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Lin H, Liang J. Comparison with others influences encoding and recognition of their faces: Behavioural and ERP evidence. Neuroimage 2024; 288:120538. [PMID: 38342189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In daily life, faces are often memorized within contexts involving interpersonal interactions. However, little is known about whether interpersonal interaction-related contexts influence face memory. The present study aimed to understand this question by investigating how social comparison-related context affects face encoding and recognition. To address this issue, 40 participants were informed that they and another player each played a monetary game and were then presented with both of their outcomes (either monetary gain or loss). Subsequently, participants were shown the face of the player whom they were just paired with. After all the faces had been encoded, participants were asked to perform a sudden old/new recognition task involving these faces. The results showed that, during the encoding phase, another player's monetary gain, compared to loss, resulted in more negative responses in the N170 and early posterior negativity (EPN)/N250 to relevant players' faces when participants encountered monetary loss and a smaller late positive potential (LPP) response irrespective of self-related outcomes. In the subsequent recognition phase, preceding another player's monetary gain as compared to loss led to better recognition performance and stronger EPN/N250 and LPP responses to the faces of relevant players when participants had lost some amount of money. These findings suggest that the social comparison-related context, particularly self-disadvantageous outcomes in the context, influences the memory of comparators' faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, School of National Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, China; Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, China.
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, China
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2
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Reeck C, LaBar KS. Retrieval-induced forgetting of emotional memories. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:131-147. [PMID: 37926986 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2279156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term memory manages its contents to facilitate adaptive behaviour, amplifying representations of information relevant to current goals and expediting forgetting of information that competes with relevant memory traces. Both mnemonic selection and inhibition maintain congruence between the contents of long-term memory and an organism's priorities. However, the capacity of these processes to modulate affective mnemonic representations remains ambiguous. Three empirical experiments investigated the consequences of mnemonic selection and inhibition on affectively charged and neutral mnemonic representations using an adapted retrieval practice paradigm. Participants encoded neutral cue words and affectively negative or neutral associates and then selectively retrieved a subset of these associates multiple times. The consequences of selection and inhibitory processes engaged during selective retrieval were evaluated on a final memory test in which recall for all studied associates was probed. Analyses of memory recall indicated that both affectively neutral and negative mnemonic representations experienced similar levels of enhancement and impairment following selective retrieval, demonstrating the susceptibility of affectively salient memories to these mnemonic processes. These findings indicate that although affective memories may be more strongly encoded in memory, they remain amenable to inhibition and flexibly adaptable to the evolving needs of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Reeck
- Fox School of Business, Department of Marketing, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin S LaBar
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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3
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MacKay CE, Desroches AS, Smith SD. An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Examination of the Neural Responses to Emotional and Movement-Related Images. Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:1-11. [PMID: 38362596 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2313597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that the perception of emotional images may also activate brain regions related to the preparation of motoric plans. However, little research has investigated whether these emotion-movement interactions occur at early or later stages of visual perception. In the current research, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the time course of the independent - and combined - effects of perceiving emotions and implied movement. Twenty-five participants viewed images from four categories: 1) emotional with implied movement, 2) emotional with no implied movement, 3) neutral with implied movement, and 4) neutral with no implied movement. Both emotional stimuli and movement-related stimuli led to larger N200 (200-300 ms) waveforms. Furthermore, at frontal sites, there was a marginal interaction between emotion and implied movement, such that negative stimuli showed greater N200 amplitudes vs. neutral stimuli, but only for images with implied movement. At posterior sites, a similar effect was observed for images without implied movement. The late positive potential (LPP; 500-1000 ms) was significant for emotion (at frontal sites) and movement (at frontal, central, and posterior sites), as well as for their interaction (at parietal sites), with larger LPPs for negative vs. neutral images with movement only. Together, these results suggest that the perception of emotion and movement interact at later stages of visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E MacKay
- Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy S Desroches
- Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephen D Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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4
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Xing Z, Guo T, Ren L, Schwieter JW, Liu H. Spatiotemporal evidence uncovers differential neural activity patterns in cognitive and affective conflict control. Behav Brain Res 2023; 451:114522. [PMID: 37268253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that there are overlapping neural bases for cognitive and affective conflict control, but whether the neural activity patterns caused by the two types of conflict are similar remains to be explored. The present study utilizes electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to temporally and spatially analyze the differences between cognitive and affective conflict control. We employ a semantic conflict task which includes blocks of cognitive and affective judgements primed by conflicting and non-conflicting contexts. The results showed a typical neural conflict effect in the cognitive judgment blocks as reflected by greater amplitudes of P2, N400, and the late positive potential (LPP), as well as greater activation of the left pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the conflict condition relative to the non-conflict condition. These patterns did not emerge in the affective judgments, but instead, showed reversed effects of the LPP and in the left SMA. Taken together, these findings suggest that cognitive and affective conflict control result in different neural activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Xing
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, 116029 Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, 116029 Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China
| | - Lanlan Ren
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, 116029 Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China
| | - John W Schwieter
- Language Acquisition, Multilingualism, and Cognition Laboratory / Bilingualism Matters @ Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada; Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, 116029 Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China.
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5
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Lin H, Liang J. The priming effects of emotional vocal expressions on face encoding and recognition: An ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 183:32-40. [PMID: 36375630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that emotional primes, presented as visual stimuli, influence face memory (e.g., encoding and recognition). However, due to stimulus-associated issues, whether emotional primes affect face encoding when the priming stimuli are presented in an auditory modality remains controversial. Moreover, no studies have investigated whether the effects of emotional auditory primes are maintained in later stages of face memory, such as face recognition. To address these issues, participants in the present study were asked to memorize angry and neutral faces. The faces were presented after a simple nonlinguistic interjection expressed with angry or neutral prosodies. Subsequently, participants completed an old/new recognition task in which only faces were presented. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that during the encoding phase, all faces preceded by an angry vocal expression elicited larger N170 responses than faces preceded by a neutral vocal expression. Angry vocal expression also enhanced the late positive potential (LPP) responses specifically to angry faces. In the subsequent recognition phase, preceding angry vocal primes reduced early LPP responses to both angry and neutral faces and late LPP responses specifically to neutral faces. These findings suggest that the negative emotion of auditory primes influenced face encoding and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Lin H, Liang J. Behavioral and ERP effects of encoded facial expressions on facial identity recognition depend on recognized facial expressions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1590-1606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Ku LC, Allen JJB, Lai VT. Attention and regulation during emotional word comprehension in older adults: Evidence from event-related potentials and brain oscillations. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2022; 227:105086. [PMID: 35139454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Older adults often show a positivity bias effect during picture processing, focusing more on positive than negative information. It is unclear whether this positivity bias effect generalizes to language and whether arousal matters. The present study investigated how age affects emotional word comprehension with varied valence (positive, negative) and arousal (high, low). We recorded older and younger participants' brainwaves (EEG) while they read positive/negative and high/low-arousing words and pseudowords, and made word/non-word judgments. Older adults showed increased N400s and left frontal alpha decreases (300-450 ms) for low-arousing positive as compared to low-arousing negative words, suggesting an arousal-dependent positivity bias during lexical retrieval. Both age groups showed similar LPPs to negative words. Older adults further showed a larger mid-frontal theta increase (500-700 ms) than younger adults for low-arousing negative words, possibly indicating down-regulation of negative meanings of low-arousing words. Altogether, our data supported the strength and vulnerability integration model of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Ku
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - John J B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vicky T Lai
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Pickren SE, Stacy M, Del Tufo SN, Spencer M, Cutting LE. The Contribution of Text Characteristics to Reading Comprehension: Investigating the Influence of Text Emotionality. READING RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2022; 57:649-667. [PMID: 35492809 PMCID: PMC9049824 DOI: 10.1002/rrq.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined relations between text features (e.g., word concreteness, referential cohesion) and reading comprehension using multilevel logistic models. The sample was 158 native English-speaking students between 8 years 8 months and 11 years 2 months of age with a wide range of reading ability. In line with the simple view of reading, decoding ability and language comprehension were associated with reading comprehension performance. Text characteristics, including indices of word frequency, number of pronouns, word concreteness, and deep cohesion, also predicted unique variance in reading comprehension performance over and above the simple view's components. Additionally, the emotional charge of text (i.e., lexical ratings of arousal) predicted reading comprehension beyond traditional person-level and text-based characteristics. These findings add to a small but growing body of evidence suggesting that it is important to consider emotional charge in addition to person-level and text-based characteristics to better understand reading comprehension performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Stacy
- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
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9
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Zora H, Csépe V. Perception of Prosodic Modulations of Linguistic and Paralinguistic Origin: Evidence From Early Auditory Event-Related Potentials. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:797487. [PMID: 35002610 PMCID: PMC8733303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.797487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How listeners handle prosodic cues of linguistic and paralinguistic origin is a central question for spoken communication. In the present EEG study, we addressed this question by examining neural responses to variations in pitch accent (linguistic) and affective (paralinguistic) prosody in Swedish words, using a passive auditory oddball paradigm. The results indicated that changes in pitch accent and affective prosody elicited mismatch negativity (MMN) responses at around 200 ms, confirming the brain’s pre-attentive response to any prosodic modulation. The MMN amplitude was, however, statistically larger to the deviation in affective prosody in comparison to the deviation in pitch accent and affective prosody combined, which is in line with previous research indicating not only a larger MMN response to affective prosody in comparison to neutral prosody but also a smaller MMN response to multidimensional deviants than unidimensional ones. The results, further, showed a significant P3a response to the affective prosody change in comparison to the pitch accent change at around 300 ms, in accordance with previous findings showing an enhanced positive response to emotional stimuli. The present findings provide evidence for distinct neural processing of different prosodic cues, and statistically confirm the intrinsic perceptual and motivational salience of paralinguistic information in spoken communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Zora
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Sun Y, Sommer W, Li W. How accentuation influences the processing of emotional words in spoken language: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2022; 166:108144. [PMID: 35007616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pitch accent marks information structure in utterances in many languages but little is known about the effects of accent on the perception of emotional word meaning. The present study explored the processing of accentuation and its influence on the semantic integration of emotional words during spoken sentence comprehension. Twenty-five participants were presented with sets of spoken Chinese sentences while accentuation and emotional meaning of the adjectives were orthogonally manipulated. An implicit task required the recognition of words contained in the sentences, whereas an explicit task required judging the presence of an accented or emotional word. In the ERPs to the adjectives, accentuation induced a long-lasting anterior negativity starting around 150-250 ms and a late posterior positivity. More importantly, emotionally negative words elicited larger negativities between 300 and 700 ms as compared to neutral words but only when they were accented. Interestingly, these negativities showed a parietal N400-typical distribution when accent was implicit but strongly overlapped with the accent-induced anterior negativity when accent was task-relevant. Hence, accentuation may enable the processing of emotional meaning by directing attention towards the accented words. When accent and emotion are explicit parts of the task, similar frontal attentional networks are activated by emotion as by accent alone. In contrast, when accent and emotion are implicit to the task, emotion appears to merely activate parietal networks, typical for semantic integration effects. Together, these results suggest that accentuation plays an important role in spoken sentence comprehension, deserving further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Werner Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, China.
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11
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Cui Q, Liu M, Liu CH, Long Z, Zhao K, Fu X. Unpredictable fearful stimuli disrupt timing activities: Evidence from event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108057. [PMID: 34653495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of an imminent fearful stimulus on an ongoing temporal task. Participants judged the duration of a blank temporal interval followed by a fearful or a neutral image. Results showed an underestimation of the duration in the fearful condition relative to the neutral condition, but only when the occurrence of the fearful image was difficult to predict. ERPs results for the blank temporal interval found no effect of the fearful stimulus on the contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude in the clock stage. However, after the image onset, there was a larger P1 for the fearful relative to the neutral condition. Although this effect was indistinguishable regardless of whether the fearful event could be easily predicted, a late positive potential (LPP) component displayed larger amplitude only for unpredictable fearful stimuli. The time-frequency results showed enhanced delta-theta power (0.5-7.5 Hz) for the unpredictable fearful stimuli in the late stage. Importantly, the enhanced delta-theta rhythm correlated negatively with the duration judgments. Together, these results suggest that an unpredictable fearful event might divert more attention away from the counting process in the working memory stage, resulting in missing ticks and temporal underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Mingtong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Hong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengkun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Ming X, Lou Y, Zou L, Lei Y, Li H, Li Y. The cumulative effect of positive and negative feedback on emotional experience. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13935. [PMID: 34459511 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cumulative effect of positive or negative feedback on subsequent emotional experiences remains unclear. Elucidating this effect could help individuals to better understand and accept the change in emotional experience, irrespective of when they or others receive consecutive positive or negative feedback. This study aimed to examine this effect on 37 participants using self-reported pleasantness and event-related potential data as indicators. After completing each trial, the participants received predetermined false feedback; they were then assessed on a nine-point pleasantness scale. There were 12 false feedback conditions categorized into three valence types. The positive type consisted of three consecutive positive feedbacks and a fourth medium feedback; the medium type contained four consecutive medium feedbacks; the negative type consisted of three consecutive negative feedbacks and a fourth medium feedback. We abbreviated medium false feedback after three positive, medium, and negative false feedbacks as 3 pm, 3 mm, and 3 nm, respectively. The results showed that the score of self-reported pleasantness of 3mm was significantly lower than that of 3 pm and higher than that of 3 nm. The feedback-related negativity amplitude of 3 pm was significantly greater than that of 3 mm and 3 nm, and the late-positive potential amplitude of 3 nm was significantly greater than that of 3 pm and 3 mm. We found that individuals experienced medium feedback more positively and negatively after continuous positive and negative feedback, respectively. Our findings suggest that individuals should seek continuous positive feedback and avoid continuous negative feedback; this strategy may contribute to increased positive emotional experiences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Ming
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixue Lou
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Barch DM, Whalen D, Gilbert K, Kelly D, Kappenman ES, Hajcak G, Luby JL. Neural Indicators of Anhedonia: Predictors and Mechanisms of Treatment Change in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Early Childhood Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:879-887. [PMID: 33153527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood depression is associated with anhedonia and reduced event-related potential (ERP) responses to rewarding or pleasant stimuli. Whether these neural measures are indicators of target engagement or treatment outcome is not yet known. METHODS We measured ERP responses to win and loss feedback in a guessing task and to pleasant versus neutral pictures in young (4.0-6.9 years of age) depressed children before and after randomization to either 18 weeks of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development (PCIT-ED) or waitlist. RESULTS Analyses included reward positivity (RewP) data from 118 children randomly assigned to PCIT-ED (n = 60) or waitlist (n = 58) at baseline and late positive potential (LPP) data from 99 children (44 assigned to PCIT-ED vs. 55 assigned to waitlist) at baseline. Children undergoing PCIT-ED showed a greater reduction in anhedonia (F1,103 = 10.32, p = .002, partial η2 = .09). RewP reward responses increased more (F1,86 = 5.98, p = .02, partial η2 = .07) for PCIT-ED, but a greater change in RewP was not significantly associated with a greater reduction in major depressive disorder symptoms (r = -.12, p > .4). Baseline RewP did not predict treatment change. LPPs to positive pictures did not change across treatment, but greater baseline LPPs to positive pictures predicted a higher likelihood of remission from major depressive disorder in children undergoing PCIT-ED (B = 0.14; SE = 0.07; odds ratio = 1.15; p = .03). CONCLUSIONS The ERP reward response improved in young children with depression during a treatment designed to enhance emotion development, providing evidence of target engagement of the neural systems associated with reward. Further, greater baseline LPP responses to positive pictures was associated with a greater likelihood of depression remission, suggesting that this ERP measure can predict which children are most likely to respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Danielle Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emily S Kappenman
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Science and Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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14
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Tschuemperlin RM, Batschelet HM, Moggi F, Koenig T, Roesner S, Keller A, Pfeifer P, Soravia LM, Stein M. The Neurophysiology of Implicit Alcohol Associations in Recently Abstinent Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study Considering Gender Effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2031-2044. [PMID: 32880981 PMCID: PMC7693094 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroscientific models of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) postulate an imbalance between automatic, implicit, and controlled (conscious) processes. Implicit associations towards alcohol indicate the automatically attributed appeal of alcohol-related stimuli. First, behavioral studies indicate that negative alcohol associations are less pronounced in patients compared to controls, but potential neurophysiological differences remain unexplored. This study investigates neurophysiological correlates of implicit alcohol associations in recently abstinent patients with AUD for the first time, including possible gender effects. METHODS A total of 62 patients (40 males and 22 females) and 21 controls performed an alcohol valence Implicit Association Test, combining alcohol-related pictures with positive (incongruent condition) or negative (congruent condition) words, while brain activity was recorded using 64-channel electroencephalography. Event-related potentials (ERPs) for alcohol-negative and alcohol-positive trials were computed. Microstate analyses investigated the effects of group (patients, controls) and condition (incongruent, congruent); furthermore, possible gender effects in patients were analyzed. Significant effects were localized with standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic topography analysis. RESULTS Although no behavioral group differences were found, ERPs of patients and controls were characterized by distinct microstates from 320 ms onwards. ERPs between conditions differed only in patients with higher signal strength during incongruent trials. Around 600 ms, controls displayed higher signal strength than patients. A gender effect mirrored this pattern with enhanced signal strength in females as opposed to male patients. Around 690 ms, a group-by-valence interaction indicated enhanced signal strength in congruent compared to incongruent trials, which was more pronounced in controls. CONCLUSIONS For patients with AUD, the pattern, timing, and source localization of effects suggest greater effort regarding semantic and self-relevant integration around 400 ms during incongruent trials and attenuated emotional processing during the late positive potential timeframe. Interestingly, this emotional attenuation seemed reduced in female patients, thus corroborating the importance of gender-sensitive research and potential treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Martina Tschuemperlin
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinic Suedhang,, Kirchlindach, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, (RMT, HMB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hallie Margareta Batschelet
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, (RMT, HMB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Moggi
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Koenig
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Roesner
- Addiction Treatment Center, (SR, AK), Forel Clinic, Ellikon an der Thur, Switzerland
| | - Anne Keller
- Addiction Treatment Center, (SR, AK), Forel Clinic, Ellikon an der Thur, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Pfeifer
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leila Maria Soravia
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinic Suedhang,, Kirchlindach, Switzerland
| | - Maria Stein
- From the, Translational Research Center, (RMT, HMB, FM, TK, PP, LMS, MS), University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, (MS), Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Lin H, Liang J. Negative expectations influence behavioral and ERP responses in the subsequent recognition of expectancy-incongruent neutral events. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13492. [PMID: 31608460 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that expectancy incongruence in emotional stimuli influences the encoding (i.e., the first stage of memory processing) of the stimuli. However, it is unknown about whether expectancy incongruence influences later stages of memory processing, such as recognition. To this end, expectancy cues were presented prior to emotional pictures. Most often, the cues accurately indicated the emotional consequences of the pictures, but in some cases the consequence was incongruent with the expectations, and a picture from another emotional category was presented. Afterward, participants completed an unexpected recognition task in which old and novel pictures were not preceded by expectancy cues. The results showed that, in the encoding phase, expectancy incongruence reduced response accuracy when categorizing pictorial emotions, and the effect was smaller for neutral pictures than for negative pictures. ERP results showed stronger and weaker responses to expectancy incongruent pictures compared to congruent pictures in time ranges related to the encoding-related early and middle late positive potential (LPP), respectively. In the subsequent recognition phase, d' scores were higher for incongruent neutral pictures than for congruent ones. Expectancy incongruence enlarged the P2 response but reduced the recognition-related early LPP response for neutral pictures. However, effects of expectancy incongruence were not seen for negative pictures. Therefore, the findings in the present study indicate that negative expectations influence the later recognition of expectancy incongruent neutral events, whereas negative events are more resistant to the effects of expectation incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Lin H, Liang J. Contextual effects of angry vocal expressions on the encoding and recognition of emotional faces: An event-related potential (ERP) study. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107147. [PMID: 31325481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that stimulus memory (e.g., encoding and recognition) is influenced by emotion. In terms of face memory, event-related potential (ERP) studies have shown that the encoding of emotional faces is influenced by the emotion of concomitant context, when contextual stimuli were input from a visual modality. Behavioral studies also investigated the effect of contextual emotion on subsequent recognition of neutral faces. However, there might be no studies ever investigating the context effect on face encoding and recognition, when contextual stimuli were input from other sensory modalities (e.g., an auditory modality). Additionally, it may be unknown about the neural mechanisms underlying context effects on recognition of emotional faces. Therefore, the present study aimed to use vocal expressions as contexts to investigate whether contextual emotion influences ERP responses during face encoding and recognition. To this end, participants in the present study were asked to memorize angry and neutral faces. The faces were presented concomitant with either angry or neutral vocal expressions. Subsequently, participants were asked to perform an old/new recognition task, in which only faces were presented. In the encoding phase, ERP results showed that compared to neutral vocal expression, angry vocal expressions led to smaller P1 and N170 responses to both angry and neutral faces. For angry faces, however, late positive potential (LPP) responses were increased in the angry voice condition. In the later recognition phase, N170 responses were larger for neutral-encoded faces that had been presented with angry compared to neutral vocal expressions. Preceding angry vocal expression increased FN400 and LPP responses to both neutral-encoded and angry-encoded faces, when the faces showed the encoded expression. Therefore, the present study indicates that contextual emotion with regard to vocal expression influences neural responses during face encoding and subsequent recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, 510303, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Barch DM, Whalen D, Gilbert K, Kelly D, Kappenman ES, Hajcak G, Luby JL. Neural Indicators of Anhedonia: Predictors and Mechanisms of Treatment Change in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Early Childhood Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:863-871. [PMID: 30583852 PMCID: PMC6499710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood depression is associated with anhedonia and reduced event-related potential (ERP) responses to rewarding or pleasant stimuli. Whether these neural measures are indicators of target engagement or treatment outcome is not yet known. METHODS We measured ERP responses to win and loss feedback in a guessing task and to pleasant versus neutral pictures in young (4.0-6.9 years of age) depressed children before and after randomization to either 18 weeks of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development (PCIT-ED) treatment or waitlist (WL) control condition. RESULTS Analyses included reward positivity (RewP) data from 118 children randomized to PCIT-ED treatment (n = 60) or WL control condition (n = 58) at baseline and late positive potential (LPP) data from 99 children (44 PCIT-ED treatment vs. 55 WL control condition) at baseline. Children in the PCIT-ED group showed a greater reduction in anhedonia (F1,103 = 10.32, p = .002, partial η2 = .09). RewP reward responses increased more (F1,87 = 5.45, p = .02, partial η2 = .06) for PCIT-ED and a greater change in RewP was associated with a greater reduction in major depressive disorder symptoms (r = -.24, p = .05). Baseline RewP did not predict treatment change. LPPs to positive pictures did not change across treatment, but greater baseline LPPs to positive pictures predicted a higher likelihood of remission from major depressive disorder in the PCIT-ED group (B = 0.14; SE = 0.07; odds ratio = 1.15; p = .03). CONCLUSIONS The ERP reward response improved in young children with depression during a treatment designed to enhance emotion development, providing evidence of target engagement of the neural systems associated with reward. Further, greater baseline LPP responses to positive pictures were associated with a greater reduction in depression, suggesting that this ERP measure can predict which children are most likely to respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Danielle Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emily S Kappenman
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Science and Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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18
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Bresin K, Mccowan K, Verona E. The effect of rumination on recall of emotional words: comparison of dysphoric individuals with and without a history of nonsuicidal self-injury. Cogn Emot 2019; 33:1655-1671. [PMID: 30894063 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1595529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior research and theory has suggested that rumination plays a role in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and rumination increases recall of negative autobiographical information in dysphoric individuals. Across two studies, we investigated whether rumination (versus distraction) differentially influences the recall of emotional words among dysphoric persons with and without a history of NSSI. Participants encoded unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant words and then were randomly assigned to either focus on the meaning and consequences of their emotions (i.e. rumination) or unrelated thoughts (i.e. distraction) before they were asked to recall encoded words. Across the two studies, we did not find a significant effect of rumination on memory for emotional words among dysphoric people with (Studies 1 and 2) or without a history of NSSI (Study 1). We did find that people were more likely to remember neutral words as opposed to unpleasant or pleasant words across studies, regardless of rumination condition. Together, results from these two well-powered studies provide fairly compelling evidence that rumination after encoding has little to no effect on recall for emotional words in people elevated on symptoms of depression or with NSSI history. These findings can be used to refine theories of rumination and NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Bresin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Kristen Mccowan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Edelyn Verona
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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19
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Tarai S, Mukherjee R, Qurratul QA, Singh BK, Bit A. Use of Prosocial Word Enhances the Processing of Language: Frequency Domain Analysis of Human EEG. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2019; 48:145-161. [PMID: 30043323 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-018-9595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Use of prosocial language enhances human cooperation and harmony. Previous research has shown that talking about helping, sharing and giving to others creates positive impression on others, by which individuals and governments gain public approval. So far, the value judgement of approval and disapproval in terms of prosocial or antisocial has not been investigated in the domain of neuroscience of language. Here, the influence of prosocial words towards neural adaptability for greater acceptance is examined using behavioural response mapping with electroencephalography activities of human brain. The prosocial and antisocial words employing correct and incorrect set of sentences in English are presented to participants for performing grammatical judgement task. Our results show that processing of antisocial word requires larger neurocognitive resources as compared to prosocial one, which is corroborated with our behavioural response time suggesting higher response time for antisocial than prosocial words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikanta Tarai
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Raipur, India
| | - Rupsha Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Quais Ain Qurratul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Bikesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Arindam Bit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Raipur, 492010, India.
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20
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Culbreth AJ, Foti D, Barch DM, Hajcak G, Kotov R. Electrocortical Responses to Emotional Stimuli in Psychotic Disorders: Comparing Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Affective Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:586. [PMID: 30505284 PMCID: PMC6250820 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion dysfunction has long been considered a cardinal feature across psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and affective psychosis. However, few studies have used objective markers of emotional function to compare psychotic disorders to one another, and fewer studies have examined such markers within a longitudinal framework. Here, we examine one objective marker of emotional responsivity, the late positive potential (LPP), which is a centro-parietal event-related potential (ERP) that tracks the dynamic allocation of attention to emotional vs. neutral stimuli. We used the LPP to characterize abnormal emotional responsivity by relating it to negative, depressive, and psychotic symptoms among two clinical groups: individuals diagnosed with affective psychosis and individuals with schizophrenia. We also used a long-term longitudinal framework, examining concurrent associations between LPP amplitude and symptom severity, as well as prospective associations with symptoms 4 years later. Participants were 74 individuals with psychotic illness: 37 with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 37 with a primary affective disorder (psychotic bipolar disorder, psychotic depression). There were no mean-level differences in LPP amplitude between the schizophrenia spectrum and primary affective psychosis group. In the primary affective psychosis group, reduced LPP amplitude was associated with greater depressive, negative, and psychotic symptom severity, both concurrently and at follow-up; associations between LPP and symptoms were not observed within the schizophrenia spectrum group. This pattern of results suggests that the neural correlates of emotion dysfunction may differ across psychotic disorders. One possibility is that schizophrenia is characterized by a decoupling of symptom severity and emotional processing. Such findings underscore the importance of analyzing transdiagnostic samples to determine common or specific symptom relationships across various patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Culbreth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dan Foti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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21
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MacNamara A, Barley B. Event-related potentials to threat of predictable and unpredictable shock. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13206. [PMID: 30112760 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive affective neuroscience tasks that are straightforward to administer, measure key constructs of interest, and can be used in different lab settings and with multiple psychophysiological methods can lead to a more complete understanding of experimental effects. The no-threat, predictable threat, unpredictable threat (NPU-threat) task assesses constructs of interest to both clinical and basic affective science literatures, is relatively brief to administer, and has been used across labs with a number of different measurements (e.g., startle eyeblink, fMRI, corrugator response, subjective ratings). ERPs provide another means of assessing neurobiological reactivity during the NPU-threat task, but to date such measures have been underutilized. That is, no study has yet evaluated cue-elicited ERPs in the NPU-threat task. Here, cue-elicited ERPs were assessed in 78 participants who completed a version of the NPU-threat task previously shown to reliably moderate startle eyeblink amplitudes. Results showed larger P2 amplitudes for unpredictable versus predictable trials, increased P3s and late positive potentials for threatening versus no-threat trials, as well as larger stimulus preceding negativities for threatening versus no-threat trials (driven primarily by predictable threat cues). In line with prior work, we observed enhanced startle eyeblink for threatening versus no-threat trials and for unpredictable compared to predictable threat interstimulus intervals. In addition, the probe-elicited P3 was suppressed for predictable and unpredictable compared to no-threat trials. Therefore, cue-elicited ERPs, which can be recorded alongside other measures in the NPU-threat task (e.g., startle), may provide useful indices of temporally distinct stages of predictable and unpredictable threat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie MacNamara
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Blake Barley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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22
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McCrackin SD, Itier RJ. Is it about me? Time-course of self-relevance and valence effects on the perception of neutral faces with direct and averted gaze. Biol Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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MacNamara A. In the mind's eye: The late positive potential to negative and neutral mental imagery and intolerance of uncertainty. Psychophysiology 2017; 55:e13024. [PMID: 29072319 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many advantages to human beings' ability to generate and sustain mental imagery in the absence of exteroceptive stimuli; however, this ability may also underlie emotional disorders characterized by worry, rumination, or excessive concern about the future. For instance, fear-based disorders may be characterized by heightened ERPs to negative imagery. On the other hand, distress disorders may be characterized by attempts to avoid engaging with negative mental imagery, and therefore reduced electrocortical response. Prior ERP work has used negative and neutral pictorial stimuli to establish the parameters of response in healthy individuals, before taking these paradigms to clinical samples to assess aberrant emotion processing. Yet despite its clinical relevance, no study to date has elicited a late positive potential (LPP), a robust measure of emotion processing, to standardized negative imagined scenes. Here, participants listened to audio descriptions of negative and neutral scenes, and were asked to imagine these scenes as vividly as possible. Results showed that negative imagined scenes elicited an increased LPP, lasting approximately 10 s after audio description offset, as well as heightened ratings of arousal and unpleasantness. Moreover, participants with greater self-reported cognitive concerns about uncertain future events (higher prospective intolerance of uncertainty) showed reduced emotional modulation of the LPP. These data provide the first evidence of sustained electrocortical processing of standardized negative imagery elicited in the absence of salient visual cues, and suggest that cognitive risk for anxiety in an unselected sample may be represented phenotypically by blunted LPPs to negative imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie MacNamara
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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24
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Barnacle GE, Tsivilis D, Schaefer A, Talmi D. Local context influences memory for emotional stimuli but not electrophysiological markers of emotion-dependent attention. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 29023754 PMCID: PMC6849549 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotional enhancement of free recall can be context dependent. It is readily observed when emotional and neutral scenes are encoded and recalled together in a “mixed” list, but diminishes when these scenes are encoded separately in “pure” lists. We examined the hypothesis that this effect is due to differences in allocation of attention to neutral stimuli according to whether they are presented in mixed or pure lists, especially when encoding is intentional. Using picture stimuli that were controlled for semantic relatedness, our results contradicted this hypothesis. The amplitude of well‐known electrophysiological markers of emotion‐related attention—the early posterior negativity (EPN), the late positive potential (LPP), and the slow wave (SW)—was higher for emotional stimuli. Crucially, the emotional modulation of these ERPs was insensitive to list context, observed equally in pure and mixed lists. Although list context did not modulate neural markers of emotion‐related attention, list context did modulate the effect of emotion on free recall. The apparent decoupling of the emotional effects on attention and memory, challenges existing hypotheses accounting for the emotional enhancement of memory. We close by discussing whether findings are more compatible with an alternative hypothesis, where the magnitude of emotional memory enhancement is, at least in part, a consequence of retrieval dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Barnacle
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alexandre Schaefer
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Deborah Talmi
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Lin H, Schulz C, Straube T. Contextual effects of surprised expressions on the encoding and recognition of emotional target faces: An event-related potential (ERP) study. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:273-281. [PMID: 28939385 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies reported that the encoding and recognition of emotional target faces are modulated by negative contextual expressions. However, it is unknown whether other contextual expressions, such as emotionally ambiguous expressions, affect the encoding and recognition of target faces. To this end, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during the presentation of angry or happy target faces after a random sequence of surprised or neutral contextual faces that did not differ in normative valence ratings. Subsequently, participants were asked to perform an unexpected old/new recognition task in which target faces were shown in either the encoded or a non-encoded expression. During the encoding phase, event-related potential (ERP) results showed that surprised as compared to neutral contextual faces led to smaller late positive potentials (LPP) for happy but not for angry target faces. Similar effects were also observed in the N170, even though the interaction of context and target expression failed to reach statistical significance. In the later recognition phase, recognition rates were lower for encoded happy faces when they had been encountered in surprised as compared to neutral context, regardless of whether the target face showed the encoded or a non-encoded expression. However, this context effect was not observed for angry-encoded faces. Taken together, the present study indicates that ambiguous contextual expressions, e.g., surprised faces, affect structural and cognitive encoding and later recognition of happy target faces to a larger extent than neutral contextual faces; whereas angry faces are more resistant to context effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521 Guangzhou, China; Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, 510521 Guangzhou, China; Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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26
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Desatnik A, Bel-Bahar T, Nolte T, Crowley M, Fonagy P, Fearon P. Emotion regulation in adolescents: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:52-61. [PMID: 28803782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The use of emotion regulation strategies can reduce the intensity of negative emotional experiences. Event related potentials (ERPs), specifically the late positive potential (LPP), are known to be sensitive to this modulation in adults. This is the first study to explore the neural correlates of expressive suppression in adolescents. We sought to replicate previous findings from emotion regulation studies with adult populations, show that the LPP can be modulated by expressive suppression in healthy adolescents, and examine the influence of age on LPP changes. METHOD ERPs of 53 healthy adolescents (12-17 years old) performing an emotion regulation task (expressive suppression) were recorded. RESULTS Expressive suppression altered the LPP in adolescents with both increases and decreases noted depending on time window and recording site. The LPP during expressive suppression was decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that 1) the LPP is an effective tool to study processes associated with emotion regulation in adolescents, and 2) expressive suppression, in terms of its neural indicators, seems to become more effective with age. The nature and utility of expressive suppression as a specific form of emotion regulation in adolescents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Desatnik
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London & The Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tarik Bel-Bahar
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tobias Nolte
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London & The Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London & The Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Brown DR, Cavanagh JF. The sound and the fury: Late positive potential is sensitive to sound affect. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1812-1825. [PMID: 28726287 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotion is an emergent construct of multiple distinct neural processes. EEG is uniquely sensitive to real-time neural computations, and thus is a promising tool to study the construction of emotion. This series of studies aimed to probe the mechanistic contribution of the late positive potential (LPP) to multimodal emotion perception. Experiment 1 revealed that LPP amplitudes for visual images, sounds, and visual images paired with sounds were larger for negatively rated stimuli than for neutrally rated stimuli. Experiment 2 manipulated this audiovisual enhancement by altering the valence pairings with congruent (e.g., positive audio + positive visual) or conflicting emotional pairs (e.g., positive audio + negative visual). Negative visual stimuli evoked larger early LPP amplitudes than positive visual stimuli, regardless of sound pairing. However, time frequency analyses revealed significant midfrontal theta-band power differences for conflicting over congruent stimuli pairs, suggesting very early (∼500 ms) realization of thematic fidelity violations. Interestingly, late LPP modulations were reflective of the opposite pattern of congruency, whereby congruent over conflicting pairs had larger LPP amplitudes. Together, these findings suggest that enhanced parietal activity for affective valence is modality independent and sensitive to complex affective processes. Furthermore, these findings suggest that altered neural activities for affective visual stimuli are enhanced by concurrent affective sounds, paving the way toward an understanding of the construction of multimodal affective experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin R Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Imbir KK. The Affective Norms for Polish Short Texts (ANPST) Database Properties and Impact of Participants' Population and Sex on Affective Ratings. Front Psychol 2017; 8:855. [PMID: 28611707 PMCID: PMC5447762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Affective Norms for Polish Short Texts (ANPST) dataset (Imbir, 2016d) is a list of 718 affective sentence stimuli with known affective properties with respect to subjectively perceived valence, arousal, dominance, origin, subjective significance, and source. This article examines the reliability of the ANPST and the impact of population type and sex on affective ratings. The ANPST dataset was introduced to provide a recognized method of eliciting affective states with linguistic stimuli more complex than single words and that included contextual information and thus are less ambiguous in interpretation than single word. Analysis of the properties of the ANPST dataset showed that norms collected are reliable in terms of split-half estimation and that the distributions of ratings are similar to those obtained in other affective norms studies. The pattern of correlations was the same as that found in analysis of an affective norms dataset for words based on the same six variables. Female psychology students' valence ratings were also more polarized than those of their female student peers studying other subjects, but arousal ratings were only higher for negative words. Differences also appeared for all other measured dimensions. Women's valence ratings were found to be more polarized and arousal ratings were higher than those made by men, and differences were also present for dominance, origin, and subjective significance. The ANPST is the first Polish language list of sentence stimuli and could easily be adapted for other languages and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Speed BC, Levinson AR, Gross JJ, Kiosses DN, Hajcak G. Emotion regulation to idiographic stimuli: Testing the Autobiographical Emotion Regulation Task. Neuropsychologia 2017; 145:106346. [PMID: 28457978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the ability to regulate emotion is crucial for psychological well-being. However, one important limitation of prior emotion regulation studies is that they rely on standardized stimuli low in personal relevance. To address this limitation, the current study employed a novel event-related potential (ERP) paradigm designed to investigate the late positive potential (LPP) as a measure of emotional reactivity and regulation to idiographic stimuli in 49 young adults. The Autobiographical Emotion Regulation Task (AERT) is a word-viewing task in which participants identify neutral and emotionally-charged autobiographical memories and generate keywords unique to each memory. First, participants are instructed to simply view the keywords. Then, participants are presented with keywords from negative memories and are either instructed to react normally (react condition), or to use cognitive reappraisal to decrease negative emotion (reappraise condition). Results indicate that the LPP was potentiated when initially viewing keywords for negative compared to neutral memories. Furthermore, the LPP was reduced during reappraise compared to react trials, demonstrating successful down-regulation of neural activity to negative idiographic stimuli. These findings suggest that the AERT is a feasible and effective probe of emotion regulation to idiographic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C Speed
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, United States.
| | | | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Dimitris N Kiosses
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, United States
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, United States
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O'Hare AJ, Atchley RA, Young KM. Valence and arousal influence the late positive potential during central and lateralized presentation of images. Laterality 2016; 22:541-559. [PMID: 27728992 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2016.1241257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The motivated attention network is believed to be the system that allocates attention toward motivationally relevant, emotional stimuli in order to better prepare an organism for action [Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, M. Balaban, & R. Simons (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 97-135). Psychology Press]. The late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential (ERP) that is a manifestation of the motivated attention network, has not been found to reliably differentiate the valence of emotionally relevant stimuli. In two studies, we systematically varied epoch, stimulus arousal, stimulus valence, and hemisphere of presentation (Study 2) to investigate valence effects in the LPP. Both central and divided visual field presentations of emotional stimuli found the LPP to be sustained in later windows for high-arousing unpleasant images compared to pleasant images. Further, this effect was driven by sustained LPP responses following left hemisphere presentations of unpleasant stimuli compared to right. Findings are discussed regarding hemispheric processing of emotion and how lateralized emotion processes might contribute to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminda J O'Hare
- a Department of Psychology , University of Massachusetts Dartmouth , North Dartmouth , MA , USA
| | - Ruth Ann Atchley
- b Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Keith M Young
- c Department of Psychology , University of Minnesota Duluth , Duluth , MN , USA
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Ullrich S, Kotz SA, Schmidtke DS, Aryani A, Conrad M. Phonological Iconicity Electrifies: An ERP Study on Affective Sound-to-Meaning Correspondences in German. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1200. [PMID: 27588008 PMCID: PMC4988991 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While linguistic theory posits an arbitrary relation between signifiers and the signified (de Saussure, 1916), our analysis of a large-scale German database containing affective ratings of words revealed that certain phoneme clusters occur more often in words denoting concepts with negative and arousing meaning. Here, we investigate how such phoneme clusters that potentially serve as sublexical markers of affect can influence language processing. We registered the EEG signal during a lexical decision task with a novel manipulation of the words' putative sublexical affective potential: the means of valence and arousal values for single phoneme clusters, each computed as a function of respective values of words from the database these phoneme clusters occur in. Our experimental manipulations also investigate potential contributions of formal salience to the sublexical affective potential: Typically, negative high-arousing phonological segments-based on our calculations-tend to be less frequent and more structurally complex than neutral ones. We thus constructed two experimental sets, one involving this natural confound, while controlling for it in the other. A negative high-arousing sublexical affective potential in the strictly controlled stimulus set yielded an early posterior negativity (EPN), in similar ways as an independent manipulation of lexical affective content did. When other potentially salient formal features at the sublexical level were not controlled for, the effect of the sublexical affective potential was strengthened and prolonged (250-650 ms), presumably because formal salience helps making specific phoneme clusters efficient sublexical markers of negative high-arousing affective meaning. These neurophysiological data support the assumption that the organization of a language's vocabulary involves systematic sound-to-meaning correspondences at the phonemic level that influence the way we process language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Ullrich
- Languages of Emotion Research Cluster, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Sonja A. Kotz
- Languages of Emotion Research Cluster, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - David S. Schmidtke
- Languages of Emotion Research Cluster, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Arash Aryani
- Languages of Emotion Research Cluster, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Markus Conrad
- Languages of Emotion Research Cluster, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Cognitive, Social, and Organizational Psychology, University of La LagunaTenerife, Spain
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Baker JC, Williams JK, Witvliet CV, Hill PC. Positive reappraisals after an offense: Event-related potentials and emotional effects of benefit-finding and compassion. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1209540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
This article presents valence/pleasantness, activity/arousal, power/dominance, origin, subjective significance, and source-of-experience norms for 1,586 Polish words (primarily nouns), adapted from the Affective Norms for English Words list (1,040 words) and from my own previous research (546 words), regarding the duality-of-mind approach for emotion formation. This is a first attempt at creating affective norms for Polish words. The norms are based on ratings by a total of 1,670 college students (852 females and 818 males) from different Warsaw universities and academies, studying various disciplines in equal proportions (humanities, engineering, and social and natural sciences) using a 9-point Likert Self-Assessment Manikin scale. Each participant assessed 240 words on six different scales (40 words per scale) using a paper-and-pencil group survey procedure. These affective norms for Polish words are a valid and useful tool that will allow researchers to use standard, well-known verbal materials comparable to the materials used in other languages (English, German, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, etc.). The normative values of the Polish adaptation of affective norms are included in the online supplemental materials for this article.
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Imbir KK, Spustek T, Żygierewicz J. Effects of Valence and Origin of Emotions in Word Processing Evidenced by Event Related Potential Correlates in a Lexical Decision Task. Front Psychol 2016; 7:271. [PMID: 26973569 PMCID: PMC4773610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of emotional word processing during a lexical decision task (LDT). We showed that valence and origin (two distinct affective properties of stimuli) help to account for the ERP correlates of LDT. The origin of emotion is a factor derived from the emotion duality model. This model distinguishes between the automatic and controlled elicitation of emotional states. The subjects' task was to discriminate words from pseudo-words. The stimulus words were carefully selected to differ with respect to valence and origin whilst being matched with respect to arousal, concreteness, length and frequency in natural language. Pseudo-words were matched to words with respect to length. The subjects were 32 individuals aged from 19 to 26 years who were invited to participate in an EEG study of lexical decision making. They evaluated a list of words and pseudo-words. We found that valence modulated the amplitude of the FN400 component (290-375 ms) at centro-frontal (Fz, Cz) region, whereas origin modulated the amplitude of the component in the LPC latency range (375-670 ms). The results indicate that the origin of stimuli should be taken into consideration while deliberating on the processing of emotional words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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Hundrieser M, Stahl J. How attitude strength and information influence moral decision making: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:678-88. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Hundrieser
- Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment; University of Cologne; Köln Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment; University of Cologne; Köln Germany
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Schindler S, Wolff W. Cerebral Correlates of Automatic Associations Towards Performance Enhancing Substances. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1923. [PMID: 26733914 PMCID: PMC4686700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct assessment of explicit attitudes toward performance enhancing substances, for example Neuroenhancement or doping in sports, can be affected by social desirability biases and cheating attempts. According to Dual Process Theories of cognition, indirect measures like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure automatic associations toward a topic (as opposed to explicit attitudes measured by self-report measures). Such automatic associations are thought to occur rapidly and to evade voluntary control. However, whether or not such indirect tests actually reflect automatic associations is difficult to validate. Electroencephalography (EEG) has a superior time resolution which can differentiate between highly automatic compared to more elaborate processing stages. We therefore used EEG to examine on which processing stages cortical differences between negative or positive attitudes to doping occur, and whether or not these differences can be related to BIAT scores. We tested 42 university students (31 females, 24.43 ± 3.17 years old), who were requested to complete a brief doping IAT (BIAT) on attitudes toward doping. Cerebral activity during doping BIAT completion was assessed using high-density EEG. Behaviorally, participants D-scores exhibited negative attitudes toward doping, represented by faster reaction times in the doping + dislike pairing task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed earliest effects between 200 and 300 ms. Here, a relatively larger occipital positivity was found for the doping + dislike pairing task. Further, in the LPP time range between 400 and 600 ms a larger late positive potential was found for the doping + dislike pairing task over central regions. These LPP amplitude differences were successfully predicting participants' BIAT D-scores. Results indicate that event-related potentials differentiate between positive and negative doping attitudes at stages of mid-latency. However, it seems that IAT scores can be predicted only by the later occurring LPP. Our study is the first to investigate the cerebral correlates that contribute to test scores obtained in the indirect testing of automatic associations toward doping. The implications of our results for the broader NE concept are discussed in light of the conceptual similarity of doping and NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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MacNamara A, Kotov R, Hajcak G. Diagnostic and symptom-based predictors of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: An event-related potential study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015; 40:275-289. [PMID: 27346901 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The delineation of specific versus overlapping mechanisms in GAD and MDD could shed light on the integrity of these diagnostic categories. For example, negative emotion generation is one mechanism that may be especially relevant to both disorders. Emotional processing abnormalities were examined among 97 outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) and 25 healthy adults, using the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential that is larger for emotional versus neutral stimuli. GAD and MDD were also assessed dimensionally across all participants. Both MDD diagnosis and dimensional depression scores were associated with reduced ΔLPP. When controlling for MDD diagnosis/dimension, both the diagnosis and dimension of GAD were associated with increased ΔLPP. Both MDD and GAD dimensions, but not diagnoses, were associated with increased ΔRT to targets that followed emotional pictures. Therefore, MDD and GAD have distinguishable and opposing features evident in neural measures of emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
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Yick YY, Buratto LG, Schaefer A. The effects of negative emotion on encoding-related neural activity predicting item and source recognition. Neuropsychologia 2015; 73:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lartseva A, Dijkstra T, Kan CC, Buitelaar JK. Processing of emotion words by patients with autism spectrum disorders: evidence from reaction times and EEG. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 44:2882-94. [PMID: 24920285 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated processing of emotion words in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using reaction times and event-related potentials (ERP). Adults with (n = 21) and without (n = 20) ASD performed a lexical decision task on emotion and neutral words while their brain activity was recorded. Both groups showed faster responses to emotion words compared to neutral, suggesting intact early processing of emotion in ASD. In the ERPs, the control group showed a typical late positive component (LPC) at 400-600 ms for emotion words compared to neutral, while the ASD group showed no LPC. The between-group difference in LPC amplitude was significant, suggesting that emotion words were processed differently by individuals with ASD, although their behavioral performance was similar to that of typical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Lartseva
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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40
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Imbir KK, Jarymowicz MT, Spustek T, Kuś R, Żygierewicz J. Origin of Emotion Effects on ERP Correlates of Emotional Word Processing: The Emotion Duality Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126129. [PMID: 25955719 PMCID: PMC4425658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We distinguish two evaluative systems which evoke automatic and reflective emotions. Automatic emotions are direct reactions to stimuli whereas reflective emotions are always based on verbalized (and often abstract) criteria of evaluation. We conducted an electroencephalography (EEG) study in which 25 women were required to read and respond to emotional words which engaged either the automatic or reflective system. Stimulus words were emotional (positive or negative) and neutral. We found an effect of valence on an early response with dipolar fronto-occipital topography; positive words evoked a higher amplitude response than negative words. We also found that topographically specific differences in the amplitude of the late positive complex were related to the system involved in processing. Emotional stimuli engaging the automatic system were associated with significantly higher amplitudes in the left-parietal region; the response to neutral words was similar regardless of the system engaged. A different pattern of effects was observed in the central region, neutral stimuli engaging the reflective system evoked a higher amplitudes response whereas there was no system effect for emotional stimuli. These differences could not be reduced to effects of differences between the arousing properties and concreteness of the words used as stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Konrad Imbir
- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Tomasz Spustek
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Kuś
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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41
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Zhu M, Ma J, Jiang Q, Luo W, Hou M, Chen X. The Effect of Emotional Conflict on Attention Allocation: An Event-Related Potential Study. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.72021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Recio G, Conrad M, Hansen LB, Jacobs AM. On pleasure and thrill: the interplay between arousal and valence during visual word recognition. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 134:34-43. [PMID: 24815948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interplay between arousal and valence in the early processing of affective words. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read words organized in an orthogonal design with the factors valence (positive, negative, neutral) and arousal (low, medium, high) in a lexical decision task. We observed faster reaction times for words of positive valence and for those of high arousal. Data from ERPs showed increased early posterior negativity (EPN) suggesting improved visual processing of these conditions. Valence effects appeared for medium and low arousal and were absent for high arousal. Arousal effects were obtained for neutral and negative words but were absent for positive words. These results suggest independent contributions of arousal and valence at early attentional stages of processing. Arousal effects preceded valence effects in the ERP data suggesting that arousal serves as an early alert system preparing a subsequent evaluation in terms of valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Recio
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, Room 4004, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Conrad
- Freie Universität Berlin, Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Universidad de La Laguna, Cognitive Neuroscience & Psycholinguistics Lab, Campus de Guajara, E-38205 La Laguna, S.C. de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laura B Hansen
- Universidad de Granada, Department of Experimental Psychology, Campus de Cartuja s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Arthur M Jacobs
- Freie Universität Berlin, Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion (DINE), Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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43
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Aging effects on ERP correlates of emotional word discrimination. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1986-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Ofek E, Purdy S, Ali G, Webster T, Gharahdaghi N, McCann C. Processing of emotional words after stroke: An electrophysiological study. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1771-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Wheaton MG, Holman A, Rabinak CA, Macnamara A, Proudfit GH, Phan KL. Danger and disease: electrocortical responses to threat- and disgust-eliciting images. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:235-9. [PMID: 23938878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests facilitated processing of evolutionarily significant stimuli (e.g., depictions of erotica, mutilation, threat), as reflected by augmented event-related potentials (ERPs), including the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP). Evolutionary models suggest that images that evoke disgust should be high in motivational salience, but evidence that the EPN and LPP are enhanced by disgusting images is lacking. Prior studies have employed only a small number of disgusting images that were limited in the types of content depicted. In the current study, participants viewed larger sets of disgusting, threatening, and neutral images with more varied content while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Results showed that disgusting and threatening images elicited equivalent LPPs, which were both significantly increased relative to LPPs elicited by neutral images. EPN amplitudes were augmented for both disgusting and threatening relative to neutral images, though significantly more for disgust. These findings offer initial evidence that the EPN and the LPP are sensitive to disgust-eliciting pictures and that these pictures may receive processing that is at least on par with that of threatening images. Limitations of the current study and implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Wheaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
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46
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Event-related induced frontal alpha as a marker of lateral prefrontal cortex activation during cognitive reappraisal. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 12:730-40. [PMID: 22773414 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrocortical activity, typically used to track the effects of cognitive reappraisal on the processing of emotional stimuli, has not been used to index the prefrontal-cortex-mediated regulatory mechanisms responsible for these effects. In the present study, we examined the novel possibility that induced frontal alpha (i.e., 8-13 Hz), shown to reflect the inhibition and disengagement of task-relevant cortical regions, may be quantified to explore cortical activation that is specifically enhanced during cognitive reappraisal. For this purpose, 44 participants viewed unpleasant and neutral pictures followed by auditory instructions to either continue viewing the picture or reduce their emotional response to the picture by making the picture seem less emotional (i.e., cognitive reappraisal). In line with previous work, unpleasant pictures elicited a larger late positive potential (LPP) than did neutral pictures. Also corroborating previous work, the mid-latency LPP was reduced when pictures were cognitively reappraised. However, the present study showed for the first time that whereas unpleasant pictures elicited higher frontal alpha power bilaterally than did the neutral pictures, frontal alpha power was reduced (indicative of more activation and cognitive control) during cognitive reappraisal of both picture types over the left hemisphere. Taken together, the LPP and event-related induced frontal-alpha findings contribute unique information about the distinct neural substrates and cognitive processes underlying reappraisal.
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47
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Citron FM, Weekes BS, Ferstl EC. Effects of valence and arousal on written word recognition: Time course and ERP correlates. Neurosci Lett 2013; 533:90-5. [PMID: 23142715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Guo T, Chen M, Peng D. Emotional states modulate the recognition potential during word processing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47083. [PMID: 23056588 PMCID: PMC3466240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined emotional modulation of word processing, showing that the recognition potential (RP), an ERP index of word recognition, could be modulated by different emotional states. In the experiment, participants were instructed to compete with pseudo-competitors, and via manipulation of the outcome of this competition, they were situated in neutral, highly positive, slightly positive, highly negative or slightly negative emotional states. They were subsequently asked to judge whether the referent of a word following a series of meaningless character segmentations was an animal or not. The emotional induction task and the word recognition task were alternated. Results showed that 1) compared with the neutral emotion condition, the peak latency of the RP under different emotional states was earlier and its mean amplitude was smaller, 2) there was no significant difference between RPs elicited under positive and negative emotional states in either the mean amplitude or latency, and 3) the RP was not affected by different degrees of positive emotional states. However, compared to slightly negative emotional states, the mean amplitude of the RP was smaller and its latency was shorter in highly negative emotional states over the left hemisphere but not over the right hemisphere. The results suggest that emotional states influence word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taomei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Danling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Martín-Loeches M, Fernández A, Schacht A, Sommer W, Casado P, Jiménez-Ortega L, Fondevila S. The influence of emotional words on sentence processing: electrophysiological and behavioral evidence. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3262-72. [PMID: 22982604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Whereas most previous studies on emotion in language have focussed on single words, we investigated the influence of the emotional valence of a word on the syntactic and semantic processes unfolding during sentence comprehension, by means of event-related brain potentials (ERP). Experiment 1 assessed how positive, negative, and neutral adjectives that could be either syntactically correct or incorrect (violation of number agreement) modulate syntax-sensitive ERP components. The amplitude of the left anterior negativity (LAN) to morphosyntactic violations increased in negative and decreased in positive words in comparison to neutral words. In Experiment 2, the same sentences were presented but positive, negative, and neutral adjectives could be either semantically correct or anomalous given the sentence context. The N400 to semantic anomalies was not significantly affected by the valence of the violating word. However, positive words in a sentence seemed to influence semantic correctness decisions, also triggering an apparent N400 reduction irrespective of the correctness value of the word. Later linguistic processes, as reflected in the P600 component, were unaffected in either experiment. Overall, our results indicate that emotional valence in a word impacts the syntactic and semantic processing of sentences, with differential effects as a function of valence and domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martín-Loeches
- Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, UCM-ISCIII, Monforte de Lemos 5, Pabellón 14, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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MacNamara A, Schmidt J, Zelinsky GJ, Hajcak G. Electrocortical and ocular indices of attention to fearful and neutral faces presented under high and low working memory load. Biol Psychol 2012; 91:349-56. [PMID: 22951516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory load reduces the late positive potential (LPP), consistent with the notion that functional activation of the DLPFC attenuates neural indices of sustained attention. Visual attention also modulates the LPP. In the present study, we sought to determine whether working memory load might exert its influence on ERPs by reducing fixations to arousing picture regions. We simultaneously recorded eye-tracking and EEG while participants performed a working memory task interspersed with the presentation of task-irrelevant fearful and neutral faces. As expected, fearful compared to neutral faces elicited larger N170 and LPP amplitudes; in addition, working memory load reduced the N170 and the LPP. Participants made more fixations to arousing regions of neutral faces and faces presented under high working memory load. Therefore, working memory load did not induce avoidance of arousing picture regions and visual attention cannot explain load effects on the N170 and LPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie MacNamara
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500, USA.
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