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Promta P, Chaiyosang P, Panya A, Laorodphun P, Leelapornpisid W, Imerb N. The Evaluation of Anti-Osteoclastic Activity of the Novel Calcium Hydroxide Biodegradable Nanoparticles as an Intracanal Medicament. J Endod 2024; 50:667-673. [PMID: 38447912 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-osteoclastic activity of calcium hydroxide-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles [Ca(OH)2-loaded PLGA NPs] in comparison to calcium hydroxide nanoparticles [Ca(OH)2 NPs]. METHODS RAW 264.7 cell lines (third-fifth passage) were cultured and incubated with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in triplicate. Subsequently, Ca(OH)2-loaded PLGA NPs and Ca(OH)2 NPs were added for 7 days to evaluate their effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. Additionally, a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was conducted to confirm the cytotoxicity of treatments to cells. RESULTS Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining showed a significant reduction in the osteoclast number when treated with Ca(OH)2-loaded PLGA NPs compared with Ca(OH)2 NPs (P < .01). In comparison to the control, the number of osteoclasts significantly reduced upon treatment with Ca(OH)2-loaded PLGA NPs (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in Ca(OH)2 NPs. Furthermore, osteoclast morphology in both treatment groups exhibited smaller sizes than the control group. Neither Ca(OH)2-loaded PLGA NPs nor Ca(OH)2 NPs demonstrated cytotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Both Ca(OH)2 NPs with and without poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) have the ability to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. However, Ca(OH)2-loaded PLGA NPs exhibit greater potential than Ca(OH)2 NPs, making them a promising intracanal medicament for cases of root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patarawadee Promta
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Chaiyosang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pongrapee Laorodphun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warat Leelapornpisid
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Napatsorn Imerb
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Kanno Y. The Roles of Fibrinolytic Factors in Bone Destruction Caused by Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:516. [PMID: 38534360 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, periodontitis, and carcinoma metastasis frequently result in bone destruction. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-17 are known to influence bone loss by promoting the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Fibrinolytic factors, such as plasminogen (Plg), plasmin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are expressed in osteoclasts and osteoblasts and are considered essential in maintaining bone homeostasis by regulating the functions of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Additionally, fibrinolytic factors are associated with the regulation of inflammation and the immune system. This review explores the roles of fibrinolytic factors in bone destruction caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
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Shan L, Yang X, Liao X, Yang Z, Zhou J, Li X, Wang B. Histone demethylase KDM7A regulates bone homeostasis through balancing osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38346941 PMCID: PMC10861515 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. We previously reported the in vitro function of histone lysine demethylase 7 A (KDM7A) in osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. The current study was undertaken to investigate the physiological role of KDM7A in bone homeostasis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. A conditional strategy was employed to delete the Kdm7a gene specifically in osterix-expressing osteoprogenitor cells in mice. The resulting mutant mice exhibited a significant increase in cancellous bone mass, accompanied by an increase in osteoblasts and bone formation, as well as a reduction in osteoclasts, marrow adipocytes and bone resorption. The bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and calvarial pre-osteoblastic cells derived from the mutant mice exhibited enhanced osteogenic differentiation and suppressed adipogenic differentiation. Additionally, osteoclastic precursor cells from the mutant mice exhibited impaired osteoclast differentiation. Co-culturing BMSCs from the mutant mice with wild-type osteoclast precursor cells resulted in the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistic investigation revealed that KDM7A was able to upregulate the expression of fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in BMSCs through removing repressive di-methylation marks of H3K9 and H3K27 from Fap and Rankl promoters. Moreover, recombinant FAP attenuated the dysregulation of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in BMSCs from Kdm7a deficient mice. Finally, Kdm7a deficiency prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice. This study establish the role of KDM7A in bone homeostasis through its epigenetic regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Consequently, inhibiting KDM7A may prove beneficial in ameliorating osteoporosis. KDM7A suppresses osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through. upregulating FAP expression and inactivating canonical Wnt signaling, and conversely promotes osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through upregulating RANKL expression. These are based on its epigenetic removal of the repressive H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 marks from Fap and Rankl promoters. As a result, the expression of KDM7A in osteoprogenitor cells tends to negatively modulate bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Shan
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liao
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Baoli Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China.
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Li S, Han X, Liu N, Chang J, Liu G, Hu S. Lactobacillus plantarum attenuates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by altering the composition of rat gut microbiota and serum metabolic profile. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1285442. [PMID: 38264658 PMCID: PMC10803555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoporosis, one of the most common non-communicable human diseases worldwide, is one of the most prevalent disease of the adult skeleton. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis(GIOP) is the foremost form of secondary osteoporosis, extensively researched due to its prevalence.Probiotics constitute a primary bioactive component within numerous foods, offering promise as a potential biological intervention for preventing and treating osteoporosis. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on bone health and its underlying mechanisms in a rat model of glucocorticoid dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis, using the osteoporosis treatment drug alendronate as a reference. Methods We examined the bone microstructure (Micro-CT and HE staining) and analyzed the gut microbiome and serum metabolome in rats. Results and discussion The results revealed that L. plantarum treatment significantly restored parameters of bone microstructure, with elevated bone density, increased number and thickness of trabeculae, and decreased Tb.Sp. Gut microbiota sequencing results showed that probiotic treatment increased gut microbial diversity and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota decreased. Beneficial bacteria abundance was significantly increased (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcus, UCG_005, Romboutsia, and Christensenellaceae_R_7_group), and harmful bacteria abundance was significantly decreased (Desulfovibrionaceae). According to the results of serum metabolomics, significant changes in serum metabolites occurred in different groups. These differential metabolites were predominantly enriched within the pathways of Pentose and Glucuronate Interconversions, as well as Propanoate Metabolism. Furthermore, treatment of L. plantarum significantly increased serum levels of Pyrazine and gamma-Glutamylcysteine, which were associated with inhibition of osteoclast formation and promoting osteoblast formation. Lactobacillus plantarum can protect rats from DEX-induced GIOP by mediating the "gut microbial-bone axis" promoting the production of beneficial bacteria and metabolites. Therefore L. plantarum is a potential candidate for the treatment of GIOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuebing Han
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naiyuan Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siwang Hu
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
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Li B, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Liu H, Han D, Yang H, Zhang Z. Zuogui pill disrupt the malignant cycle in breast cancer bone metastasis through the Piezo1-Notch-1-GPX4 pathway and active molecules fishing. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155257. [PMID: 38103318 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer bone metastasis is closely associated with the bone microenvironment. Zuogui Pill (ZGP), a clinically approved formulation in China, effectively regulates the bone microenvironment for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. PURPOSE Few reports have utilized the ZGP for bone metastasis models. This study investigated the intervention and bone-protective properties of ZGP against breast cancer bone metastasis, explored the potential mechanism, and screened for its active compositions by molecules fishing. METHODS To investigate the intervention efficacy of ZGP and its protein-level mechanism of action, the mouse bone metastasis model and in vitro cell co-culture model were constructed. Affinity ultrafiltration, molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay and physical scale detection were used to investigate the affinity components of the RANKL protein in ZGP. RESULTS The administration of ZGP combined with zoledronic acid inhibited the development of tumors and secondary lung metastasis in mice. This translated to a prolonged survival period and enhanced quality of life. ZGP could disrupt the malignant cycle by modulating the Piezo1-Notch-1-GPX4 signaling pathway in the "bone-cancer" communication in the cell co-culture model. Furthermore, 25 chemical components of ZGP were identified, with 10 active compounds exhibiting significant affinity for the RANKL protein. CONCLUSION The findings of this work highlighted ZGP's potential for intervening in the progression of breast cancer bone metastasis. Thus, this investigation served as an experimental foundation for expanding the application scope of ZGP and for advancing drug development efforts in bone metastasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zichao Chen
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Zhenyong Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Dongli Han
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Haolin Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Padovano C, Bianco SD, Sansico F, De Santis E, Tamiro F, Colucci M, Totti B, Di Iasio S, Bruno G, Panelli P, Miscio G, Mazza T, Giambra V. The Notch1 signaling pathway directly modulates the human RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21199. [PMID: 38040752 PMCID: PMC10692129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway with a key role in tissue homeostasis, differentiation and proliferation. It was reported that Notch1 receptor negatively regulates mouse osteoclast development and formation by inhibiting the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in mesenchymal cells. Nonetheless, the involvement of Notch1 pathway in the generation of human osteoclasts is still controversial. Here, we report that the constitutive activation of Notch1 signaling induced a differentiation block in human mononuclear CD14+ cells directly isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) upon in vitro stimulation to osteoclasts. Additionally, using a combined approach of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) simultaneously with a panel of 31 oligo-conjugated antibodies against cell surface markers (AbSeq assay) as well as unsupervised learning methods, we detected four different cell stages of human RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis after 5 days in which Notch1 signaling enforces the cell expansion of specific subsets. These cell populations were characterized by distinct gene expression and immunophenotypic profiles and active Notch1, JAK/STAT and WNT signaling pathways. Furthermore, cell-cell communication analyses revealed extrinsic modulators of osteoclast progenitors including the IL7/IL7R and WNT5a/RYK axes. Interestingly, we also report that Interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) was a downstream effector of Notch1 pathway and that Notch1 and IL7R interplay promoted cell expansion of human RANKL-induced osteoclast progenitors. Taken together, these findings underline a novel cell pattern of human osteoclastogenesis, outlining the key role of Notch1 and IL-7R signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanzo Padovano
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele Bianco
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Sansico
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Santis
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Francesco Tamiro
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Mattia Colucci
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Beatrice Totti
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Serena Di Iasio
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Gaja Bruno
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Patrizio Panelli
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Miscio
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
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Giannoni P, Marini C, Cutrona G, Sambuceti GM, Fais F, de Totero D. Unraveling the Bone Tissue Microenvironment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5058. [PMID: 37894425 PMCID: PMC10605026 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia in Western countries. Although characterized by the progressive expansion and accumulation of leukemic B cells in peripheral blood, CLL cells develop in protective niches mainly located within lymph nodes and bone marrow. Multiple interactions between CLL and microenvironmental cells may favor the expansion of a B cell clone, further driving immune cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. Here, we summarize the current understanding of bone tissue alterations in CLL patients, further addressing and suggesting how the multiple interactions between CLL cells and osteoblasts/osteoclasts can be involved in these processes. Recent findings proposing the disruption of the endosteal niche by the expansion of a leukemic B cell clone appear to be a novel field of research to be deeply investigated and potentially relevant to provide new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giannoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biology Section, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.S.)
- CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, 20054 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Gian Mario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.S.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Anatomy Section, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela de Totero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Zhao Y, He P, Yao J, Li M, Wang B, Han L, Huang Z, Guo C, Bai J, Xue F, Cong Y, Cai W, Chu PK, Chu C. pH/NIR-responsive and self-healing coatings with bacteria killing, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis performances on magnesium alloy. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122237. [PMID: 37467596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Although biodegradable polymer coatings can impede corrosion of magnesium (Mg)-based orthopedic implants, they are prone to excessive degradation and accidental scratching in practice. Bone implant-related infection and limited osteointegration are other factors that adversely impact clinical application of Mg-based biomedical implants. Herein, a self-healing polymeric coating is constructed on the Mg alloy together with incorporation of a stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanoplatform by a spin-spray layer-by-layer (SSLbL) assembly technique. The nanocontainers are based on simvastatin (SIM)-encapsulated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (S@HMSs) modified with polydopamine (PDA) and polycaprolactone diacrylate (PCL-DA) bilayer. Owing to the dynamic reversible reactions, the hybrid coating shows a fast, stable, and cyclical water-enabled self-healing capacity. The antibacterial assay indicates good bacteria-killing properties under near infrared (NIR) irradiation due to synergistic effects of hyperthermia, reactive oxygens species (ROS), and SIM leaching. In vitro results demonstrate that NIR laser irradiation promotes the cytocompatibility, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. The coating facilitates alkaline phosphatase activity and expedites extracellular matrix mineralization as well as expression of osteogenesis-related genes. This study reveals a useful strategy to develop multifunctional coatings on bioabsorbable Mg alloys for orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Junyan Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Mei Li
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Linyuan Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chao Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yu Cong
- Jinling Hospital Department of Orthopedics, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chenglin Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Chen J, Liao X, Gan J. Review on the protective activity of osthole against the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1236893. [PMID: 37680712 PMCID: PMC10481961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1236893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP), characterized by continuous bone loss and increased fracture risk, has posed a challenge to patients and society. Long-term administration of current pharmacological agents may cause severe side effects. Traditional medicines, acting as alternative agents, show promise in treating OP. Osthole, a natural coumarin derivative separated from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson and Angelica pubescens Maxim. f., exhibits protective effects against the pathological development of OP. Osthole increases osteoblast-related bone formation and decreases osteoclast-related bone resorption, suppressing OP-related fragility fracture. In addition, the metabolites of osthole may exhibit pharmacological effectiveness against OP development. Mechanically, osthole promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and BMP-2/Smad1/5/8 signaling pathways and suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. Thus, osthole may become a promising agent to protect against OP development. However, more studies should be performed due to, at least in part, the uncertainty of drug targets. Further pharmacological investigation of osthole in OP treatment might lead to the development of potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Juwen Gan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
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Maisuria R, Norton A, Shao C, Bradley EW, Mansky K. Conditional Loss of MEF2C Expression in Osteoclasts Leads to a Sex-Specific Osteopenic Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12686. [PMID: 37628864 PMCID: PMC10454686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancement factor 2C (MEF2C) is a transcription factor studied in the development of skeletal and smooth muscles. Bone resorption studies have exhibited that the reduced expression of MEF2C contributes to osteopetrosis and the dysregulation of pathological bone remodeling. Our current study aims to determine how MEF2C contributes to osteoclast differentiation and to analyze the skeletal phenotype of Mef2c-cKO mice (Cfms-cre; Mef2cfl/fl). qRT-PCR and Western blot demonstrated that Mef2c expression is highest during the early days of osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclast genes, including c-Fos, c-Jun, Dc-stamp, Cathepsin K, and Nfatc1, had a significant reduction in expression, along with a reduction in osteoclast size. Despite reduced CTX activity, female Mef2c cKO mice were osteopenic, with decreased bone formation as determined via a P1NP ELISA, and a reduced number of osteoblasts. There was no difference between male WT and Mef2c-cKO mice. Our results suggest that Mef2c is critical for osteoclastogenesis, and that its dysregulation leads to a sex-specific osteopenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Maisuria
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Andrew Norton
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Cynthia Shao
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Kim Mansky
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.M.); (A.N.)
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11
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Little-Letsinger SE, Hamilton SE. Leveraging mice with diverse microbial exposures for advances in osteoimmunology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168552. [PMID: 37251680 PMCID: PMC10210590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal and immune systems are intricately intertwined within the bone marrow microenvironment, a field of study termed osteoimmunology. Osteoimmune interactions are key players in bone homeostasis and remodeling. Despite the critical role of the immune system in bone health, virtually all animal research in osteoimmunology, and more broadly bone biology, relies on organisms with naïve immune systems. Drawing on insights from osteoimmunology, evolutionary anthropology, and immunology, this perspective proposes the use of a novel translational model: the dirty mouse. Dirty mice, characterized by diverse exposures to commensal and pathogenic microbes, have mature immune systems comparable to adult humans, while the naïve immune system of specific-pathogen free mice is akin to a neonate. Investigation into the dirty mouse model will likely yield important insights in our understanding of bone diseases and disorders. A high benefit of this model is expected for diseases known to have a connection between overactivation of the immune system and negative bone outcomes, including aging and osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV/AIDS, obesity and diabetes, bone marrow metastases, and bone cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E. Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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12
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Sako H, Omori K, Nakayama M, Mandai H, Ideguchi H, Yoshimura-Nakagawa S, Sakaida K, Nagata-Kamei C, Kobayashi H, Ishii S, Ono M, Ibaragi S, Yamamoto T, Suga S, Takashiba S. The Fungal Metabolite (+)-Terrein Abrogates Inflammatory Bone Resorption via the Suppression of TNF-α Production in a Ligature-Induced Periodontitis Mouse Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030314. [PMID: 36983482 PMCID: PMC10055831 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current periodontal treatment focuses on the mechanical removal of the source of infection, such as bacteria and their products, and there is no approach to control the host inflammatory response that leads to tissue destruction. In order to control periodontal inflammation, we have previously reported the optimization of (+)-terrein synthesis methods and the inhibitory effect of (+)-terrein on osteoclast differentiation in vitro. However, the pharmacological effect of (+)-terrein in vivo in the periodontitis model is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of synthetic (+)-terrein on inflammatory bone resorption using a ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model. Synthetic (+)-terrein (30 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally twice a week to the mouse periodontitis model. The control group was treated with phosphate buffer. One to two weeks after the induction of periodontitis, the periodontal tissues were harvested for radiological evaluation (micro-CT), histological evaluation (HE staining and TRAP staining), and the evaluation of inflammatory cytokine production in the periodontal tissues and serum (quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, ELISA). The synthetic (+)-terrein-treated group suppressed alveolar bone resorption and the number of osteoclasts in the periodontal tissues compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, synthetic (+)-terrein significantly suppressed both mRNA expression of TNF-α in the periodontal tissues and the serum concentration of TNF-α (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that synthetic (+)-terrein abrogates alveolar bone resorption via the suppression of TNF-α production and osteoclast differentiation in vivo. Therefore, we could expect potential clinical effects when using (+)-terrein on inflammatory bone resorption, including periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Sako
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Division of Dentistry, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Omori
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-6677; Fax: +81-86-235-6679
| | - Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mandai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, Gifu 509-0261, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ideguchi
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshimura-Nakagawa
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Division of Dentistry, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Sakaida
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Division of Dentistry, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nagata-Kamei
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoki Ishii
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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13
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Weivoda MM, Bradley EW. Macrophages and Bone Remodeling. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:359-369. [PMID: 36651575 PMCID: PMC10023335 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling in the adult skeleton facilitates the removal and replacement of damaged and old bone to maintain bone quality. Tight coordination of bone resorption and bone formation during remodeling crucially maintains skeletal mass. Increasing evidence suggests that many cell types beyond osteoclasts and osteoblasts support bone remodeling, including macrophages and other myeloid lineage cells. Herein, we discuss the origin and functions for macrophages in the bone microenvironment, tissue resident macrophages, osteomacs, as well as newly identified osteomorphs that result from osteoclast fission. We also touch on the role of macrophages during inflammatory bone resorption. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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14
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Jiao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Geng Q, Cao X, Zhang M, Zhao L, Deng T, Xu Y, Xiao C. Mechanisms by which kidney-tonifying Chinese herbs inhibit osteoclastogenesis: Emphasis on immune cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1077796. [PMID: 36814488 PMCID: PMC9939464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1077796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in regulating osteoclast formation and function and has significance for the occurrence and development of immune-mediated bone diseases. Kidney-tonifying Chinese herbs, based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to unify the kidney and strengthen the bone, have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. The common botanical drugs are tonifying kidney-yang and nourishing kidney-yin herbs, which are divided into two parts: one is the compound prescription of TCM, and the other is the single preparation of TCM and its active ingredients. These botanical drugs regulate osteoclastogenesis directly and indirectly by immune cells, however, we have limited information on the differences between the two botanical drugs in osteoimmunology. In this review, the mechanism by which kidney-tonifying Chinese herbs inhibiting osteoclastogenesis was investigated, emphasizing the immune response. The differences in the mechanism of action between tonifying kidney-yang herbs and nourishing kidney-yin herbs were analysed, and the therapeutic value for immune-mediated bone diseases was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qishun Geng
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxiao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Xu, ; Cheng Xiao,
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Xu, ; Cheng Xiao,
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15
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Hong JE, Lee CG, Hwang S, Kim J, Jo M, Kang DH, Yoo SH, Kim WS, Lee Y, Rhee KJ. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Treatment Ameliorates Murine Model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021137. [PMID: 36674651 PMCID: PMC9862561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of the joint synovial membranes. RA is difficult to prevent or treat; however, blocking proinflammatory cytokines is a general therapeutic strategy. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) is reported to alleviate RA's inflammatory response and is being studied as a non-invasive physical therapy. In this current study, PEMF decreased paw inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model. PEMF treatment at 10 Hz was more effective in ameliorating arthritis than at 75 Hz. In the PEMF-treated CIA group, the gross inflammation score and cartilage destruction were lower than in the untreated CIA group. The CIA group treated with PEMF also showed lower serum levels of IL-1β but not IL-6, IL-17, or TNF-α. Serum levels of total anti-type II collagen IgG and IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) remained unchanged. In contrast, tissue protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), and TNF-α receptor1 (TNFR1) were all lower in the ankle joints of the PEMF-treated CIA group compared with the CIA group. The results of this study suggest that PEMF treatment can preserve joint morphology cartilage and delay the occurrence of CIA. PEMF has potential as an effective adjuvant therapy that can suppress the progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Eun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjae Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Seung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongheum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University MIRAE Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-760-2445; Fax: +82-33-760-2195
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