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Yu H, Wang F, Jia D, Bi S, Gong J, Wu J, Mao Y, Chen J, Chai G. Pathological features and molecular signatures of early olfactory dysfunction in 3xTg-AD model mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14632. [PMID: 38366763 PMCID: PMC10873683 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is known to be an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism, particularly the specific molecular events that occur during the early stages of olfactory disorders, remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we utilized transcriptomic sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and biochemical detection to investigate the specific pathological and molecular characteristics of the olfactory bulb (OB) in 4-month-old male triple transgenic 3xTg-AD mice (PS1M146V/APPSwe/TauP301L). RESULTS Initially, during the early stages of olfactory impairment, no significant learning and memory deficits were observed. Correspondingly, we observed significant accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau pathology specifically in the OB, but not in the hippocampus. In addition, significant axonal morphological defects were detected in the olfactory bulb, cortex, and hippocampal brain regions of 3xTg-AD mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of neuroinflammation-related genes, accompanied by a significant decrease in neuronal activity-related genes in the OB. Moreover, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting demonstrated an activation of glial cell biomarkers Iba1 and GFAP, along with a reduction in the expression levels of neuronal activity-related molecules Nr4a2 and FosB, as well as olfaction-related marker OMP. CONCLUSION In sum, the early accumulation of Aβ and Tau pathology induces neuroinflammation, which subsequently leads to a decrease in neuronal activity within the OB, causing axonal transport deficits that contribute to olfactory disorders. Nr4a2 and FosB appear to be promising targets for intervention aimed at improving early olfactory impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Wang
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Dongdong Jia
- The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation HospitalWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Shuguang Bi
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Juan Gong
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Jia‐Jun Wu
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Yumin Mao
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Gao‐Shang Chai
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
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McLaren AMR, Kawaja MD. Olfactory Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:811-827. [PMID: 38728185 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and it is one of the leading causes of death globally. Identification and validation of biomarkers that herald the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease is of paramount importance for early reliable diagnosis and effective pharmacological therapy commencement. A substantial body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that olfactory dysfunction is a preclinical symptom of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. While a correlation between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease onset and progression in humans exists, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown. The aim of this article is to review the current state of knowledge regarding the range of potential factors that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease-related olfactory dysfunction. This review predominantly focuses on genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease including amyloid-β protein precursor, presenilin 1 and 2, and apolipoprotein E mutations, that may (in varying ways) drive the cellular events that lead to and sustain olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Kawaja
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
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Sangineto M, Ciarnelli M, Cassano T, Radesco A, Moola A, Bukke VN, Romano A, Villani R, Kanwal H, Capitanio N, Duda L, Avolio C, Serviddio G. Metabolic reprogramming in inflammatory microglia indicates a potential way of targeting inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102846. [PMID: 37586250 PMCID: PMC10457454 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation drives the pro-inflammatory activity in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanistic basis is elusive, and the hypothesis of targeting microglia to prevent AD onset is little explored. Here, we demonstrated that upon LPS exposure, microglia shift towards an energetic phenotype characterised by high glycolysis and high mitochondrial respiration with dysfunction. Although the activity of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes is boosted by LPS, this is mostly devoted to the generation of reactive oxygen species. We showed that by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) with dimethyl malonate (DMM), it is possible to modulate the LPS-induced metabolic rewiring, facilitating an anti-inflammatory phenotype. DMM improves mitochondrial function in a direct way and by reducing LPS-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the block of SDH with DMM inhibits the recruitment of hypoxia inducible-factor 1 α (HIF-1α), which mediates the induction of glycolysis and cytokine expression. Similar bioenergetic alterations were observed in the microglia isolated from AD mice (3xTg-AD), which present high levels of circulating LPS and brain toll-like receptor4 (TLR4). Moreover, this well-established model of AD was used to show a potential effect of SDH inhibition in vivo as DMM administration abrogated brain inflammation and modulated the microglia metabolic alterations of 3xTg-AD mice. The RNA-sequencing analysis from a public dataset confirmed the consistent transcription of genes encoding for ETC subunits in the microglia of AD mice (5xFAD). In conclusion, TLR4 activation promotes metabolic changes and the pro-inflammatory activity in microglia, and SDH might represent a promising therapeutic target to prevent AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moris Sangineto
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Martina Ciarnelli
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Radesco
- Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", I.R.C.S.S. of Bari, Laboratory of Haematological Diagnostics and Cellular Therapy, Bari, Italy
| | - Archana Moola
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonino Romano
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Hina Kanwal
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loren Duda
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Audronyte E, Sutnikiene V, Pakulaite-Kazliene G, Kaubrys G. Olfactory memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1165594. [PMID: 37332995 PMCID: PMC10272592 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1165594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfaction is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, olfactory memory has rarely been examined. As the pathogenesis of AD remains largely unknown, collecting more data regarding the occurrence and progression of its symptoms would help gain more insight into the disease. Objective To investigate olfactory memory and its relationship with verbal memory and other clinical features in patients with early-stage AD. Methods Three groups of participants were enrolled in this study: patients with mild dementia due to AD (MD-AD, N = 30), patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD, N = 30), and cognitively normal older participants (CN, N = 30). All participants underwent cognitive evaluation (Clinical Dementia Rating scale, Mini Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, delayed verbal recall, and verbal fluency tests) and assessment of olfactory immediate and delayed recognition memory. Results Olfactory immediate and delayed recognition memory scores were significantly lower in the MD-AD group than in the MCI-AD and CN groups. The MCI-AD and CN groups did not differ significantly [in both cases, Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05; post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between the MD-AD and MCI-AD groups and between the MD-AD and CN groups (p < 0.05), and no significant difference between the MCI-AD and CN groups (p > 0.05)]. Verbal immediate recall, delayed recall after 5 min, and delayed recall after 30 min scores were significantly worse in the MD-AD and MCI-AD groups than in the CN group. MD-AD and MCI-AD groups did not differ significantly [in all cases Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05; post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between MD-AD and CN groups, and MCI-AD and CN groups (p < 0.05) and no significant difference between MD-AD and MCI-AD groups (p > 0.05)]. Duration of AD symptoms was a strong predictor of both immediate and delayed olfactory recognition memory scores. Conclusion Olfactory memory impairment was observed in patients with AD. The changes progress during the course of the disease. However, unlike verbal memory, olfactory memory is not significantly impaired in the prodromal stage of AD.
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Cassano T, Giamogante F, Calcagnini S, Romano A, Lavecchia AM, Inglese F, Paglia G, Bukke VN, Romano AD, Friuli M, Altieri F, Gaetani S. PDIA3 Expression Is Altered in the Limbic Brain Regions of Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033005. [PMID: 36769334 PMCID: PMC9918299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (3×Tg-AD mice) to longitudinally analyse the expression level of PDIA3, a protein disulfide isomerase and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, in selected brain limbic areas strongly affected by AD-pathology (amygdala, entorhinal cortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus). Our results suggest that, while in Non-Tg mice PDIA3 levels gradually reduce with aging in all brain regions analyzed, 3×Tg-AD mice showed an age-dependent increase in PDIA3 levels in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and ventral hippocampus. A significant reduction of PDIA3 was observed in 3×Tg-AD mice already at 6 months of age, as compared to age-matched Non-Tg mice. A comparative immunohistochemistry analysis performed on 3×Tg-AD mice at 6 (mild AD-like pathology) and 18 (severe AD-like pathology) months of age showed a direct correlation between the cellular level of Aβ and PDIA3 proteins in all the brain regions analysed, even if with different magnitudes. Additionally, an immunohistochemistry analysis showed the presence of PDIA3 in all post-mitotic neurons and astrocytes. Overall, altered PDIA3 levels appear to be age- and/or pathology-dependent, corroborating the ER chaperone's involvement in AD pathology, and supporting the PDIA3 protein as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Flavia Giamogante
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Inglese
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Paglia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Wang X, Hu M, Xie Q, Geng C, Jin C, Ren W, Fan J, Ma T, Hu B. Amyloid β oligomers disrupt piriform cortical output via a serotonergic pathway. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 121:64-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rajani V, Yuan Q. Noradrenergic Modulation of the Piriform Cortex: A Possible Avenue for Understanding Pre-Clinical Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:908758. [PMID: 35722616 PMCID: PMC9204642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.908758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis and progression. Deficits with odor identification and discrimination are common symptoms of pre-clinical AD, preceding severe memory disorder observed in advanced stages. As a result, understanding mechanisms of olfactory impairment is a major focus in both human studies and animal models of AD. Pretangle tau, a precursor to tau tangles, is first observed in the locus coeruleus (LC). In a recent animal model, LC pretangle tau leads to LC fiber degeneration in the piriform cortex (PC), a cortical area associated with olfactory dysfunction in both human AD and rodent models. Here, we review the role of LC-sourced NE in modulation of PC activity and suggest mechanisms by which pretangle tau-mediated LC dysfunction may impact olfactory processing in preclinical stage of AD. Understanding mechanisms of early olfactory impairment in AD may provide a critical window for detection and intervention of disease progression.
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Olfactory Evaluation in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050607. [PMID: 35624994 PMCID: PMC9139301 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is considered a pre-cognitive biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because the olfactory system is highly conserved across species, mouse models corresponding to various AD etiologies have been bred and used in numerous studies on olfactory disorders. The olfactory behavior test is a method required for early olfactory dysfunction detection in AD model mice. Here, we review the olfactory evaluation of AD model mice, focusing on traditional olfactory detection methods, olfactory behavior involving the olfactory cortex, and the results of olfactory behavior in AD model mice, aiming to provide some inspiration for further development of olfactory detection methods in AD model mice.
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Ginsenoside Rd Attenuates Tau Phosphorylation in Olfactory Bulb, Spinal Cord, and Telencephalon by Regulating Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 β and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:4485957. [PMID: 34987593 PMCID: PMC8720614 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4485957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginseng is a plant of the family Acanthopanaceae. It has been used for thousands of years in China. It is known as the king of hundred herbs. It was recorded first in Shennong Baicao Jing. It has been found that ginsenoside Rd is a neuroprotective agent. This article aims to explore the protective roles of ginsenoside Rd in Alzheimer's disease. Rd, a Chinese herb, may be a promising treatment drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is also reported to be related to several pathological changes, including the deposition of Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation in AD as it decreases the deposition of tau hyperphosphorylation in APP transgenic mice. METHODS In this study, APP transgenic mice were pretreated with 10 mg/kg Rd for six months, and the effect of Rd on neuropathological deficits in the olfactory bulb, spinal cord, and telencephalon of APP transgenic mice was investigated. The phosphorylation levels of tau (S199/202, S396, S404, and Tau5) and the activities of the proteins glycogen synthase kinase 3β (Tyr216) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (P25/P35) were measured. RESULTS The pretreatment of Rd effectively decreased the production and deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau (S199/202, S396, and S404) protein by depressing the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β/Tyr216) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5/P25). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rd could improve the pathological changes of AD in the olfactory bulb, spinal cord, and telencephalon, which further demonstrated the potential therapeutic effect of Rd in early AD.
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Ziegler-Waldkirch S, Friesen M, Loreth D, Sauer JF, Kemna S, Hilse A, Erny D, Helm C, d´Errico P, Prinz M, Bartos M, Meyer-Luehmann M. Seed-induced Aβ deposition alters neuronal function and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4274-4284. [PMID: 35869271 PMCID: PMC9718674 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) which ultimately forms plaques. These Aβ deposits can be induced in APP transgenic mouse models by prion-like seeding. It has been widely accepted that anosmia and hyposmia occur during the early stages of AD, even before cognitive deficits are present. In order to determine the impact of seed-induced Aβ deposits on olfaction, we performed intracerebral injections of seed-competent brain homogenate into the olfactory bulb of young pre-depositing APP transgenic mice. Remarkably, we observed a dramatic olfactory impairment in those mice. Furthermore, the number of newborn neurons as well as the activity of cells in the mitral cell layer was decreased. Notably, exposure to an enriched environment reduced Aβ seeding, vivified neurogenesis and most importantly reversed olfactory deficits. Based on our findings, we conclude that altered neuronal function as a result of induced Aβ pathology might contribute to olfactory dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ziegler-Waldkirch
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Friesen
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Desirée Loreth
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas-Frederic Sauer
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Kemna
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hilse
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Helm
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo d´Errico
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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Mitrano DA, Houle SE, Pearce P, Quintanilla RM, Lockhart BK, Genovese BC, Schendzielos RA, Croushore EE, Dymond EM, Bogenpohl JW, Grau HJ, Webb LS. Olfactory dysfunction in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:51-61. [PMID: 33842910 PMCID: PMC8019944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease in which the risk of development increases with age. People with AD are plagued with deficits in their cognition, memory, and basic social skills. Many of these deficits are believed to be caused by the formation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in regions of the brain associated with memory, such as the hippocampus. However, one of the early, preclinical symptoms of AD is the loss of olfactory detection and discrimination. To determine if a mouse model of AD expresses the same olfactory dysfunction seen in human AD, 3xTg-AD mice were given a buried food test and, unlike previous studies, compared to their background and parental strains. Results showed that over 52 weeks, the 3xTg-AD mice took significantly longer to find the buried food than the control strains. The olfactory bulbs of the 3xTg-AD mice were removed, sliced, and stained using Congo red for histological analysis. Amyloid deposits were observed predominantly in the granule layer of the olfactory bulb beginning at 13 weeks of age in 3xTg-AD mice, but not in the control strains of mice. Further examination of the buried food test data revealed that 3xTg-AD females had a significantly longer latency to detect the buried food than males beginning at 26 weeks of age. Overall, this study provides further validation of the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD and supports the idea that simple olfactory testing could be part of the diagnostic process for human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A. Mitrano
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Sam E. Houle
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Patrick Pearce
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ricardo M. Quintanilla
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Blakely K. Lockhart
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Genovese
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Rachel A. Schendzielos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Emma E. Croushore
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ethan M. Dymond
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - James W. Bogenpohl
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Harold J. Grau
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lisa Smith Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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12
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Tzeng WY, Figarella K, Garaschuk O. Olfactory impairment in men and mice related to aging and amyloid-induced pathology. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:805-821. [PMID: 33608800 PMCID: PMC7895745 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is one of the most ancient senses in men and mice, important for a large variety of innate and acquired behaviors. Clinical data reveal an early impairment of olfaction during normal aging and in the course of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In the current review, we compare different aspects of the aging- and Alzheimer's disease related impairment of olfaction in men and mice, aiming at the identification of common morbidities and biomarkers, which can be analyzed in detail in the appropriate mouse models. We also identify common, often interdependent (patho)physiological pathways, including but not limited to extracellular amyloid depositions, neuroinflammation, ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E, CNS insulin resistance, and the impairment of adult neurogenesis, to be targeted by basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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13
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Martínez-García I, Hernández-Soto R, Villasana-Salazar B, Ordaz B, Peña-Ortega F. Alterations in Piriform and Bulbar Activity/Excitability/Coupling Upon Amyloid-β Administration in vivo Related to Olfactory Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S19-S35. [PMID: 33459655 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in odor detection and discrimination are premature symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlate with pathological signs in the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PCx). Similar olfactory dysfunction has been characterized in AD transgenic mice that overproduce amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which can be prevented by reducing Aβ levels by immunological and pharmacological means, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction depends on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-driven alterations in the OB and/or PCx, as well as on their activation. However, this possibility needs further exploration. OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of Aβ on OB and PCx excitability/coupling and on olfaction. METHODS Aβ oligomerized solution (containing oligomers, monomers, and protofibrils) or its vehicle were intracerebroventricularlly injected two weeks before OB and PCx excitability and synchrony were evaluated through field recordings in vivo and in brain slices. Synaptic transmission from the OB to the PCx was also evaluated in slices. Olfaction was assessed through the habituation/dishabituation test. RESULTS Aβ did not affect lateral olfactory tract transmission into the PCx but reduced odor habituation and cross-habituation. This olfactory dysfunction was related to a reduction of PCx and OB network activity power in vivo. Moreover, the coherence between PCx-OB activities was also reduced by Aβ. Finally, Aβ treatment exacerbated the 4-aminopyridine-induced excitation in the PCx in slices. CONCLUSION Our results show that Aβ-induced olfactory dysfunction involves a complex set of pathological changes at different levels of the olfactory pathway including alterations in PCx excitability and its coupling with the OB. These pathological changes might contribute to hyposmia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-García
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Rebeca Hernández-Soto
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Benjamín Villasana-Salazar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Benito Ordaz
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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14
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Yulug B, Saatci O, Işıklar A, Hanoglu L, Kilic U, Ozansoy M, Cankaya S, Cankaya B, Kilic E. The Association between HbA1c Levels, Olfactory Memory and Cognition in Normal, Pre-Diabetic and Diabetic Persons. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:198-212. [PMID: 31203811 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190614121738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recent data have shown that olfactory dysfunction is strongly related to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) that is often preceded by olfactory deficits suggesting that olfactory dysfunction might represent an early indicator of future cognitive in prediabetes. METHODS We have applied to a group of normal (n=15), prediabetic (n=16) and type 2 diabetic outpatients (n=15) olfactory testing, 1.5-T MRI scanner and detailed cognitive evaluation including the standard Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) form, Short Blessed Test (SBT), Letter Fluency Test (LFT) and the category fluency test with animal, Fruit and Vegetable Naming (CFT). RESULTS We have shown that Odour Threshold (OT), Discrimination (OD), and Identification (OI) scores and most cognitive test results were significantly different in the prediabetes and diabetes group compared to those in the control group. OD and OT were significantly different between the prediabetes and diabetes group, although the cognitive test results were only significantly different in the prediabetes and diabetes group compared to those in the control group. In evaluating the association between OI, OT, OD scores and specific cognitive tests, we have found, that impaired olfactory identification was the only parameter that correlated significantly with the SBT both in the pre-diabetes and diabetes group. Although spot glucose values were only correlated with OT, HbA1c levels were correlated with OT, OD, and OI, as well as results of the letter fluency test suggesting that HbA1c levels rather than the spot glucose values play a critical role in specific cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective study to demonstrate a strong association between olfactory dysfunction and specific memory impairment in a population with prediabetes and diabetes suggesting that impaired olfactory identification might play an important role as a specific predictor of memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology, Alanya AlaaddinKeykubat University, Antalya/Alanya, Turkey.,Istanbul Medipol University, Restorative and Regenerative Medicine Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Saatci
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Sancaktepe, Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Işıklar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Sancaktepe, Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lutfu Hanoglu
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Istanbul Medipol University, Restorative and Regenerative Medicine Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyda Cankaya
- Department of Neurology, Alanya AlaaddinKeykubat University, Antalya/Alanya, Turkey
| | - Baris Cankaya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Pendik Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Restorative and Regenerative Medicine Center, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, International School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Nguyen ET, Selmanovic D, Maltry M, Morano R, Franco-Villanueva A, Estrada CM, Solomon MB. Endocrine stress responsivity and social memory in 3xTg-AD female and male mice: A tale of two experiments. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104852. [PMID: 32949555 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stress confers risk for the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Relative to men, women are disproportionately more likely to be diagnosed with this neurodegenerative disease. We hypothesized that sex differences in endocrine stress responsiveness may be a factor in this statistic. To test this hypothesis, we assessed basal and stress-induced corticosterone, social recognition, and coat state deterioration (surrogate for depression-like behavior) in male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Prior to reported amyloid plaque deposition, 3xTg females (4 months), but not 3xTg males, had heightened corticosterone responses to restraint exposure. Subsequently, only 3xTg females (6 months) displayed deficits in social memory concomitant with prominent β-amyloid (Aβ) immunostaining. These data suggest that elevated corticosterone stress responses may precede cognitive impairments in genetically vulnerable females. 3xTg mice of both sexes exhibited coat state deterioration relative to same-sex controls. Corticolimbic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dysfunction is associated with glucocorticoid hypersecretion and cognitive impairment. Our findings indicate sex- and brain-region specific effects of genotype on hippocampal and amygdala GR protein expression. Because olfactory deficits may impede social recognition, in Experiment 2, we assessed olfaction and found no differences between genotypes. Notably, in this cohort, heightened corticosterone stress responses in 3xTg females was not accompanied by social memory deficits or coat state deterioration. However, coat state deterioration was consistent in 3xTg males. We report consistent heightened stress-induced corticosterone levels and Aβ pathology in female 3xTg-AD mice. However, the behavioral findings illuminate unknown inconsistencies in certain phenotypes in this AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Din Selmanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marissa Maltry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rachel Morano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christina M Estrada
- Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Bukke VN, Villani R, Archana M, Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K, Orkisz S, Ferraro L, Serviddio G, Cassano T. The Glucose Metabolic Pathway as A Potential Target for Therapeutics: Crucial Role of Glycosylation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207739. [PMID: 33086751 PMCID: PMC7589651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake in the brain decreases because of normal aging but this decline is accelerated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In fact, positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown that metabolic reductions in AD patients occur decades before the onset of symptoms, suggesting that metabolic deficits may be an upstream event in at least some late-onset cases. A decrease in availability of glucose content induces a considerable impairment/downregulation of glycosylation, which is an important post-translational modification. Glycosylation is an important and highly regulated mechanism of secondary protein processing within cells and it plays a crucial role in modulating stability of proteins, as carbohydrates are important in achieving the proper three-dimensional conformation of glycoproteins. Moreover, glycosylation acts as a metabolic sensor that links glucose metabolism to normal neuronal functioning. All the proteins involved in β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein metabolism have been identified as candidates of glycosylation highlighting the possibility that Aβ metabolism could be regulated by their glycosylation. Within this framework, the present review aims to summarize the current understanding on the role of glycosylation in the etiopathology of AD, emphasizing the idea that glucose metabolic pathway may represent an alternative therapeutic option for targeting AD. From this perspective, the pharmacological modulation of glycosylation levels may represent a ‘sweet approach’ to treat AD targeting new mechanisms independent of the amyloid cascade and with comparable impacts in familial and sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Moola Archana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Bukke VN, Archana M, Villani R, Romano AD, Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K, Orkisz S, Beggiato S, Serviddio G, Cassano T. The Dual Role of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207452. [PMID: 33050345 PMCID: PMC7589203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related dementia and neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by Aβ and tau protein deposition impairing learning, memory and suppressing synaptic plasticity of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that there is a link between the glucose and glutamate alterations with age that down-regulates glucose utilization reducing glutamate levels in AD patients. Deviations in brain energy metabolism reinforce the development of AD by hampering glutamate levels in the brain. Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid and the major excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from glucose. Alterations in cerebral glucose and glutamate levels precede the deposition of Aβ plaques. In the brain, over 40% of neuronal synapses are glutamatergic and disturbances in glutamatergic function have been implicated in pathophysiology of AD. Nevertheless, targeting the glutamatergic system seems to be a promising strategy to develop novel, improved therapeutics for AD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in AD pathophysiology as well as the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in this neurodegenerative disorder. We also discuss exciting new prospects for the development of improved therapeutics for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Moola Archana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Menini A, Reisert J. Alzheimer's Disease: What Can We Learn From the Peripheral Olfactory System? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:440. [PMID: 32508565 PMCID: PMC7248389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell has been shown to deteriorate in patients with some neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), decreased ability to smell is associated with early disease stages. Thus, olfactory neurons in the nose and olfactory bulb (OB) may provide a window into brain physiology and pathophysiology to address the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Because nasal olfactory receptor neurons regenerate throughout life, the olfactory system offers a broad variety of cellular mechanisms that could be altered in AD, including odorant receptor expression, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration in the olfactory epithelium, axonal targeting to the OB, and synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in the OB. This review focuses on pathophysiological changes in the periphery of the olfactory system during the progression of AD in mice, highlighting how the olfactory epithelium and the OB are particularly sensitive to changes in proteins and enzymes involved in AD pathogenesis. Evidence reviewed here in the context of the emergence of other typical pathological changes in AD suggests that olfactory impairments could be used to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the early phases of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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19
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Jew K, Herr D, Wong C, Kennell A, Morris-Schaffer K, Oberdörster G, O'Banion MK, Cory-Slechta DA, Elder A. Selective memory and behavioral alterations after ambient ultrafine particulate matter exposure in aged 3xTgAD Alzheimer's disease mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:45. [PMID: 31771615 PMCID: PMC6878709 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of epidemiological literature indicates that particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposure is associated with elevated Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and may exacerbate AD-related cognitive decline. Of concern is exposure to the ultrafine PM (UFP) fraction (≤100 nm), which deposits efficiently throughout the respiratory tract, has higher rates of translocation to secondary organs, like brain, and may induce inflammatory changes. We, therefore, hypothesize that exposure to UFPs will exacerbate cognitive deficits in a mouse model of AD. The present study assessed alterations in learning and memory behaviors in aged (12.5 months) male 3xTgAD and non-transgenic mice following a 2-week exposure (4-h/day, 4 days/week) to concentrated ambient UFPs using the Harvard ultrafine concentrated ambient particle system (HUCAPS) or filtered air. Beginning one month following exposure, locomotor activity, spatial learning and memory, short-term recognition memory, appetitive motivation, and olfactory discrimination were assessed. RESULTS No effects on locomotor activity were found following HUCAPS exposure (number concentration, 1 × 104-4.7 × 105 particles/cm3; mass concentration, 29-132 μg/m3). HUCAPS-exposed mice, independent of AD background, showed a significantly decreased spatial learning, mediated through reference memory deficits, as well as short-term memory deficits in novel object recognition testing. AD mice displayed diminished spatial working memory, potentially a result of olfactory deficits, and short-term memory. AD background modulated HUCAPS-induced changes on appetitive motivation and olfactory discrimination, specifically enhancing olfactory discrimination in NTg mice. Modeling variation in appetitive motivation as a covariate in spatial learning and memory, however, did not support the conclusion that differences in motivation significantly underlie changes in spatial learning and memory. CONCLUSIONS A short-term inhalation exposure of aged mice to ambient UFPs at human-relevant concentrations resulted in protracted (testing spanning 1-6.5 months post-exposure) adverse effects on multiple memory domains (reference and short-term memory) independent of AD background. Impairments in learning and memory were present when accounting for potential covariates like motivational changes and locomotor activity. These results highlight the need for further research into the potential mechanisms underlying the cognitive effects of UFP exposure in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Jew
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Denise Herr
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Candace Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Kennell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Keith Morris-Schaffer
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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20
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Cassano T, Calcagnini S, Carbone A, Bukke VN, Orkisz S, Villani R, Romano A, Avolio C, Gaetani S. Pharmacological Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: A Challenging Task. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1067. [PMID: 31611786 PMCID: PMC6777507 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the memory impairment, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is often complicated by neuropsychiatric symptoms also known as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, which occur in one-third of patients at an early stage of the disease. Although the relationship between depressive disorders and AD is debated, the question if depression is a prodromal symptom preceding cognitive deficits or an independent risk factor for AD is still unclear. Moreover, there is growing evidence reporting that conventional antidepressants are not effective in depression associated with AD and, therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the neurobiological mechanism underlying the resistance to the antidepressants. Another important question that remains to be addressed is whether the antidepressant treatment is able to modulate the levels of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which is a key pathological hallmark in AD. The present review summarizes the present knowledge on the link between depression and AD with a focus on the resistance of antidepressant therapies in AD patients. Finally, we have briefly outlined the preclinical and clinical evidences behind the possible mechanisms by which antidepressants modulate Aβ pathology. To our opinion, understanding the cellular processes that regulate Aβ levels may provide greater insight into the disease pathogenesis and might be helpful in designing novel selective and effective therapy against depression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Carbone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Bronzuoli MR, Facchinetti R, Valenza M, Cassano T, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Astrocyte Function Is Affected by Aging and Not Alzheimer's Disease: A Preliminary Investigation in Hippocampi of 3xTg-AD Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:644. [PMID: 31244658 PMCID: PMC6562169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Old age is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by hippocampal impairment together with substantial changes in glial cell functions. Are these alterations due to the disease progression or are they a consequence of aging? To start addressing this issue, we studied the expression of specific astrocytic and microglial structural and functional proteins in a validated transgenic model of AD (3×Tg-AD). These mice develop both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and initial signs of the AD-like pathology have been documented as early as three months of age. We compared male 3×Tg-AD mice at 6 and 12 months of age with their wild-type age-matched counterparts. We also investigated neurons by examining the expression of both the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), a neuronal structural protein, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The latter is indeed a crucial indicator for synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis/neurodegeneration. Our results show that astrocytes are more susceptible to aging than microglia, regardless of mouse genotype. Moreover, we discovered significant age-dependent alterations in the expression of proteins responsible for astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron communication, as well as a significant age-dependent decline in BDNF expression. Our data promote further research on the unexplored role of astroglia in both physiological and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Sharma N, Tramutola A, Lanzillotta C, Arena A, Blarzino C, Cassano T, Butterfield DA, Di Domenico F, Perluigi M, Barone E. Loss of biliverdin reductase-A favors Tau hyper-phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:176-189. [PMID: 30738142 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyper-active GSK-3β favors Tau phosphorylation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Akt is one of the main kinases inhibiting GSK-3β and its activation occurs in response to neurotoxic stimuli including, i.e., oxidative stress. Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) is a scaffold protein favoring the Akt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β. Reduced BVR-A levels along with increased oxidative stress were observed early in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice (at 6 months), thus suggesting that loss of BVR-A could be a limiting factor in the oxidative stress-induced Akt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β in AD. We evaluated changes of BVR-A, Akt, GSK-3β, oxidative stress and Tau phosphorylation levels: (a) in brain from young (6-months) and old (12-months) 3xTg-AD mice; and (b) in post-mortem inferior parietal lobule (IPL) samples from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), from AD and from age-matched controls. Furthermore, similar analyses were performed in vitro in cells lacking BVR-A and treated with H2O2. Reduced BVR-A levels along with: (a) increased oxidative stress; (b) reduced GSK-3β inhibition; and (c) increased Tau Ser404 phosphorylation (target of GSK-3β activity) without changes of Akt activation in young mice, were observed. Similar findings were obtained in MCI, consistent with the notion that this is a molecular mechanism disrupted in humans. Interestingly, cells lacking BVR-A and treated with H2O2 showed reduced GSK-3β inhibition and increased Tau Ser404 phosphorylation, which resulted from a defect of Akt and GSK-3β physical interaction. Reduced levels of Akt/GSK-3β complex were confirmed in both young 3xTg-AD and MCI brain. We demonstrated that loss of BVR-A impairs the neuroprotective Akt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β in response to oxidative stress, thus contributing to Tau hyper-phosphorylation in early stage AD. Such changes potential provide promising therapeutic targets for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Carla Blarzino
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
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23
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Prediger RD, Schamne MG, Sampaio TB, Moreira ELG, Rial D. Animal models of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:431-452. [PMID: 31604561 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction seems to occur earlier than classic motor and cognitive symptoms in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the use of the olfactory system as a clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and, potentially, prediction of treatment success. The use of genetic and neurotoxin animal models has contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we provide an overview of behavioral and neurochemical alterations observed in animal models of different neurodegenerative diseases (such as genetic and Aβ infusion models for AD and neurotoxins and genetic models of PD), in which olfactory dysfunction has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Marissa G Schamne
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tuane B Sampaio
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L G Moreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences¸ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rial
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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24
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Cassano T, Magini A, Giovagnoli S, Polchi A, Calcagnini S, Pace L, Lavecchia MA, Scuderi C, Bronzuoli MR, Ruggeri L, Gentileschi MP, Romano A, Gaetani S, De Marco F, Emiliani C, Dolcetta D. Early intrathecal infusion of everolimus restores cognitive function and mood in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:88-105. [PMID: 30243986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increases lifespan in mice and restores/delays many aging phenotypes has led to the identification of a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among mTOR inhibitors, everolimus, which has been developed to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rapamycin, has been extensively profiled in preclinical and clinical studies as anticancer and immunosuppressive agent, but no information is available about its potential effects on neurodegenerative disorders. Using a reliable mouse model of AD (3 × Tg-AD mice), we explored whether short-term treatment with everolimus injected directly into the brain by osmotic pumps was able to modify AD-like pathology with low impact on peripheral organs. We first established in non-transgenic mice the stability of everolimus at 37 °C in comparison with rapamycin and, then, evaluated its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profiles through either a single peripheral (i.p.) or central (i.c.v.) route of administration. Finally, 6-month-old (symptomatic phase) 3 × Tg-AD mice were treated with continuous infusion of either vehicle or everolimus (0.167 μg/μl/day, i.c.v.) using the osmotic pumps. Four weeks after the beginning of infusion, we tested our hypothesis following an integrated approach, including behavioral (tests for cognitive and depressive-like alterations), biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Everolimus (i) showed higher stability than rapamycin at 37 °C, (ii) poorly crossed the blood-brain barrier after i.p. injection, (iii) was slowly metabolized in the brain due to a longer t1/2 in the brain compared to blood, and (iv) was more effective in the CNS when administered centrally compared to a peripheral route. Moreover, the everolimus-induced mTOR inhibition reduced human APP/Aβ and human tau levels and improved cognitive function and depressive-like phenotype in the 3 × Tg-AD mice. The intrathecal infusion of everolimus may be effective to treat early stages of AD-pathology through a short and cyclic administration regimen, with short-term outcomes and a low impact on peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Magini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Polchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Ruggeri
- Division of Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gentileschi
- UOSD SAFU, RiDAIT Dept, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico De Marco
- UOSD SAFU, RiDAIT Dept, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Diego Dolcetta
- UOSD SAFU, RiDAIT Dept, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Seo Y, Kim HS, Kang KS. Microglial involvement in the development of olfactory dysfunction. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:319-330. [PMID: 29032655 PMCID: PMC5974513 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairment is the most common clinical manifestation among the elderly, and its prevalence increases sharply with age. Notably, growing evidence has shown that olfactory dysfunction is the first sign of neurodegeneration, indicating the importance of olfactory assessment as an early marker in the diagnosis of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the nature of olfactory dysfunction and the advantage of using animal models in olfaction study, and we include a brief introduction to olfactory behavior tests widely used in this field. The contribution of microglia in the neurodegenerative processes including olfactory impairment is then discussed to provide a comprehensive description of the physiopathological role of interactions between neurons and microglia within the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Seo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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26
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Biliverdin Reductase-A Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Intranasal Insulin in Alzheimer Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2922-2943. [PMID: 30073505 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) is an early event leading to brain insulin resistance in AD. Intranasal insulin (INI) administration is under evaluation as a strategy to alleviate brain insulin resistance; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying INI beneficial effects are still unclear. We show that INI improves insulin signaling activation in the hippocampus and cortex of adult and aged 3×Tg-AD mice by ameliorating BVR-A activation. These changes were associated with a reduction of nitrosative stress, Tau phosphorylation, and Aβ oligomers in brain, along with improved cognitive functions. The role of BVR-A was strengthened by showing that cells lacking BVR-A: (i) develop insulin resistance if treated with insulin and (ii) can be recovered from insulin resistance only if treated with a BVR-A-mimetic peptide. These novel findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying INI treatment effects and suggest BVR-A as potential therapeutic target to prevent brain insulin resistance in AD.
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27
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Tramutola A, Sharma N, Barone E, Lanzillotta C, Castellani A, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Castagnola M, Butterfield DA, Gaetani S, Cassano T, Perluigi M, Di Domenico F. Proteomic identification of altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3309-3321. [PMID: 30031227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PET scan analysis demonstrated the early reduction of cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients that can make neurons vulnerable to damage via the alteration of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Defective HBP leads to flawed protein O-GlcNAcylation coupled, by a mutual inverse relationship, with increased protein phosphorylation on Ser/Thr residues. Altered O-GlcNAcylation of Tau and APP have been reported in AD and is closely related with pathology onset and progression. In addition, type 2 diabetes patients show an altered O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation that might represent a link between metabolic defects and AD progression. Our study aimed to decipher the specific protein targets of altered O-GlcNAcylation in brain of 12-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice compared with age-matched non-Tg mice. Hence, we analysed the global O-GlcNAc levels, the levels and activity of OGT and OGA, the enzymes controlling its cycling and protein specific O-GlcNAc levels using a bi-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) approach. Our data demonstrate the alteration of OGT and OGA activation coupled with the decrease of total O-GlcNAcylation levels. Data from proteomics analysis led to the identification of several proteins with reduced O-GlcNAcylation levels, which belong to key pathways involved in the progression of AD such as neuronal structure, protein degradation and glucose metabolism. In parallel, we analysed the O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation ratio of IRS1 and AKT, whose alterations may contribute to insulin resistance and reduced glucose uptake. Our findings may contribute to better understand the role of altered protein O-GlcNAcylation profile in AD, by possibly identifying novel mechanisms of disease progression related to glucose hypometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Universidad Autònoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de alud, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Castellani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Lietzau G, Davidsson W, Östenson CG, Chiazza F, Nathanson D, Pintana H, Skogsberg J, Klein T, Nyström T, Darsalia V, Patrone C. Type 2 diabetes impairs odour detection, olfactory memory and olfactory neuroplasticity; effects partly reversed by the DPP-4 inhibitor Linagliptin. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:14. [PMID: 29471869 PMCID: PMC5824492 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that olfactory deficits could represent an early marker and a pathogenic mechanism at the basis of cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, research is needed to further characterize olfactory deficits in diabetes, their relation to cognitive decline and underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine whether T2D impairs odour detection, olfactory memory as well as neuroplasticity in two major brain areas responsible for olfaction and odour coding: the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and the piriform cortex (PC), respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) are clinically used T2D drugs exerting also beneficial effects in the brain. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether DPP-4i could reverse the potentially detrimental effects of T2D on the olfactory system. Non-diabetic Wistar and T2D Goto-Kakizaki rats, untreated or treated for 16 weeks with the DPP-4i linagliptin, were employed. Odour detection and olfactory memory were assessed by using the block, the habituation-dishabituation and the buried pellet tests. We assessed neuroplasticity in the MOB by quantifying adult neurogenesis and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons positive for calbindin, parvalbumin and carletinin. In the PC, neuroplasticity was assessed by quantifying the same populations of interneurons and a newly identified form of olfactory neuroplasticity mediated by post-mitotic doublecortin (DCX) + immature neurons. We show that T2D dramatically reduced odour detection and olfactory memory. Moreover, T2D decreased neurogenesis in the MOB, impaired the differentiation of DCX+ immature neurons in the PC and altered GABAergic interneurons protein expression in both olfactory areas. DPP-4i did not improve odour detection and olfactory memory. However, it normalized T2D-induced effects on neuroplasticity. The results provide new knowledge on the detrimental effects of T2D on the olfactory system. This knowledge could constitute essentials for understanding the interplay between T2D and cognitive decline and for designing effective preventive therapies.
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29
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Yao ZG, Hua F, Zhang HZ, Li YY, Qin YJ. Olfactory dysfunction in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Morphological evaluations from the nose to the brain. Neuropathology 2017. [PMID: 28643854 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is among the signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment. It has been demonstrated Aβ was associated with olfactory impairment observed in both transgenic mice and in AD patients. In this study, we evaluated amyloid deposition in the olfactory circuit of APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD, which showed olfactory dysfunction in olfactory behavior tests. We found amyloid depositions were widely distributed in the whole olfactory circuit. Moreover, we think these amyloid depositions contribute to neuronal atrophy, dendritic abnormalities, synapse loss and axonal degeneration. Therefore, there was a correlation between olfactory deficits and amyloid deposition. Our findings provide initial insights into the pathological basis of AD-related olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Zhuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ye-Jun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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30
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Bellanti F, Iannelli G, Blonda M, Tamborra R, Villani R, Romano A, Calcagnini S, Mazzoccoli G, Vinciguerra M, Gaetani S, Giudetti AM, Vendemiale G, Cassano T, Serviddio G. Alterations of Clock Gene RNA Expression in Brain Regions of a Triple Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:615-631. [PMID: 28671110 PMCID: PMC5523844 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A disruption to circadian rhythmicity and the sleep/wake cycle constitutes a major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The maintenance of circadian rhythmicity is regulated by endogenous clock genes and a number of external Zeitgebers, including light. This study investigated the light induced changes in the expression of clock genes in a triple transgenic model of AD (3×Tg-AD) and their wild type littermates (Non-Tg). Changes in gene expression were evaluated in four brain areas¾suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), hippocampus, frontal cortex and brainstem¾of 6- and 18-month-old Non-Tg and 3×Tg-AD mice after 12 h exposure to light or darkness. Light exposure exerted significant effects on clock gene expression in the SCN, the site of the major circadian pacemaker. These patterns of expression were disrupted in 3×Tg-AD and in 18-month-old compared with 6-month-old Non-Tg mice. In other brain areas, age rather than genotype affected gene expression; the effect of genotype was observed on hippocampal Sirt1 expression, while it modified the expression of genes regulating the negative feedback loop as well as Rorα, Csnk1ɛ and Sirt1 in the brainstem. In conclusion, during the early development of AD, there is a disruption to the normal expression of genes regulating circadian function after exposure to light, particularly in the SCN but also in extra-hypothalamic brain areas supporting circadian regulation, suggesting a severe impairment of functioning of the clock gene pathway. Even though this study did not demonstrate a direct association between these alterations in clock gene expression among brain areas with the cognitive impairments and chrono-disruption that characterize the early onset of AD, our novel results encourage further investigation aimed at testing this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iannelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Blonda
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence to: Tommaso Cassano, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy. Tel.: +39 0881 588042; Fax: +39 0881 188 0432; E-mail:
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Hu B, Geng C, Hou XY. Oligomeric amyloid-β peptide disrupts olfactory information output by impairment of local inhibitory circuits in rat olfactory bulb. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 51:113-121. [PMID: 28061384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although early olfactory dysfunction has been found in patients with Alzheimer's disease, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether and how oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) affects the responses of mitral cells (MCs). We found that oligomeric Aβ1-42 increased spontaneous and evoked firing rates but decreased the ratio of evoked to spontaneous firings in MCs. Aβ1-42 oligomers showed no impact on the hyperactivity exerted by pharmacological blockage of GABAA receptors, suggesting an involvement of GABAergic inhibitory transmission in Aβ1 to 42-induced over-excitability. It was further determined that Aβ1-42 oligomers inhibited the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, as well as the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in MCs. Both recurrent and lateral inhibition of MCs, which are critical for odor discrimination, were also disrupted by Aβ1-42 oligomers. The above data indicate that Aβ impairs local inhibitory circuits and thereby leads to perturbations of olfactory information output in the olfactory bulb. This study reveals a cellular and synaptic basis of olfactory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang ZH, Chen C, Wu QY, Zheng R, Chen Y, Liu Q, Ni JZ, Song GL. Selenomethionine Ameliorates Neuropathology in the Olfactory Bulb of a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101595. [PMID: 27689994 PMCID: PMC5085628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is an early and common symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is reported to be related to several pathologic changes, including the deposition of Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau protein as well as synaptic impairment. Selenomethionine (Se-Met), the major form of selenium in animals and humans, may be a promising therapeutic option for AD as it decreases the deposition of Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3× Tg-AD). In this study, 4-month-old AD mice were treated with 6 µg/mL Se-Met in drinking water for 12 weeks and the effect of Se-Met on neuropathological deficits in olfactory bulb (OB) of 3× Tg-AD mice was investigated. The administration of Se-Met effectively decreased the production and deposition of Aβ by inhibiting β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)-regulated amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and reduced the level of total tau and phosphorylated tau, which depended on depressing the activity and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). Meanwhile, Se-Met reduced glial activation, relieved neuroinflammation and attenuated neuronal cell death in the OB of AD mice. So Se-Met could improve pathologic changes of AD in the OB, which further demonstrated the potential therapeutic effect of Se-Met in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hao Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Qiu-Yan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Rui Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jia-Zuan Ni
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Guo-Li Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Roddick KM, Roberts AD, Schellinck HM, Brown RE. Sex and Genotype Differences in Odor Detection in the 3×Tg-AD and 5XFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease at 6 Months of Age. Chem Senses 2016; 41:433-40. [PMID: 26969629 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in odor identification and detection are early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two transgenic mouse models of AD, the 5XFAD and the 3×Tg-AD mice and their wildtype controls, were assessed for olfactory detection with decreasing concentrations of ethyl acetate in a go no-go operant olfactometer task at 6 months of age. For both the 5XFAD and their B6SJLF1 wildtype littermates, females made fewer errors in detecting the ethyl acetate than males on all but the lowest odor concentrations. Female 5XFAD mice performed slightly better than their female wildtype littermates on the higher odor concentrations, though not at the lowest concentration. The 3×Tg-AD females showed decreased olfactory detection compared with their wildtype B6129S1 controls, whereas there was no difference in the males. Therefore, although the 5XFAD mice showed no olfactory detection deficits, female 3×Tg-AD mice had impaired olfactory detection at low odor concentrations but males did not. This difference in odor detection should be considered in studies of olfactory learning and memory, as differences in performance may be due to sensory rather than cognitive factors, though detection seems unimpaired at high odor concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Roddick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Amelia D Roberts
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Heather M Schellinck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Barone E, Di Domenico F, Cassano T, Arena A, Tramutola A, Lavecchia MA, Coccia R, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. Impairment of biliverdin reductase-A promotes brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer disease: A new paradigm. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 91:127-42. [PMID: 26698666 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest a link between peripheral insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction. Interestingly, post-mortem analyses of Alzheimer disease (AD) subjects demonstrated insulin resistance in the brain proposing a role for cognitive deficits observed in AD. However, the mechanisms responsible for the onset of brain insulin resistance (BIR) need further elucidations. Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) emerged as a unique Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase directly involved in the insulin signaling and represents an up-stream regulator of the insulin signaling cascade. Because we previously demonstrated the oxidative stress (OS)-induced impairment of BVR-A in human AD brain, we hypothesize that BVR-A dysregulation could be associated with the onset of BIR in AD. In the present work, we longitudinally analyze the age-dependent changes of (i) BVR-A protein levels and activation, (ii) total oxidative stress markers levels (PC, HNE, 3-NT) as well as (iii) IR/IRS1 levels and activation in the hippocampus of the triple transgenic model of AD (3xTg-AD) mice. Furthermore, ad hoc experiments have been performed in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to clarify the molecular mechanism(s) underlying changes observed in mice. Our results show that OS-induced impairment of BVR-A kinase activity is an early event, which starts prior the accumulation of Aβ and tau pathology or the elevation of TNF-α, and that greatly contribute to the onset of BIR along the progression of AD pathology in 3xTg-Ad mice. Based on these evidence we, therefore, propose a new paradigm for which: OS-induced impairment of BVR-A is firstly responsible for a sustained activation of IRS1, which then causes the stimulation of negative feedback mechanisms (i.e. mTOR) aimed to turn-off IRS1 hyper-activity and thus BIR. Similar alterations characterize also the normal aging process in mice, positing BVR-A impairment as a possible bridge in the transition from normal aging to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Salud, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Coccia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Olfactory Dysfunctions and Decreased Nitric Oxide Production in the Brain of Human P301L Tau Transgenic Mice. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:722-30. [PMID: 26493872 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different patterns of olfactory dysfunction have been found in both patients and mouse models of Alzheimer's Disease. However, the underlying mechanism of the dysfunction remained unknown. Deficits of nitric oxide production in brain can cause olfactory dysfunction by preventing the formation of olfactory memory. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioral changes in olfaction and alterations in metabolites of nitric oxide, nitrate/nitrite concentration, in the brain of human P301L tau transgenic mice. The tau mice showed impairments in olfaction and increased abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein at AT8 in different brain areas, especially in olfactory bulb. We now report that these olfactory deficits and Tau pathological changes were accompanied by decreased nitrate/nitrite concentration in the brain, especially in the olfactory bulb, and reduced expression of nNOS in the brain of tau mice. These findings provided evidence of olfactory dysfunctions correlated with decreased nitric oxide production in the brain of tau mice.
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Romano A, Pace L, Tempesta B, Lavecchia AM, Macheda T, Bedse G, Petrella A, Cifani C, Serviddio G, Vendemiale G, Gaetani S, Cassano T. Depressive-like behavior is paired to monoaminergic alteration in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu020. [PMID: 25609597 PMCID: PMC4360228 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric signs are critical in primary caregiving of Alzheimer patients and have not yet been fully investigated in murine models. METHODS 18-month-old 3×Tg-AD male mice and their wild-type male littermates (non-Tg) were used. The open field test and the elevated plus maze test were used to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors, whereas the Porsolt forced swim test, the tail suspension test, and the sucrose preference test for antidepressant/depression-coping behaviors. Neurochemical study was conducted by microdialysis in freely-moving mice, analyzing the basal and K(+)-stimulated monoamine output in the frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. Moreover by immunohistochemistry, we analysed the expression of Tyrosin hydroxylase and Tryptophan hydroxylase, which play a key role in the synthesis of monoamines. RESULTS Aged 3×Tg-AD mice exhibited a higher duration of immobility in the forced swim and tail suspension tests (predictors of depression-like behavior) which was not attenuated by a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. In the sucrose preference test, 3×Tg-AD mice showed a significantly lower sucrose preference compared to the non-Tg group, without any difference in total fluid intake. In contrast, the motor functions and anxiety-related emotional responses of 3×Tg-AD mice were normal, as detected by the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests. To strengthen these results, we then evaluated the monoaminergic neurotransmissions by in vivo microdialysis and immunohistochemistry. In particular, with the exception of the basal hippocampal dopamine levels, 3×Tg-AD mice exhibited a lower basal extracellular output of amines in the frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus and also a decreased extracellular response to K(+) stimulation. Such alterations occur with obvious local amyloid-β and tau pathologies and without gross alterations in the expression of Tyrosin and Tryptophan hydroxylase. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 3×Tg-AD mice exhibit changes in depression-related behavior involving aminergic neurotrasmitters and provide an animal model for investigating AD with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Romano
- * These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- * These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (Drs Romano, Tempesta, Lavecchia, Bedse, and Gaetani); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy (Drs Pace, Macheda, and Cassano); Puglia and Basilicata Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Foggia, Italy (Dr Petrella); School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Italy (Dr Cifani); Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy (Drs Serviddio and Vendemiale).
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Martel G, Simon A, Nocera S, Kalainathan S, Pidoux L, Blum D, Leclère-Turbant S, Diaz J, Geny D, Moyse E, Videau C, Buée L, Epelbaum J, Viollet C. Aging, but not tau pathology, impacts olfactory performances and somatostatin systems in THY-Tau22 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1013-28. [PMID: 25433460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SOM) cortical levels decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in correlation with cognitive impairment severity, the latter being closely related to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. Impaired olfaction is another hallmark of AD tightly related to tau pathology in the olfactory pathways. Recent studies showed that SOM modulates olfactory processing, suggesting that alterations in SOM levels participate to olfactory deficits in AD. Herein, we first observed that human olfactory peduncle and cortex are enriched in SOM cells and fibers, in aged postmortem brains. Then, the possible link between SOM alterations and olfactory deficits was evaluated by exploring the impact of age and tau hyperphosphorylation on olfactory SOM networks and behavioral performances in THY-Tau22 mice, a tauopathy transgenic model. Distinct molecular repertoires of SOM peptide and receptors were associated to sensory or cortical olfactory processing structures. Aging mainly affected SOM neurotransmission in piriform and entorhinal cortex in wild-type mice, although olfactory performances decreased. However, no further olfactory impairment was evidenced in THY-Tau22 mice until 12 months although tau pathology early affected olfactory cortical structures. Thus, tau hyperphosphorylation per se has a limited impact on olfactory performances in THY-Tau22 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martel
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Simon
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Nocera
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sahana Kalainathan
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Pidoux
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - David Blum
- Inserm, UMR837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, IMPRT, F-59000, Lille, France; Université de Lille, UDSL, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Jorge Diaz
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - David Geny
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Moyse
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Videau
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, UMR837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, IMPRT, F-59000, Lille, France; Université de Lille, UDSL, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Viollet
- Inserm, UMR894, Center for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Key neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are elevated levels of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) species generated via amyloid precursor protein (APP) endoproteolysis and cleavage by the rate-limiting β-site enzyme 1 (BACE1). Because rodents do not develop amyloid pathologies, we here investigated whether AD-like endophenotypes can be created in mice by expression of human bace1. To avoid pitfalls of existing models, we introduced hbace1 via knock-in under the control of the CaMKII α promoter into the safe HPRT locus. We report amyloidogenic processing of murine APP in the hBACE1 mice (termed PLB4), resulting in the formation of toxic APP metabolites that accumulate intra- and extraneuronally in hippocampus and cortex. Pronounced accumulation of Aβ*56 and Aβ hexamers in the absence of plaque deposition was detected in brain tissue from symptomatic PLB4 mice. Heightened levels of inflammation (gliosis) also appeared in several AD-related brain regions (dentate gyrus, hippocampal area CA1, piriform and parietal cortices) at 6 and 12 months of age. Behaviorally, deficits in habituation to a novel environment and semantic-like memory (social transmission of food preference) were detected from 3 to 4 months of age. Impairments in spatial learning strategies in long-term reference (water maze) and working memory (Y-maze) tasks presented at 6 months, and were distinct from reductions in locomotor activity and anxiety. Overall, our data indicate for the first time that targeted, subtle forebrain-specific expression through single gene knock-in of hBACE1 is sufficient to generate AD-relevant cognitive impairments amid corresponding histopathologies, confirming human BACE as the key parameter in amyloid pathogenesis.
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Marchese M, Cowan D, Head E, Ma D, Karimi K, Ashthorpe V, Kapadia M, Zhao H, Davis P, Sakic B. Autoimmune manifestations in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 39:191-210. [PMID: 24150111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system activation is frequently reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether this is a cause, a consequence, or an epiphenomenon of brain degeneration. OBJECTIVE The present study examines whether immunological abnormalities occur in a well-established murine AD model and if so, how they relate temporally to behavioral deficits and neuropathology. METHODS A broad battery of tests was employed to assess behavioral performance and autoimmune/inflammatory markers in 3xTg-AD (AD) mice and wild type controls from 1.5 to 12 months of age. RESULTS Aged AD mice displayed severe manifestations of systemic autoimmune/inflammatory dise6ase, as evidenced by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, elevated serum levels of anti-nuclear/anti-dsDNA antibodies, low hematocrit, and increased number of double-negative T splenocytes. However, anxiety-related behavior and altered spleen function were evident as early as 2 months of age, thus preceding typical AD-like brain pathology. Moreover, AD mice showed altered olfaction and impaired "cognitive" flexibility in the first 6 months of life, suggesting mild cognitive impairment-like manifestations before general learning/memory impairments emerged at an older age. Interestingly, all of these features were present in 3xTg-AD mice prior to significant amyloid-β or tau pathology. CONCLUSION The results indicate that behavioral deficits in AD mice develop in parallel with systemic autoimmune/inflammatory disease. These changes antedate AD-like neuropathology, thus supporting a causal link between autoimmunity and aberrant behavior. Consequently, 3xTg-AD mice may be a useful model in elucidating the role of immune system in the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marchese
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Cowan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Pharmacology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donglai Ma
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Minesh Kapadia
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paulina Davis
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Pharmacology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Boris Sakic
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Coronas-Sámano G, Portillo W, Beltrán Campos V, Medina-Aguirre GI, Paredes RG, Diaz-Cintra S. Deficits in odor-guided behaviors in the transgenic 3xTg-AD female mouse model of Alzheimer׳s disease. Brain Res 2014; 1572:18-25. [PMID: 24842003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is characterized by a number of alterations including those in cognition and olfaction. An early symptom of AD is decreased olfactory ability, which may affect odor-guided behaviors. To test this possibility we evaluated alterations in sexual incentive motivation, sexual olfactory preference, sexual olfactory discrimination, nursing-relevant olfactory preference and olfactory discrimination in female mice. We tested 3xTg-AD (a triple transgenic model, which is a "knock in" of PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP300L) and wild type (WT) female mice when receptive (estrous) and non-receptive (anestrous). Subjects were divided into three groups of different ages: (1) 4-5 months, (2) 10-11 months, and (3) 16-18 months. In the sexual incentive motivation task, the receptive 3xTg-AD females showed no preference for a sexually active male at any age studied, in contrast to the WT females. In the sexual olfactory preference test, the receptive WT females were able to identify sexually active male secretions at all ages, but the oldest (16-18 months old) 3xTg-AD females could not. In addition, the oldest 3xTg-AD females showed no preference for nursing-relevant odors in dam secretions and were unable to discriminate between cinnamon and strawberry odors, indicating olfactory alterations. Thus, the present study suggests that the olfactory deficits in this mouse model are associated with changes in sexual incentive motivation and discrimination of food-related odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Coronas-Sámano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - W Portillo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - V Beltrán Campos
- División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Celaya Salvatierra, Mexico
| | - G I Medina-Aguirre
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - R G Paredes
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - S Diaz-Cintra
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Olfactory Dysfunction in the Elderly: Basic Circuitry and Alterations with Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2014; 3:91-100. [PMID: 25045620 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-014-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical detection of Alzheimer disease is critical to determining at-risk individuals in order to improve patient and caregiver planning for their futures and to identify individuals likely to benefit from treatment as advances in therapeutics develop over time. Identification of olfactory dysfunction at the preclinical and early stages of the disease is a potentially useful method to accomplish these goals. We first review basic olfactory circuitry. We then evaluate the evidence of pathophysiological change in the olfactory processing pathways during aging and Alzheimer disease in both human and animal models. We also review olfactory behavioral studies during these processes in both types of models. In doing so, we suggest hypotheses about the localization and mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction and identify important avenues for future work.
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Attems J, Walker L, Jellinger KA. Olfactory bulb involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:459-75. [PMID: 24554308 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment heralding its progression to dementia. The neuropathologic changes of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases may involve the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb/tract, primary olfactory cortices, and their secondary targets. Olfactory dysfunction is related to deposition of pathological proteins, α-synuclein, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and neurofilament protein in these areas, featured by neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies and neurites inducing a complex cascade of molecular processes including oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and cytosolic disruption of cellular processes leading to cell death. Damage to cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems is likely involved, since such damage is most marked in those diseases with severe anosmia. Recent studies of olfactory dysfunction have focused its potential as an early biomarker for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and their disease progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on neuropathological and pathophysiological changes of the olfactory system in the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD and synucleinopathies. We also present neuropathological findings in the olfactory bulb and tract in a large autopsy cohort (n = 536, 57.8 % female, mean age 81.3 years). The severity of olfactory bulb HPτ, Aβ, and αSyn pathology correlated and increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing neuritic Braak stages, Thal Aβ phases, and cerebral Lewy body pathology, respectively. Hence, further studies are warranted to investigate the potential role of olfactory biopsies (possibly restricted to the olfactory epithelium) in the diagnostic process of neurodegenerative diseases in particular in clinical drug trials to identify subjects showing early, preclinical stages of neurodegeneration and to stratify clinically impaired cohorts according to the underlying cerebral neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Attems
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
The olfactory system has a rich cortical representation, including a large archicortical component present in most vertebrates, and in mammals neocortical components including the entorhinal and orbitofrontal cortices. Together, these cortical components contribute to normal odor perception and memory. They help transform the physicochemical features of volatile molecules inhaled or exhaled through the nose into the perception of odor objects with rich associative and hedonic aspects. This chapter focuses on how olfactory cortical areas contribute to odor perception and begins to explore why odor perception is so sensitive to disease and pathology. Odor perception is disrupted by a wide range of disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, autism, and early life exposure to toxins. This olfactory deficit often occurs despite maintained functioning in other sensory systems. Does the unusual network of olfactory cortical structures contribute to this sensitivity?
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Koivisto H, Grimm MO, Rothhaar TL, Berkecz R, Lütjohann D D, Giniatullina R, Takalo M, Miettinen PO, Lahtinen HM, Giniatullin R, Penke B, Janáky T, Broersen LM, Hartmann T, Tanila H. Special lipid-based diets alleviate cognitive deficits in the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease independent of brain amyloid deposition. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:157-69. [PMID: 24445040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fish oil, providing n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), associates with reduced dementia risk in epidemiological studies and reduced amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer mouse models. We now studied whether additional nutrients can improve the efficacy of fish oil in alleviating cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic and wild-type mice. We compared four isocaloric (5% fat) diets. The fish oil diet differed from the control diet only by substituted fish oil. Besides fish oil, the plant sterol diet was supplemented with phytosterols, while the Fortasyn diet contained as supplements precursors and cofactors for membrane synthesis, viz. uridine-monophosphate; DHA and EPA; choline; folate; vitamins B6, B12, C and E; phospholipids and selenium. Mice began the special diets at 5 months and were sacrificed at 14 months after behavioral testing. Transgenic mice, fed with control chow, showed poor spatial learning, hyperactivity in exploring a novel cage and reduced preference to explore novel odors. All fish-oil-containing diets increased exploration of a novel odor over a familiar one. Only the Fortasyn diet alleviated the spatial learning deficit. None of the diets influenced hyperactivity in a new environment. Fish-oil-containing diets strongly inhibited β- and γ-secretase activity, and the plant sterol diet additionally reduced amyloid-β 1-42 levels. These data indicate that beneficial effects of fish oil on cognition in Alzheimer model mice can be enhanced by adding other specific nutrients, but this effect is not necessarily mediated via reduction of amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennariikka Koivisto
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Marcus O Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66123, Germany; Deutsches Institut für Demenz Prävention, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Tatjana L Rothhaar
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66123, Germany
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Department Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Dieter Lütjohann D
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Rajsa Giniatullina
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Pasi O Miettinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maija Lahtinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Botond Penke
- Department Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Department Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Laus M Broersen
- Danone Research Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen 6700 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenz Prävention, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
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Cai Y, Xue ZQ, Zhang XM, Li MB, Wang H, Luo XG, Cai H, Yan XX. An age-related axon terminal pathology around the first olfactory relay that involves amyloidogenic protein overexpression without plaque formation. Neuroscience 2012; 215:160-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cai Y, Zhu HX, Li JM, Luo XG, Patrylo PR, Rose GM, Streeter J, Hayes R, Wang KKW, Yan XX, Jeromin A. Age-related intraneuronal elevation of αII-spectrin breakdown product SBDP120 in rodent forebrain accelerates in 3×Tg-AD mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37599. [PMID: 22723836 PMCID: PMC3377681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrins line the intracellular surface of plasmalemma and play a critical role in supporting cytoskeletal stability and flexibility. Spectrins can be proteolytically degraded by calpains and caspases, yielding breakdown products (SBDPs) of various molecular sizes, with SBDP120 being largely derived from caspase-3 cleavage. SBDPs are putative biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. The levels of SBDPs also elevate in the brain during aging and perhaps in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although the cellular basis for this change is currently unclear. Here we examined age-related SBDP120 alteration in forebrain neurons in rats and in the triple transgenic model of AD (3×Tg-AD) relative to non-transgenic controls. SBDP120 immunoreactivity (IR) was found in cortical neuronal somata in aged rats, and was prominent in the proximal dendrites of the olfactory bulb mitral cells. Western blot and densitometric analyses in wild-type mice revealed an age-related elevation of intraneuronal SBDP120 in the forebrain which was more robust in their 3×Tg-AD counterparts. The intraneuronal SBDP120 occurrence was not spatiotemporally correlated with transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, β-amyloid plaque development, or phosphorylated tau expression over various forebrain regions or lamina. No microscopically detectable in situ activated caspase-3 was found in the nuclei of SBDP120-containing neurons. The present study demonstrates the age-dependent intraneuronal presence of an αII-spectrin cleavage fragment in mammalian forebrain which is exacerbated in a transgenic model of AD. This novel neuronal alteration indicates that impairments in membrane protein metabolism, possibly due to neuronal calcium mishandling and/or enhancement of calcium sensitive proteolysis, occur during aging and in transgenic AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peter R. Patrylo
- Departments of Anatomy & Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Rose
- Departments of Anatomy & Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Ron Hayes
- Banyan Biomarkers, Alachua, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XXY); (AJ)
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- Banyan Biomarkers, Alachua, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XXY); (AJ)
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Ruan Y, Zheng XY, Zhang HL, Zhu W, Zhu J. Olfactory dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1693-700. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cassano T, Serviddio G, Gaetani S, Romano A, Dipasquale P, Cianci S, Bellanti F, Laconca L, Romano AD, Padalino I, LaFerla FM, Nicoletti F, Cuomo V, Vendemiale G. Glutamatergic alterations and mitochondrial impairment in a murine model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1121.e1-12. [PMID: 22035587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in glutamate neurotransmission and mitochondrial functions were detected in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippopcampus (HIPP) of aged 3×Tg-Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice, compared with their wild type littermates (non-Tg). In particular, basal levels of glutamate and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) expression were reduced in both areas. Cortical glutamate release responded to K(+) stimulation, whereas no peak release was observed in the HIPP of mutant mice. Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) were reduced in HIPP homogenates, where the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was lower. In contrast, glutamate transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were found to be higher in the frontal cortex. The respiration rates of complex-I, II, IV, and the membrane potential were reduced in cortical mitochondria, where unaltered proton leak, F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity and ATP content, with increased hydrogen peroxide production (H(2)O(2)), were also observed. In contrast, complex-I respiration rate was significantly increased in hippocampal mitochondria, together with increased proton leak and H(2)O(2) production. Moreover, loss of complex-IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase activities were observed. These data suggest that impairments of mitochondrial bioenergetics might sustain the failure in the energy-requiring glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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