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Zhong KX, Chan AM, Collicutt B, Daspe M, Finke JF, Foss M, Green TJ, Harley CDG, Hesketh AV, Miller KM, Otto SP, Rolheiser K, Saunders R, Sutherland BJG, Suttle CA. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiome of Pacific oyster spat is shaped by ocean warming but not acidification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0005224. [PMID: 38466091 PMCID: PMC11022565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00052-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas, a.k.a. Crassostrea gigas), the most widely farmed oysters, are under threat from climate change and emerging pathogens. In part, their resilience may be affected by their microbiome, which, in turn, may be influenced by ocean warming and acidification. To understand these impacts, we exposed early-development Pacific oyster spat to different temperatures (18°C and 24°C) and pCO2 levels (800, 1,600, and 2,800 µatm) in a fully crossed design for 3 weeks. Under all conditions, the microbiome changed over time, with a large decrease in the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic ciliates (Uronema marinum) in all treatments with time. The microbiome composition differed significantly with temperature, but not acidification, indicating that Pacific oyster spat microbiomes can be altered by ocean warming but is resilient to ocean acidification in our experiments. Microbial taxa differed in relative abundance with temperature, implying different adaptive strategies and ecological specializations among microorganisms. Additionally, a small proportion (~0.2% of the total taxa) of the relatively abundant microbial taxa were core constituents (>50% occurrence among samples) across different temperatures, pCO2 levels, or time. Some taxa, including A4b bacteria and members of the family Saprospiraceae in the phyla Chloroflexi (syn. Chloroflexota) and Bacteroidetes (syn. Bacteroidota), respectively, as well as protists in the genera Labyrinthula and Aplanochytrium in the class Labyrinthulomycetes, and Pseudoperkinsus tapetis in the class Ichthyosporea were core constituents across temperatures, pCO2 levels, and time, suggesting that they play an important, albeit unknown, role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of the Pacific oyster spat microbiome in response to ocean warming and acidification. These findings highlight the flexibility of the spat microbiome to environmental changes.IMPORTANCEPacific oysters are the most economically important and widely farmed species of oyster, and their production depends on healthy oyster spat. In turn, spat health and productivity are affected by the associated microbiota; yet, studies have not scrutinized the effects of temperature and pCO2 on the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes of spat. Here, we show that both the prokaryotic and, for the first time, eukaryotic microbiome of Pacific oyster spat are surprisingly resilient to changes in acidification, but sensitive to ocean warming. The findings have potential implications for oyster survival amid climate change and underscore the need to understand temperature and pCO2 effects on the microbiome and the cascading effects on oyster health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Xu Zhong
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy M. Chan
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Maxim Daspe
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan Foss
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia V. Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Ben J. G. Sutherland
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis A. Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lehmann R, Ritter O, Tennigkeit J, Patschan S, Patschan D. Multiple blood gas variables predict AKI survival in an independent manner. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:28. [PMID: 38262964 PMCID: PMC10804712 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Acute kidney injury (AKI) is becoming increasingly prevalent among hospitalized patients and carries a poor prognosis. While new biomarkers show promise in identifying early stages of AKI, accurately predicting severe outcomes such as the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) or death remains a challenge. However, blood gas analyses (BGA) can be used to diagnose life-threatening complications associated with AKI. The objective of this study was to assess the role of BGA as a biomarker panel in both emerging and established cases of AKI. METHODS Retrospective observational study examining subjects with newly developed acute kidney injury (AKI). The study will document venous and arterial pH, pCO2, and actual bicarbonate levels upon hospital admission and at the onset of AKI. The primary endpoints include in-hospital mortality, the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT), and the recovery of kidney function (ROKF). RESULTS A total of 202 individuals were included in the study. Three variables were found to be independent predictors of in-hospital survival: admission arterial pH, arterial pH at acute kidney injury (AKI) onset, and arterial pCO2 at AKI onset. Additionally, venous pCO2 at AKI onset was identified as an independent predictor for the need of kidney replacement therapy (KRT). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that blood gas analysis may have a potential role in predicting severe outcome variables in acute kidney injury (AKI). The associated costs are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine Brandenburg University Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School (Theodor Fontane), Hochstraße 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Oliver Ritter
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine Brandenburg University Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School (Theodor Fontane), Hochstraße 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FGW), joint faculty of the University of Potsdam, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Johanna Tennigkeit
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine Brandenburg University Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School (Theodor Fontane), Hochstraße 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Susann Patschan
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine Brandenburg University Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School (Theodor Fontane), Hochstraße 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Daniel Patschan
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine Brandenburg University Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School (Theodor Fontane), Hochstraße 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FGW), joint faculty of the University of Potsdam, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.
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Jörg M, Öster M, Wretborn J, Wilhelms DB. Agreement of pCO 2 in venous to arterial blood gas conversion models in undifferentiated emergency patients. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:80. [PMID: 37989791 PMCID: PMC10663424 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous blood gas sampling has replaced arterial sampling in many critically ill patients, though interpretation of venous pCO2 still remains a challenge. Lemoël et al., Farkas and Zeserson et al. have proposed models to estimate arterial pCO2 based on venous pCO2. Our objective was to externally validate these models with a new dataset. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of consecutive adult patients with a clinical indication for blood gas analysis in an academic emergency department in Sweden. Agreement of pairs was reported as mean difference with limits of agreement (LoA). Vital signs and lead times were recorded. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty blood gas pairs were collected consecutively between October 2021 and April 2022, 243 valid pairs were used in the final analysis [mean age 72.8 years (SD 17.8), 47% females]. Respiratory distress was the most common clinical indication (84% of all cases). The model of Farkas showed the best metrics with a mean difference between estimated and arterial pCO2 of - 0.11 mmHg (95% LoA - 6.86, + 6.63). For Lemoël the difference was 2.57 mmHg (95% LoA - 5.65, + 10.8), Zeserson 2.55 mmHg (95% LoA - 7.43, + 12.53). All three models showed a decrease in precision in patients with ongoing supplemental oxygen therapy. CONCLUSION Arterial pCO2 may be accurately estimated in most patients based on venous blood gas samples. Additional consideration is required in patients with hypo- or hypercapnia or oxygen therapy. Thus, conversion of venous pCO2 may be considered as an alternative to arterial blood gas sampling with the model of Farkas being the most accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jörg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sundsvall Regional Hospital, Region Västernorrland, Sundsvall, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Malin Öster
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jens Wretborn
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel B Wilhelms
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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Rotondi S, Perrotta A, Pintus G, Capasso L, Pasquali M, Farcomeni A, Paoloni E, Mazzaferro S, Tartaglione L. Evaluation of partial pressure CO 2 change in the dialyzer blood inlet during hemodialysis as a measure of vascular access recirculation. Hemodial Int 2023; 27:370-377. [PMID: 37380376 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular access recirculation during hemodialysis is associated with reduced effectiveness and worse survival outcomes. To evaluate recirculation, an increase in pCO2 in the blood of the arterial line during hemodialysis (threshold of 4.5 mmHg) was proposed. The blood returning from the dialyzer in the venous line has significantly higher pCO2 , so in the presence of recirculation, pCO2 in the arterial blood line may increase (ΔpCO2 ) during hemodialysis sessions. The aim of our study was to evaluate ΔpCO2 as a diagnostic tool for vascular access recirculation in chronic hemodialysis patients. METHODS We evaluated vascular access recirculation with ΔpCO2 and compared it with the results of a urea recirculation test, which is the gold standard. ΔpCO2 was obtained from the difference in pCO2 in the arterial line at baseline (pCO2 T1) and after 5 min of hemodialysis (pCO2 T2). ∆pCO2 = pCO2 T2-pCO2 T1. FINDINGS In 70 hemodialysis patients (mean age: 70.52 ± 13.97 years; hemodialysis vintage of 41.36 ± 34.54, KT/V 1.4 ± 0.3), ∆pCO2 was 4 ± 4 mmHg, and urea recirculation was 7% ± 9%. Vascular access recirculation was identified using both methods in 17 of 70 patients, who showed a ∆pCO2 of 10 ± 5 mmHg and urea recirculation of 20% ± 9%; time in months of hemodialysis was the only difference between vascular access recirculation and non-vascular access recirculation patients (22 ± 19 vs. 46 ± 36, p: 0.05). In the non-vascular access recirculation group, the average ΔpCO2 was 1.9 ± 2 (p: 0.001), and the urea recirculation % was 2.8 ± 3 (p: 0.001). The ΔpCO2 correlated with the urea recirculation % (R: 0.728; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION ΔpCO2 in the arterial blood line during hemodialysis is an effective and reliable diagnostic tool for identifying recirculation of the vascular access but not its magnitude. The ΔpCO2 test application is simple and economical and does not require special equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silverio Rotondi
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ICOT Hospital, Polo Pontino Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Perrotta
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ICOT Hospital, Polo Pontino Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pintus
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Capasso
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ICOT Hospital, Polo Pontino Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, Nephrology Unit, University Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Farcomeni
- Department of Economics & Finance, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Paoloni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ICOT Hospital, Polo Pontino Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Mazzaferro
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ICOT Hospital, Polo Pontino Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, Nephrology Unit, University Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lida Tartaglione
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, Nephrology Unit, University Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Sakaguchi J, Nakayama K, Komai K, Kubo A, Shimizu T, Omori J, Uno K, Fujii T. Carbon dioxide uptake in a eutrophic stratified reservoir: Freshwater carbon sequestration potential. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20322. [PMID: 37767477 PMCID: PMC10520817 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage due to photosynthesis activities has been proposed as a carbon sink to mitigate climate change. To enhance such mitigation, previous studies have shown that freshwater lakes should be included in the carbon sink, since they may capture as much carbon as coastal areas. In eutrophic freshwater lakes, there is uncertainty about whether the equilibrium equation can estimate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), owing to the presence of photosynthesis due to phytoplankton, and pH measurement error in freshwater fluid. Thus, this study investigated the applicability of the equilibrium equation and revealed the need to modify it. The modified equilibrium equation was successfully applied to reproduce pCO2 based on total alkalinity and pH through field observations. In addition, pCO2 at the water surface was lower than the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to photosynthesis by phytoplankton during strong stratification. The stratification effect on low pCO2 was verified by using the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) model, and a submerged freshwater plants such as Potamogeton malaianus were found to have high potential for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sequestration in a freshwater lake. These results should provide a starting point toward more sophisticated methods to investigate the effect of freshwater carbon on DIC uptake in freshwater stratified eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinichi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho Nada-Ku, Kobe City, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho Nada-Ku, Kobe City, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Komai
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, 090-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubo
- Department of Geoscience, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Shimizu
- Water Quality Laboratory, Kobe City Waterworks Bureau, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0004, Japan
| | - Junpei Omori
- Water Quality Laboratory, Kobe City Waterworks Bureau, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0004, Japan
| | - Kohji Uno
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, 8-3 Gakuenhigahimachi, Nishi-ku, Kobe City, 651-2194, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Fujii
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-Cho, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
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Reimer JJ, Medeiros PM, Hussain N, Gonski SF, Xu YY, Huang TH, Cai WJ. Carbonate Chemistry and the Potential for Acidification in Georgia Coastal Marshes and the South Atlantic Bight, USA. Estuaries Coast 2023; 47:76-90. [PMID: 38130776 PMCID: PMC10730646 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-023-01261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In coastal regions and marginal bodies of water, the increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in many instances is greater than that of the open ocean due to terrestrial (river, estuarine, and wetland) influences, decreasing buffering capacity and/or increasing water temperatures. Coastal oceans receive freshwater from rivers and groundwater as well as terrestrial-derived organic matter, both of which have a direct influence on coastal carbonate chemistry. The objective of this research is to determine if coastal marshes in Georgia, USA, may be "hot-spots" for acidification due to enhanced inorganic carbon sources and if there is terrestrial influence on offshore acidification in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB). The results of this study show that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) are elevated in the marshes compared to predictions from conservative mixing of the freshwater and oceanic end-members, with accompanying pH around 7.2 to 7.6 within the marshes and aragonite saturation states (ΩAr) <1. In the marshes, there is a strong relationship between the terrestrial/estuarine-derived organic and inorganic carbon and acidification. Comparisons of pH, TA, and DIC to terrestrial organic material markers, however, show that there is little influence of terrestrial-derived organic matter on shelf acidification during this period in 2014. In addition, ΩAr increases rapidly offshore, especially in drier months (July). River stream flow during 2014 was anomalously low compared to climatological means; therefore, offshore influences from terrestrial carbon could also be decreased. The SAB shelf may not be strongly influenced by terrestrial inputs to acidification during drier than normal periods; conversely, shelf waters that are well-buffered against acidification may not play a significant role in mitigating acidification within the Georgia marshes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12237-023-01261-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J. Reimer
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark/Lewes, DE USA
- Mid-Atlantic Regional Council on the Ocean, PA, USA
| | | | - Najid Hussain
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark/Lewes, DE USA
| | - Stephen F. Gonski
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark/Lewes, DE USA
| | - Yuan-Yaun Xu
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark/Lewes, DE USA
- Planetary Technologies, Dartmouth, NS Canada
| | - Ting-Hsuan Huang
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark/Lewes, DE USA
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jun Cai
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark/Lewes, DE USA
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Miah O, Roy A, Sakib AA, Niloy NM, Haque MM, Shammi M, Tareq SM. Diurnal and seasonal variations of pCO 2 and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in different polluted lakes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:92720-92735. [PMID: 37495806 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess pollution and daily-to-seasonal dynamics of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 degassing flux concerning the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) from tropical lakes. A membrane-enclosed pCO2 sensor and water quality multimeter analyzer was deployed to continuously record daily and seasonal variations in pCO2 and CO2 degassing flux in three lakes in Savar, Dhaka. During both wet and dry seasons, all lake water was supersaturated with CO2 in contrast to the atmospheric equilibrium (~400 μatm). The pCO2 values in the lake water during the dry season were relatively low in comparison, and the pCO2 levels in the wet season were much higher due to external inputs of organic matter from watersheds and direct inputs of CO2 from soils or wetlands. The estimated water-to-air CO2 degassing flux in the different levels of polluted lakes varies with the pollution context. Study areas calculated the carbon flux and three lakes released respectively 86.75×107g CO2 year-1, 13.8×107g CO2 year-1, and 9.17×107g CO2 year-1. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis was used to investigate the distributions of fluorescent components in DOM. EEM-PARAFAC analysis identified humic-like, fulvic-like, protein-like, and more tyrosine-like FDOM components and their environmental dynamics. Terrestrial DOM may provide inputs to the terrestrial humic-like component in the lake water. In contrast, the biological activity of plankton-derived FDOM is the most likely source for the autochthonous humic-like component. FDOM and DO concentrations have negative correlations with pCO2, indicating that when the FDOM and DO level is decreased, the amount of pCO2 values increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Miah
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Avik Roy
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abid Azad Sakib
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Nahin Mostofa Niloy
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Md Morshedul Haque
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mashura Shammi
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Shafi M Tareq
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
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Scudellari A, Dudek P, Marino L, Badenes R, Bilotta F. Ventilation Targets for Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4925. [PMID: 37568327 PMCID: PMC10420130 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12154925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has become a standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO). Recent evidence suggests that general anesthesia (GA) and mechanical ventilation do not lead to inferior neurologic outcomes if compared to non-GA. However, the guidelines lack specific recommendations for ventilation targets during MT under GA. This systematic review aims to identify ventilation strategies correlating with better neurological outcomes in AIS patients undergoing MT, particularly focusing on oxygenation and carbon dioxide (CO2) targets. A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted to identify human studies reporting the correlation between ventilation strategies and neurological outcomes in MT for AIS. Eligible studies included clinical trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. Out of 157 studies assessed, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Five studies investigated oxygenation targets, while six studies explored CO2 targets. The published studies highlighted the controversial role of supplemental normobaric oxygen therapy and its potential association with worse outcomes. Regarding CO2 targets, the studies identified a potential association between end tidal CO2 levels and functional outcomes, with hypocapnia being unfavorable. This systematic review demonstrates that the current available evidence still lacks strength to suggest specific ventilation targets, but it highlights the potential risks of hyperoxia and hypocapnia in this specific cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Dudek
- 2nd Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Luca Marino
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Rafael Badenes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical-Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clínic Universitari de Valencia, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Radaelli A, Ortiz D, Michelotti A, Roche M, Hata R, Sando S, Bonny O, Gruetter R, Yoshihara HAI. Hyperpolarized (1- 13C)Alaninamide Is a Multifunctional In Vivo Sensor of Aminopeptidase N Activity, pH, and CO 2. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2987-2994. [PMID: 36194687 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spin hyperpolarization enables real-time metabolic imaging of carbon-13-labeled substrates. While hyperpolarized l-(1-13C)alaninamide is a probe of the cell-surface tumor marker aminopeptidase-N (APN, CD13), its activity in vivo has not been described. Scanning the kidneys of rats infused with hyperpolarized alaninamide shows both conversion to [1-13C]alanine and several additional spectral peaks with distinct temporal dynamics. The (1-13C)alaninamide chemical shift is pH-sensitive, with a pKa of 7.9 at 37 °C, and the peaks correspond to at least three different compartments of pH 7.46 ± 0.02 (1), 7.21 ± 0.02 (2), and 6.58 ± 0.05 (3). An additional peak was assigned to the carboxyamino adduct formed by reaction with dissolved CO2. Spectroscopic imaging showed nonuniform distribution, with the low-pH signal more concentrated in the inner medulla. Treatment with the diuretic acetazolamide resulted in significant pH shifts in compartment 1 to 7.38 ± 0.03 (p = 0.0057) and compartment 3 to 6.80 ± 0.05 (p = 0.0019). While the pH of compartment 1 correlates with blood pH, the pH of compartment 3 did not correspond to the pH of urine. In vitro experiments show that alaninamide readily enters blood cells and can detect intracellular pH. While carbamate formation depends on pH and pCO2, the carbamate-to-alaninamide ratio did not correlate with either arterial blood pH or pCO2, suggesting that it may reflect variations in tissue pH and pCO2. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using hyperpolarized sensors to simultaneously image enzyme activity, pCO2, and pH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Radaelli
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Maxime Roche
- CortecNet, 7 Avenue du Hoggar, 91940Les Ulis, France
| | - Ryunosuke Hata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hikari A I Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Geyman EC, Wu Z, Nadeau MD, Edmonsond S, Turner A, Purkis SJ, Howes B, Dyer B, Ahm AC, Yao N, Deutsch CA, Higgins JA, Stolper DA, Maloof AC. The origin of carbonate mud and implications for global climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210617119. [PMID: 36252022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210617119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonate mud represents one of the most important geochemical archives for reconstructing ancient climatic, environmental, and evolutionary change from the rock record. Mud also represents a major sink in the global carbon cycle. Yet, there remains no consensus about how and where carbonate mud is formed. Here, we present stable isotope and trace-element data from carbonate constituents in the Bahamas, including ooids, corals, foraminifera, and algae. We use geochemical fingerprinting to demonstrate that carbonate mud cannot be sourced from the abrasion and mixture of any combination of these macroscopic grains. Instead, an inverse Bayesian mixing model requires the presence of an additional aragonite source. We posit that this source represents a direct seawater precipitate. We use geological and geochemical data to show that "whitings" are unlikely to be the dominant source of this precipitate and, instead, present a model for mud precipitation on the bank margins that can explain the geographical distribution, clumped-isotope thermometry, and stable isotope signature of carbonate mud. Next, we address the enigma of why mud and ooids are so abundant in the Bahamas, yet so rare in the rest of the world: Mediterranean outflow feeds the Bahamas with the most alkaline waters in the modern ocean (>99.7th-percentile). Such high alkalinity appears to be a prerequisite for the nonskeletal carbonate factory because, when Mediterranean outflow was reduced in the Miocene, Bahamian carbonate export ceased for 3-million-years. Finally, we show how shutting off and turning on the shallow carbonate factory can send ripples through the global climate system.
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11
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Vázquez V, León P, Gordillo FJL, Jiménez C, Concepción I, Mackenzie K, Bresnan E, Segovia M. High-CO 2 Levels Rather than Acidification Restrict Emiliania huxleyi Growth and Performance. Microb Ecol 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02035-3. [PMID: 35624343 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi shows a variety of responses to ocean acidification (OA) and to high-CO2 concentrations, but there is still controversy on differentiating between these two factors when using different strains and culture methods. A heavily calcified type A strain isolated from the Norwegian Sea was selected and batch cultured in order to understand whether acclimation to OA was mediated mainly by CO2 or H+, and how it impacted cell growth performance, calcification, and physiological stress management. Emiliania huxleyi responded differently to each acidification method. CO2-enriched aeration (1200 µatm, pH 7.62) induced a negative effect on the cells when compared to acidification caused by decreasing pH alone (pH 7.60). The growth rates of the coccolithophore were more negatively affected by high pCO2 than by low pH without CO2 enrichment with respect to the control (400 µatm, pH 8.1). High CO2 also affected cell viability and promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was not observed under low pH. This suggests a possible metabolic imbalance induced by high CO2 alone. In contrast, the affinity for carbon uptake was negatively affected by both low pH and high CO2. Photochemistry was only marginally affected by either acidification method when analysed by PAM fluorometry. The POC and PIC cellular quotas and the PIC:POC ratio shifted along the different phases of the cultures; consequently, calcification did not follow the same pattern observed in cell stress and growth performance. Specifically, acidification by HCl addition caused a higher proportion of severely deformed coccoliths, than CO2 enrichment. These results highlight the capacity of CO2 rather than acidification itself to generate metabolic stress, not reducing calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Vázquez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Pablo León
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Francisco J L Gordillo
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iñiguez Concepción
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kevin Mackenzie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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12
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Hu AQ, Gale SW, Liu ZJ, Fischer GA, Saunders RMK. Diversification Slowdown in the Cirrhopetalum Alliance ( Bulbophyllum, Orchidaceae): Insights From the Evolutionary Dynamics of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:794171. [PMID: 35185977 PMCID: PMC8851032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.794171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary slowdowns in diversification have been inferred in various plant and animal lineages. Investigation based on diversification models integrated with environmental factors and key characters could provide critical insights into this diversification trend. We evaluate diversification rates in the Cirrhopetalum alliance (Bulbophyllum, Orchidaceae subfam. Epidendroideae) using a time-calibrated phylogeny and assess the role of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a hypothesised key innovation promoting the spectacular diversity of orchids, especially those with an epiphytic habit. An explosive early speciation in the Cirrhopetalum alliance is evident, with the origin of CAM providing a short-term advantage under the low atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2) associated with cooling and aridification in the late Miocene. A subsequent slowdown of diversification in the Cirrhopetalum alliance is possibly explained by a failure to keep pace with pCO2 dynamics. We further demonstrate that extinction rates in strong CAM lineages are ten times higher than those of C3 lineages, with CAM not as evolutionarily labile as previously assumed. These results challenge the role of CAM as a "key innovation" in the diversification of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Hu
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephan W. Gale
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Richard M. K. Saunders
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Ziegler M, Anton A, Klein SG, Rädecker N, Geraldi NR, Schmidt-Roach S, Saderne V, Mumby PJ, Cziesielski MJ, Martin C, Frölicher TL, Pandolfi JM, Suggett DJ, Aranda M, Duarte CM, Voolstra CR. Integrating environmental variability to broaden the research on coral responses to future ocean conditions. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:5532-5546. [PMID: 34391212 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the response of reef-building corals to changes in their physical environment is largely based on laboratory experiments, analysis of long-term field data, and model projections. Experimental data provide unique insights into how organisms respond to variation of environmental drivers. However, an assessment of how well experimental conditions cover the breadth of environmental conditions and variability where corals live successfully is missing. Here, we compiled and analyzed a globally distributed dataset of in-situ seasonal and diurnal variability of key environmental drivers (temperature, pCO2 , and O2 ) critical for the growth and livelihood of reef-building corals. Using a meta-analysis approach, we compared the variability of environmental conditions assayed in coral experimental studies to current and projected conditions in their natural habitats. We found that annual temperature profiles projected for the end of the 21st century were characterized by distributional shifts in temperatures with warmer winters and longer warm periods in the summer, not just peak temperatures. Furthermore, short-term hourly fluctuations of temperature and pCO2 may regularly expose corals to conditions beyond the projected average increases for the end of the 21st century. Coral reef sites varied in the degree of coupling between temperature, pCO2 , and dissolved O2 , which warrants site-specific, differentiated experimental approaches depending on the local hydrography and influence of biological processes on the carbonate system and O2 availability. Our analysis highlights that a large portion of the natural environmental variability at short and long timescales is underexplored in experimental designs, which may provide a path to extend our understanding on the response of corals to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Anton
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Global Change Research Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Esporles (Illes Balears), Spain
| | - Shannon G Klein
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nils Rädecker
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Schmidt-Roach
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Saderne
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter J Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Maha J Cziesielski
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cecilia Martin
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John M Pandolfi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Noisette F, Calosi P, Madeira D, Chemel M, Menu-Courey K, Piedalue S, Gurney-Smith H, Daoud D, Azetsu-Scott K. Tolerant Larvae and Sensitive Juveniles: Integrating Metabolomics and Whole-Organism Responses to Define Life-Stage Specific Sensitivity to Ocean Acidification in the American Lobster. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090584. [PMID: 34564400 PMCID: PMC8467062 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bentho-pelagic life cycles are the dominant reproductive strategy in marine invertebrates, providing great dispersal ability, access to different resources, and the opportunity to settle in suitable habitats upon the trigger of environmental cues at key developmental moments. However, free-dispersing larvae can be highly sensitive to environmental changes. Among these, the magnitude and the occurrence of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in oceanic habitats is predicted to exacerbate over the next decades, particularly in coastal areas, reaching levels beyond those historically experienced by most marine organisms. Here, we aimed to determine the sensitivity to elevated pCO2 of successive life stages of a marine invertebrate species with a bentho-pelagic life cycle, exposed continuously during its early ontogeny, whilst providing in-depth insights on their metabolic responses. We selected, as an ideal study species, the American lobster Homarus americanus, and investigated life history traits, whole-organism physiology, and metabolomic fingerprints from larval stage I to juvenile stage V exposed to different pCO2 levels. Current and future ocean acidification scenarios were tested, as well as extreme high pCO2/low pH conditions that are predicted to occur in coastal benthic habitats and with leakages from underwater carbon capture storage (CCS) sites. Larvae demonstrated greater tolerance to elevated pCO2, showing no significant changes in survival, developmental time, morphology, and mineralisation, although they underwent intense metabolomic reprogramming. Conversely, juveniles showed the inverse pattern, with a reduction in survival and an increase in development time at the highest pCO2 levels tested, with no indication of metabolomic reprogramming. Metabolomic sensitivity to elevated pCO2 increased until metamorphosis (between larval and juvenile stages) and decreased afterward, suggesting this transition as a metabolic keystone for marine invertebrates with complex life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Noisette
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Diana Madeira
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal;
| | - Mathilde Chemel
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
| | - Kayla Menu-Courey
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sarah Piedalue
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
| | - Helen Gurney-Smith
- Saint Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 125 Marine Science Drive, Saint Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada;
| | - Dounia Daoud
- Homarus Inc., 408 rue Main, Shediac, NB E4P 2G1, Canada;
- EcoNov, 44 ave Bromley, Moncton, NB E1C 5T9, Canada
| | - Kumiko Azetsu-Scott
- Bedford Institute Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada;
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15
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Pötter L, Tollrian R, Wisotzky F, Weiss LC. Determining freshwater pCO 2 based on geochemical calculation and modelling using PHREEQC. MethodsX 2021; 8:101430. [PMID: 34430324 PMCID: PMC8374637 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil fuel combustion results in rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is known to impact the global climate and the oceans. Latest insights indicate that rising atmospheric CO2 levels also affect CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in freshwaters, where pCO2 is controlled by a multitude of parameters. However, up to date there is no standardized method, which allows the determination of current and past freshwater pCO2 levels. Ideally methods should incorporate numerous hydrogeochemical and -physical factors to reflect the interplay of all interacting components and their effect on pCO2. We here describe the application of the geochemical program PHREEQC. This freeware serves as an easy method enabling a plausible and comprehensive analysis of pCO2 for field, laboratory, and especially long-term data. We present the use of the different input parameters of a laboratory- and a field long-term monitoring dataset including dissociation constants of carbonic acid measured as total inorganic carbon (TIC) and total CO2 concentration (TCO2) or total alkalinity (TA), together with hydrogeochemical and -physical parameters. Based on current literature and our analyses PHREEQC appears a solid strategy to determine freshwater pCO2 that can moreover be used for long-term datasets.Comprehensive analysis of pCO2 for field, laboratory, and long-term data. PHREEQC is not dependent on just one sampling method or parameter scheme. PHREEQC includes testing the plausibility of a water analysis and enables the assessment of the quality of the laboratory analysis, as well as automatic calculation of all relevant aquatic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Pötter
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, NDEF, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralph Tollrian
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, NDEF, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Wisotzky
- Hydrogeology Department, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Linda C Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, NDEF, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Herrera M, Liew YJ, Venn A, Tambutté E, Zoccola D, Tambutté S, Cui G, Aranda M. New Insights From Transcriptomic Data Reveal Differential Effects of CO 2 Acidification Stress on Photosynthesis of an Endosymbiotic Dinoflagellate in hospite. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666510. [PMID: 34349734 PMCID: PMC8326563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) has both detrimental as well as beneficial effects on marine life; it negatively affects calcifiers while enhancing the productivity of photosynthetic organisms. To date, many studies have focused on the impacts of OA on calcification in reef-building corals, a process particularly susceptible to acidification. However, little is known about the effects of OA on their photosynthetic algal partners, with some studies suggesting potential benefits for symbiont productivity. Here, we investigated the transcriptomic response of the endosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum (CCMP2467) in the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata subjected to different long-term (2 years) OA treatments (pH 8.0, 7.8, 7.4, 7.2). Transcriptomic analyses revealed that symbionts from corals under lower pH treatments responded to acidification by increasing the expression of genes related to photosynthesis and carbon-concentrating mechanisms. These processes were mostly up-regulated and associated metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, suggesting an overall positive effect of OA on the expression of photosynthesis-related genes. To test this conclusion on a physiological level, we analyzed the symbiont’s photochemical performance across treatments. However, in contrast to the beneficial effects suggested by the observed gene expression changes, we found significant impairment of photosynthesis with increasing pCO2. Collectively, our data suggest that over-expression of photosynthesis-related genes is not a beneficial effect of OA but rather an acclimation response of the holobiont to different water chemistries. Our study highlights the complex effects of ocean acidification on these symbiotic organisms and the role of the host in determining symbiont productivity and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Jin Liew
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Venn
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Guoxin Cui
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Uzunay H, Selvi F, Bedel C, Karakoyun OF. Comparison of ETCO2 Value and Blood Gas PCO2 Value of Patients Receiving Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation Treatment in Emergency Department. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:1717-1721. [PMID: 33937634 PMCID: PMC8078828 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Capnography is the non-invasive measurement and graphic representation of the partial pressure of CO2 in expiration. Although there are many studies in the literature comparing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) values in patients who underwent IMV (invasive mechanical ventilation), there are no studies showing their interchangeable applicability in patients who received NIMV (non-IMV). We aimed to evaluate whether the use of ETCO2 in the treatment process can replace pCO2 use in patients scheduled for NIMV treatment in the emergency department. Patients who applied to the emergency department with respiratory distress between March 2019 and January 2020, who were diagnosed with acute cardiogenic edema or acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, and who needed NIMV were included in the study. General characteristics of the patients and the pCO2 and ETCO2 values were measured in the blood gas 1 h after the NIMV application was started. 64.2% (99 patients) of the patients included in the study were male, and 35.8% (55 patients) were female. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 69.1 ± 12.2 years. The mean pCO2 values were measured as 52.6 ± 13.2. The mean of ETCO2 values measured simultaneously was 33.6 ± 10.1. There was a significant difference between the controlled pCO2 values and ETCO2 values at the first hour of NIMV treatment (Z: - 10.640, p < 0.001). The ETCO2 level was found to be different in our patients who received NIMV treatment, which could not be used instead of the pCO2 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Uzunay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kas State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Selvi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Science University, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cihan Bedel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Science University, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Karakoyun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training Research Hospital, Mugla, Turkey
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Dawson SK, D'Andrea LA, Lau R, Lagatta JM. Using a home oxygen weaning protocol and pCO 2 to evaluate outcomes for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia discharged on home oxygen. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:3293-3303. [PMID: 32897654 PMCID: PMC7658043 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predischarge capillary blood gas partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) has been associated with increased adverse events including readmission. This study aimed to determine if predischarge pCO2 or 36-week pCO2 was associated with increased respiratory readmissions or other pulmonary healthcare utilization in the year after neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) discharged with home oxygen, using a standardized outpatient oxygen weaning protocol. METHODS This was a secondary cohort analysis of infants born <32 weeks gestational age with BPD, referred to our clinic for home oxygen therapy from either from our level IV NICU or local level III NICUs between 2015 and 2017. Infants with major nonrespiratory comorbidities were excluded. Subject information was obtained from electronic health records. RESULTS Of 125 infants, 120 had complete 1-year follow-up. Twenty-three percent of infants experienced a respiratory readmission after NICU discharge. There was no significant association between predischarge or 36-week pCO2 and respiratory readmissions, emergency room visits, new or increased bronchodilators, or diuretics. Higher 36-week pCO2 was associated with a later corrected age when oxygen was discontinued (<6 months; median, 54 mmHg; interquartile range [IQR], 51-61; 6-11 months; median, 62 mmHg; IQR, 57-65; ≥12 months, median, 66 mmHg; IQR, 58-73; p = .006). CONCLUSIONS Neither predischarge pCO2 nor 36-week pCO2 was associated with 1-year respiratory readmissions. However higher pCO2 at 36 weeks was associated with a longer duration of home oxygen. Neonatal illness measures like 36-week pCO2 may be useful in communicating expectations for home oxygen therapy to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lynn A D'Andrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joanne M Lagatta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Yan X, Wu S, Xu J, Xu X, Wang G. Parallelism of Nutrients and CO 2 Dynamics: Evidence Based on Long-Term Data in Taihu Lake. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:742-749. [PMID: 33000334 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inland lakes are important ecosystems for the carbon cycle at both regional and global scales. However, a knowledge gap still exists about the correlations between the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and nutrient dynamics in lakes. In this study, we analysed the long-term dynamics of nutrient and pCO2 in Taihu Lake. Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed with highest nutrient concentrations occurring in the River mouth and significant lower concentrations (p < 0.01) occurring in East Taihu and Other zone. For pCO2, the average values were 1136.81 ± 1240.16 μatm, 433.07 ± 305.45 μatm, and 487.05 ± 414.02 μatm in Rive mouth, East Taihu, and Other zone, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that pCO2 was significantly and positively related to nutrient (TN: total nitrogen and NH4+: ammonium) concentrations (p < 0.01), but negatively related to Chla (Chlorophyll a) concentrations in River mouth and Other zone (p < 0.01). The parallelism of nutrient concentrations and pCO2 in Taihu Lake highlights the dual effects of external pollution inputs from the surrounding catchment. In addition, progressive mitigation was found for not only nutrients but also pCO2, which was attributed to the previous effort in the environmental protections in Taihu Lake basin. Our results also suggest the importance of long-term monitoring for the future assessment of anthropogenic impacts on nutrient and CO2 dynamics in freshwater lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Yan
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7619 METIS, 4 place Jussieu, Box 105, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Songjun Wu
- Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment of Education Ministry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
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Mensch B, Neulinger SC, Künzel S, Wahl M, Schmitz RA. Warming, but Not Acidification, Restructures Epibacterial Communities of the Baltic Macroalga Fucus vesiculosus With Seasonal Variability. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1471. [PMID: 32676070 PMCID: PMC7333354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to ocean acidification and global warming, surface seawater of the western Baltic Sea is expected to reach an average of ∼1100 μatm pCO2 and an increase of ∼5°C by the year 2100. In four consecutive experiments (spanning 10-11 weeks each) in all seasons within 1 year, the abiotic factors temperature (+5°C above in situ) and pCO2 (adjusted to ∼1100 μatm) were tested for their single and combined effects on epibacterial communities of the brown macroalga Fucus vesiculosus and on bacteria present in the surrounding seawater. The experiments were set up in three biological replicates using the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm facility (Kiel, Germany). Phylogenetic analyses of the respective microbiota were performed by bacterial 16S (V1-V2) rDNA Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing after 0, 4, 8, and 10/11 weeks per season. The results demonstrate (I) that the bacterial community composition varied in time and (II) that relationships between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within an OTU association network were mainly governed by the habitat. (III) Neither single pCO2 nor pCO2:Temperature interaction effects were statistically significant. However, significant impact of ocean warming was detected varying among seasons. (IV) An indicator OTU (iOTU) analysis identified several iOTUs that were strongly influenced by temperature in spring, summer, and winter. In the warming treatments of these three seasons, we observed decreasing numbers of bacteria that are commonly associated with a healthy marine microbial community and-particularly during spring and summer-an increase in potentially pathogenic and bacteria related to intensified microfouling. This might lead to severe consequences for the F. vesiculosus holobiont finally affecting the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Mensch
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven C. Neulinger
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- omics2view.consulting GbR, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Martin Wahl
- Marine Ecology Division, Research Unit Experimental Ecology, Benthic Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth A. Schmitz
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Thangaraj S, Sun J. The Biotechnological Potential of the Marine Diatom Skeletonema dohrnii to the Elevated Temperature and pCO 2 Concentration. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E259. [PMID: 32429035 DOI: 10.3390/md18050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diatoms are promising candidates for biotechnological applications, since they contain high-value compounds, naturally. To facilitate the production of these compounds, stress conditions are often preferable; however, challenges remain with respect to maximizing a metabolic potential for the large-scale cultivation. Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of diatom Skeletonema dohrnii under the actual (21 °C, 400 ppm) and elevated (25 °C, 1000 ppm) temperature and pCO2 condition. Results indicated that cells grown at higher temperature and pCO2 showed increasing growth rate, pigment composition, and biochemical productivity as did the expression of chlorophyll, carotenoid and bioactive compound related genes or transcripts. Furthermore, performing de novo transcriptome, we identified 32,884 transcript clusters and found 10,974 of them were differentially expressed between these two conditions. Analyzing the functions of differentially expressed transcripts, we found many of them involved in core metabolic and biosynthesis pathways, including chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid, phenylpropanoid, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and flavonoid biosynthesis was upregulated. Moreover, we here demonstrated that utilizing a unique bio-fixation ability, S. dohrnii is capable of suppressing central carbon metabolism to promote lipid productivity, fatty acid contents and other bioactive compounds under high temperature and pCO2 treatment. Our study suggests that this S. dohrnii species could be a potential candidate for wide-scale biotechnological applications under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions.
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22
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Timmins‐Schiffman E, Guzmán JM, Elliott Thompson R, Vadopalas B, Eudeline B, Roberts SB. Dynamic response in the larval geoduck ( Panopea generosa) proteome to elevated pCO 2. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:185-197. [PMID: 31988722 PMCID: PMC6972802 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific geoducks (Panopea generosa) are clams found along the northeast Pacific coast where they are important components of coastal and estuarine ecosystems and a major aquaculture product. The Pacific coastline, however, is also experiencing rapidly changing ocean habitat, including significant reductions in pH. To better understand the physiological impact of ocean acidification on geoduck clams, we characterized for the first time the proteomic profile of this bivalve during larval development and compared it to that of larvae exposed to low pH conditions. Geoduck larvae were reared at pH 7.5 (ambient) or pH 7.1 in a commercial shellfish hatchery from day 6 to day 19 postfertilization and sampled at six time points for an in-depth proteomics analysis using high-resolution data-dependent analysis. Larvae reared at low pH were smaller than those reared at ambient pH, especially in the prodissoconch II phase of development, and displayed a delay in their competency for settlement. Proteomic profiles revealed that metabolic, cell cycle, and protein turnover pathways differed between the two pH and suggested that differing phenotypic outcomes between pH 7.5 and 7.1 are likely due to environmental disruptions to the timing of physiological events. In summary, ocean acidification results in elevated energetic demand on geoduck larvae, resulting in delayed development and disruptions to normal molecular developmental pathways, such as carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M. Guzmán
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Rhonda Elliott Thompson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Taylor Shellfish HatcheryQuilceneWAUSA
- Mason County Public HealthSheltonWAUSA
| | | | | | - Steven B. Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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23
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Johnson MD, Carpenter RC. Nitrogen enrichment offsets direct negative effects of ocean acidification on a reef-building crustose coralline alga. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0371. [PMID: 29997188 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) and nutrient enrichment threaten the persistence of near shore ecosystems, yet little is known about their combined effects on marine organisms. Here, we show that a threefold increase in nitrogen concentrations, simulating enrichment due to coastal eutrophication or consumer excretions, offset the direct negative effects of near-future OA on calcification and photophysiology of the reef-building crustose coralline alga, Porolithon onkodes Projected near-future pCO2 levels (approx. 850 µatm) decreased calcification by 30% relative to ambient conditions. Conversely, nitrogen enrichment (nitrate + nitrite and ammonium) increased calcification by 90-130% in ambient and high pCO2 treatments, respectively. pCO2 and nitrogen enrichment interactively affected instantaneous photophysiology, with highest relative electron transport rates under high pCO2 and high nitrogen. Nitrogen enrichment alone increased concentrations of the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin by approximately 80-450%, regardless of pCO2 These results demonstrate that nutrient enrichment can mediate direct organismal responses to OA. In natural systems, however, such direct benefits may be counteracted by simultaneous increases in negative indirect effects, such as heightened competition. Experiments exploring the effects of multiple stressors are increasingly becoming important for improving our ability to understand the ramifications of local and global change stressors in near shore ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie D Johnson
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA .,Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Robert C Carpenter
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
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24
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Vaqué D, Lara E, Arrieta JM, Holding J, Sà EL, Hendriks IE, Coello-Camba A, Alvarez M, Agustí S, Wassmann PF, Duarte CM. Warming and CO 2 Enhance Arctic Heterotrophic Microbial Activity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:494. [PMID: 30949141 PMCID: PMC6436474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are two main consequences of climate change that can directly affect biological and ecosystem processes in marine habitats. The Arctic Ocean is the region of the world experiencing climate change at the steepest rate compared with other latitudes. Since marine planktonic microorganisms play a key role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean it is crucial to simultaneously evaluate the effect of warming and increasing CO2 on marine microbial communities. In 20 L experimental microcosms filled with water from a high-Arctic fjord (Svalbard), we examined changes in phototrophic and heterotrophic microbial abundances and processes [bacterial production (BP) and mortality], and viral activity (lytic and lysogenic) in relation to warming and elevated CO2. The summer microbial plankton community living at 1.4°C in situ temperature, was exposed to increased CO2 concentrations (135–2,318 μatm) in three controlled temperature treatments (1, 6, and 10°C) at the UNIS installations in Longyearbyen (Svalbard), in summer 2010. Results showed that chlorophyll a concentration decreased at increasing temperatures, while BP significantly increased with pCO2 at 6 and 10°C. Lytic viral production was not affected by changes in pCO2 and temperature, while lysogeny increased significantly at increasing levels of pCO2, especially at 10°C (R2 = 0.858, p = 0.02). Moreover, protistan grazing rates showed a positive interaction between pCO2 and temperature. The averaged percentage of bacteria grazed per day was higher (19.56 ± 2.77% d-1) than the averaged percentage of lysed bacteria by virus (7.18 ± 1.50% d-1) for all treatments. Furthermore, the relationship among microbial abundances and processes showed that BP was significantly related to phototrophic pico/nanoflagellate abundance in the 1°C and the 6°C treatments, and BP triggered viral activity, mainly lysogeny at 6 and 10°C, while bacterial mortality rates was significantly related to bacterial abundances at 6°C. Consequently, our experimental results suggested that future increases in water temperature and pCO2 in Arctic waters will produce a decrease of phytoplankton biomass, enhancement of BP and changes in the carbon fluxes within the microbial food web. All these heterotrophic processes will contribute to weakening the CO2 sink capacity of the Arctic plankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Vaqué
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Lara
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M Arrieta
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias (IEO), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Johnna Holding
- Global Change Research Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Spain.,Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elisabet L Sà
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iris E Hendriks
- Global Change Research Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Spain
| | - Alexandra Coello-Camba
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Susana Agustí
- Global Change Research Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Spain.,Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul F Wassmann
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Global Change Research Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Spain.,Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Wang Y, Hu M, Wu F, Storch D, Pörtner HO. Elevated pCO 2 Affects Feeding Behavior and Acute Physiological Response of the Brown Crab Cancer pagurus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1164. [PMID: 30246790 PMCID: PMC6110915 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change exposes marine organisms to CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA). Marine animals may make physiological and behavioral adaptations to cope with OA. Elevated pCO2 may affect metabolism, feeding, and energy partition of marine crabs, and thereby affect their predator-prey dynamics with mussels. Therefore, we examined the effects of simulated future elevated pCO2 on feeding behavior and energy metabolism of the brown crab Cancer pagurus. Following 54 days of pre-acclimation to control CO2 levels (360 μatm) at 11°C, crabs were exposed to consecutively increased oceanic CO2 levels (2 weeks for 1200 and 2300 μatm, respectively) and subsequently returned to control CO2 level (390 μatm) for 2 weeks in order to study their potential to acclimate elevated pCO2 and recovery performance. Standard metabolic rate (SMR), specific dynamic action (SDA) and feeding behavior of the crabs were investigated during each experimental period. Compared to the initial control CO2 conditions, the SMRs of CO2 exposed crabs were not significantly increased, but increased significantly when the crabs were returned to normal CO2 levels. Conversely, SDA was significantly reduced under high CO2 and did not return to control levels during recovery. Under high CO2, crabs fed on smaller sized mussels than under control CO2; food consumption rates were reduced; foraging parameters such as searching time, time to break the prey, eating time, and handling time were all significantly longer than under control CO2, and prey profitability was significantly lower than that under control conditions. Again, a two-week recovery period was not sufficient for feeding behavior to return to control values. PCA results revealed a positive relationship between feeding/SDA and pH, but negative relationships between the length of foraging periods and pH. In conclusion, elevated pCO2 caused crab metabolic rate to increase at the expense of SDA. Elevated pCO2 affected feeding performance negatively and prolonged foraging periods. These results are discussed in the context of how elevated pCO2 may impair the competitiveness of brown crabs in benthic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Fangli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniela Storch
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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26
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Sundin J, Jutfelt F. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on male and female behavioural lateralization in a temperate goby. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171550. [PMID: 29657764 PMCID: PMC5882688 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural abnormality in fishes has been proposed as a significant consequence of the increasing levels of carbon dioxide occurring in the oceans. Negative effects of elevated CO2 have been reported for behaviours such as predator-prey interactions, foraging, hearing and behavioural lateralization. Importantly, the effects vary greatly both within and between species, and some recent studies have shown minimal effects of CO2 on behaviour. Whether the effect of CO2 also varies between males and females is, however, virtually unexplored. According to resource allocation theory, females are expected to be more sensitive to elevated CO2, meaning that non-sex-specific studies may overlook ecologically important differences between the sexes. In this study, we investigated the possible differences between males and females in their response to elevated CO2 by performing behavioural lateralization tests in adult temperate two-spotted gobies, Gobiusculus flavescens. We found that the strength of the side bias (absolute lateralization) was unaffected by the CO2 treatment, and there was no difference between males and females. The control fish were slightly right-biased in their behavioural asymmetry (mean relative lateralization of 14). Exposure to high CO2 affected this pattern, such that treated fish were slightly left-biased (mean relative lateralization of -10), regardless of their sex. The same results were obtained yet again when the study was repeated during a second year. We discuss our results in light of the great variation in lateralization that has been reported to depend on variables such as species, ecological settings and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Sundin
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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27
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Thor P, Bailey A, Dupont S, Calosi P, Søreide JE, De Wit P, Guscelli E, Loubet-Sartrou L, Deichmann IM, Candee MM, Svensen C, King AL, Bellerby RGJ. Contrasting physiological responses to future ocean acidification among Arctic copepod populations. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e365-e377. [PMID: 28816385 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Widespread ocean acidification (OA) is modifying the chemistry of the global ocean, and the Arctic is recognized as the region where the changes will progress at the fastest rate. Moreover, Arctic species show lower capacity for cellular homeostasis and acid-base regulation rendering them particularly vulnerable to OA. In the present study, we found physiological differences in OA response across geographically separated populations of the keystone Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis. In copepodites stage CIV, measured reaction norms of ingestion rate and metabolic rate showed severe reductions in ingestion and increased metabolic expenses in two populations from Svalbard (Kongsfjord and Billefjord) whereas no effects were observed in a population from the Disko Bay, West Greenland. At pHT 7.87, which has been predicted for the Svalbard west coast by year 2100, these changes resulted in reductions in scope for growth of 19% in the Kongsfjord and a staggering 50% in the Billefjord. Interestingly, these effects were not observed in stage CV copepodites from any of the three locations. It seems that CVs may be more tolerant to OA perhaps due to a general physiological reorganization to meet low intracellular pH during hibernation. Needless to say, the observed changes in the CIV stage will have serious implications for the C. glacialis population health status and growth around Svalbard. However, OA tolerant populations such as the one in the Disko Bay could help to alleviate severe effects in C. glacialis as a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thor
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pierre De Wit
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | | | - Lea Loubet-Sartrou
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Ida M Deichmann
- Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin M Candee
- Danish Technical University, DTU-AQUA, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Camilla Svensen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrew L King
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard G J Bellerby
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
- State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Abstract
Background Nasal highflow (NHF) provides a warmed and humidified air stream up to 60 L/min. Recent data demonstrated a positive effect in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, especially when caused by pneumonia. Preliminary data show a decrease in hypercapnia in patients with COPD. Therefore, NHF should be evaluated as a new ventilatory support device. This study was conducted to assess the impact of different flow rates on ventilatory parameters in patients with COPD. Materials and methods This interventional clinical study was performed with patients suffering from severe COPD. The aim was to characterize flow-dependent changes in mean airway pressure, breathing volumes, breathing frequency, and decrease in partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Mean airway pressure was measured in the nasopharyngeal space (19 patients). To evaluate breathing volumes, we used a polysomnographic device (18 patients). All patients received 20 L/min, 30 L/min, 40 L/min, and 50 L/min and – to illustrate the effects – nasal continuous positive airway pressure and nasal bilevel positive airway pressure. Capillary blood gas analyses were performed in 54 patients with hypercapnic COPD before and two hours after the use of NHF. We compared the extent of decrease in pCO2 when using 20 L/min and 30 L/min. Additionally, comfort and dyspnea during the use of NHF were surveyed. Results NHF resulted in a minor flow dependent increase in mean airway pressure. Tidal volume increased, and breathing rate decreased. The calculated minute volume decreased under NHF breathing. In spite of this fact, hypercapnia decreased with increasing flow (20 L/min vs 30 L/min). Additionally, an improvement in dyspnea was observed. The rapid shallow breathing index shows a decrease when using NHF. Conclusion NHF leads to a flow-dependent reduction in pCO2. This is most likely achieved by a washout of the respiratory tract and a functional reduction in dead space. In summary, NHF enhances effectiveness of breathing in patients with COPD, reduces pCO2, the work of breathing, and rapid shallow breathing index as an indicator of respiratory work load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bräunlich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus Köhler
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubert Wirtz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Mensch B, Neulinger SC, Graiff A, Pansch A, Künzel S, Fischer MA, Schmitz RA. Restructuring of Epibacterial Communities on Fucus vesiculosus forma mytili in Response to Elevated pCO2 and Increased Temperature Levels. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:434. [PMID: 27065988 PMCID: PMC4814934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine multicellular organisms in composition with their associated microbiota-representing metaorganisms-are confronted with constantly changing environmental conditions. In 2110, the seawater temperature is predicted to be increased by ~5°C, and the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) is expected to reach approximately 1000 ppm. In order to assess the response of marine metaorganisms to global changes, e.g., by effects on host-microbe interactions, we evaluated the response of epibacterial communities associated with Fucus vesiculosus forma mytili (F. mytili) to future climate conditions. During an 11-week lasting mesocosm experiment on the island of Sylt (Germany) in spring 2014, North Sea F. mytili individuals were exposed to elevated pCO2 (1000 ppm) and increased temperature levels (Δ+5°C). Both abiotic factors were tested for single and combined effects on the epibacterial community composition over time, with three replicates per treatment. The respective community structures of bacterial consortia associated to the surface of F. mytili were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing after 0, 4, 8, and 11 weeks of treatment (in total 96 samples). The results demonstrated that the epibacterial community structure was strongly affected by temperature, but only weakly by elevated pCO2. No interaction effect of both factors was observed in the combined treatment. We identified several indicator operational taxonomic units (iOTUs) that were strongly influenced by the respective experimental factors. An OTU association network analysis revealed that relationships between OTUs were mainly governed by habitat. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of how epibacterial communities associated with F. mytili may adapt to future changes in seawater acidity and temperature, ultimately with potential consequences for host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Mensch
- Department of Biology, Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven C Neulinger
- Department of Biology, Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Angelika Graiff
- Department of Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Pansch
- Coastal Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute List on the island of Sylt, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| | - Martin A Fischer
- Department of Biology, Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth A Schmitz
- Department of Biology, Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel, Germany
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30
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Klein SG, Pitt KA, Rathjen KA, Seymour JE. Irukandji jellyfish polyps exhibit tolerance to interacting climate change stressors. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:28-37. [PMID: 24323533 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing ocean temperatures and strengthening boundary currents have caused the poleward migration of many marine species. Cubozoan jellyfish known to cause Irukandji syndrome have historically been confined to tropical waters but may be expanding into subtropical regions. Here, we examine the interactive effects of warming and acidification on the population dynamics of polyps of an Irukandji jellyfish, Alatina nr mordens, and the formation of statoliths in newly metamorphosed medusae, to determine if this jellyfish could tolerate future conditions predicted for southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Two experiments, examining the orthogonal factors of temperature and pH, were undertaken. Experiment 1 mimicked the current, ca. 2050 and ca. 2100 summer temperature and pH conditions predicted for SEQ using A1F1 scenarios (temperature: 25, 27, 29 °C; pH: 7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and Experiment 2 mimicked current and future winter conditions (18 and 22 °C, pH 7.9, 7.8, 7.6). All polyps in Experiment 1 survived and budded. Fewer polyps budded in the lower pH treatments; however, patterns varied slightly among temperature treatments. Statoliths at pH 7.6 were 24% narrower than those at pH 7.8 and 7.9. Most polyps survived the winter conditions mimicked by Experiment 2 but only polyps in the 22 °C, pH 7.9 treatment increased significantly. The current absence of A. nr mordens medusae in SEQ, despite the polyps' ability to tolerate the current temperature and pH conditions, suggests that ecological, rather than abiotic factors currently limit their distribution. Observations that budding was lower under low pH treatments suggest that rates of asexual reproduction will likely be much slower in the future. We consider that A. nr mordens polyps are likely to tolerate future conditions but are unlikely to thrive in the long term. However, if polyps can overcome potential ecological boundaries and acidification proceeds slowly A. nr mordens could expand polewards in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Klein
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, Qld, Australia
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31
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Badger MPS, Schmidt DN, Mackensen A, Pancost RD. High-resolution alkenone palaeobarometry indicates relatively stable pCO(2) during the Pliocene (3.3-2.8 Ma). Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 371:20130094. [PMID: 24043868 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Temperature reconstructions indicate that the Pliocene was approximately 3(°)C warmer globally than today, and several recent reconstructions of Pliocene atmospheric CO2 indicate that it was above pre-industrial levels and similar to those likely to be seen this century. However, many of these reconstructions have been of relatively low temporal resolution, meaning that these records may have failed to capture variations associated with the 41 kyr glacial-interglacial cycles thought to have operated in the Pliocene. Here we present a new, high temporal resolution alkenone carbon isotope-based record of pCO2 spanning 3.3-2.8 Ma from Ocean Drilling Program Site 999. Our record is of high enough resolution (approx. 19 kyr) to resolve glacial-interglacial changes beyond the intrinsic uncertainty of the proxy method. The record suggests that Pliocene CO2 levels were relatively stable, exhibiting variation less than 55 ppm. We perform sensitivity studies to investigate the possible effect of changing sea surface temperature (SST), which highlights the importance of accurate and precise SST reconstructions for alkenone palaeobarometry, but demonstrate that these uncertainties do not affect our conclusions of relatively stable pCO2 levels during this interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P S Badger
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, and The Cabot Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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32
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Badger MPS, Schmidt DN, Mackensen A, Pancost RD. High-resolution alkenone palaeobarometry indicates relatively stable pCO(2) during the Pliocene (3.3-2.8 Ma). Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 371:20130094. [PMID: 24043868 DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Temperature reconstructions indicate that the Pliocene was approximately 3(°)C warmer globally than today, and several recent reconstructions of Pliocene atmospheric CO2 indicate that it was above pre-industrial levels and similar to those likely to be seen this century. However, many of these reconstructions have been of relatively low temporal resolution, meaning that these records may have failed to capture variations associated with the 41 kyr glacial-interglacial cycles thought to have operated in the Pliocene. Here we present a new, high temporal resolution alkenone carbon isotope-based record of pCO2 spanning 3.3-2.8 Ma from Ocean Drilling Program Site 999. Our record is of high enough resolution (approx. 19 kyr) to resolve glacial-interglacial changes beyond the intrinsic uncertainty of the proxy method. The record suggests that Pliocene CO2 levels were relatively stable, exhibiting variation less than 55 ppm. We perform sensitivity studies to investigate the possible effect of changing sea surface temperature (SST), which highlights the importance of accurate and precise SST reconstructions for alkenone palaeobarometry, but demonstrate that these uncertainties do not affect our conclusions of relatively stable pCO2 levels during this interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P S Badger
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, and The Cabot Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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33
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Cardoso SJ, Vidal LO, Mendonça RF, Tranvik LJ, Sobek S, Fábio R. Spatial variation of sediment mineralization supports differential CO2 emissions from a tropical hydroelectric reservoir. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:101. [PMID: 23641239 PMCID: PMC3639384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial amounts of organic matter (OM) from terrestrial ecosystems are buried as sediments in inland waters. It is still unclear to what extent this OM constitutes a sink of carbon, and how much of it is returned to the atmosphere upon mineralization to carbon dioxide (CO2). The construction of reservoirs affects the carbon cycle by increasing OM sedimentation at the regional scale. In this study we determine the OM mineralization in the sediment of three zones (river, transition, and dam) of a tropical hydroelectric reservoir in Brazil as well as identify the composition of the carbon pool available for mineralization. We measured sediment organic carbon mineralization rates and related them to the composition of the OM, bacterial abundance and pCO2 of the surface water of the reservoir. Terrestrial OM was an important substrate for the mineralization. In the river and transition zones most of the OM was allochthonous (56 and 48%, respectively) while the dam zone had the lowest allochthonous contribution (7%). The highest mineralization rates were found in the transition zone (154.80 ± 33.50 mg C m-2 d-1) and the lowest in the dam (51.60 ± 26.80 mg C m-2 d-1). Moreover, mineralization rates were significantly related to bacterial abundance (r2 = 0.50, p < 0.001) and pCO2 in the surface water of the reservoir (r2 = 0.73, p < 0.001). The results indicate that allochthonous OM has different contributions to sediment mineralization in the three zones of the reservoir. Further, the sediment mineralization, mediated by heterotrophic bacteria metabolism, significantly contributes to CO2 supersaturation in the water column, resulting in higher pCO2 in the river and transition zones in comparison with the dam zone, affecting greenhouse gas emission estimations from hydroelectric reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Cardoso
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil ; Department of Ecology, Program of Post Graduation in Ecology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Martin S, Cohu S, Vignot C, Zimmerman G, Gattuso JP. One-year experiment on the physiological response of the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga, Lithophyllum cabiochae, to elevated pCO2 and temperature. Ecol Evol 2013. [PMID: 23533024 DOI: 10.1002/ece1003.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification to elevated pCO2 and temperature was investigated in isolation and in combination in the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum cabiochae. Algae were maintained in aquaria during 1 year at near-ambient conditions of irradiance, at ambient or elevated temperature (+3°C), and at ambient (ca. 400 μatm) or elevated pCO2 (ca. 700 μatm). Respiration, photosynthesis, and net calcification showed a strong seasonal pattern following the seasonal variations of temperature and irradiance, with higher rates in summer than in winter. Respiration was unaffected by pCO2 but showed a general trend of increase at elevated temperature at all seasons, except in summer under elevated pCO2. Conversely, photosynthesis was strongly affected by pCO2 with a decline under elevated pCO2 in summer, autumn, and winter. In particular, photosynthetic efficiency was reduced under elevated pCO2. Net calcification showed different responses depending on the season. In summer, net calcification increased with rising temperature under ambient pCO2 but decreased with rising temperature under elevated pCO2. Surprisingly, the highest rates in summer were found under elevated pCO2 and ambient temperature. In autumn, winter, and spring, net calcification exhibited a positive or no response at elevated temperature but was unaffected by pCO2. The rate of calcification of L. cabiochae was thus maintained or even enhanced under increased pCO2. However, there is likely a trade-off with other physiological processes. For example, photosynthesis declines in response to increased pCO2 under ambient irradiance. The present study reports only on the physiological response of healthy specimens to ocean warming and acidification, however, these environmental changes may affect the vulnerability of coralline algae to other stresses such as pathogens and necroses that can cause major dissolution, which would have critical consequence for the sustainability of coralligenous habitats and the budgets of carbon and calcium carbonate in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Martin
- CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer BP 28, 06234, Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, France ; CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
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35
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Martin S, Cohu S, Vignot C, Zimmerman G, Gattuso JP. One-year experiment on the physiological response of the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga, Lithophyllum cabiochae, to elevated pCO2 and temperature. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:676-93. [PMID: 23533024 PMCID: PMC3605855 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification to elevated pCO2 and temperature was investigated in isolation and in combination in the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum cabiochae. Algae were maintained in aquaria during 1 year at near-ambient conditions of irradiance, at ambient or elevated temperature (+3°C), and at ambient (ca. 400 μatm) or elevated pCO2 (ca. 700 μatm). Respiration, photosynthesis, and net calcification showed a strong seasonal pattern following the seasonal variations of temperature and irradiance, with higher rates in summer than in winter. Respiration was unaffected by pCO2 but showed a general trend of increase at elevated temperature at all seasons, except in summer under elevated pCO2. Conversely, photosynthesis was strongly affected by pCO2 with a decline under elevated pCO2 in summer, autumn, and winter. In particular, photosynthetic efficiency was reduced under elevated pCO2. Net calcification showed different responses depending on the season. In summer, net calcification increased with rising temperature under ambient pCO2 but decreased with rising temperature under elevated pCO2. Surprisingly, the highest rates in summer were found under elevated pCO2 and ambient temperature. In autumn, winter, and spring, net calcification exhibited a positive or no response at elevated temperature but was unaffected by pCO2. The rate of calcification of L. cabiochae was thus maintained or even enhanced under increased pCO2. However, there is likely a trade-off with other physiological processes. For example, photosynthesis declines in response to increased pCO2 under ambient irradiance. The present study reports only on the physiological response of healthy specimens to ocean warming and acidification, however, these environmental changes may affect the vulnerability of coralline algae to other stresses such as pathogens and necroses that can cause major dissolution, which would have critical consequence for the sustainability of coralligenous habitats and the budgets of carbon and calcium carbonate in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Martin
- CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer BP 28, 06234, Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, France ; CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
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Peixoto RB, Marotta H, Enrich-Prast A. Experimental evidence of nitrogen control on pCO(2) in phosphorus-enriched humic and clear coastal lagoon waters. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:11. [PMID: 23390422 PMCID: PMC3565232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and human-induced controls on carbon dioxide (CO2) in tropical waters may be very dynamic (over time and among or within ecosystems) considering the potential role of warmer temperatures intensifying metabolic responses and playing a direct role on the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. The high magnitude of biological processes at low latitudes following eutrophication by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs into coastal lagoons waters may be a relevant component of the carbon cycle, showing controls on partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) that are still poorly understood. Here we assessed the strength of N control on pCO2 in P-enriched humic and clear coastal lagoons waters, using four experimental treatments in microcosms: control (no additional nutrients) and three levels of N additions coupled to P enrichments. In humic coastal lagoons waters, a persistent CO2 supersaturation was reported in controls and all nutrient-enriched treatments, ranging from 24- to 4-fold the atmospheric equilibrium value. However, both humic and clear coastal lagoons waters only showed significant decreases in pCO2 in relation to the controlled microcosms in the two treatments with higher N addition levels. Additionally, clear coastal lagoons water microcosms showed a shift from CO2 sources to CO2 sinks, in relation to the atmosphere. Only in the two more N-enriched treatments did pCO2 substantially decrease, from 650 µatm in controls and less N-enriched treatments to 10 µatm in more N-enriched microcosms. Humic substrates and N inputs can modulate pCO2 even in P-enriched coastal lagoons waters, thereby being important drivers on CO2 outgassing from inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta B Peixoto
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry, Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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McCarthy A, Rogers SP, Duffy SJ, Campbell DA. ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS THE PHOTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA)(1). J Phycol 2012; 48:635-646. [PMID: 27011079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide is causing changes to ocean chemistry, which will continue in a predictable manner. Dissolution of additional atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to increased concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and decreased pH in ocean water. The concomitant effects on phytoplankton ecophysiology, leading potentially to changes in community structure, are now a focus of concern. Therefore, we grew the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler and the diatom strains Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hust.) Hasle et Heimdal CCMP 1014 and T. pseudonana CCMP 1335 under low light in turbidostat photobioreactors bubbled with air containing 390 ppmv or 750 ppmv CO2 . Increased pCO2 led to increased growth rates in all three strains. In addition, protein levels of RUBISCO increased in the coastal strains of both species, showing a larger capacity for CO2 assimilation at 750 ppmv CO2 . With increased pCO2 , both T. pseudonana strains displayed an increased susceptibility to PSII photoinactivation and, to compensate, an augmented capacity for PSII repair. Consequently, the cost of maintaining PSII function for the diatoms increased at increased pCO2 . In E. huxleyi, PSII photoinactivation and the counter-acting repair, while both intrinsically larger than in T. pseudonana, did not change between the current and high-pCO2 treatments. The content of the photosynthetic electron transport intermediary cytochrome b6/f complex increased significantly in the diatoms under elevated pCO2 , suggesting changes in electron transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Susan P Rogers
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Stephen J Duffy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, E4L 1G7, Canada
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to study the significance of lactate as a prognostic marker in patients of septic shock with acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study was conducted on 50 critically ill patients of septic shock with acute respiratory distress syndrome between the age group of 20-60 years and 50 controls. Plasma lactate and serum electrolytes were determined among controls and patients. Arterial blood gas analysis for pO(2), pCO(2) and pH was carried out among patients. Arterial base excess and anion gap were calculated and lactate was correlated with base excess, anion gap and pCO(2) at 5% level of significance. Higher lactate, negative arterial base excess, high anion gap, low pO(2) and high pCO(2) were observed among patients. Lactate was positively correlated pCO(2) and anion gap and negatively with pO(2) and base excess among patients. Hyperlactatemia increasing with progression of septic shock with acute respiratory distress syndrome may suggest that lactate may be used as noninvasive prognostic marker or guide to resuscitation.
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