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Baba H, Fujita T, Mizuno K, Tambo M, Toda S. Programming Spatial Cell Sorting by Engineering Cadherin Intracellular Activity. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1705-1715. [PMID: 38726686 PMCID: PMC11197096 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The spatial sorting of cells into appropriate tissue compartments is essential for embryogenesis and tissue development. Spatial cell sorting is controlled by the interplay between cell surface affinity and intracellular mechanical properties. However, intracellular signaling that can sufficiently sort cell populations remains unexplored. In this study, we engineered chimeric cadherins by replacing the cadherin intracellular domain with cytoskeletal regulators to test their ability to induce spatial cell sorting. Using a fibroblast-based reconstitution system, we observed that Rac1 and RhoA activity in the cadherin tail induced outward and inward sorting, respectively. In particular, RhoA activity embedded cells toward the inside of E-cadherin-expressing spheroids and tumor spheroids, leading to tissue invagination. Despite the simplicity of chimeric cadherin design, our results indicate that differences in cadherin intracellular activities can determine the direction of spatial cell sorting, even when cell surface affinity is not different, and provide new molecular tools to engineer tissue architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Baba
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujita
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mizuno
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mai Tambo
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toda
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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2
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Liu YC, Chen P, Chang R, Liu X, Jhang JW, Enkhbat M, Chen S, Wang H, Deng C, Wang PY. Artificial tumor matrices and bioengineered tools for tumoroid generation. Biofabrication 2024; 16:022004. [PMID: 38306665 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. The TME contains cancer-associated cells, tumor matrix, and tumor secretory factors. The fabrication of artificial tumors, so-called tumoroids, is of great significance for the understanding of tumorigenesis and clinical cancer therapy. The assembly of multiple tumor cells and matrix components through interdisciplinary techniques is necessary for the preparation of various tumoroids. This article discusses current methods for constructing tumoroids (tumor tissue slices and tumor cell co-culture) for pre-clinical use. This article focuses on the artificial matrix materials (natural and synthetic materials) and biofabrication techniques (cell assembly, bioengineered tools, bioprinting, and microfluidic devices) used in tumoroids. This article also points out the shortcomings of current tumoroids and potential solutions. This article aims to promotes the next-generation tumoroids and the potential of them in basic research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chiang Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ray Chang
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jhe-Wei Jhang
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
| | - Myagmartsend Enkhbat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shan Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
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3
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Rodrigues DB, Reis RL, Pirraco RP. Modelling the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment: 3D tumor spheroids as an evolving tool. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:13. [PMID: 38254117 PMCID: PMC10804490 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-00997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a serious burden in society and while the pace in the development of novel and more effective therapeutics is increasing, testing platforms that faithfully mimic the tumor microenvironment are lacking. With a clear shift from animal models to more complex in vitro 3D systems, spheroids emerge as strong options in this regard. Years of development have allowed spheroid-based models to better reproduce the biomechanical cues that are observed in the tumor-associated extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular interactions that occur in both a cell-cell and cell-ECM manner. Here, we summarize some of the key cellular interactions that drive tumor development, progression and invasion, and how successfully are these interactions recapitulated in 3D spheroid models currently in use in the field. We finish by speculating on future advancements in the field and on how these can shape the relevance of spherical 3D models for tumor modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
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4
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Sunami H, Shimizu Y, Kishimoto H. Shape of scaffold controlling the direction of cell migration. Biophys Physicobiol 2023; 21:e210004. [PMID: 38803333 PMCID: PMC11128307 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v21.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell migration plays an important role in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Factors that induce cell migration and mechanisms controlling their expression are important for determining the mechanisms of factor-induced cell migration. Despite progress in the study of factor-induced cytotaxis, including chemotaxis and haptotaxis, precise control of the direction of cell migration over a wide area has not yet been achieved. Success in this area would update the cell migration assays, superior cell separation technologies, and artificial organs with high biocompatibility. The present study therefore sought to control the direction of cell migration over a wide area by adjusting the three-dimensional shape of the cell scaffold. The direction of cell migration was influenced by the shape of the cell scaffold, thereby optimizing cell adhesion and protrusion. Anisotropic arrangement of these three-dimensional shapes into a periodic structure induced unidirectional cell migration. Three factors were required for unidirectional cell migration: 1) the sizes of the anisotropic periodic structures had to be equal to or lower than the size of the spreading cells, 2) cell migration was restricted to a runway approximately the width of the cell, and 3) cells had to be prone to extension of long protrusions in one direction. Because the first two factors had been identified previously in studies of cell migration in one direction using two-dimensional shaped patterns, these three factors are likely important for the mechanism by which cell scaffold shapes regulate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunami
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimizu
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Tachibana T, Oyama TG, Yoshii Y, Hihara F, Igarashi C, Shinada M, Matsumoto H, Higashi T, Kishimoto T, Taguchi M. An In Vivo Dual-Observation Method to Monitor Tumor Mass and Tumor-Surface Blood Vessels for Developing Anti-Angiogenesis Agents against Submillimeter Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17234. [PMID: 38139063 PMCID: PMC10743531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing metastasis at the early stage and detecting and treating submillimeter tumors at early metastasis are crucial for improving cancer prognosis. Angiogenesis is a critical target for developing drugs to detect and inhibit submillimeter tumor growth; however, drug development remains challenging because there are no suitable models for observing the submillimeter tumor mass and the surrounding blood vessels in vivo. We have established a xenograft subcutaneous submillimeter tumor mouse model with HT-29-RFP by transplanting a single spheroid grown on radiation-crosslinked gelatin hydrogel microwells. Here, we developed an in vivo dual-observation method to observe the submillimeter tumor mass and tumor-surface blood vessels using this model. RFP was detected to observe the tumor mass, and a fluorescent angiography agent FITC-dextran was administered to observe blood vessels via stereoscopic fluorescence microscopy. The anti-angiogenesis agent regorafenib was used to confirm the usefulness of this method. This method effectively detected the submillimeter tumor mass and tumor-surface blood vessels in vivo. Regorafenib treatment revealed tumor growth inhibition and angiogenesis downregulation with reduced vascular extremities, segments, and meshes. Further, we confirmed that tumor-surface blood vessel areas monitored using in vivo dual-observation correlated with intratumoral blood vessel areas observed via fluorescence microscopy with frozen sections. In conclusion, this method would be useful in developing anti-angiogenesis agents against submillimeter tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tachibana
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Gowa Oyama
- Foundational Quantum Technology Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Gunma 370-1292, Japan; (T.G.O.); (M.T.)
| | - Yukie Yoshii
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
- Visible Cancer Drug Research Unit, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Fukiko Hihara
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Chika Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Shinada
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (F.H.); (C.I.); (M.S.); (H.M.); (T.H.)
| | | | - Mitsumasa Taguchi
- Foundational Quantum Technology Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Gunma 370-1292, Japan; (T.G.O.); (M.T.)
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Biju TS, Priya VV, Francis AP. Role of three-dimensional cell culture in therapeutics and diagnostics: an updated review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2239-2253. [PMID: 36971997 PMCID: PMC10042111 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug development and testing are a tedious and expensive process with a high degree of uncertainty in the clinical success and preclinical validation of manufactured therapeutic agents. Currently, to understand the drug action, disease mechanism, and drug testing, most therapeutic drug manufacturers use 2D cell culture models to validate the drug action. However, there are many uncertainties and limitations with the conventional use of 2D (monolayer) cell culture models for drug testing that are primarily attributed due to poor mimicking of cellular mechanisms, disturbance in environmental interaction, and changes in structural morphology. To overcome such odds and difficulties in the preclinical validation of therapeutic medications, newer in vivo drug testing cell culture models with higher screening efficiencies are required. One such promising and advanced cell culture model reported recently is the "three-dimensional cell culture model." The 3D cell culture models are reported to show evident benefits over conventional 2D cell models. This review article outlines and describes the current advancement in cell culture models, their types, significance in high-throughput screening, limitations, applications in drug toxicity screening, and preclinical testing methodologies to predict in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sara Biju
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Arul Prakash Francis
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
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Togo H, Terada K, Ujitsugu A, Hirose Y, Takeuchi H, Kusunoki M. Fabrication Scaffold with High Dimensional Control for Spheroids with Undifferentiated iPS Cell Properties. Cells 2023; 12:278. [PMID: 36672213 PMCID: PMC9857117 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroids are expected to aid the establishment of an in vitro-based cell culture system that can realistically reproduce cellular dynamics in vivo. We developed a fluoropolymer scaffold with an extracellular matrix (ECM) dot array and confirmed the possibility of mass-producing spheroids with uniform dimensions. Controlling the quality of ECM dots is important as it ensures spheroid uniformity, but issues such as pattern deviation and ECM drying persist in the conventional microstamping method. In this study, these problems were overcome via ECM dot printing using a resin mask with dot-patterned holes. For dot diameters of φ 300 μm, 400 μm, and 600 μm, the average spheroid diameters of human iPS cells (hiPSCs) were φ 260.8 μm, 292.4 μm, and 330.7 μm, respectively. The standard deviation when each average was normalized to 100 was 14.1%. A high throughput of 89.9% for colony formation rate to the number of dots and 89.3% for spheroid collection rate was achieved. The cells proliferated on ECM dots, and the colonies could be naturally detached from the scaffold without the use of enzymes, so there was almost no stimulation of the cells. Thus, the undifferentiated nature of hiPSCs was maintained until day 4. Therefore, this method is expected to be useful in drug discovery and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Togo
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented-Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kento Terada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan
| | - Akira Ujitsugu
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented-Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yudai Hirose
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented-Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kusunoki
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented-Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented-Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
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8
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Ingavle G, Das M. Bench to Bedside: New Therapeutic Approaches with Extracellular Vesicles and Engineered Biomaterials for Targeting Therapeutic Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4673-4696. [PMID: 36194142 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has recently been the second leading cause of death worldwide, trailing only cardiovascular disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), represented as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), are mainly liable for chemoresistance and disease relapse due to their self-renewal capability and differentiating capacity into different types of tumor cells. The intricate molecular mechanism is necessary to elucidate CSC's chemoresistance properties and cancer recurrence. Establishing efficient strategies for CSC maintenance and enrichment is essential to elucidate the mechanisms and properties of CSCs and CSC-related therapeutic measures. Current approaches are insufficient to mimic the in vivo chemical and physical conditions for the maintenance and growth of CSC and yield unreliable research results. Biomaterials are now widely used for simulating the bone marrow microenvironment. Biomaterial-based three-dimensional (3D) approaches for the enrichment of CSC provide an excellent promise for future drug discovery and elucidation of molecular mechanisms. In the future, the biomaterial-based model will contribute to a more operative and predictive CSC model for cancer therapy. Design strategies for materials, physicochemical cues, and morphology will offer a new direction for future modification and new methods for studying the CSC microenvironment and its chemoresistance property. This review highlights the critical roles of the microenvironmental cues that regulate CSC function and endow them with drug resistance properties. This review also explores the latest advancement and challenges in biomaterial-based scaffold structure for therapeutic approaches against CSC chemoresistance. Since the recent entry of extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell-derived nanostructures, have opened new avenues of investigation into this field, which, together with other more conventionally studied signaling pathways, play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Thus, this review further explores the subject of EVs in-depth. This review also discusses possible future biomaterial and biomaterial-EV-based models that could be used to study the tumor microenvironment (TME) and will provide possible therapeutic approaches. Finally, this review concludes with potential perspectives and conclusions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Ingavle
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR) and Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), SIU, Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Madhurima Das
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR) and Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), SIU, Lavale, Pune 412115, India
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Lee SI, Choi YY, Kang SG, Kim TH, Choi JW, Kim YJ, Kim TH, Kang T, Chung BG. 3D Multicellular Tumor Spheroids in a Microfluidic Droplet System for Investigation of Drug Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183752. [PMID: 36145898 PMCID: PMC9500872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid model plays a critical role in mimicking tumor microenvironments in vivo. However, the conventional culture methods lack the ability to manipulate the 3D tumor spheroids in a homogeneous manner. To address this limitation, we developed a microfluidic-based droplet system for drug screening applications. We used a tree-shaped gradient generator to control the cell density and encapsulate the cells within uniform-sized droplets to generate a 3D gradient-sized tumor spheroid. Using this microfluidic-based droplet system, we demonstrated the high-throughput generation of uniform 3D tumor spheroids containing various cellular ratios for the analysis of the anti-cancer drug cytotoxicity. Consequently, this microfluidic-based gradient droplet generator could be a potentially powerful tool for anti-cancer drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ik Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Seong Goo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Ji Wook Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Bong Geun Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Correspondence:
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10
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Xiang Y, Zheng G, Zhong J, Sheng J, Qin H. Advances in Renal Cell Carcinoma Drug Resistance Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870396. [PMID: 35619895 PMCID: PMC9128023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer. Systemic therapy is the preferred method to eliminate residual cancer cells after surgery and prolong the survival of patients with inoperable RCC. A variety of molecular targeted and immunological therapies have been developed to improve the survival rate and prognosis of RCC patients based on their chemotherapy-resistant properties. However, owing to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance, targeted and immunological therapies lack complete and durable anti-tumor responses; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of systemic therapy resistance and improving clinical curative effects in the treatment of RCC remain challenging. In vitro models with traditional RCC cell lines or primary cell culture, as well as in vivo models with cell or patient-derived xenografts, are used to explore the drug resistance mechanisms of RCC and screen new targeted therapeutic drugs. Here, we review the established methods and applications of in vivo and in vitro RCC drug resistance models, with the aim of improving our understanding of its resistance mechanisms, increasing the efficacy of combination medications, and providing a theoretical foundation for the development and application of new drugs, drug screening, and treatment guidelines for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Cancer extracellular vesicles, tumoroid models, and tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:112-126. [PMID: 35032650 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, promote tumor progression through enhancing tumor growth, initiating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, remodeling the tumor microenvironment, and preparing metastatic niches. Three-dimensionally (3D) cultured tumoroids / spheroids aim to reproduce some aspects of tumor behavior in vitro and show increased cancer stem cell properties. These properties are transferred to their EVs that promote tumor growth. Moreover, recent tumoroid models can be furnished with aspects of the tumor microenvironment, such as vasculature, hypoxia, and extracellular matrix. This review summarizes tumor tissue culture and engineering platforms compatible with EV research. For example, the combination experiments of 3D-tumoroids and EVs have revealed multifunctional proteins loaded in EVs, such as metalloproteinases and heat shock proteins. EVs or exosomes are able to transfer their cargo molecules to recipient cells, whose fates are often largely altered. In addition, the review summarizes approaches to EV labeling technology using fluorescence and luciferase, useful for studies on EV-mediated intercellular communication, biodistribution, and metastatic niche formation.
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12
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Prince E, Kheiri S, Wang Y, Xu F, Cruickshank J, Topolskaia V, Tao H, Young EWK, McGuigan AP, Cescon DW, Kumacheva E. Microfluidic Arrays of Breast Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening and Personalized Cancer Therapies. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101085. [PMID: 34636180 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the obstacles limiting progress in the development of effective cancer therapies is the shortage of preclinical models that capture the dynamic nature of tumor microenvironments. Interstitial flow strongly impacts tumor response to chemotherapy; however, conventional in vitro cancer models largely disregard this key feature. Here, a proof of principle microfluidic platform for the generation of large arrays of breast tumor spheroids that are grown under close-to-physiological flow in a biomimetic hydrogel is reported. This cancer spheroids-on-a-chip model is used for time- and labor-efficient studies of the effects of drug dose and supply rate on the chemosensitivity of breast tumor spheroids. The capability to grow large arrays of tumor spheroids from patient-derived cells of different breast cancer subtypes is shown, and the correlation between in vivo drug efficacy and on-chip spheroid drug response is demonstrated. The proposed platform can serve as an in vitro preclinical model for the development of personalized cancer therapies and effective screening of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Prince
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5P 2Y2 Canada
| | - Sina Kheiri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Circle Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5P 2Y2 Canada
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5P 2Y2 Canada
| | - Jennifer Cruickshank
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 610 University Ave Toronto Ontario M5G 2C1 Canada
| | - Valentina Topolskaia
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5P 2Y2 Canada
| | - Huachen Tao
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5P 2Y2 Canada
| | - Edmond W. K. Young
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Circle Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College St Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Alison. P. McGuigan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College St Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College St Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - David W. Cescon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 610 University Ave Toronto Ontario M5G 2C1 Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5P 2Y2 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College St Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College St Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
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13
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Yu W, Li S, Guan X, Zhang N, Xie X, Zhang K, Bai Y. Higher yield and enhanced therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from MSCs in hydrogel-assisted 3D culture system for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ayvaz I, Sunay D, Sariyar E, Erdal E, Karagonlar ZF. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - a Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:1294-1308. [PMID: 34927218 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture studies are becoming extremely common because of their capability to mimic tumor architecture, such as cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, more efficiently than 2D monolayer systems. These interactions have important roles in defining the tumor cell behaviors, such as proliferation, differentiation, and most importantly, tumor drug response. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the methods for 3D tumor spheroid formation to model human tumors, specifically concentrated on studies using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHOD We obtained information from previously published articles. In this review, there is discussion of the scaffold and non-scaffold-based approaches, including hanging drop, bioreactors and 3D bioprinting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The mimicking of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as tumor spheroids could provide a valuable platform for studying tumor biology. Multicellular tumor spheroids are self-assembled cultures of mixed cells (tumor and stromal cells) organized in a 3D arrangement. These spheroids closely mimic the main features of human solid tumors, such as structural organization, central hypoxia, and overall oxygen and nutrient gradients. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy, and most difficult to overcome because of its drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity. In order to mimic this highly heterogeneous environment, 3D cell culture systems are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmak Ayvaz
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, 35330, Turkey
| | - Dilara Sunay
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, 35330, Turkey
| | - Ece Sariyar
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, 35330, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, FacultyofMedicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, 35340, Turkey.,Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, 35340, Turkey
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Development of a Simple Spheroid Production Method Using Fluoropolymers with Reduced Chemical and Physical Damage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Establishing an in vitro–based cell culture system that can realistically simulate in vivo cell dynamics is desirable. It is thus necessary to develop a method for producing a large amount of cell aggregates (i.e., spheroids) that are uniform in size and quality. Various methods have been proposed for the preparation of spheroids; however, none of them satisfy all requirements, such as cost, size uniformity, and throughput. Herein, we successfully developed a new cell culture method by combining fluoropolymers and dot patterned extracellular matrix substrates to achieve size-controlled spheroids. First, the spheroids were spontaneously formed by culturing them two-dimensionally, after which the cells were detached with a weak liquid flow and cultured in suspension without enzyme treatment. Stable quality spheroids were easily produced, and it is expected that the introduction and running costs of the technique will be low; therefore, this method shows potential for application in the field of regenerative medicine.
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16
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Biofunctional supramolecular hydrogels fabricated from a short self-assembling peptide modified with bioactive sequences for the 3D culture of breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116345. [PMID: 34416510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides are a type of molecule with promise as scaffold materials for cancer cell engineering. We have reported a short self-assembling peptide, (FFiK)2, that had a symmetric structure connected via a urea bond. In this study, we functionalized (FFiK)2 by conjugation with various bioactive sequences for the 3D culture of cancer cells. Four sequences, RGDS and PHSRN derived from fibronectin and AG73 and C16 derived from laminin, were selected as bioactive sequences to promote cell adhesion, proliferation or migration. (FFiK)2, and its derivatives could co-assemble into supramolecular nanofibers displaying bioactive sequences and form hydrogels. MCF-7 cells were encapsulated in functionalized peptide hydrogels without significant cytotoxicity. Encapsulated MCF-7 cells proliferated under 3D culture conditions. MCF-7 cells proliferated with spheroid formation in hydrogels that displayed RGDS or PHSRN sequences, which will be able to be applied to drug screening targeting cancer stem cells. On the other hand, since MCF-7 cells migrated in a 3D hydrogel that displayed AG73, we could construct the metastatic model of breast cancer cells, which is helpful for the elucidation of breast cancer cells and drug screening against cancer cells under metastatic state. Therefore, functionalized (FFiK)2 hydrogels with various bioactive sequences can be used to regulate cancer cell function for tumor engineering and drug screening.
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Ariyoshi W, Usui M, Sano K, Kawano A, Okinaga T, Nakashima K, Nakazawa K, Nishihara T. 3D spheroid culture models for chondrocytes using polyethylene glycol-coated microfabricated chip. Biomed Res 2021; 41:187-197. [PMID: 32801268 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As chondrocytes fail to retain their chondrogenic potential in two-dimensional monolayer cultures, several three-dimensional culture systems have been employed for investigating the physiology and pathophysiology in articular cartilage tissues. In this study, we introduced a polyethylene glycol-coated microfabricated chip that enables spheroid formation from ATDC5 cell line, commonly used as a model for in vitro chondrocyte research. ATDC5 cells cultured in our devices aggregated immediately and generated a single spheroid per well within 24 h. Most cells in spheroids cultured in differentiation medium were viable and the circular shape and smooth surface of the spheroid were maintained up to 14 d in culture. We also detected potent hypoxia conditions, a key factor in chondrogenesis, in whole lesions of ATDC5 spheroids. Expression of chondrogenesis-related genes and type X collagen protein was significantly increased in ATDC5 spheroids grown in differentiation medium, compared with monolayer-cultured ATDC5 cells. We also demonstrated that the differentiation medium-induced Akt protein phosphorylation was upregulated in ATDC5 cells cultured in our spheroid device, suggesting that enhancement of chondrogenic potential in ATDC5 spheroids results from PI3/Akt signaling activation. These results indicated that our spheroid culture system could constitute a high-throughput strategy approach towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Kotaro Sano
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Aki Kawano
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University
| | | | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Kohji Nakazawa
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University
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18
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Suematsu Y, Tsai YA, Takeoka S, Franz CM, Arai S, Fujie T. Ultra-thin, transparent, porous substrates as 3D culture scaffolds for engineering ASC spheroids for high-magnification imaging. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:6999-7008. [PMID: 32627797 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00723d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture is expected to reproduce biological tissues more representatively than monolayer culture, which is important for in vitro research such as drug screening. Recently, various cell culture substrates for spheroid engineering have been developed based on the prevention of cell adhesion. However, despite the expanded usability these substrates provide, they remain limited in terms of optical microscopy imaging of spheroids with high magnification lenses. This is because almost all substrates generated by nanoimprinting hamper the light passing through them owing to their low optical transparency caused by the thickness and surface structure. In this study, we achieved the preparation of spheroids from adipose-tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) on free-standing porous polymeric ultrathin films ("porous nanosheets") consisting of poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA) with thickness of 120 nm and average pore diameter of 4 μm. ASCs migrated on the porous nanosheet, leading to the spontaneous organization of spheroids anchored via a cell monolayer. The porous nanosheet also provided more than twice the optical transparency in confocal and holographic microscopy observation compared to conventional nanoimprinted substrates for 3D cell culture (NanoCulture Dish). The internal structure of the organized spheroids could be clearly observed with 40× magnification. In addition, the engineered spheroids showed bioactivities indicated by mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Thus, porous nanosheets offer a unique cell culture substrate, not only for engineering 3D cellular organization from stem cells, but also for imaging detailed structure using light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Suematsu
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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19
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Reidy E, Leonard NA, Treacy O, Ryan AE. A 3D View of Colorectal Cancer Models in Predicting Therapeutic Responses and Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E227. [PMID: 33435170 PMCID: PMC7827038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been many advances in recent years for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), it still remains the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Many patients with late stage CRC display resistance to multiple different therapeutics. An important aspect in developing effective therapeutics for CRC patients is understanding the interactions that take place in the tumor microenvironment (TME), as it has been shown to contribute to drug resistance in vivo. Much research over the past 100 years has focused on 2D monolayer cultures or in vivo studies, however, the efficacy in translating these to the clinic is very low. More recent studies are turning towards developing an effective 3D model of CRC that is clinically relevant, that can recapitulate the TME in vitro and bridge the gap between 2D cultures and in vivo studies, with the aim of reducing the use of animal models in the future. This review summarises the advantages and limitations of different 3D CRC models. It emphasizes how different 3D models may be optimised to study cellular and extracellular interactions that take place in the TME of CRC in an effort to allow the development of more translatable effective treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Reidy
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, NUI Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh A. Leonard
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Oliver Treacy
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Aideen E. Ryan
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, NUI Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
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21
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Tatullo M, Marrelli B, Benincasa C, Aiello E, Makeeva I, Zavan B, Ballini A, De Vito D, Spagnuolo G. Organoids in Translational Oncology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2774. [PMID: 32867142 PMCID: PMC7564148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational medicine aims to translate the most promising preclinical research into clinical practice. Oncology is a continuously growing medical field: the scientific research on cancer biology is currently based on in vitro experiments, carried out on tissue culture plates (TCPs) and other 2D samples. In this context, 3D printing has greatly improved the biofabrication of new biological matrices that mimic the extracellular environments, which may characterize healthy from cancerous tissues. Organoids have recently been described in several reports on scientific literature. The term that better describes such organoids-based tumoral tissues is "tumoroids". Tumoroids are substantially "tumor-like organoids", typically deriving from primary tumors harvested from patients. This topical review aims to give an update on organoids applied in translational medicine, paying specific attention to their use in the investigation of the main molecular mechanisms of cancer onset and growth, and on the most impacting strategies for effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tatullo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Marrelli
- Marrelli Health—Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (B.M.); (C.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Caterina Benincasa
- Marrelli Health—Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (B.M.); (C.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Aiello
- Marrelli Health—Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (B.M.); (C.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Irina Makeeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University Russia, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Campus Universitario “Ernesto Quagliariello”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Danila De Vito
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University Russia, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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22
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Feng L, Hu YL, Ma P, Feng Y, Guo YB, Huang H, Li P, Mao QS, Xue WJ. Decellularized gastric matrix as a mesh for gastric perforation repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:451-462. [PMID: 32841467 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel materials with effective defect-repairing properties will help avoid subtotal gastrectomy in patients with large gastric perforations. We prepared perfused decellularized gastric matrix (PDGM) and analyzed its components, spatial structure, biomechanics, cytotoxicity, and histocompatibility to validate its efficacy in the repair of gastric perforation. PDGM retained large amounts of gastric extracellular matrix, while residual glandular cells and muscle fibers were not found. The spatial structure of the tissue was well preserved, while the DNA and glycosaminoglycan contents were significantly decreased compared with normal gastric tissue (p < .01). There was no obvious deformation of the spatial structure and tissue elasticity of PDGM after sterilization by Cobalt-60 irradiation. The PDGM had good histocompatibility. PDGM was then used to repair a rat gastric perforation model. Radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract at 24 hr postoperatively revealed no contrast agent leakage. There was evidence of early fibroblast proliferation, which was complicated by capillary regeneration. The hyperplastic gastric gland was slightly disarranged after repair. Defects of the muscular layer also healed a little with the regeneration process. PDGM is a nontoxic biocompatible biological mesh that may be useful for repairing relatively large gastric defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Bing Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin-Sheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Ruud KF, Hiscox WC, Yu I, Chen RK, Li W. Distinct phenotypes of cancer cells on tissue matrix gel. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:82. [PMID: 32736579 PMCID: PMC7395363 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer cells invading the connective tissues outside the mammary lobule or duct immerse in a reservoir of extracellular matrix (ECM) that is structurally and biochemically distinct from that of their site of origin. The ECM is a spatial network of matrix proteins, which not only provide physical support but also serve as bioactive ligands to the cells. It becomes evident that the dimensional, mechanical, structural, and biochemical properties of ECM are all essential mediators of many cellular functions. To better understand breast cancer development and cancer cell biology in native tissue environment, various tissue-mimicking culture models such as hydrogel have been developed. Collagen I (Col I) and Matrigel are the most common hydrogels used in cancer research and have opened opportunities for addressing biological questions beyond the two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Yet, it remains unclear whether these broadly used hydrogels can recapitulate the environmental properties of tissue ECM, and whether breast cancer cells grown on CoI I or Matrigel display similar phenotypes as they would on their native ECM. METHODS We investigated mammary epithelial cell phenotypes and metabolic profiles on animal breast ECM-derived tissue matrix gel (TMG), Col I, and Matrigel. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence microscopy, acini formation assay, differentiation experiments, spatial migration/invasion assays, proliferation assay, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to examine biological phenotypes and metabolic changes. Student's t test was applied for statistical analyses. RESULTS Our data showed that under a similar physiological stiffness, the three types of hydrogels exhibited distinct microstructures. Breast cancer cells grown on TMG displayed quite different morphologies, surface receptor expression, differentiation status, migration and invasion, and metabolic profiles compared to those cultured on Col I and Matrigel. Depleting lactate produced by glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells abolished the cell proliferation promoted by the non-tissue-specific hydrogel. CONCLUSION The full ECM protein-based hydrogel system may serve as a biologically relevant model system to study tissue- and disease-specific pathological questions. This work provides insights into tissue matrix regulation of cancer cell biomarker expression and identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancers based on tissue-specific disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey F Ruud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - William C Hiscox
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Ilhan Yu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Roland K Chen
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
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Taha EA, Sogawa C, Okusha Y, Kawai H, Oo MW, Elseoudi A, Lu Y, Nagatsuka H, Kubota S, Satoh A, Okamoto K, Eguchi T. Knockout of MMP3 Weakens Solid Tumor Organoids and Cancer Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1260. [PMID: 32429403 PMCID: PMC7281240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor organoid (tumoroid) model in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems has been developed to reflect more closely the in vivo tumors than 2D-cultured tumor cells. Notably, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are efficiently collectible from the culture supernatant of gel-free tumoroids. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 is a multi-functional factor playing crucial roles in tumor progression. However, roles of MMP3 within tumor growth and EVs have not unveiled. Here, we investigated the protumorigenic roles of MMP3 on integrities of tumoroids and EVs. We generated MMP3-knockout (KO) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system from rapidly metastatic LuM1 tumor cells. Moreover, we established fluorescent cell lines with palmitoylation signal-fused fluorescent proteins (tdTomato and enhanced GFP). Then we confirmed the exchange of EVs between cellular populations and tumoroids. LuM1-tumoroids released large EVs (200-1000 nm) and small EVs (50-200 nm) while the knockout of MMP3 resulted in the additional release of broken EVs from tumoroids. The loss of MMP3 led to a significant reduction in tumoroid size and the development of the necrotic area within tumoroids. MMP3 and CD9 (a category-1 EV marker tetraspanin protein) were significantly down-regulated in MMP3-KO cells and their EV fraction. Moreover, CD63, another member of the tetraspanin family, was significantly reduced only in the EVs fractions of the MMP3-KO cells compared to their counterpart. These weakened phenotypes of MMP3-KO were markedly rescued by the addition of MMP3-rich EVs or conditioned medium (CM) collected from LuM1-tumoroids, which caused a dramatic rise in the expression of MMP3, CD9, and Ki-67 (a marker of proliferating cells) in the MMP3-null/CD9-low tumoroids. Notably, MMP3 enriched in tumoroids-derived EVs and CM deeply penetrated recipient MMP3-KO tumoroids, resulting in a remarkable enlargement of solid tumoroids, while MMP3-null EVs did not. These data demonstrate that EVs can mediate molecular transfer of MMP3, resulting in increasing the proliferation and tumorigenesis, indicating crucial roles of MMP3 in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Taha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (H.K.); (M.W.O.); (H.N.)
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (H.K.); (M.W.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Abdellatif Elseoudi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (A.E.); (S.K.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Québec, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Yanyin Lu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (H.K.); (M.W.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (A.E.); (S.K.)
| | - Ayano Satoh
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.T.); (C.S.); (Y.O.); (Y.L.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Minamikawa-Tachino R, Ogura K, Ito A, Nagayama K. Time-lapse imaging of HeLa spheroids in soft agar culture provides virtual inner proliferative activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231774. [PMID: 32302356 PMCID: PMC7164667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease caused by multiple types of interactions. To simplify and normalize the assessment of drug effects, spheroid microenvironments have been utilized. Research models that involve agent measurement with the examination of clonogenic survival by monitoring culture process with image analysis have been developed for spheroid-based screening. Meanwhile, computer simulations using various models have enabled better predictions for phenomena in cancer. However, user-based parameters that are specific to a researcher’s own experimental conditions must be inputted. In order to bridge the gap between experimental and simulated conditions, we have developed an in silico analysis method with virtual three-dimensional embodiment computed using the researcher’s own samples. The present work focused on HeLa spheroid growth in soft agar culture, with spheroids being modeled in silico based on time-lapse images capturing spheroid growth. The spheroids in silico were optimized by adjusting the growth curves to those obtained from time-lapse images of spheroids and were then assigned virtual inner proliferative activity by using generations assigned to each cellular particle. The ratio and distribution of the virtual inner proliferative activities were confirmed to be similar to the proliferation zone ratio and histochemical profiles of HeLa spheroids, which were also consistent with those identified in an earlier study. We validated that time-lapse images of HeLa spheroids provided virtual inner proliferative activity for spheroids in vitro. The present work has achieved the first step toward an in silico analysis method using computational simulation based on a researcher’s own samples, helping to bridge the gap between experiment and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Minamikawa-Tachino
- Translational Medical Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kiyoshi Ogura
- Translational Medical Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayane Ito
- Department of Interdisciplinary Informatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagayama
- Department of Mechanical Information Science and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Okusha Y, Ono K, Ohyama K, Iizuka M, Kawasaki R, Hamada Y, Takigawa M, Sogawa N, Okamoto K, Kozaki KI. A Reporter System Evaluates Tumorigenesis, Metastasis, β-catenin/MMP Regulation, and Druggability. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1413-1425. [PMID: 30734664 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance are the crucial phenomena in cancer malignancy. The high expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is a biomarker as well as a causal factor of cancer invasiveness and metastatic activity. However, a regulatory mechanism underlying MMP9 expression in cancer is not clarified yet. In addition, a new strategy for anticancer drug discovery is becoming an important clue. In the present study, we aimed (i) to develop a novel reporter system evaluating tumorigenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, and druggability with a combination of three-dimensional tumoroid model and Mmp9 promoter and (ii) to examine pharmacological actions of anticancer medications using this reporter system. High expression and genetic amplification of MMP9 were found in colon cancer cases. We found that proximal promoter sequences of MMP9 in murine and human contained conserved binding sites for transcription factors β-catenin/TCF/LEF, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). The murine Mmp9 promoter (-569 to +19) was markedly activated in metastatic colon cancer cells and additionally activated by tumoroid formation and by β-catenin signaling stimulator lithium chloride. The Mmp9 promoter-driven fluorescent reporter cells enabled the monitoring of activities of MMP9/gelatinase, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis in syngeneic transplantation experiments. We also demonstrated pharmacological actions as follows: dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, steroidal medications binding to GR, inhibited the Mmp9 promoter but did not inhibit tumorigenesis. On the contrary, antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil, a gold standard for colon cancer chemotherapy, inhibited tumoroid formation but did not inhibit Mmp9 promoter activity. Notably, antimalaria medication artesunate inhibited both tumorigenesis and the Mmp9 promoter in vitro, potentially through inhibition of β-catenin/TCF/LEF signaling. Thus, this novel reporter system enabled monitoring tumorigenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, key regulatory signalings such as β-catenin/MMP9 axis, and druggability. Impact Statement Cancer invasion and metastasis have been shown to be driven by matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), whose expression mechanism is not clarified yet. In addition, a new strategy for anticancer drug discovery is becoming important. We established a novel reporter system evaluating tumorigenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, and druggability with a combination of three-dimensional (3D) tumoroid model and Mmp9 promoter. Using this reporter system, we demonstrated pharmacological actions of anticancer medications such as antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and antimalaria medication artesunate (ART), which inhibited both tumorigenesis and β-catenin/MMP regulatory signaling. Our study impacts the translational fields of oncology, drug discovery, and organoid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ohyama
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Motoharu Iizuka
- Research Program for Undergraduate Students, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryu Kawasaki
- Research Program for Undergraduate Students, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Hamada
- Research Program for Undergraduate Students, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norio Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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Jamalpoor Z, Soleimani M, Taromi N, Asgari A. Comparative evaluation of morphology and osteogenic behavior of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells on 2D culture plate and 3D biomimetic scaffold. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23123-23134. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamalpoor
- Trauma Research Center Aja University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nafise Taromi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Aerospace Medicine Research Center Aja University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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29
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Yasukawa T, Morishima A, Suzuki M, Yoshioka J, Yoshimoto K, Mizutani F. Rapid Formation of Aggregates with Uniform Numbers of Cells Based on Three-dimensional Dielectrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:895-901. [PMID: 31006719 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We applied a fabrication method for the formation of island organization of cells based on a three-dimensional (3D) device for negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP) to produce cell aggregates with uniform numbers of cells rapidly and simply. The intersections formed by rotating the interdigitated array (IDA) with two combs of band electrodes on the upper substrate by 90° relative to the IDA with two combs on the lower substrate were prepared in the device. The AC voltage was applied to a comb on the upper substrate and a comb on the lower substrate, while AC voltage with opposite phase was applied to another comb on the upper substrate and another comb on the lower substrate. Cells dispersed randomly were directed toward the intersections with relatively lower electric fields due to n-DEP, which formed by AC voltage applied bands with the identical phase, resulting in the formation of island patterns of cells. The cells accumulated at intersections were promoted to form the cell aggregates due to the close contact together. The production of cell aggregations adhered together was easily found by the dispersion behavior after switching the applied frequency to convert the cellular pattern. When cells were accumulated at the intersections by n-DEP for 45 min, almost accumulations of cells were adhered together, and hence a formations of cell aggregations. By using the present method, we can rapidly and simply fabricate cell aggregations with a uniform number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asa Morishima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Junya Yoshioka
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Keitaro Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Fumio Mizutani
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
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30
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Chen M, Shah MP, Shelper TB, Nazareth L, Barker M, Tello Velasquez J, Ekberg JAK, Vial ML, St John JA. Naked Liquid Marbles: A Robust Three-Dimensional Low-Volume Cell-Culturing System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9814-9823. [PMID: 30724549 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures allow cells to behave and interact with each other in a manner that mimics the in vivo environment. In recent years, many 3D cell culture methods have been developed with the goal of producing the most in vivo-like structures possible. Whilst strongly preferable to conventional cell culture, these approaches are often poorly reproducible, time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive and require specialized equipment. Here, we describe a novel 3D culture platform, which we have termed the naked liquid marble (NLM). Cells are cultured in a liquid drop (the NLM) in superhydrophobic-coated plates, which causes the cells to naturally form 3D structures. Inside the NLMs, cells are free to interact with each other, forming multiple 3D spheroids that are uniform in size and shape in less than 24 h. We showed that this system is highly reproducible, suitable for cell coculture, compound screening, and also compatible with laboratory automation systems. The low cost of production, small volume of each NLM, and production via automated liquid handling make this 3D cell-culturing system particularly suitable for high-throughput screening assays such as drug testing as well as numerous other cell-based research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Megha P Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Todd B Shelper
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | | | | | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - James A St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
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Abstract
The past decades have witnessed significant efforts toward the development of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures as systems that better mimic in vivo physiology. Today, 3D cell cultures are emerging, not only as a new tool in early drug discovery but also as potential therapeutics to treat disease. In this review, we assess leading 3D cell culture technologies and their impact on drug discovery, including spheroids, organoids, scaffolds, hydrogels, organs-on-chips, and 3D bioprinting. We also discuss the implementation of these technologies in compound identification, screening, and development, ranging from disease modeling to assessment of efficacy and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- 1 Biochemical Technologies, Corning Research and Development Corporation, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA
| | - Richard M Eglen
- 2 Corning Life Sciences, Corning Incorporated, Tewksbury, MA, USA
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Smyrek I, Mathew B, Fischer SC, Lissek SM, Becker S, Stelzer EHK. E-cadherin, actin, microtubules and FAK dominate different spheroid formation phases and important elements of tissue integrity. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.037051. [PMID: 30578251 PMCID: PMC6361217 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroids resemble features of tissues and serve as model systems to study cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions in non-adhesive three-dimensional environments. Although it is generally accepted that mature spheroids resemble tissue properties very well, no studies relate different phases in the spheroid formation processes that contribute to tissue integrity. Tissue integrity involves the cellular processes adhesion formation, adhesion reinforcement, rearrangement as well as proliferation. They maintain the structure and function of tissues and, upon dysregulation, contribute to malignancy. We investigated spheroid formation dynamics in cell lines of different metastatic potential. We dissected spheroid formation into phases of aggregation, compaction and growth to identify the respective contributions of E-cadherin, actin, microtubules and FAK. E-cadherin, actin and microtubules drive the first two phases. Microtubules and FAK are involved in the proliferation phase. FAK activity correlates with the metastatic potential of the cells. A robust computational model based on a very large number of experiments reveals the temporal resolution of cell adhesion. Our results provide novel hypotheses to unveil the general mechanisms that contribute to tissue integrity. Summary: The phases of spheroid formation resemble different stages of cell contact formation. This facilitates studying the temporal contribution of molecules in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Smyrek
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Mathew
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S C Fischer
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S M Lissek
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Becker
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF - MC), Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main (Campus Riedberg), Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Sokolova V, Rojas-Sánchez L, Białas N, Schulze N, Epple M. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle-mediated transfection in 2D and 3D mono- and co-culture cell models. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:391-401. [PMID: 30503560 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of nucleic acids into living cells, i.e. transfection, is a major technique in current molecular biology and medicine. As nucleic acids alone are not able to penetrate the cell membrane, an efficient carrier is needed. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles can serve as carrier due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and high affinity to nucleic acids like DNA or RNA. Their application was extended here from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models, including co-cultures. Compared to 2D monolayer cell cultures, a 3D culture system represents a more realistic spatial, biochemical and cellular environment. The uptake of fluorescent calcium phosphate nanoparticles (diameter 40-70 nm; cationic) was studied in 2D and 3D cell culture models by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The transfection of eGFP by calcium phosphate nanoparticles was compared in 2D and 3D cell culture, including co-cultures of green fluorescing HeLa-eGFP cells and MG-63 cells in 2D and in 3D models with the red fluorescent protein mCherry. This permitted a cell-specific assessment of the local transfection efficiency. In general, the penetration of nanoparticles into the spheroids was significantly higher than that of a model oligonucleotide carried by Lipofectamine. The transfection efficiency was comparable in 3D cell cultures with 2D cell cultures, but it occurred preferentially at the surface of the spheroids, following the uptake pathway of the nanoparticles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Three-dimensional cell culture models can serve as a bridge between the in-vitro cell cultures and the in-vivo situation, especially when mass transfer effects have to be considered. This is the case for nanoparticles where the incubation effect in a two-dimensional cell culture strongly differs from a three-dimensional cell culture or a living tissue. We have compared the uptake of nanoparticles and a subsequent transfection of fluorescent proteins in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture models. An elegant model to investigate the transfection in co-cultures was developed using HeLa-eGFP cells (green fluorescent) together with MG-63 cells (non-fluorescent) that were transfected with the red-fluorescing protein mCherry. Thereby, the transfection of both cell types in the co-culture was easily distinguished.
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Yu J, Qin B, Moyer AM, Nowsheen S, Liu T, Qin S, Zhuang Y, Liu D, Lu SW, Kalari KR, Visscher DW, Copland JA, McLaughlin SA, Moreno-Aspitia A, Northfelt DW, Gray RJ, Lou Z, Suman VJ, Weinshilboum R, Boughey JC, Goetz MP, Wang L. DNA methyltransferase expression in triple-negative breast cancer predicts sensitivity to decitabine. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2376-2388. [PMID: 29708513 DOI: 10.1172/jci97924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis that lacks targeted therapies, especially in patients with chemotherapy-resistant disease. Since DNA methylation-induced silencing of tumor suppressors is common in cancer, reversal of promoter DNA hypermethylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine), an FDA-approved DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, has proven effective in treating hematological neoplasms. However, its antitumor effect varies in solid tumors, stressing the importance of identifying biomarkers predictive of therapeutic response. Here, we focused on the identification of biomarkers to select decitabine-sensitive TNBC through increasing our understanding of the mechanism of decitabine action. We showed that protein levels of DNMTs correlated with response to decitabine in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) organoids originating from chemotherapy-sensitive and -resistant TNBCs, suggesting DNMT levels as potential biomarkers of response. Furthermore, all 3 methytransferases, DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B, were degraded following low-concentration, long-term decitabine treatment both in vitro and in vivo. The DNMT proteins could be ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), leading to lysosome-dependent protein degradation. Depletion of TRAF6 blocked decitabine-induced DNMT degradation, conferring resistance to decitabine. Our study suggests a potential mechanism of regulating DNMT protein degradation and DNMT levels as response biomarkers for DNMT inhibitors in TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Department of Oncology, and.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tongzheng Liu
- Department of Oncology, and.,Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Yongxian Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Shijia W Lu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard J Gray
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Vera J Suman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Judy C Boughey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Kwak B, Lee Y, Lee J, Lee S, Lim J. Mass fabrication of uniform sized 3D tumor spheroid using high-throughput microfluidic system. J Control Release 2018; 275:201-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Nerantzaki M, Kehagias N, Francone A, Fernández A, Sotomayor Torres CM, Papi R, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Bikiaris DN. Design of a Multifunctional Nanoengineered PLLA Surface by Maximizing the Synergies between Biochemical and Surface Design Bactericidal Effects. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1509-1521. [PMID: 31458476 PMCID: PMC6641651 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter on atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scales, has become the most appealing strategy for biomedical applications and is of great interest as an approach to preventing microbial risks. In this study, we utilize the antimicrobial performance and the drug-loading ability of novel nanoparticles based on silicon oxide and strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite to develop nanocomposite antimicrobial films based on a poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) polymer. We also demonstrate that nanoimprint lithography (NIL), a process adaptable to industrial application, is a feasible fabrication technique to modify the surface of PLLA, to alter its physical properties, and to utilize it for antibacterial applications. Various nanocomposite PLLA films with nanosized (black silicon) and three-dimensional (hierarchical) hybrid domains were fabricated by thermal NIL, and their bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed. Our findings demonstrate that besides hydrophobicity the nanoparticle antibiotic delivery and the surface roughness are essential factors that affect the biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nerantzaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kehagias
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Achille Francone
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Fernández
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA,
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rigini Papi
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Eguchi T, Sogawa C, Okusha Y, Uchibe K, Iinuma R, Ono K, Nakano K, Murakami J, Itoh M, Arai K, Fujiwara T, Namba Y, Murata Y, Ohyama K, Shimomura M, Okamura H, Takigawa M, Nakatsura T, Kozaki KI, Okamoto K, Calderwood SK. Organoids with cancer stem cell-like properties secrete exosomes and HSP90 in a 3D nanoenvironment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191109. [PMID: 29415026 PMCID: PMC5802492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ability to form cellular aggregations such as tumorspheres and spheroids have been used as a morphological marker of malignant cancer cells and in particular cancer stem cells (CSC). However, the common definition of the types of cellular aggregation formed by cancer cells has not been available. We examined morphologies of 67 cell lines cultured on three dimensional morphology enhancing NanoCulture Plates (NCP) and classified the types of cellular aggregates that form. Among the 67 cell lines, 49 cell lines formed spheres or spheroids, 8 cell lines formed grape-like aggregation (GLA), 8 cell lines formed other types of aggregation, and 3 cell lines formed monolayer sheets. Seven GLA-forming cell lines were derived from adenocarcinoma among the 8 lines. A neuroendocrine adenocarcinoma cell line PC-3 formed asymmetric GLA with ductal structures on the NCPs and rapidly growing asymmetric tumors that metastasized to lymph nodes in immunocompromised mice. In contrast, another adenocarcinoma cell line DU-145 formed spheroids in vitro and spheroid-like tumors in vivo that did not metastasize to lymph nodes until day 50 after transplantation. Culture in the 3D nanoenvironment and in a defined stem cell medium enabled the neuroendocrine adenocarcinoma cells to form slowly growing large organoids that expressed multiple stem cell markers, neuroendocrine markers, intercellular adhesion molecules, and oncogenes in vitro. In contrast, the more commonly used 2D serum-contained environment reduced intercellular adhesion and induced mesenchymal transition and promoted rapid growth of the cells. In addition, the 3D stemness nanoenvironment promoted secretion of HSP90 and EpCAM-exosomes, a marker of CSC phenotype, from the neuroendocrine organoids. These findings indicate that the NCP-based 3D environment enables cells to form stem cell tumoroids with multipotency and model more accurately the in vivo tumor status at the levels of morphology and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenta Uchibe
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Murakami
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Dent-maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Itoh
- JSR Life Sciences Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arai
- JSR Life Sciences Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Fujiwara
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuri Namba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murata
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ohyama
- Radio Isotope Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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A Novel Polyamine-Targeted Therapy for BRAF Mutant Melanoma Tumors. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6010003. [PMID: 29304009 PMCID: PMC5872160 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant serine/threonine protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF) protein is expressed in over half of all melanoma tumors. Although BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) elicit rapid anti-tumor responses in the majority of patients with mutant BRAF melanoma, the tumors inevitably relapse after a short time. We hypothesized that polyamines are essential for tumor survival in mutant BRAF melanomas. These tumors rely on both polyamine biosynthesis and an upregulated polyamine transport system (PTS) to maintain their high intracellular polyamine levels. We evaluated the effect of a novel arylpolyamine (AP) compound that is cytotoxic upon cellular entry via the increased PTS activity of melanoma cells with different BRAF mutational status. Mutant BRAF melanoma cells demonstrated greater PTS activity and increased sensitivity to AP compared to wild type BRAF (BRAFWT) melanoma cells. Treatment with an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), further upregulated PTS activity in mutant BRAF cells and increased their sensitivity to AP. Furthermore, viability assays of 3D spheroid cultures of mutant BRAF melanoma cells demonstrated greater resistance to the BRAFi, PLX4720, compared to 2D monolayer cultures. However, co-treatment with AP restored the sensitivity of melanoma spheroids to PLX4720. These data indicate that mutant BRAF melanoma cells are more dependent on the PTS compared to BRAFWT melanoma cells, resulting in greater sensitivity to the PTS-targeted cytotoxic AP compound.
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Yamanishi C, Jen K, Takayama S. Techniques to Produce and Culture Lung Tumor Organoids. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60511-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Ning R, Zhuang Q, Lin JM. Biomaterial-Based Microfluidics for Cell Culture and Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5394-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Verjans ET, Doijen J, Luyten W, Landuyt B, Schoofs L. Three-dimensional cell culture models for anticancer drug screening: Worth the effort? J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2993-3003. [PMID: 28618001 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High attrition of new oncology drug candidates in clinical trials is partially caused by the poor predictive capacity of artificial monolayer cell culture assays early in drug discovery. Monolayer assays do not take the natural three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment of cells into account. As a result, false positive compounds often enter clinical trials, leading to high dropout rates and a waste of time and money. Over the past 2 decades, tissue engineers and cell biologists have developed a broad range of 3D in vitro culturing tools that better represent in vivo cell biology. These tools preserve the 3D architecture of cells and can be used to predict toxicity of and resistance against antitumor agents. Recent progress in tissue engineering further improves 3D models by taking into account the tumor microenvironment, which is important for metastatic progression and vascularization. However, the widespread implementation of 3D cell cultures into cell-based research programs has been limited by various factors, including their cost and reproducibility. In addition, different 3D cell culture techniques often produce spheroids of different size and shape, which can strongly influence drug efficacy and toxicity. Hence, it is imperative to morphometrically characterize multicellular spheroids to avoid generalizations among different spheroid types. Standardized 3D culturing procedures could further reduce data variability and enhance biological relevance. Here, we critically evaluate the benefits and challenges inherent to growing cells in 3D, along with an overview of the techniques used to form spheroids. This is done with a specific focus on antitumor drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy-Tim Verjans
- Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jordi Doijen
- Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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42
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Duval K, Grover H, Han LH, Mou Y, Pegoraro AF, Fredberg J, Chen Z. Modeling Physiological Events in 2D vs. 3D Cell Culture. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:266-277. [PMID: 28615311 PMCID: PMC5545611 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture has become an indispensable tool to help uncover fundamental biophysical and biomolecular mechanisms by which cells assemble into tissues and organs, how these tissues function, and how that function becomes disrupted in disease. Cell culture is now widely used in biomedical research, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and industrial practices. Although flat, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture has predominated, recent research has shifted toward culture using three-dimensional (3D) structures, and more realistic biochemical and biomechanical microenvironments. Nevertheless, in 3D cell culture, many challenges remain, including the tissue-tissue interface, the mechanical microenvironment, and the spatiotemporal distributions of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. Here, we review 2D and 3D cell culture methods, discuss advantages and limitations of these techniques in modeling physiologically and pathologically relevant processes, and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Duval
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Hannah Grover
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Li-Hsin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongchao Mou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois-Chicago, Rockford, Illinois
| | - Adrian F Pegoraro
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jeffery Fredberg
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zi Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire;
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Three-dimensional spheroid culture targeting versatile tissue bioassays using a PDMS-based hanging drop array. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4363. [PMID: 28663555 PMCID: PMC5491519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial-based tissue culture platforms have emerged as useful tools to mimic in vivo physiological microenvironments in experimental cell biology and clinical studies. We describe herein a three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture platform using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based hanging drop array (PDMS-HDA) methodology. Multicellular spheroids can be achieved within 24 h and further boosted by incorporating collagen fibrils in PDMS-HDA. In addition, the spheroids generated from different human tumor cells exhibited distinct sensitivities toward drug chemotherapeutic agents and radiation as compared with two-dimensional (2D) cultures that often lack in vivo-like biological insights. We also demonstrated that multicellular spheroids may enable key hallmarks of tissue-based bioassays, including drug screening, tumor dissemination, cell co-culture, and tumor invasion. Taken together, these results offer new opportunities not only to achieve the active control of 3D multicellular spheroids on demand, but also to establish a rapid and cost-effective platform to study anti-cancer therapeutics and tumor microenvironments.
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44
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Real-time viability and apoptosis kinetic detection method of 3D multicellular tumor spheroids using the Celigo Image Cytometer. Cytometry A 2017; 91:883-892. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Leek R, Grimes DR, Harris AL, McIntyre A. Methods: Using Three-Dimensional Culture (Spheroids) as an In Vitro Model of Tumour Hypoxia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 899:167-96. [PMID: 27325267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26666-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regions of hypoxia in tumours can be modelled in vitro in 2D cell cultures with a hypoxic chamber or incubator in which oxygen levels can be regulated. Although this system is useful in many respects, it disregards the additional physiological gradients of the hypoxic microenvironment, which result in reduced nutrients and more acidic pH. Another approach to hypoxia modelling is to use three-dimensional spheroid cultures. In spheroids, the physiological gradients of the hypoxic tumour microenvironment can be inexpensively modelled and explored. In addition, spheroids offer the advantage of more representative modelling of tumour therapy responses compared with 2D culture. Here, we review the use of spheroids in hypoxia tumour biology research and highlight the different methodologies for spheroid formation and how to obtain uniformity. We explore the challenge of spheroid analyses and how to determine the effect on the hypoxic versus normoxic components of spheroids. We discuss the use of high-throughput analyses in hypoxia screening of spheroids. Furthermore, we examine the use of mathematical modelling of spheroids to understand more fully the hypoxic tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Leek
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David Robert Grimes
- Gray Laboratory, Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, QMC, D Floor, West Block, W/D/1374, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Katti DR, Katti KS. Cancer cell mechanics with altered cytoskeletal behavior and substrate effects: A 3D finite element modeling study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 76:125-134. [PMID: 28571747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A robust computational model of a cancer cell is presented using finite element modeling. The model accurately captures nuances of the various components of the cellular substructure. The role of degradation of cytoskeleton on overall elastic properties of the cancer cell is reported. The motivation for degraded cancer cellular substructure, the cytoskeleton is the observation that the innate mechanics of cytoskeleton is disrupted by various anti-cancer drugs as therapeutic treatments for the destruction of the cancer tumors. We report a significant influence on the degradation of the cytoskeleton on the mechanics of cancer cell. Further, a simulations based study is reported where we evaluate mechanical properties of the cancer cell attached to a variety of substrates. The loading of the cancer cell is less influenced by nature of the substrate, but low modulus substrates such as osteoblasts and hydrogels indicate a significant change in unloading behavior and also the plastic deformation. Overall, softer substrates such as osteoblasts and other bone cells result in a much altered unloading response as well as significant plastic deformation. These substrates are relevant to metastasis wherein certain type of cancers such as prostate and breast cancer cells migrate to the bone and colonize through mesenchymal to epithelial transition. The modeling study presented here is an important first step in the development of strong predictive methodologies for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh R Katti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Kalpana S Katti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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47
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Fang Y, Eglen RM. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures in Drug Discovery and Development. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217696795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Corning Research and Development Corporation, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA
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Pradhan S, Clary JM, Seliktar D, Lipke EA. A three-dimensional spheroidal cancer model based on PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel microspheres. Biomaterials 2016; 115:141-154. [PMID: 27889665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models offer an attractive approach towards the investigation of tumorigenic phenomena and other cancer studies by providing dimensional context and higher degree of physiological relevance than that offered by conventional two-dimensional (2D) models. The multicellular tumor spheroid model, formed by cell aggregation, is considered to be the "gold standard" for 3D cancer models, due to its ease and simplicity of use. Although better than 2D models, tumor spheroids are unable to replicate key features of the native tumor microenvironment, particularly due to a lack of surrounding extracellular matrix components and heterogeneity in shape, size and aggregate forming tendencies. In order to address this issue, we have developed a 3D "tumor microsphere" model, formed by a dual-photoinitiator, aqueous-oil emulsion technique, for the encapsulation of cancer cells within PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel microspheres and for subsequent long-term 3D culture. In comparison to self-aggregated tumor spheroids, the tumor microspheres displayed a higher degree of size and shape homogeneity throughout long-term culture. In sharp contrast to cells in tumor spheroids, cells within tumor microspheres demonstrated significant loss in apico-basal polarity and cellular architecture, cellular and nuclear atypia, increased disorganization, elevated nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear volume density and reduction in cell-cell junction length, all of which are hallmarks of malignant transformation and tumorigenic progression. Additionally, the tumor microsphere model was extended for the 3D encapsulation and maintenance of a wide range of other cancer cell (metastatic and non-metastatic) types. Taken together, our results reinforce the importance of incorporating a biomimetic matrix in the cellular microenvironment of 3D tumor models and the influential effects of the matrix on the tumorigenic morphology of 3D cultured cells. The tumor microsphere system established in this study has the potential to be used in future investigations of 3D cancer cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions and in drug-testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jacob M Clary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Heidari Kani M, Chan EC, Young RC, Butler T, Smith R, Paul JW. 3D Cell Culturing and Possibilities for Myometrial Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:1746-1757. [PMID: 27770218 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research insights into uterine function and the mechanisms of labour have been hindered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models. The use of traditional culturing methods limits the exploration of complex uterine functions, such as cell interactions, connectivity and contractile behaviour, as it fails to mimic the three-dimensional (3D) nature of uterine cell interactions in vivo. Animal models are an option, however, use of these models is constrained by ethical considerations as well as translational limitations to humans. Evidence indicates that these limitations can be overcome by using 3D culture systems, or 3D Bioprinters, to model the in vivo cytological architecture of the tissue in an in vitro environment. 3D cultured or 3D printed cells can be used to form an artificial tissue. This artificial tissue can not only be used as an appropriate model in which to study cellular function and organisation, but could also be used for regenerative medicine purposes including organ or tissue transplantation, organ donation and obstetric care. The current review describes recent developments in cell culture that can facilitate the development of myometrial 3D structures and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Heidari Kani
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia. .,Priority Research Centre of Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Eng-Cheng Chan
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre of Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Roger C Young
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Trent Butler
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre of Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre of Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Paul
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre of Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Guggenheim EJ, Khan A, Pike J, Chang L, Lynch I, Rappoport JZ. Comparison of Confocal and Super-Resolution Reflectance Imaging of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159980. [PMID: 27695038 PMCID: PMC5047631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for human exposure to manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in recent years, in part through the incorporation of engineered particles into a wide range of commercial goods and medical applications. NP are ideal candidates for use as therapeutic and diagnostic tools within biomedicine, however concern exists regarding their efficacy and safety. Thus, developing techniques for the investigation of NP uptake into cells is critically important. Current intracellular NP investigations rely on the use of either Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which provides ultrahigh resolution, but involves cumbersome sample preparation rendering the technique incompatible with live cell imaging, or fluorescent labelling, which suffers from photobleaching, poor bioconjugation and, often, alteration of NP surface properties. Reflected light imaging provides an alternative non-destructive label free technique well suited, but not limited to, the visualisation of NP uptake within model systems, such as cells. Confocal reflectance microscopy provides optical sectioning and live imaging capabilities, with little sample preparation. However confocal microscopy is diffraction limited, thus the X-Y resolution is restricted to ~250 nm, substantially larger than the <100 nm size of NPs. Techniques such as super-resolution light microscopy overcome this fundamental limitation, providing increased X-Y resolution. The use of Reflectance SIM (R-SIM) for NP imaging has previously only been demonstrated on custom built microscopes, restricting the widespread use and limiting NP investigations. This paper demonstrates the use of a commercial SIM microscope for the acquisition of super-resolution reflectance data with X-Y resolution of 115 nm, a greater than two-fold increase compared to that attainable with RCM. This increase in resolution is advantageous for visualising small closely spaced structures, such as NP clusters, previously unresolvable by RCM. This is advantageous when investigating the subcellular trafficking of NP within fluorescently labelled cellular compartments. NP signal can be observed using RCM, R-SIM and TEM and a direct comparison is presented. Each of these techniques has its own benefits and limitations; RCM and R-SIM provide novel complementary information while the combination of modalities provides a unique opportunity to gain additional information regarding NP uptake. The use of multiple imaging methods therefore greatly enhances the range of NPs that can be studied under label-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Guggenheim
- Physical Science of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Centre (DTC), Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Pike
- Physical Science of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Centre (DTC), Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Chang
- Nikon Instruments, Inc. Melville, New York, United States of America
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, and Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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