Notoginsenoside R1 activates the NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT1 cascade to promote postischemic angiogenesis by modulating Notch signaling

The integration of spear and shield: a panoramic analysis of the blood circulation-promoting and hemostatic effects of Panax notoginseng

Panax notoginseng is a widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine renowned for its unique dual functionality in promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding. However, the specific active components and the molecular mechanisms underlying the seemingly contradictory effects of P. notoginseng remain unclear. This article reviews the literature on P. notoginseng focusing on its use in conditions including cardiovascular diseases, promoting blood circulation, and hemostasis. It provides a panoramic view of the regulatory roles of the different active components of P. notoginseng in maintaining vascular homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and coagulation-fibrinolysis during blood-activating/hemostatic conditions. By summarizing the pharmacological effects of P. notoginseng as reported by other studies, we have conducted a preliminary exploration of the medicinal basis and mechanisms that underlie its seemingly contradictory blood-activating and hemostatic effects. This research lays the groundwork for future studies into exploring the underlying mechanisms of P. notoginseng in "stopping bleeding without causing stasis and promoting blood circulation without harming the blood," and its application in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.

Therapeutic Angiogenesis Mediated by Traditional Chinese Medicine: Advances in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) shows growing potential as an adjunct or alternative therapy for vascular occlusion diseases (e.g., stroke, peripheral artery disease) by promoting therapeutic angiogenesis to restore blood flow in ischemic regions while minimizing side effects.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

This review examines TCM-mediated angiogenesis mechanisms and therapeutic advances in vascular occlusion management, establishing a theoretical foundation for clinical translation and precision medicine development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We systematically analyzed PubMed articles on TCM-induced angiogenesis in vascular occlusion diseases, focusing on herbal formulations, single herbs, bioactive compounds, and their associated signaling pathways. Search PubMed for studies investigating the role of Chinese herbal medicine (TCM), natural compounds, and herbal medicine in angiogenesis, while excluding research related to cancer, tumor, or oncological contexts.

RESULTS

TCM formulas, individual herbs, and monomeric compounds enhance endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation via pathways such as HIF/VEGF, PI3K/AKT, NOTCH, BMP/ALK, and Apelin/APJ, improving ischemic blood flow.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights angiogenesis as a novel strategy for vascular occlusive diseases and underscores TCM's efficacy through multi-target angiogenic regulation mechanism.However, further research using modern medical technologies is needed to optimize clinical application and advance precision medicine.

Research developments in the neurovascular unit and the blood‑brain barrier (Review)

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of neurons, glial cells, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), pericytes, and the extracellular matrix. The NVU controls the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and protects the brain from harmful blood-borne and endogenous and exogenous substances. Among these, neurons transmit signals, astrocytes provide nutrients, microglia regulate inflammation, and BMECs and pericytes strengthen barrier tightness and coverage. These cells, due to their physical structure, anatomical location, or physiological function, maintain the microenvironment required for normal brain function. In this review, the BBB structure and mechanisms are examined to obtain a better understanding of the factors that influence BBB permeability. The findings may aid in safeguarding the BBB and provide potential therapeutic targets for drugs affecting the central nervous system.

Role of sirtuins in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

The high incidence and mortality rate of cardiac arrest (CA) establishes it as a critical clinical challenge in emergency medicine globally. Despite continuous advances in advanced life support (ALS) technology, the prognosis for patients experiencing cardiac arrest remains poor, with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury (CIRI) being a significant determinant of adverse neurological outcomes and increased mortality. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a class of highly evolutionarily conserved NAD+-dependent histone deacylenzymes capable of regulating the expression of various cytoprotective genes to play a neuroprotective role in CIRI. SIRTs mainly regulate the levels of downstream proteins such as PGC 1-α, Nrf 2, NLRP 3, FoxOs, and PINK 1 to inhibit inflammatory response, attenuate oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial dysfunction, promote angiogenesis, and inhibit apoptosis while reducing CIRI. Natural active ingredients are widely used in regulating the protein level of SIRTs in the body because of their multi-components, multi-pathway, multi-target, and minimal toxic side effects. However, these naturally active ingredients still face many challenges related to drug targeting, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug delivery. The emergence and vigorous development of new drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, micromilk, and exosomes, provide strong support for solving the above problems. In the context of the rapid development of molecular biology technology, non-coding RNA (NcRNA), represented by miRNA and LncRNA, offers great potential for achieving gene-level precision medicine. In the context of multidisciplinary integration, combining SIRTs proteins with biotechnology, omics technologies, artificial intelligence, and material science will strongly promote the deepening of their basic research and expand their clinical application. This review describes the major signaling pathways of targeting SIRTs to mitigate CIRI, as well as the current research status of Chinese and Western medicine and medical means for the intervention level of SIRTs. Meanwhile, the challenges and possible solutions in the clinical application of targeted drugs are summarized. In the context of medical and industrial crossover, the development direction of SIRTs in the future is discussed to provide valuable reference for basic medical researchers and clinicians to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment effects of CIRI.

Baicalein ameliorates cognitive decline induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through the SIRT1-mediated Notch1 pathway to improve angiogenesis and suppress neuroinflammation

Introduction

The potential for therapeutic strategies that promote angiogenesis and suppress neuroinflammation to ameliorate cognitive decline induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) has led to their recognition as promising therapeutic targets for vascular dementia (VD). The SIRT1-mediated Notch1 signaling pathway is important in regulating angiogenesis and neuroinflammation. Previous studies have demonstrated that baicalein alleviates cognitive decline in rats with CCH. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether baicalein can stimulate angiogenesis in the context of VD and whether this cognitive protective effect is achieved by regulating the SIRT1-mediated Notch1 pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and the underlying mechanism of baicalein on angiogenesis and neuroinflammation in rats with CCH.

Methods

Adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered baicalein or a SIRT1 inhibitor. Cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) test, and angiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of microvascular density (MVD) and the number of CD31+/5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells. Neuroinflammation and apoptosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry for GFAP, Iba-1, NEUN/cleaved caspase-3, and ELISA analysis for TNF-α and IL-1β. Additionally, Western blotting was employed to evaluate the expression of the SIRT1-mediated Notch1 pathway.

Results

The results demonstrated that baicalein ameliorated memory and learning deficits in rats following CCH by promoting angiogenesis and suppressing neuroinflammation. However, this protective effect could be reversed by inhibiting SIRT1. Baicalein was observed to up-regulate the expression of SIRT1 and down-regulate the Notch1-related molecules.

Discussion

The SIRT1-related pathway plays a crucial role in regulating angiogenesis and neuroinflammation. Moreover, baicalein exerts a neuroprotective effect against cognitive decline through the SIRT1-mediated Notch1 pathway, which in turn improves angiogenesis and suppresses neuroinflammation.

Pharmacokinetics and Biological Activities of Notoginsenoside R1: A Systematical Review

Panax notoginseng (PN) root is a renowned nutritional supplement, health food additive, and traditional medicine that maintains homeostasis within the human microcirculatory system. Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1), an active compound derived from PN root, has been reported to possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and angiogenic effects. However, NG-R1's pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacological activities have not been systematically elucidated. In this paper, the pharmacokinetic properties of NG-R1, its pharmacological effects, mechanisms of actions, and structure-activity relationship have been reviewed. Notably, NG-R1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression, enhances the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and enhances the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). The pharmacological effects of NG-R1 are associated with the modulation of several signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB), NRF2/antioxidant response element (ARE), Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). NG-R1 offers potentially protective effects against numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, renal, pulmonary, bone, and diabetes-related conditions. Although the pharmacological activities and diverse effects of NG-R1 have been demonstrated in various diseases, its clinical applications are limited by poor bioavailability. Several strategies have been explored to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of NG-R1, making it a promising candidate for drug development.

Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment through sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway

The activation of the sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Clinical trials have demonstrated that Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid (ZFXN) ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). However, the underlying mechanism, particularly whether it involves protecting mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, remains unclear. This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell model using SH-SY5Y cells and induced PSCI in rats through modified bilateral carotid artery ligation (2VO). The effects of ZFXN on learning and memory, neuroprotective activity, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Results indicated that ZFXN significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)/Bcl2-associated X (Bax) ratio, reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL)+ cells, and markedly improved cognition, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal function in the hippocampus and cortex. Furthermore, ZFXN exhibited potent antioxidant activity, evidenced by decreased ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels. ZFXN also demonstrated considerable enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Tom20 fluorescence intensity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge (EC) levels, and mitochondrial complex I and III activity, thereby inhibiting mitochondrial damage. Additionally, ZFXN significantly increased SIRT1 activity and elevated SIRT1, nuclear Nrf2, and HO-1 levels. Notably, these effects were substantially counteracted when SIRT1 was suppressed by the inhibitor EX-527 in vitro. In conclusion, ZFXN alleviates PSCI by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and preventing mitochondrial damage.

Panax Notoginseng Saponins promotes the meningeal lymphatic system-mediated hematoma absorption in intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Hematoma clearance is crucial for treating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Currently, there is a lack of pharmacological therapy aimed at promoting hematoma absorption. Meningeal lymphatic system, as a drain of brain, is a potential therapeutic approach in ICH. Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS), proven to promote lymphangiogenesis in periphery, effectively reduces hematoma in ICH patients. However, the potential pharmacological effect of PNS on meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) remains unknown.

PURPOSE

In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of PNS on the meningeal lymphatic system and ICH.

METHODS

The collagenase-ICH model was conducted to investigate the effect of PNS. Behavioral tests, including modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and foot-fault test, and hematoma volume were used to estimate the neurological function and curative effect. The structure and drainage function of MLVs was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Visudyne intracisternal magna injection combined with red laser photoconversion was performed to ablate MLVs. RNA-sequencing was used to obtain mRNA profiles for mechanistic investigation.

RESULTS

The meningeal lymphatic drainage function was enhanced after ICH on day 14 without obvious lymphangiogenesis. Additionally, PNS further facilitated the process of drain with simultaneously inducing lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, ablation of MLVs by photoconverting of visudyne significantly blocked the benefits of neurological deficits improvement and hematoma absorption conducted by PNS. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing revealed that PNS regulated axonogenesis and inflammation, relying on the intact MLVs. In which, solute carrier family 17 member 7 (Slc17a7) and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) were identified as bottleneck and hub nodes of the protein-protein interaction network of target genes, respectively.

CONCLUSION

PNS might be effective for ICH treatment by enhancing lymphangiogenesis and the meningeal lymphatic drainage function, thereby attenuating inflammation and promoting neurological recovery. The role of PNS in regulation of MLVs was investigated for the first time. This study provides a novel insight for PNS in the medical therapy of ICH.

Panax notoginseng saponins promotes angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Background

Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease that can result in permanent disability and death, and angiogenesis plays a critical role in the recovery and survival of patients and animal models of ischemic stroke. Panax notoginseng has been used as a key herb in the treatment of stroke diseases due to its effect in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. However, the role of Panax notoginseng saponins, in promoting angiogenesis is unclear.

Purpose

This study is aimed to investigate the effect of Xueshuantong (XST) injection, composed of Panax notoginseng saponins in post-stroke revascularization.

Method

In the present study, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats, with XST and the positive drug Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) administered via intraperitoneal injection to observe vascular changes after stroke. The protective and pro-angiogenic effects of XST after stroke were demonstrated by Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and optical coherence tomography angiography. Subsequently, network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, as well as in vitro experimental validation, were used to further analyze the potential mechanism by which XST promotes angiogenesis.

Results

The results showed that XST could reduce the cerebral infarction region in rats. And the neovascularization in the ischemic area of the rat brain significantly increased after 7 or 14 days of XST administration. Furthermore, XST could activate the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathways.

Conclusion

XST may promote post-stroke angiogenesis by affecting the HIF1-α/VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling pathways.

Employ machine learning to identify NAD+ metabolism-related diagnostic markers for ischemic stroke and develop a diagnostic model

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe condition regulated by complex molecular alterations. This study aimed to identify potential nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism-associated diagnostic markers of IS and explore their associations with immune dynamics. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) were employed to identify key gene modules on the GEO dataset (GSE16561). LASSO regression was used to identify diagnostic genes. A diagnostic model was then developed using the training dataset, and its performance was assessed using a validation dataset (GSE22255 dataset). Associations between hub genes and immune cells, immune response genes, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes were assessed by ssGSEA. A regulatory network was constructed using mirBase and TRRUST databases. A total of 20 NAD+ metabolic genes exhibited noteworthy expression variations. Within the module notably associated with NAD+ metabolism, 19 specific genes were included in the diagnostic model, which was validated on the GSE22255 dataset (AUC: 0.733). There were significant disparities in immune cell populations, immune response genes, and HLA gene expression, all of which were associated with the hub genes. A regulatory network composed of 153 edges and 103 nodes was constructed. This study advances our understanding of IS by providing insights into NAD+ metabolism and gene interactions, contributing to potential diagnostic innovations in IS.

Characterization of a Xylosyltransferase from Panax notoginseng Catalyzing Ginsenoside 2'-O Glycosylation in the Biosynthesis of Notoginsenosides

Notoginsenosides are important bioactive compounds from Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, most of which have xylose in their sugar chains. However, the xylosyltransferases involved in the generation of notoginsenosides remain poorly understood, posing a bottleneck for further study of the biosynthesis of notoginsenosides. In this work, a new xylosyltransferase gene, PnUGT57 (named UGT94BW1), was identified from P. notoginseng, which has a distinct sequence and could catalyze the 2'-O glycosylation of ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg1 to produce notoginsenosides R2 and R1, respectively. We first characterized the optimal conditions for the PnUGT57 activity and its enzymatic kinetic parameters, and then, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of PnUGT57. Combined with the results of site-directed mutagenesis, Glu26, Ser266, Glu267, Trp347, Ser348, and Glu352 in PnUGT57 were identified as the key residues involved in 2'-O glycosylation of C-6 O-Glc, and PnUGT57R175A and PnUGT57G237A could significantly improve the catalytic activity of PnUGT57. These findings not only provide a new xylosyltransferase gene for augmenting the plant xylosyltransferase database but also identify the pivotal sites and catalytic mechanism of the enzyme, which would provide reference for the modification and application of xylosyltransferases in the future.

Notoginsenoside R1, a metabolite from Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen, stimulates insulin secretion through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway

Background

For ages, botanical medicine has been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), a Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen metabolite, has been documented to possess antidiabetic action in vivo. However, its precise molecular mechanism of action is not clear.

Objectives

We evaluated NGR1's effects on blood glucose in vivo and then evaluated in vitro whether NGR1 has effects on insulin secretion and the probable molecular pathways involved in NGR1-induced insulin secretion.

Methods

Diabetes was induced in mice by streptozotocin. Glucose tolerance test was performed before and after NGR1 was administered intraperitoneally to diabetic animals for 4 weeks. Static and perifusion experiments were performed using isolated female BALB/c mouse islets. Preproinsulin (Ins) mRNA expression was measured using q-PCR. Protein expression of PI3K/Akt pathway was assessed using the fully automated Wes™ capillary-based protein electrophoresis.

Results

Treatment of diabetic mice with NGR1 improved their glucose intolerance. In vitro, NGR1 increased insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. NGR1 initiated the secretion of insulin at 2 mM glucose and augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion which was sustained throughout NGR1 perifusion. NGR1-induced insulin secretion was not altered by a voltage gated calcium channel blocker or protein kinase A inhibitor. NGR1 did not significantly modulate Ins mRNA expression. However, NGR1 significantly increased the levels of phospho-Akt and phopho-p-85.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study has shown that NGR1 ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. NGR1 has a direct insulin secretagogue activity on mouse islets, stimulates insulin secretion at both basal and postprandial glucose concentrations, and activates PI3K/Akt pathway to induce insulin secretion. These results suggest that NGR1 may provide an alternative therapy to manage DM.

Mechanisms of Postischemic Stroke Angiogenesis: A Multifaceted Approach

Ischemic stroke constitutes a significant global health care challenge, and a comprehensive understanding of its recovery mechanisms is imperative for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Angiogenesis, a pivotal element of ischemic tissue repair, facilitates the restoration of blood flow to damaged regions, thereby promoting neuronal regeneration and functional recovery. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying postischemic stroke angiogenesis remain incompletely elucidated. This review meticulously examines the constituents of the neurovascular unit, ion channels, molecular mediators, and signaling pathways implicated in angiogenesis following stroke. Furthermore, it delves into prospective therapeutic strategies informed by these factors. Our objective is to provide detailed and exhaustive information on the intricate mechanisms governing postischemic stroke angiogenesis, thus providing a robust scientific foundation for the advancement of novel neurorepair therapies.

Notoginseng leaf triterpenes promotes angiogenesis by activating the Nrf2 pathway and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated PGC-1/ERα axis in ischemic stroke

Notoginseng leaf triterpenes (PNGL), derived from the dried stems and leaves of P. notoginseng, is a phytoestrogen that exerts many neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro of ischemic stroke. However, its impact on neurological restoration specifically in relation to angiogenesis following ischemic stroke remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of PNGL on angiogenesis subsequent to ischemic stroke. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized in this study and were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Post-ischemia, PNGL were administered through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, immunofluorescent staining, network pharmacology and western blot analyses were assessed to determine the therapeutical effect and molecular mechanisms of PNGL on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our findings demonstrate that PNGL effectively reduced infarct volume, enhanced cerebral blood flow, and induced angiogenesis in rats subjected to MCAO/R. Notably, PNGL also facilitated neuronal proliferation and migration in HUMECs in vitro. The proangiogenic effects of PNGL were found to be linked to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and the AMPK/SIRT1-mediated PGC-1/ERα axis, as well as the activation of neurological function. Our study provides evidence that PNGL hold promise as an active ingredient of inducing proangiogenic effects, potentially through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and the AMPK/SIRT1-mediated PGC-1/ERα axis. These findings contribute to the understanding of novel mechanisms involved in the restoration of neurological function following PNGL treatment for ischemic stroke.

Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins from Ginseng

Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol-type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol-type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in-depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.

Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) regulates the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway by inhibiting RUNX2 expression to accelerate ferroptosis in breast cancer cells

Ferroptosis is a new way of cell death, and stimulating the process of cell ferroptosis is a new strategy to treat breast cancer. NGR1 has good anti-cancer activity and is able to slow the progression of breast cancer. However, NGR1 has not been reported in the field related to ferroptosis. By searching the online database for potential targets of NGR1 and the breast cancer disease database, among 11 intersecting genes we focused on Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), which is highly expressed in breast cancer, and KEGG pathway enrichment showed that the intersecting genes were mainly enriched in the AGE (advanced glycosylation end products)-RAGE (receptor of AGEs) signaling pathway. After that, we constructed overexpression and down-regulation breast cancer cell lines of RUNX2 in vitro, and tested whether NGR1 treatment induced ferroptosis in breast cancer cells by regulating RUNX2 to inhibit the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway through phenotyping experiments of ferroptosis, Western blot experiments, QPCR experiments, and electron microscopy observation. The results showed that NGR1 was able to inhibit the expression level of RUNX2 and suppress the AGE/PAGE signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. NGR1 was also able to promote the accumulation of Fe2+ and oxidative damage in breast cancer cells by regulating RUNX2 and then down-regulating the expression level of GPX4, FIH1 and up-regulating the expression level of ferroptosis-related proteins such as COX2, ACSL4, PTGS2 and NOX1, which eventually led to the ferroptosis of breast cancer cells.

Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway through microbiota-gut-brain axis

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke (IS) ranks as the second common cause of death worldwide. However, a narrow thrombolysis timeframe and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury limits patient recovery. Moreover, anticoagulation and antithrombotic drugs do not meet the clinical requirements. Studies have demonstrated close communication between the brain and gut microbiota in IS. Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1), a significant component of the total saponins from Panax notoginseng, has been demonstrated to be effective against cerebral I/R injury. Total saponins have been used to treat IS in Chinese pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, previous research has indicated that the absorption of NG-R1 was controlled by gut microbiota.

STUDY DESIGN

This study aimed to access the impact of NG-R1 treatment on neuroinflammation and investigate the microbiota-related mechanisms.

RESULTS

NG-R1 significantly reduced neuronal death and neuroinflammation in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) models. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that NG-R1 treatment displayed the reversal of microbiota related with MCAO/R models. Additionally, NG-R1 administration attenuated intestinal inflammation, gut barrier destruction, and systemic inflammation. Furthermore, microbiota transplantation from NG-R1 exhibited a similar effect in the MCAO/R models.

CONCLUSION

In summary, NG-R1 treatment resulted in the restoration of the structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduction in neuroinflammation via suppressing the stimulation of astrocytes and microglia in the cerebral ischemic area. Mechanistic research demonstrated that NG-R1 treatment suppressed the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) signaling pathway in both the ischemic brain and colon. NG-R1 treatment enhanced microbiota dysbiosis by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway to protect MCAO/R models. These findings elucidate the mechanisms by which NG-R1 improve stroke outcomes and provide some basis for Panax notoginseng saponins in clinical treatment.

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental models to identify notoginsenoside R1 ameliorates atherosclerosis by inhibiting macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease, accounting for the most common mortality cause worldwide. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a characteristic saponin of Radix notoginseng that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects while modulating lipid metabolism. Evidence suggests that NGR1 exerts cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-atherosclerosis effects. However, underlying NGR1 mechanisms alleviating atherosclerosis (AS) have not been examined. This study used a network pharmacology approach to construct the drug-target-disease correlation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of NGR1 and AS. Moreover, functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses deciphered the critical biological processes and signaling pathways potentially regulated by NGR1. The protective effect of NGR1 against AS and the underlying mechanism(s) was assessed in an atherogenic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice in vivo and an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage model in vitro. The network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses revealed that NGR1 protects against AS by targeting the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β pathway. NGR1 reduced foam cell formation in ox-LDL-induced macrophages and decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation, serum lipid metabolism, and inflammatory cytokines in AS mice in vivo. Therefore, NGR1 downregulates the NLRP3 inflammasome complex gene expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β, and IL-18, in vivo and in vitro.

Advancements in research on the effects of panax notoginseng saponin constituents in ameliorating learning and memory disorders

Learning and memory disorder is a cluster of symptoms caused by neuronal aging and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are a series of saponins derived from the natural active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. In this paper, we review the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng saponin-like components on learning and memory disorders to provide valuable references and insights for the development of new drugs for the treatment of learning and memory disorders. Our summary results suggest that Panax ginseng saponins have significant effects on improving learning and memory disorders, and these effects and potential mechanisms are mediated by their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, β-amyloid lowering, mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, neuronal structure and function improving, neurogenesis promoting, neurotransmitter release regulating, and probiotic homeostasis in vivo activities. These findings suggest the potential of Panax notoginseng saponin-like constituents as drug candidates for improving learning and memory disorders.

Drug discovery targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT): Updated progress and perspectives

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) salvage pathway, primarily catalyzing the synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide (NAM), phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Metabolic diseases, aging-related diseases, inflammation, and cancers can lead to abnormal expression levels of NAMPT due to the pivotal role of NAD+ in redox metabolism, aging, the immune system, and DNA repair. In addition, NAMPT can be secreted by cells as a cytokine that binds to cell membrane receptors to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, NAMPT is able to reduce therapeutic efficacy by enhancing acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, a few novel activators and inhibitors of NAMPT for neuroprotection and anti-tumor have been reported, respectively. However, NAMPT activators are still in preclinical studies, and only five NAMPT inhibitors have entered the clinical stage, unfortunately, three of which were terminated or withdrawn due to safety concerns. Novel drug design strategies such as proteolytic targeting chimera (PROTAC), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and dual-targeted inhibitors also provide new directions for the development of NAMPT inhibitors. In this perspective, we mainly discuss the structure, biological function, and role of NAMPT in diseases and the currently discovered activators and inhibitors. It is our hope that this work will provide some guidance for the future design and optimization of NAMPT activators and inhibitors.

Jagged 2 inhibition attenuates hypoxia-induced mitochondrial damage and pulmonary hypertension through Sirtuin 1 signaling

Notch pathway has played a significant role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the role of Jagged 2 (Jag2), one ligand of Notch, remains to be elucidated.Therefore, determining the contribution of Jag2 to PH and its impact on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) was the aim of this investigation. Adeno-associated virus-mediated Jag2 inhibition was used to explore the role of Jag2 in peripheral pulmonary vascular remodeling assessed in a rat model of chronic hypoxia (10% O2, 4 weeks) induced pulmonary hypertension. In vitro, the effect of Jag2 silencing on hypoxia (1% O2, 24h) induced rat PASMCs was determined. Group differences were assessed using a 2-sided unpaired Student's t-test for two groups and one-way ANOVA for multiple groups. Jag2 upregulation was first confirmed in rats with sustained hypoxia-induced PH using publicly available gene expression data, experimental PH rat models and hypoxia induced rat PASMCs. Jag2 deficiency decreased oxidative stress injury, peripheral pulmonary vascular remodeling (0.276±0.020 vs. 0.451±0.033 μm, P<0.001, <50μm), and right ventricular systolic pressure (36.8±3.033 vs. 51.8±4.245 mmHg, P<0.001) in the chronic hypoxia-induced rat model of PH. Moreover, Jag2 knockdown decreased proliferation (1.227±0.051 vs. 1.45±0.07, P = 0.012), increased apoptosis (16.733%±0.724% vs. 6.56%±0.668%, P<0.001), and suppressed mitochondrial injury in hypoxia-treated rat PASMCs. Jag2 inhibition restored the activity of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which was abolished by Sirtuin 1 deficiency. These findings show that Jag2 is essential for modulating pulmonary vascular dysfunction and accelerating PH, and that inhibition of Jag2 expression suppresses the progression and development of PH.

Unraveling the role of Xist RNA in cardiovascular pathogenesis

Understanding the molecular pathways behind cardiovascular illnesses is crucial due to the enormous worldwide health burden they impose. New insights into the role played by Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) RNA in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases have emerged from recent studies. Since its discovery, Xist RNA has been known for its role in X chromosome inactivation during embryogenesis; however, new data suggest that its function extends well beyond the control of sex chromosomes. The regulatory roles of Xist RNA are extensive, encompassing epigenetic changes, gene expression, cellular identity, and sex chromosomal inactivation. There is potential for the involvement of this complex regulatory web in a wide range of illnesses, including cardiovascular problems. Atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis are all conditions linked to dysregulation of Xist RNA expression. Alterations in DNA methylation and histones are two examples of epigenetic changes that Xist RNA orchestrates, leading to modifications in gene expression patterns in different cardiovascular cells. Additionally, Xist RNA has been shown to contribute to the development of cardiovascular illnesses by modulating endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress responses. New treatment approaches may become feasible with a thorough understanding of the complex function of Xist RNA in cardiovascular diseases. By focusing on Xist RNA and the regulatory network with which it interacts, we may be able to slow the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis, thereby opening novel therapeutic options for cardiovascular diseases amenable to precision medicine. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of Xist RNA in cardiovascular disorders.

Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol‐Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol‐Type Saponins from Ginseng

Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol‐type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol‐type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in‐depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.

Recent advances in tissue repair of the blood-brain barrier after stroke

The selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) enables the necessary exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood and is important for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Ischemic stroke inflicts damage upon the BBB, triggering adverse stroke outcomes such as cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and aggravated neuroinflammation. Therefore, effective repair of the damaged BBB after stroke and neovascularization that allows for the unique selective transfer of substances from the BBB after stroke is necessary and important for the recovery of brain function. This review focuses on four important therapies that have effects of BBB tissue repair after stroke in the last seven years. Most of these new therapies show increased expression of BBB tight-junction proteins, and some show beneficial results in terms of enhanced pericyte coverage at the injured vessels. This review also briefly outlines three effective classes of approaches and their mechanisms for promoting neoangiogenesis following a stroke.

Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates brain injury in rats with traumatic brain injury: Possible mediation of apoptosis via ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs worldwide and is associated with high mortality and disability rate. Apoptosis induced by TBI is one of the important causes of secondary injury after TBI. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is the main phytoestrogen extracted from Panax notoginseng. Many studies have shown that NGR1 has potent neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties and is effective in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of NGR1 after TBI and explored its molecular mechanism of action. A rat model of TBI was established using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and ERK1/2-related molecules in the downstream pathway were also detected by western blotting. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Nissl staining was used to clarify the morphological changes around the injury foci in rats after TBI. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) fluorescence staining were used to detect the apoptosis of neural cells in each group of rats. The results showed that NGR1 administration reduced neurological deficits after TBI, as well as brain edema and brain tissue apoptosis. It also significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NGR1 decreased the expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-RSK1, which are phosphorylated after trauma. This study suggests that NGR1 can improve neuronal apoptosis in brain injury by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway. NGR1 is a potential novel neuroprotective agent for the treatment of secondary brain injury after TBI.

Pioglitazone attenuates tamoxifen-induced liver damage in rats via modulating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/Notch1 signaling pathways: In-vivo investigations, and molecular docking analysis

BACKGROUND

Tamoxifen (TAM) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely utilized to treat breast cancer. On the other hand, it exerts deleterious cellular effects in clinical applications as an antineoplastic agent, such as liver damage and cirrhosis. TAM-induced hepatic toxicity is mainly attributed to oxidative stress and inflammation. Pioglitazone (PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, is utilized to treat diabetes mellitus type-2. PIO has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in different tissues. This research assessed the impact of PIO against TAM-induced hepatic intoxication.

METHODS

Rats received PIO (10 mg/kg) and TAM (45 mg/kg) orally for 10 days.

RESULTS

TAM increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triggered several histopathological alterations, NF-κB p65, increased hepatic oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. PIO protects against TAM-induced liver dysfunction, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), and pro-inflammatory markers along with improved hepatic antioxidants. Moreover, PIO, increased hepatic Bcl-2 expression while reducing Bax expression and caspase-3 levels. In addition, PIO decreased Keap-1, Notch1, and Hes-1 while upregulated HO-1, Nrf2, and SIRT1. Molecular docking showed the binding affinity of PIO for Keap-1, NF-κB, and SIRT1.

CONCLUSION

PIO mitigated TAM hepatotoxicity by decreasing apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The protecting ability of PIO was accompanied by reducing Keap-1 and NF-κB and regulating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 and Sirt1/Notch1 signaling. A schematic diagram illustrating the protective effect of PIO against TAM hepatotoxicity. PIO prevented TAM-induced liver injury by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/Notch1 signaling and mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Procyanidin B2 regulates the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway to improve random-pattern skin flap survival

Random-pattern skin flaps have been widely used in the reconstruction of damaged tissues. Ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the distal regions of the flap is a common issue, which often leads to flap necrosis and restricts its clinical applications. Procyanidin B2 (PB2), a naturally occurring flavonoid in large quantities in various fruits, has been demonstrated to exhibit several significant pharmacological properties. However, the effect of PB2 on flap viability is not clearly known. Here, using Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining, we observed that PB2 significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced angiogenesis. Mechanically, we provided evidence for the first time that the beneficial effects of PB2 occur through the activation of the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Moreover, co-administration of PB2 and EX527, a selective inhibitor of Sirt1, resulted in down-regulation of the expression of Sirt1, Nrf2, and downstream antioxidants. In summary, our study showed that PB2 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for improving the survival of random-pattern skin flaps.

Role of traditional Chinese medicine monomers in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury:a review of the mechanism

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological process wherein reperfusion of an ischemic organ or tissue exacerbates the injury, posing a significant health threat and economic burden to patients and their families. I/R triggers a multitude of physiological and pathological events, such as inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neuronal cell death, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, the development of effective therapeutic strategies targeting the pathological processes resulting from I/R is crucial for the rehabilitation and long-term enhancement of the quality of life in patients with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers refer to bioactive compounds extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, and the ability to modulate programmed cell death (PCD). TCM monomers have emerged as promising candidates for the treatment of CIRI and its subsequent complications. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that TCM monomers can enhance the recovery of neurological function following CIRI by mitigating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory responses, reducing neuronal cell death and functional impairment, as well as minimizing cerebral infarction volume. The neuroprotective effects of TCM monomers on CIRI have been extensively investigated, and a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms can pave the way for novel approaches to I/R treatment. This review aims to update and summarize evidence of the protective effects of TCMs in CIRI, with a focus on their role in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, PCD, glutamate excitotoxicity, Ca2+ overload, as well as promoting blood-brain barrier repairment and angiogenesis. The main objective is to underscore the significant contribution of TCM monomers in alleviating CIRI.

New insights into Sirt1: potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, the majority of patients are currently unable to benefit from intravenous thrombolysis or intravascular mechanical thrombectomy due to the limited treatment windows and serious complications. Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Sirt1), a nicotine adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzyme, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke due to its ability to maintain brain homeostasis and possess neuroprotective properties in a variety of pathological conditions for the central nervous system. Animal and clinical studies have shown that activation of Sirt1 can lessen neurological deficits and reduce the infarcted volume, offering promise for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarized the direct evidence and related mechanisms of Sirt1 providing neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic stroke. Firstly, we introduced the protein structure, catalytic mechanism and specific location of Sirt1 in the central nervous system. Secondly, we list the activators and inhibitors of Sirt1, which are primarily divided into three categories: natural, synthetic and physiological. Finally, we reviewed the neuroprotective effects of Sirt1 in ischemic stroke and discussed the specific mechanisms, including reducing neurological deficits by inhibiting various programmed cell death such as pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis in the acute phase, as well as enhancing neurological repair by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the later stage. Our review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the critical role of Sirt1 in cerebral ischemic stroke and to offer novel therapeutic strategies for this condition.

Sirtuins: Promising Therapeutic Targets to Treat Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability globally, with ischemic stroke (IS) accounting for over 80% of all stroke cases. The pathological process of IS involves numerous signal molecules, among which are the highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes known as sirtuins (SIRTs). SIRTs modulate various biological processes, including cell differentiation, energy metabolism, DNA repair, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Importantly, several studies have reported a correlation between SIRTs and IS. This review introduces the general aspects of SIRTs, including their distribution, subcellular location, enzyme activity, and substrate. We also discuss their regulatory roles and potential mechanisms in IS. Finally, we describe the current therapeutic methods based on SIRTs, such as pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions, epigenetic regulators, potential molecules, and stem cell-derived exosome therapy. The data collected in this study will potentially contribute to both clinical and fundamental research on SIRTs, geared towards developing effective therapeutic candidates for future treatment of IS.

Role of NAD+ and FAD in Ischemic Stroke Pathophysiology: An Epigenetic Nexus and Expanding Therapeutic Repertoire

The redox coenzymes viz., oxidized β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by way of generation of optimal reducing power and cellular energy currency (ATP), control a staggering array of metabolic reactions. The prominent cellular contenders for NAD+ utilization, inter alia, are sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), which have been significantly implicated in ischemic stroke (IS) pathogenesis. NAD+ and FAD are also two crucial epigenetic enzyme-required metabolites mediating histone deacetylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation through SIRTs and PARP-1 respectively, and demethylation through FAD-mediated lysine specific demethylase activity. These enzymes and post-translational modifications impinge on the components of neurovascular unit, primarily neurons, and elicit diverse functional upshots in an ischemic brain. These could be circumstantially linked with attendant cognitive deficits and behavioral outcomes in post-stroke epoch. Parsing out the contribution of NAD+/FAD-synthesizing and utilizing enzymes towards epigenetic remodeling in IS setting, together with their cognitive and behavioral associations, combined with possible therapeutic implications will form the crux of this review.

Therapeutic application of natural products: NAD+ metabolism as potential target

BACKGROUND

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolism is involved in the entire physiopathological process and is critical to human health. Long-term imbalance in NAD⁺ homeostasis is associated with various diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, aging, and cancer, making it a potential target for effective therapeutic strategies. Currently, several natural products that target NAD⁺ metabolism have been widely reported to have significant therapeutic effects, but systematic summaries are lacking.

PURPOSE

To summarize the latest findings on the prevention and treatment of various diseases through the regulation of NAD⁺ metabolism by various natural products in vivo and in vitro models, and evaluate the toxicities of the natural products.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched using the keywords "natural products sources," "toxicology," "NAD⁺ clinical trials," and "NAD⁺," and/or paired with "natural products" and "diseases" for studies published within the last decade until January 2023.

RESULTS

We found that the natural products mainly include phenols (curcumin, cyclocurcumin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, salvianolic acid B, pterostilbene, EGCG), flavonoids (pinostrobin, apigenin, acacetin, tilianin, kaempferol, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, luteolin, silybin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, scutellarin), glycosides (salidroside), quinones (emodin, embelin, β-LAPachone, shikonin), terpenoids (notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, thymoquinone, genipin), pyrazines (tetramethylpyrazine), alkaloids (evodiamine, berberine), and phenylpropanoids (ferulic acid). These natural products have antioxidant, energy-producing, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-aging effects, which mainly influence the NAMPT/NAD⁺/SIRT, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α, Nrf2/HO-1, PKCs/PARPs/NF-κB, and AMPK/Nrf2/mTOR signaling pathways, thereby regulating NAD⁺ metabolism to prevent and treat various diseases. These natural products have been shown to be safe, tolerable and have fewer adverse effects in various in vivo and in vitro studies and clinical trials.

CONCLUSION

We evaluated the toxic effects of natural products and summarized the available clinical trials on NAD⁺ metabolism, as well as the recent advances in the therapeutic application of natural products targeting NAD⁺ metabolism, with the aim to provide new insights into the treatment of multiple disorders.

Resveratrol-induced SIRT1 activation inhibits glycolysis-fueled angiogenesis under rheumatoid arthritis conditions independent of HIF-1α

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the impacts of SIRT1 activation on rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related angiogenesis.

METHODS

HUVECs were cultured by different human serum. Intracellular metabolites were quantified by UPLC-MS. Next, HUVECs and rat vascular epithelial cells under different inflammatory conditions were treated by a SIRT1 agonist resveratrol (RSV). Cytokines and biochemical indicators were detected by corresponding kits. Protein and mRNA expression levels were assessed by immunoblotting and PCR methods, respectively. Angiogenesis capabilities were evaluated by migration, wound-healing and tube-formation experiments. To down-regulate certain signals, gene-specific siRNA were applied.

RESULTS

Metabolomics study revealed the accelerated glycolysis in RA serum-treated HUVECs. It led to ATP accumulation, but did not affect GTP levels. RSV inhibited pro-angiogenesis cytokines production and glycolysis in both the cells, and impaired the angiogenesis potentials. These effects were mimicked by an energy metabolism interrupter bikini in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed HUVECs, largely independent of HIF-1α. Both RSV and bikinin can inhibit the activation of the GTP-dependent pathway Rho/ROCK and reduce VEGF production. Abrogation of RhoA signaling reinforced HIF-1α silencing-brought changes in LPS-stimulated HUVECs, and overshadowed the anti-angiogenesis potentials of RSV.

CONCLUSION

Glycolysis provides additional energy to sustain Rho/ROCK activation in RA subjects, which promotes VEGF-driven angiogenesis and can be inhibited by SIRT1 activation.

Fabrication and Properties of the Multifunctional Rapid Wound Healing Panax notoginseng@Ag Electrospun Fiber Membrane

The Panax notoginseng@Ag core/shell electrospun fiber membrane was prepared by coaxial electrospinning combined with the UV reduction method (254 nm). The prepared Panax notoginseng@Ag core/shell nanofiber membrane has a three-dimensional structure, and its swelling ratio could reach as high as 199.87%. Traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng can reduce inflammation, and the silver nanoparticles have antibacterial effects, which synergistically promote rapid wound healing. The developed Panax notoginseng@Ag core/shell nanofiber membrane can effectively inhibit the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The wound healing experiments in Sprague Dawley mice showed that the wound residual area rate of the Panax notoginseng@Ag core/shell electrospun nanofiber membrane group was only 1.52% on day 9, and the wound of this group basically healed on day 12, while the wound residual area rate of the gauze treatment group (control group) was 16.3% and 10.80% on day 9 and day 12, respectively. The wound of the Panax notoginseng@Ag core/shell electrospun nanofiber membrane group healed faster, which contributed to the application of the nanofiber as Chinese medicine rapid wound healing dressings.

Isolation and identification of angiogenesis-promoting components in Huanglian Jiedu decoction using live cell bio-specific extraction

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD) is a traditional heat-dissipating and detoxicating prescription used in Chinese medicine and has been extensively applied in the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. Preliminary research confirmed that HLJDD exerts a neuroprotective effect on brain tissue injury caused by cerebral ischemia by promoting angiogenesis. However, the components of HLJDD responsible for its medicinal activity in ischemic injury remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to identify the active components of HLJDD that could promote angiogenesis and investigate its underlying mechanism, as well as Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalings in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The specific binding components of HLJDD with HUVECs were isolated and identified through a combination of live cell biospecific extraction, solid-phase extraction, and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometry (MS). Their pharmacological activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and in vitro pro-angiogenesis was validated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and tube formation analysis, respectively. Finally, we explored the effect of active ingredients on the expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular docking was used to predict the potential binding of six active components to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT) and Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) proteins, which are involved in the regulation of HIF-1α and are highly associated with angiogenesis.

RESULTS

A total of 13 HUVECs-specific HLJDD components were identified, and 10 of them were shown to protect against OGD/R injury. We were the first to demonstrate that two of these components have a protective role in OGD/R-induced HUVECs injury. Additionally, seven of these 10 components exhibited angiogenesis-promoting activity, and two of these components were shown, for the first time, to promote angiogenesis in HUVECs. These effects might occur through the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Molecular docking results showed that all six active ingredients could stably bind to PI3K and AKT proteins, suggesting that these two proteins may be potential targets for six active ingredients.

CONCLUSIONS

The approach employed in this study effectively identified proangiogenic components in HLJDD that might act via PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF pathways and other mechanisms involved in angiogenesis. In conclusion, this study was the first to demonstrate four compounds with new bioactivities and could also provide insight into the isolation and discovery of new bioactive compounds existing in Chinese medicine with potential clinical value.

Exploring the molecular mechanism of notoginsenoside R1 in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy based on network pharmacology and experiments validation

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is an important manifestation of sepsis, and abnormal cardiac function affects the development of sepsis. Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) is a unique bioactive component of Panax notoginseng with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the effects and possible mechanisms of NG-R1 on SIC are not clear. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential targets and regulatory mechanisms of the action of NG-R1 on SIC. To investigate the potential mechanism, we used network pharmacology, molecular docking, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. The results showed that NG-R1 ameliorated myocardial fibrosis in septic mice. Validation of network pharmacology and molecular docking results revealed that NG-R1 reduced tumor necrosis factor-Alpha (TNF-α) expression in myocardial tissues and AC16 cardiomyocytes in mice, as well as inflammatory factor release in AC16 cells, so TNF-α may be a potential target of NG-R1 against SIC. The present study demonstrated that NG-R1 could protect against SIC and by regulating the expression of TNF-α inflammatory factors, providing a new idea for sepsis drug development.

Pharmacological properties and mechanisms of Notoginsenoside R1 in ischemia-reperfusion injury

Panax notoginseng is an ancient Chinese medicinal plant that has great clinical value in regulating cardiovascular disease in China. As a single component of panax notoginosides, notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) belongs to the panaxatriol group. Many reports have demonstrated that NGR1 exerts multiple pharmacological effects in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute renal injury, and intestinal injury. Here, we outline the available reports on the pharmacological effects of NGR1 in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We also discuss the chemistry, composition and molecular mechanism underlying the anti-I/R injury effects of NGR1. NGR1 had significant effects on reducing cerebral infarct size and neurological deficits in cerebral I/R injury, ameliorating the impaired mitochondrial morphology in myocardial I/R injury, decreasing kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in renal I/R injury and attenuating jejunal mucosal epithelium injury in intestinal I/R injury. The various organ anti-I/R injury effects of NGR1 are mainly through the suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and promotion of angiogenesis and neurogenesis. These findings provide a reference basis for future research of NGR1 on I/R injury.

Traditional Chinese medicine in treating ischemic stroke by modulating mitochondria: A comprehensive overview of experimental studies

Ischemic stroke has been a prominent focus of scientific investigation owing to its high prevalence, complex pathogenesis, and difficulties in treatment. Mitochondria play an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and are involved in neuronal death following ischemic stroke. Hence, maintaining mitochondrial function is critical for neuronal survival and neurological improvement in ischemic stroke, and mitochondria are key therapeutic targets in cerebral stroke research. With the benefits of high efficacy, low cost, and high safety, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has great advantages in preventing and treating ischemic stroke. Accumulating studies have explored the effect of TCM in preventing and treating ischemic stroke from the perspective of regulating mitochondrial structure and function. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondria are involved in ischemic stroke. Furthermore, we summarized the current advances in TCM in preventing and treating ischemic stroke by modulating mitochondria. We aimed to provide a new perspective and enlightenment for TCM in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke by modulating mitochondria.

Protective effects of Gypenoside XVII against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via SIRT1-FOXO3A- and Hif1a-BNIP3-mediated mitochondrial autophagy

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial autophagy maintains mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis and plays a critical role in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). Whether Gypenoside XVII (GP17) has regulatory effects on mitochondrial autophagy against CIRI remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacodynamic effects and mechanisms of GP17 on mitochondrial autophagy after CIRI.

METHODS

A rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was used to assess the effects of GP17 against CIRI and to explore the underlying mechanisms. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model was used to verify the ameliorative effects on mitochondrial damage and to probe the autophagy pathways involved in combating neural injuries.

RESULTS

The in vivo results showed that GP17 significantly improved mitochondrial metabolic functions and suppressed cerebral ischemic injury, possibly via the autophagy pathway. Further research revealed that GP17 maintains moderate activation of autophagy under ischemic and OGD conditions, producing neuroprotective effects against CIRI, and that the regulation of mitochondrial autophagy is associated with crosstalk between the SIRT1-FOXO3A and Hif1a-BNIP3 signalling pathway that is partially eliminated by the specific inhibitors AGK-7 and 2-ME.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this work offers new insights into the mechanisms by which GP17 protects against CIRI and highlights the potential of therapy with Notoginseng leaf triterpene compounds as a novel clinical strategy in humans.

Proteomic analysis revealed the pharmacological mechanism of Xueshuantong injection in preventing early acute myocardial infarction injury

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common and life-threatening cardiovascular disease. However, there is a lack of pathology and drug studies on AMI within 20 min. Xueshuantong injection (XST) is mainly composed of Panax notoginseng saponins, which can dilate blood vessels and improve blood circulation, and is clinically used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of Xueshuantong injection against acute myocardial infarction within 20 min in rats by proteomic methods and molecular docking. Method: The male Sprague-Dawley rat acute myocardial infarction model was established by LAD ligation, and Xueshuantong injection (38 mg/kg) was injected into the caudal vein 15 min before surgery. Cardiac function evaluation, morphological observation, label-free quantitative proteomics, Western blotting analysis, molecular docking, and affinity measurement were applied in this study. Results: In a span of 20 min after acute myocardial infarction, the model group showed significant cardiac function impairment. Xueshuantong injection can significantly improve cardiac function and prevent pathological injury of myocardial tissue. A total of 117 vital differentially expressed proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, including 80 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the sham group compared with model rats (Sham: model) and 43 DEPs in model rats compared with the Xueshuantong injection group (Model: XST). The treatment of Xueshuantong injection mainly involves "poly(A) RNA binding" and "cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion." The differentially expressed levels of the pathways related to proteins Echdc2, Gcdh, Dlst, and Nampt, as well as 14-3-3 family proteins Ywhaz and Ywhab, could be quantitatively confirmed by WB. Molecular docking analysis and SPR analysis revealed that Ywhaz has a generally stable binding with five Xueshuantong injection components. Conclusion: Xueshuantong injection (XST) could protect rat myocardial function injury against AMI in 20 min. Echdc2, Ywhaz, Gcdh, Ywhab, Nampt, and Dlst play an essential role in this protective effect. In particular, Ywhaz might be the core target of Xueshuantong injection when treating acute myocardial infarction in the early stage. This study promoted the understanding of the protective mechanism of Xueshuantong injection in 20 min injury of acute myocardial infarction and contributed to the identification of possible targets of Xueshuantong injection.

Exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is one of the major contributors to death and disability worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop early brain tissue perfusion therapies following acute stroke and to enhance functional recovery in stroke survivors. The morbidity, therapy, and recovery processes are highly orchestrated interactions involving the brain with other tissues. Exosomes are natural and ideal mediators of intercellular information transfer and recognized as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Changes in exosome contents express throughout the physiological process. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the use of exosomes in exploring unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms of intercellular communication and organ homeostasis and indicates their potential role in ischemic stroke. Inspired by the unique properties of exosomes, this review focuses on the communication, diagnosis, and therapeutic role of various derived exosomes, and their development and challenges for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.

Folium Ginkgo extract and tetramethylpyrazine sodium chloride injection (Xingxiong injection) protects against focal cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury via activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

CONTEXT

Folium Ginkgo extract and tetramethylpyrazine sodium chloride injection (Xingxiong injection) is a compound preparation commonly used for treating cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in ischaemic stroke in China. However, its potential mechanisms on ischaemic stroke remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study explores the potential mechanisms of Xingxiong injection in vivo or in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to five groups: the sham (normal saline), the model (normal saline) and the Xingxiong injection groups (12.5, 25 or 50 mL/kg). The rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion for 14 d. Xingxiong injection was administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection immediately after ischaemia induction for 14 d. Afterwards, rats were sacrificed at 14 d induced by administration of Xingxiong injection.

RESULTS

Xingxiong injection significantly reduces infarct volume (23%) and neurological deficit scores (93%) compared with the MCAO/R group. Additionally, Xingxiong injection inhibits the loss in mitochondrial membrane potential (43%) and reduces caspase-3 level (44%), decreases NOX (41%), protein carbonyl (29%), 4-HNE (40%) and 8-OhdG (41%) levels, inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α (26%), IL-1β (34%), IL-6 (39%), MCP-1 (36%), CD11a (41%) and ICAM-1 (43%). Moreover, Xingxiong injection can increase p-Akt/Akt (35%) and Nrf2 (47%) protein expression and inhibit NLRP3 (42%) protein expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Xingxiong injection prevents cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury via activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings provide experimental evidence for clinical use of drugs in the treatment of ischaemic stroke.

Xueshuantong injection alleviates cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion rats by suppressing inflammation via JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In the long history of traditional Chinese medicine, Panax notoginseng has been used as a key herb for the treatment of blood diseases. Brain microvessels support adequate blood circulation to maintain normal physiological function, therefore, brain microcirculation disorder is an important therapeutic target for various brain diseases. However, the role of Xueshuantong (XST) injection composed of saponins from P. Notoginseng (PNS) in the amelioration of cerebral microcirculation disorder is unclear.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

Cerebral microcirculation disorder and inflammation play a vital role in stroke. Capillary endothelial cells and adjacent tight junctions are fundamental to the structure and function of cerebrovascule. XST injection has been used clinically in the treatment of stroke, but no studies have reported its indication in cerebral microcirculation disorder. This study is to explore the action and mechanism of XST injection in the alleviation of cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells were employed for the investigation of effect and mechanism of XST injection. Brain damages were evaluated by neurobehavioral assessment, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and Nissl staining. Morphology and density changes of cerebral microvessels were monitored by immunohistochemistry. Cell permeability was detected by measurement of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and sodium fluorescein (NaF) leakage. The mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins, adhesion molecules, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in brain microvessels and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bEnd.3 cells were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively.

RESULTS

XST injection at 48 mg/kg significantly improved the neurological damage, inflammatory infiltration, and microvessel morphology, and increased microvessel density in brain of MCAO/R rats. The endothelial permeability was significantly mitigated by XST injection in LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Meanwhile, the tight junction proteins such as zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were elevated remarkably in brain microvessel of MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloocygenases 2 (COX-2), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were inhibited by XST injection. In addition, XST injection suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, IκB, NF-κB and JNK, which could be abolished by anisomycin, the JNK agonist.

CONCLUSION

XST injection improved cerebral microvescular structure damage and dysfunction in MCAO/R rats through inhibiting inflammation activated by JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The novel findings may provide theoretical basis for the clinical application in the treatment of cerebral microcirculation disorder.

Pharmacological therapy to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: Focus on saponins

Secondary insult from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a major risk factor for poor prognosis of cerebral ischemia. Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities that are effective in treating CIRI. By browsing the literature from 2001 to 2021, 55 references involving 24 kinds of saponins were included. Saponins were shown to relieve CIRI by inhibiting oxidation stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, restoring BBB integrity, and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. This review summarizes and classifies several common saponins and their mechanisms in relieving CIRI. Information provided in this review will benefit researchers to design, research and develop new medicines to treat CIRI-related conditions with saponins.

Investigation into the potential mechanism and molecular targets of Fufang Xueshuantong capsule for the treatment of ischemic stroke based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Fufang Xueshuantong (FFXST) capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation used to activate blood circulation, resolve stasis, benefit qi, and nourish yin in clinical practice. However, its potential mechanism and molecular targets after ischemic stroke (IS) have not been investigated. The aim of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of FFXST in the treatment of IS based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. We used the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) to collect candidate compounds of four herbs in FFXST; disease-related differential genes were screened using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and a compound–disease network was created using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. The topological analysis of the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was then created to determine the candidate targets of FFXST against IS. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted using the clusterProfiler package in R. The gene–pathway network of FFXST against IS was created to obtain the key target genes. Molecular docking was used to validate the core targets using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2. A total of 455 candidate compounds of FFXST and 18,544 disease-related differential genes were screened. Among them, FFXST targets for IS treatment had 67 active compounds and 10 targets in the PPI network related to STAT1, STAT3, and HIF1A. The biological processes of GO analysis included the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, cellular response to chemical stress, regulation of angiogenesis, regulation of vasculature development, positive regulation of cytokine production, and response to oxidative stress. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, microRNAs in the cancer signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and HIF-1 signaling pathway were significantly enriched. The network pharmacology outcomes were further verified by molecular docking. We demonstrated that FFXST protection against IS may relate to the regulation of oxidative stress, immune inflammatory response, and angiogenesis through the relevant signaling pathways. Our study systematically illustrated the application of network pharmacology and molecular docking in evaluating characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway of FFXST for IS.

Improvement of tissue-specific distribution and biotransformation potential of nicotinamide mononucleotide in combination with ginsenosides or resveratrol

Decreased Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) level has received increasing attention in recent years since it plays a critical role in many diseases and aging. Although some research has proved that supplementing nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) could improve the level of NAD+ , it is still uncertain whether the NAD+ level in specific tissues could be improved in combination with other nutrients. So far, a variety of nutritional supplements have flooded the market, which contains the compositions of NMN coupled with natural products. However, the synergy and transformation process of NMN has not been fully elucidated. In this study, oral administration of NMN (500 mg/kg) combined with resveratrol (50 mg/kg) or ginsenoside Rh2&Rg3 (50 mg/kg) was used to validate the efficacy of appropriate drug combinations in mice. Compared with NMN alone, NMN combined with resveratrol could increase the levels of NAD+ in the heart and muscle by about 1.6 times and 1.7 times, respectively, whereas NMN coupled with ginsenoside Rh2&Rg3 could effectively improve the level of NAD+ in lung tissue for approximately 2.0 times. Our study may provide new treatment ideas for aging or diseases in cardiopulmonary caused by decreased NAD+ levels.

Ginkgolide B Targets and Inhibits Creatine Kinase B to Regulate the CCT/TRiC-SK1 Axis and Exerts Pro-Angiogenic Activity in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mice

Promoting angiogenesis in the ischemic penumbra is a well-established method of ischemic stroke treatment. Ginkgolide B (GB) has long been recognized for its neuroprotective properties following stroke. As previously reported, it appears that stroke-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis interact or are dependent on one another. Although the pharmacodynamic effect of GB on cerebral blood flow (CBF) following ischemic stroke has been reported, the molecular mechanism underlying this effect remains unknown. As such, this study sought to elucidate the pharmacodynamic effects and underlying mechanisms of GB on post-stroke angiogenesis. To begin, GB significantly increased the proliferation, migration, and tube formation capacity of mouse cerebral hemangioendothelioma cells (b.End3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Additionally, GB significantly improved angiogenesis after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) in endothelial cells. The dynamics of CBF, brain microvascular neovascularization and reconstruction, and brain endothelial tissue integrity were examined in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice following GB administration. Through label-free target detection techniques, we discovered for the first time that GB can specifically target Creatine Kinase B (CKB) and inhibit its enzymatic activity. Additionally, we demonstrated through network pharmacology and a series of molecular biology experiments that GB inhibited CKB and then promoted angiogenesis via the CCT/TRiC-SK1 axis. These findings shed new light on novel therapeutic strategies for neurological recovery and endothelial repair following ischemic stroke using GB therapy.

Protective Effect of NGR1 against Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells by Upregulating the SIRT1/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is an active compound isolated from Panax notoginseng. Despite the NGR1 having been used as a traditional medicine, little is known about the neuroprotective effects. In this study, we investigate the protective effects of NGR1 against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells and its possible molecular mechanism. We assessed the toxicity of NGR1 and the protective activity by MTT assay. The levels of oxidative stress indices superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured by the kits. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca²⁺ concentration were measured by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we determined the expression of mitochondrial dysfunction related protein PINK1, Parkin, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (sirtuin 1; SIRT1), and Wnt/β-catenin by Western blotting. Here, we discovered that glutamate treatment led to cell viability loss, apoptosis facilitation, Ca²⁺ upregulation, MMP fluorescence intensity downregulation, and ROS generation of HT22 cells. In parallel, expression of Parkin was declined by glutamate. While, NGR1 treatment alleviated all the above phenomena. We further clarified that NGR1 alleviated glutamate-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating SIRT1 to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These findings demonstrate that NGR1 alleviated glutamate-induced cell damage, and NGR1 may play a protective role in neurological complications.

Long Non-Coding RNA-Mediated Competing Endogenous RNA Networks in Ischemic Stroke: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Implications, and Challenges

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a disease that is characterized by high mortality and disability. Recent studies have shown that LncRNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks play roles in the occurrence and development of cerebral I/R injury by regulating different signaling pathways. However, no systematic analysis of ceRNA mechanisms in IS has been reported. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms of LncRNA-mediated ceRNA networks under I/R injury. The expression levels of LncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and their effects in four major cell types of the neurovascular unit (NVU) are also involved. We further summarize studies of LncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Finally, we analyze the advantages and limitations of using LncRNAs as therapeutics for IS.