, Winslow JR. Snails from heavy-metal polluted environments have reduced sensitivity to carbon dioxide-induced acidity. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:267. [PMID: 26090314 PMCID: PMC4469689 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which increases water acidity. While marine acidification has received recent consideration, less attention has been paid to the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on freshwater systems—systems that often have low buffering potential. Since many aquatic systems are already impacted by pollutants such as heavy metals, we wondered about the added effect of rising atmospheric CO2 on freshwater organisms. We studied aquatic pulmonate snails (Physella columbiana) from both a heavy-metal polluted watershed and snails from a reference watershed that has not experienced mining pollution. We used gaseous CO2 to increase water acidity and we then measured changes in antipredatory behavior and also survival. We predicted a simple negative additive effect of low pH. We hypothesized that snails from metal-polluted environments would be physiologically stressed and impaired due to defense responses against heavy metals. Instead, snails from populations that acclimated or evolved in the presence of heavy metal mining pollution were more robust to acidic conditions than were snails from reference habitats. Snails from mining polluted sites seemed to be preadapted to a low pH environment. Their short-term survival in acidic conditions was better than snails from reference sites that lacked metal pollution. In fact, the 48 h survival of snails from polluted sites was so high that it did not significantly differ from the 24 h survival of snails from control sites. This suggests that the response of organisms to a world with rising anthropogenic carbon dioxide levels may be complex and difficult to predict. Snails had a weaker behavioral response to stressful stimuli if kept for 1 month at a pH that differed from their lake of origin. We found that snails raised at a pH of 5.5 had a weaker response (less of a decrease in activity) to concentrated heavy metals than did snails raised at their natal pH of 6.5. Furthermore, snails raised a pH of 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0 all had a weaker antipredatory response to an extract of crushed snail cells than did the pH 6.5 treatment snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Lefcort
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - David A Cleary
- Chemistry Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - Aaron M Marble
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - Morgan V Phillips
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - Timothy J Stoddard
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - Lara M Tuthill
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - James R Winslow
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, 502 E. Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
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33
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Lynch SA, Darmody G, Laide C, Walsh D, Culloty SC. A preliminary health survey of the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus, on the southwest coast of Ireland. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 127:73-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Miller SH, Zarate S, Smith EH, Gaylord B, Hosfelt JD, Hill TM. Effect of elevated pCO2 on metabolic responses of porcelain crab (Petrolisthes cinctipes) Larvae exposed to subsequent salinity stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109167. [PMID: 25295878 PMCID: PMC4189924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Future climate change is predicted to alter the physical characteristics of oceans and estuaries, including pH, temperature, oxygen, and salinity. Investigating how species react to the influence of such multiple stressors is crucial for assessing how future environmental change will alter marine ecosystems. The timing of multiple stressors can also be important, since in some cases stressors arise simultaneously, while in others they occur in rapid succession. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated pCO2 on oxygen consumption by larvae of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes when exposed to subsequent salinity stress. Such an exposure mimics how larvae under future acidified conditions will likely experience sudden runoff events such as those that occur seasonally along portions of the west coast of the U.S. and in other temperate systems, or how larvae encounter hypersaline waters when crossing density gradients via directed swimming. We raised larvae in the laboratory under ambient and predicted future pCO2 levels (385 and 1000 µatm) for 10 days, and then moved them to seawater at ambient pCO2 but with decreased, ambient, or elevated salinity, to monitor their respiration. While larvae raised under elevated pCO2 or exposed to stressful salinity conditions alone did not exhibit higher respiration rates than larvae held in ambient conditions, larvae exposed to elevated pCO2 followed by stressful salinity conditions consumed more oxygen. These results show that even when multiple stressors act sequentially rather than simultaneously, they can retain their capacity to detrimentally affect organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Miller
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Zarate
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Edmund H. Smith
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Hosfelt
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tessa M. Hill
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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35
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Puglisi MP, Sneed JM, Sharp KH, Ritson-Williams R, Paul VJ. Marine chemical ecology in benthic environments. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1510-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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36
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Kroeker KJ, Sanford E, Jellison BM, Gaylord B. Predicting the effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions: a conceptual framework based on coastal molluscs. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:211-222. [PMID: 25070866 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n3p211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of environmental change on species interactions will affect population dynamics and community structure in the future, but our current understanding of the outcomes of species interactions in a high-CO2 world is limited. Here, we draw upon emerging experimental research examining the effects of ocean acidification on coastal molluscs to provide hypotheses of the potential impacts of high-CO2 on predator-prey interactions. Coastal molluscs, such as oysters, mussels, and snails, allocate energy among defenses, growth, and reproduction. Ocean acidification increases the energetic costs of physiological processes such as acid-base regulation and calcification. Impacted molluscs can display complex and divergent patterns of energy allocation to defenses and growth that may influence predator-prey interactions; these include changes in shell properties, body size, tissue mass, immune function, or reproductive output. Ocean acidification has also been shown to induce complex changes in chemoreception, behavior, and inducible defenses, including altered cue detection and predator avoidance behaviors. Each of these responses may ultimately alter the susceptibility of coastal molluscs to predation through effects on predator handling time, satiation, and search time. While many of these effects may manifest as increases in per capita predation rates on coastal molluscs, the ultimate outcome of predator-prey interactions will also depend on how ocean acidification affects the specified predators, which also exhibit complex responses to ocean acidification. Changes in predator-prey interactions could have profound and unexplored consequences for the population dynamics of coastal molluscs in a high-CO2 ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Kroeker
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923; and
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923; and Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brittany M Jellison
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923; and Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923; and Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616
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37
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Watson SA, Lefevre S, McCormick MI, Domenici P, Nilsson GE, Munday PL. Marine mollusc predator-escape behaviour altered by near-future carbon dioxide levels. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132377. [PMID: 24225456 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates; however, the potential effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO2) on marine invertebrate behaviour are largely unknown. Marine gastropod conch snails have a modified foot and operculum allowing them to leap backwards rapidly when faced with a predator, such as a venomous cone shell. Here, we show that projected near-future seawater CO2 levels (961 µatm) impair this escape behaviour during a predator-prey interaction. Elevated-CO2 halved the number of snails that jumped from the predator, increased their latency to jump and altered their escape trajectory. Physical ability to jump was not affected by elevated-CO2 indicating instead that decision-making was impaired. Antipredator behaviour was fully restored by treatment with gabazine, a GABA antagonist of some invertebrate nervous systems, indicating potential interference of neurotransmitter receptor function by elevated-CO2, as previously observed in marine fishes. Altered behaviour of marine invertebrates at projected future CO2 levels could have potentially far-reaching implications for marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Ann Watson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, Programme for Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, , Oslo 0316, Norway, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, , Torregrande, Oristano 09072, Italy
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Murray F, Widdicombe S, McNeill CL, Solan M. Consequences of a simulated rapid ocean acidification event for benthic ecosystem processes and functions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 73:435-442. [PMID: 23219529 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the biological consequences of long-term, gradual changes in acidity associated with the oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are increasingly studied, the potential effects of rapid acidification associated with a failure of sub-seabed carbon storage infrastructure have received less attention. This study investigates the effects of severe short-term (8days) exposure to acidified seawater on infaunal mediation of ecosystem processes (bioirrigation and sediment particle redistribution) and functioning (nutrient concentrations). Following acidification, individuals of Amphiura filiformis exhibited emergent behaviour typical of a stress response, which resulted in altered bioturbation, but limited changes in nutrient cycling. Under acidified conditions, A. filiformis moved to shallower depths within the sediment and the variability in occupancy depth reduced considerably. This study indicated that rapid acidification events may not be lethal to benthic invertebrates, but may result in behavioural changes that could have longer-term implications for species survival, ecosystem structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Murray
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK.
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Halsband C, Kurihara H. Potential acidification impacts on zooplankton in CCS leakage scenarios. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 73:495-503. [PMID: 23632089 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies involve localized acidification of significant volumes of seawater, inhabited mainly by planktonic species. Knowledge on potential impacts of these techniques on the survival and physiology of zooplankton, and subsequent consequences for ecosystem health in targeted areas, is scarce. The recent literature has a focus on anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, leading to enhanced absorption of CO2 by the oceans and a lowered seawater pH, termed ocean acidification. These studies explore the effects of changes in seawater chemistry, as predicted by climate models for the end of this century, on marine biota. Early studies have used unrealistically severe CO2/pH values in this context, but are relevant for CCS leakage scenarios. Little studied meso- and bathypelagic species of the deep sea may be especially vulnerable, as well as vertically migrating zooplankton, which require significant residence times at great depths as part of their life cycle.
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Leduc AOHC, Munday PL, Brown GE, Ferrari MCO. Effects of acidification on olfactory-mediated behaviour in freshwater and marine ecosystems: a synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120447. [PMID: 23980246 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For many aquatic organisms, olfactory-mediated behaviour is essential to the maintenance of numerous fitness-enhancing activities, including foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Studies in both freshwater and marine ecosystems have demonstrated significant impacts of anthropogenic acidification on olfactory abilities of fish and macroinvertebrates, leading to impaired behavioural responses, with potentially far-reaching consequences to population dynamics and community structure. Whereas the ecological impacts of impaired olfactory-mediated behaviour may be similar between freshwater and marine ecosystems, the underlying mechanisms are quite distinct. In acidified freshwater, molecular change to chemical cues along with reduced olfaction sensitivity appear to be the primary causes of olfactory-mediated behavioural impairment. By contrast, experiments simulating future ocean acidification suggest that interference of high CO2 with brain neurotransmitter function is the primary cause for olfactory-mediated behavioural impairment in fish. Different physico-chemical characteristics between marine and freshwater systems are probably responsible for these distinct mechanisms of impairment, which, under globally rising CO2 levels, may lead to strikingly different consequences to olfaction. While fluctuations in pH may occur in both freshwater and marine ecosystems, marine habitat will remain alkaline despite future ocean acidification caused by globally rising CO2 levels. In this synthesis, we argue that ecosystem-specific mechanisms affecting olfaction need to be considered for effective management and conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine O H C Leduc
- Instistuto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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41
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Elevated CO2 affects predator-prey interactions through altered performance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58520. [PMID: 23484032 PMCID: PMC3590170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that exposure to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) affects how fishes perceive their environment, affecting behavioral and cognitive processes leading to increased prey mortality. However, it is unclear if increased mortality results from changes in the dynamics of predator-prey interactions or due to prey increasing activity levels. Here we demonstrate that ocean pCO2 projected to occur by 2100 significantly effects the interactions of a predator-prey pair of common reef fish: the planktivorous damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis and the piscivorous dottyback Pseudochromis fuscus. Prey exposed to elevated CO2 (880 µatm) or a present-day control (440 µatm) interacted with similarly exposed predators in a cross-factored design. Predators had the lowest capture success when exposed to elevated CO2 and interacting with prey exposed to present-day CO2. Prey exposed to elevated CO2 had reduced escape distances and longer reaction distances compared to prey exposed to present-day CO2 conditions, but this was dependent on whether the prey was paired with a CO2 exposed predator or not. This suggests that the dynamics of predator-prey interactions under future CO2 environments will depend on the extent to which the interacting species are affected and can adapt to the adverse effects of elevated CO2.
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Sundin J, Rosenqvist G, Berglund A. Altered Oceanic pH Impairs Mating Propensity in a Pipefish. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Sundin
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology; Uppsala; Sweden
| | | | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology; Uppsala; Sweden
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Briffa M, de la Haye K, Munday PL. High CO₂ and marine animal behaviour: potential mechanisms and ecological consequences. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1519-1528. [PMID: 22749063 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pollution and environmental change can alter the behaviour of aquatic animals and here we review recent evidence that exposure to elevated CO₂ and reduced sea water pH alters the behaviour of tropical reef fish and hermit crabs. Three main routes through which behaviour might be altered are discussed; elevated metabolic load, 'info-disruption' and avoidance behaviour away from polluted locations. There is clear experimental evidence that exposure to high CO₂ disrupts the ability to find settlement sites and shelters, the ability to detect predators and the ability to detect prey and food. In marine vertebrates and marine crustaceans behavioural change appears to occur via info-disruption. In hermit crabs and other crustaceans impairment of performance capacities might also play a role. We discuss the implications for such behavioural changes in terms of potential impacts at the levels of population health and ecosystem services, and consider future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Briffa
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Evans TG, Hofmann GE. Defining the limits of physiological plasticity: how gene expression can assess and predict the consequences of ocean change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1733-45. [PMID: 22566679 PMCID: PMC3350660 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, are driving fundamental shifts in the abiotic characteristics of marine ecosystems. As the environmental aspects of our world's oceans deviate from evolved norms, of major concern is whether extant marine species possess the capacity to cope with such rapid change. In what many scientists consider the post-genomic era, tools that exploit the availability of DNA sequence information are being increasingly recognized as relevant to questions surrounding ocean change and marine conservation. In this review, we highlight the application of high-throughput gene-expression profiling, primarily transcriptomics, to the field of marine conservation physiology. Through the use of case studies, we illustrate how gene expression can be used to standardize metrics of sub-lethal stress, track organism condition in natural environments and bypass phylogenetic barriers that hinder the application of other physiological techniques to conservation. When coupled with fine-scale monitoring of environmental variables, gene-expression profiling provides a powerful approach to conservation capable of informing diverse issues related to ocean change, from coral bleaching to the spread of invasive species. Integrating novel approaches capable of improving existing conservation strategies, including gene-expression profiling, will be critical to ensuring the ecological and economic health of the global ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
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