1
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Shcherbakov DN, Isaeva AA, Mustaev EA. Treatment of Ebola Virus Disease: From Serotherapy to the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2025; 14:22. [PMID: 40136471 PMCID: PMC11939263 DOI: 10.3390/antib14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an acute illness with a high-case fatality rate (CFR) caused by an RNA virus belonging to the Filoviridae family. Over the past 50 years, regular EVD outbreaks have been reported. The West African EVD outbreak of 2013-2016 proved to be significantly more widespread and complex than previous ones, resulting in approximately 11,000 deaths. A coordinated international effort was required to bring the outbreak under control. One of the main challenges faced by clinicians and researchers combating EVD was the absence of vaccines and preventive treatments. Only recently have efforts led to the development of effective therapeutic options. Among these, monoclonal antibody-based drugs have emerged as the most promising agents for the urgent treatment of EVD. This article aims to review the key milestones in the development of antibody-based therapies for EVD, tracing the journey from the use of convalescent serum to the creation of effective monoclonal antibody-based drugs and their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya A. Isaeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia;
| | - Egor A. Mustaev
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova st., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
- Synchrotron Radiation Facility—Siberian Circular Photon Source “SKlF” Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolskiy pr-t, 1, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
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2
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Lee YZ, Zhang YN, Newby ML, Ward G, Gomes KB, Auclair S, DesRoberts C, Allen JD, Ward AB, Stanfield RL, He L, Crispin M, Wilson IA, Zhu J. Rational design of next-generation filovirus vaccines with glycoprotein stabilization, nanoparticle display, and glycan modification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.03.02.641072. [PMID: 40060701 PMCID: PMC11888476 DOI: 10.1101/2025.03.02.641072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
Filoviruses pose a significant threat to human health with frequent outbreaks and high mortality. Although two vector-based vaccines are available for Ebola virus, a broadly protective filovirus vaccine remains elusive. In this study, we evaluate a general strategy for stabilizing glycoprotein (GP) structures of Ebola, Sudan, and Bundibugyo ebolaviruses and Ravn marburgvirus. A 3.2 Å-resolution crystal structure provides atomic details for the redesigned Ebola virus GP, and cryo-electron microscopy reveals how a pan-ebolavirus neutralizing antibody targets a conserved site on the Sudan virus GP (3.13 Å-resolution), in addition to a low-resolution model of antibody-bound Ravn virus GP. A self-assembling protein nanoparticle (SApNP), I3-01v9, is redesigned at the N-terminus to allow the optimal surface display of filovirus GP trimers. Following detailed in vitro characterization, the lymph node dynamics of Sudan virus GP and GP-presenting SApNPs are investigated in a mouse model. Compared with soluble GP trimer, SApNPs show ~112 times longer retention in lymph node follicles, up-to-28 times greater presentation on follicular dendritic cell dendrites, and up-to-3 times stronger germinal center reactions. Functional antibody responses induced by filovirus GP trimers and SApNPs bearing wildtype and modified glycans are assessed in mice. Our study provides a foundation for next-generation filovirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zong Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maddy L. Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Garrett Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Sarah Auclair
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Connor DesRoberts
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Uvax Bio, LLC, Newark, DE 19702, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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3
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Santos RI, Bukreyev A. Protocol for quantification of intercellular connection transmission in ebolavirus infections using ImageJ. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103363. [PMID: 39369387 PMCID: PMC11491943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous work demonstrates that ebolaviruses can spread to neighboring cells through intercellular connections. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the intercellular spread of ebolaviruses via immunofluorescence. We describe steps for cell plating, Bundibugyo virus infection, and adding a neutralizing antibody. We detail procedures for quantitative microscopy assay using ebolavirus immunodetection. Strong virus accumulation around the plasma membrane leads to high fluorescence signal preventing quantification of viral spread based on signal intensity. This protocol minimizes the impact of this bias. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Santos et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
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4
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Bu F, Ye G, Morsheimer K, Mendoza A, Turner-Hubbard H, Herbst M, Spiller B, Wadzinski BE, Eaton B, Anantpadma M, Yang G, Liu B, Davey R, Li F. Discovery of Nanosota-EB1 and -EB2 as Novel Nanobody Inhibitors Against Ebola Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012817. [PMID: 39715280 PMCID: PMC11723632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola filovirus (EBOV) poses a serious threat to global health and national security. Nanobodies, a type of single-domain antibody, have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential. We identified two anti-EBOV nanobodies, Nanosota-EB1 and Nanosota-EB2, which specifically target the EBOV glycoprotein (GP). Cryo-EM and biochemical data revealed that Nanosota-EB1 binds to the glycan cap of GP1, preventing its protease cleavage, while Nanosota-EB2 binds to critical membrane-fusion elements in GP2, stabilizing it in the pre-fusion state. Nanosota-EB2 is a potent neutralizer of EBOV infection in vitro and offers excellent protection in a mouse model of EBOV challenge, while Nanosota-EB1 provides moderate neutralization and protection. Nanosota-EB1 and Nanosota-EB2 are the first nanobodies shown to inhibit authentic EBOV. Combined with our newly developed structure-guided in vitro evolution approach, they lay the foundation for nanobody-based therapies against EBOV and other viruses within the ebolavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Morsheimer
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alise Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hailey Turner-Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Morgan Herbst
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ge Yang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bin Liu
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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5
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Suryadevara N, Kose N, Bangaru S, Binshtein E, Munt J, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Myers L, Scobey TD, Carnahan RH, Ward AB, Baric RS, Crowe JE. Structural characterization of human monoclonal antibodies targeting uncommon antigenic sites on spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV. J Clin Invest 2024; 135:e178880. [PMID: 39589795 PMCID: PMC11785922 DOI: 10.1172/jci178880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of the spike protein N terminal domain (NTD) in coronavirus (CoV) infections is poorly understood. However, some rare antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 NTD potently neutralize the virus. This finding suggests the NTD may contribute, in part, to protective immunity. Pansarbecovirus antibodies are desirable for broad protection, but the NTD region of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a high level of sequence divergence; therefore, cross-reactive NTD-specific antibodies are unexpected, and there is no structure of a SARS-CoV NTD-specific antibody in complex with NTD. Here, we report a monoclonal antibody COV1-65, encoded by the IGHV1-69 gene, that recognizes the NTD of SARS-CoV S protein. A prophylaxis study showed the mAb COV1-65 prevented disease when administered before SARS-CoV challenge of BALB/c mice, an effect that requires intact fragment crystallizable region (Fc) effector functions for optimal protection in vivo. The footprint on the S protein of COV1-65 is near to functional components of the S2 fusion machinery, and the selection of COV1-65 escape mutant viruses identified critical residues Y886H and Q974H, which likely affect the epitope through allosteric effects. Structural features of the mAb COV1-65-SARS-CoV antigen interaction suggest critical antigenic determinants that should be considered in the rational design of sarbecovirus vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Humans
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- Female
- Protein Domains
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trevor D. Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Gunn BM, Kuzmina NA, Kedarinath K, Jurado-Cobena E, Zhou F, Subramani C, Hyde MA, Velazquez JV, Williamson LE, Gilchuk P, Carnahan RH, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Antibodies targeting the glycan cap of Ebola virus glycoprotein are potent inducers of the complement system. Commun Biol 2024; 7:871. [PMID: 39020082 PMCID: PMC11255267 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) represent an important correlate of the vaccine efficiency and infection survival. Both neutralization and some of the Fc-mediated effects are known to contribute the protection conferred by antibodies of various epitope specificities. At the same time, the role of the complement system remains unclear. Here, we compare complement activation by two groups of representative monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interacting with the glycan cap (GC) or the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of GP. Binding of GC-specific mAbs to GP induces complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the GP-expressing cell line via C3 deposition on GP in contrast to MPER-specific mAbs. In the mouse model of EBOV infection, depletion of the complement system leads to an impairment of protection exerted by one of the GC-specific, but not MPER-specific mAbs. Our data suggest that activation of the complement system represents an important mechanism of antiviral protection by GC antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kritika Kedarinath
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo Jurado-Cobena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fuchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jalene V Velazquez
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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7
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Richardson E, Bibi S, McLean F, Schimanski L, Rijal P, Ghraichy M, von Niederhäusern V, Trück J, Clutterbuck EA, O’Connor D, Luhn K, Townsend A, Peters B, Pollard AJ, Deane CM, Kelly DF. Computational mining of B cell receptor repertoires reveals antigen-specific and convergent responses to Ebola vaccination. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383753. [PMID: 39040106 PMCID: PMC11260629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Ebolaviruses, such as Sudanvirus (SUDV) in Uganda in 2022, demonstrate that species other than the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), which is currently the sole virus represented in current licensed vaccines, remain a major threat to global health. There is a pressing need to develop effective pan-species vaccines and novel monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics for Ebolavirus disease. In response to recent outbreaks, the two dose, heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen was developed and was tested in a large phase II clinical trial (EBL2001) as part of the EBOVAC2 consortium. Here, we perform bulk sequencing of the variable heavy chain (VH) of B cell receptors (BCR) in forty participants from the EBL2001 trial in order to characterize the BCR repertoire in response to vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo. We develop a comprehensive database, EBOV-AbDab, of publicly available Ebolavirus-specific antibody sequences. We then use our database to predict the antigen-specific component of the vaccinee repertoires. Our results show striking convergence in VH germline gene usage across participants following the MVA-BN-Filo dose, and provide further evidence of the role of IGHV3-15 and IGHV3-13 antibodies in the B cell response to Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Furthermore, we found that previously described Ebola-specific mAb sequences present in EBOV-AbDab were sufficient to describe at least one of the ten most expanded BCR clonotypes in more than two thirds of our cohort of vaccinees following the boost, providing proof of principle for the utility of computational mining of immune repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Richardson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Florence McLean
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Ghraichy
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentin von Niederhäusern
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Trück
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel O’Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dominic F. Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Newby ML, Allen JD, Crispin M. Influence of glycosylation on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of viral immunogens. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108283. [PMID: 37972669 PMCID: PMC10867814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of successful viral vaccine design is the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies targeting viral attachment and fusion glycoproteins that embellish viral particles. This observation has catalyzed the development of numerous viral glycoprotein mimetics as vaccines. Glycans can dominate the surface of viral glycoproteins and as such, the viral glycome can influence the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine. In one extreme, glycans can form an integral part of epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies and are therefore considered to be an important feature of key immunogens within an immunization regimen. In the other extreme, the existence of peptide and bacterially expressed protein vaccines shows that viral glycosylation can be dispensable in some cases. However, native-like glycosylation can indicate native-like protein folding and the presence of conformational epitopes. Furthermore, going beyond native glycan mimicry, in either occupancy of glycosylation sites or the glycan processing state, may offer opportunities for enhancing the immunogenicity and associated protection elicited by an immunogen. Here, we review key determinants of viral glycosylation and how recombinant immunogens can recapitulate these signatures across a range of enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, Ebola virus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Lassa virus. The emerging understanding of immunogen glycosylation and its control will help guide the development of future vaccines in both recombinant protein- and nucleic acid-based vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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9
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Santos RI, Ilinykh PA, Pietzsch CA, Ronk AJ, Huang K, Kuzmina NA, Zhou F, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Blocking of ebolavirus spread through intercellular connections by an MPER-specific antibody depends on BST2/tetherin. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113254. [PMID: 37858466 PMCID: PMC10664807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) belong to the family Filoviridae and cause a severe disease in humans. We previously isolated a large panel of monoclonal antibodies from B cells of human survivors from the 2007 Uganda BDBV outbreak, 16 survivors from the 2014 EBOV outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and one survivor from the West African 2013-2016 EBOV epidemic. Here, we demonstrate that EBOV and BDBV are capable of spreading to neighboring cells through intercellular connections in a process that depends upon actin and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin 1 protein. We quantify spread through intercellular connections by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. One of the antibodies, BDBV223, specific to the membrane-proximal external region, induces virus accumulation at the plasma membrane. The inhibiting activity of BDBV223 depends on BST2/tetherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Adam J Ronk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fuchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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10
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Rijal P, Donnellan FR. A review of broadly protective monoclonal antibodies to treat Ebola virus disease. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101339. [PMID: 37392670 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The filovirus vaccine and the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) research have made substantial progress. However, existing vaccines and mAbs approved for use in humans are specific to Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). Since other Ebolavirus species are a continuing threat to public health, the search for broadly protective mAbs has drawn attention. Here, we review viral glycoprotein-targeting mAbs that have proved their broader protective efficacy in animal models. MBP134AF, the most advanced of these new-generation mAb therapies, has recently been deployed in Uganda during the Sudan ebolavirus outbreak. Furthermore, we discuss the measures associated with enhancing antibody therapies and the risks associated with them, including the rise of escape mutations following the mAb treatment and naturally occurring EBOV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Rijal
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, UK.
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11
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Chen EC, Gilchuk P, Zost SJ, Ilinykh PA, Binshtein E, Huang K, Myers L, Bonissone S, Day S, Kona CR, Trivette A, Reidy JX, Sutton RE, Gainza C, Diaz S, Williams JK, Selverian CN, Davidson E, Saphire EO, Doranz BJ, Castellana N, Bukreyev A, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Systematic analysis of human antibody response to ebolavirus glycoprotein shows high prevalence of neutralizing public clonotypes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112370. [PMID: 37029928 PMCID: PMC10556194 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the human antibody response to emerging viral pathogens is key to epidemic preparedness. As the size of the B cell response to a pathogenic-virus-protective antigen is poorly defined, we perform deep paired heavy- and light-chain sequencing in Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP)-specific memory B cells, allowing analysis of the ebolavirus-specific antibody repertoire both genetically and functionally. This approach facilitates investigation of the molecular and genetic basis for the evolution of cross-reactive antibodies by elucidating germline-encoded properties of antibodies to EBOV and identification of the overlap between antibodies in the memory B cell and serum repertoire. We identify 73 public clonotypes of EBOV, 20% of which encode antibodies with neutralization activity and capacity to protect mice in vivo. This comprehensive analysis of the public and private antibody repertoire provides insight into the molecular basis of the humoral immune response to EBOV GP, which informs the design of vaccines and improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Samuel Day
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chandrahaas R Kona
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Summer Diaz
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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12
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Bukreyev A, Ilinykh P, Huang K, Gunn B, Kuzmina N, Gilchuk P, Alter G, Crowe J. Antiviral protection by antibodies targeting the glycan cap of Ebola virus glycoprotein requires activation of the complement system. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2765936. [PMID: 37131834 PMCID: PMC10153373 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2765936/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) represent an important correlate of the vaccine efficiency and infection survival. Both neutralization and some of the Fc-mediated effects are known to contribute the protection conferred by antibodies of various epitope specificities. At the same time, the role of the complement system in antibody-mediated protection remains unclear. In this study, we compared complement activation by two groups of representative monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interacting with the glycan cap (GC) or the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the viral sole glycoprotein GP. Binding of GC-specific mAbs to GP induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the GP-expressing cell line via C3 deposition on GP in contrast to MPER-specific mAbs that did not. Moreover, treatment of cells with a glycosylation inhibitor increased the CDC activity, suggesting that N-linked glycans downregulate CDC. In the mouse model of EBOV infection, depletion of the complement system by cobra venom factor led to an impairment of protection exerted by GC-specific but not MPER-specific mAbs. Our data suggest that activation of the complement system is an essential component of antiviral protection by antibodies targeting GC of EBOV GP.
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13
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Luo L, Duan C, Shen J, Wang Z. Application of germline antibody features to vaccine development, antibody discovery, antibody optimization and disease diagnosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108143. [PMID: 37023966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the efficacy and commercial success of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies have been tremendous, designing and discovering new drug candidates remains a labor-, time- and cost-intensive endeavor with high risks. The main challenges of vaccine development are inducing a strong immune response in broad populations and providing effective prevention against a group of highly variable pathogens. Meanwhile, antibody discovery faces several great obstacles, especially the blindness in antibody screening and the unpredictability of the developability and druggability of antibody drugs. These challenges are largely due to poorly understanding of germline antibodies and the antibody responses to pathogen invasions. Thanks to the recent developments in high-throughput sequencing and structural biology, we have gained insight into the germline immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and germline antibodies and then the germline antibody features associated with antigens and disease manifestation. In this review, we firstly outline the broad associations between germline antibodies and antigens. Moreover, we comprehensively review the recent applications of antigen-specific germline antibody features, physicochemical properties-associated germline antibody features, and disease manifestation-associated germline antibody features on vaccine development, antibody discovery, antibody optimization, and disease diagnosis. Lastly, we discuss the bottlenecks and perspectives of current and potential applications of germline antibody features in the biotechnology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfei Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Engdahl TB, Binshtein E, Brocato RL, Kuzmina NA, Principe LM, Kwilas SA, Kim RK, Chapman NS, Porter MS, Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA, Handal LS, Diaz SM, Zagol-Ikapitte IA, Tran MH, McDonald WH, Meiler J, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Bukreyev A, Hooper JW, Crowe JE. Antigenic mapping and functional characterization of human New World hantavirus neutralizing antibodies. eLife 2023; 12:e81743. [PMID: 36971354 PMCID: PMC10115451 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are high-priority emerging pathogens carried by rodents and transmitted to humans by aerosolized excreta or, in rare cases, person-to-person contact. While infections in humans are relatively rare, mortality rates range from 1 to 40% depending on the hantavirus species. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for hantaviruses, and the only treatment for infection is supportive care for respiratory or kidney failure. Additionally, the human humoral immune response to hantavirus infection is incompletely understood, especially the location of major antigenic sites on the viral glycoproteins and conserved neutralizing epitopes. Here, we report antigenic mapping and functional characterization for four neutralizing hantavirus antibodies. The broadly neutralizing antibody SNV-53 targets an interface between Gn/Gc, neutralizes through fusion inhibition and cross-protects against the Old World hantavirus species Hantaan virus when administered pre- or post-exposure. Another broad antibody, SNV-24, also neutralizes through fusion inhibition but targets domain I of Gc and demonstrates weak neutralizing activity to authentic hantaviruses. ANDV-specific, neutralizing antibodies (ANDV-5 and ANDV-34) neutralize through attachment blocking and protect against hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in animals but target two different antigenic faces on the head domain of Gn. Determining the antigenic sites for neutralizing antibodies will contribute to further therapeutic development for hantavirus-related diseases and inform the design of new broadly protective hantavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Engdahl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Rebecca L Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonUnited States
- Galveston National LaboratoryGalvestonUnited States
| | - Lucia M Principe
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Robert K Kim
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - Nathaniel S Chapman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Monique S Porter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | | | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Summer M Diaz
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Irene A Zagol-Ikapitte
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Minh H Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonUnited States
- Galveston National LaboratoryGalvestonUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
| | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious DiseasesFt DetrickUnited States
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
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15
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
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16
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Computational epitope mapping of class I fusion proteins using low complexity supervised learning methods. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010230. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody epitope mapping of viral proteins plays a vital role in understanding immune system mechanisms of protection. In the case of class I viral fusion proteins, recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy and protein stabilization techniques have highlighted the importance of cryptic or ‘alternative’ conformations that expose epitopes targeted by potent neutralizing antibodies. Thorough epitope mapping of such metastable conformations is difficult but is critical for understanding sites of vulnerability in class I fusion proteins that occur as transient conformational states during viral attachment and fusion. We introduce a novel method Accelerated class I fusion protein Epitope Mapping (AxIEM) that accounts for fusion protein flexibility to improve out-of-sample prediction of discontinuous antibody epitopes. Harnessing data from previous experimental epitope mapping efforts of several class I fusion proteins, we demonstrate that accuracy of epitope prediction depends on residue environment and allows for the prediction of conformation-dependent antibody target residues. We also show that AxIEM can identify common epitopes and provide structural insights for the development and rational design of vaccines.
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17
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Peng W, Rayaprolu V, Parvate AD, Pronker MF, Hui S, Parekh D, Shaffer K, Yu X, Saphire EO, Snijder J. Glycan shield of the ebolavirus envelope glycoprotein GP. Commun Biol 2022; 5:785. [PMID: 35927436 PMCID: PMC9352669 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein GP of the ebolaviruses is essential for host cell entry and the primary target of the host antibody response. GP is heavily glycosylated with up to 17 N-linked sites, numerous O-linked glycans in its disordered mucin-like domain (MLD), and three predicted C-linked mannosylation sites. Glycosylation is important for host cell attachment, GP stability and fusion activity, and shielding from neutralization by serum antibodies. Here, we use glycoproteomics to profile the site-specific glycosylation patterns of ebolavirus GP. We detect up to 16 unique O-linked glycosylation sites in the MLD, and two O-linked sites in the receptor-binding GP1 subunit. Multiple O-linked glycans are observed within N-linked glycosylation sequons, suggesting crosstalk between the two types of modifications. We confirmed C-mannosylation of W288 in full-length trimeric GP. We find complex glycosylation at the majority of N-linked sites, while the conserved sites N257 and especially N563 are enriched in unprocessed glycans, suggesting a role in host-cell attachment via DC-SIGN/L-SIGN. Our findings illustrate how N-, O-, and C-linked glycans together build the heterogeneous glycan shield of GP, guiding future immunological studies and functional interpretation of ebolavirus GP-antibody interactions. Site-specific N-, O-, and C-linked glycans are characterized in the ebolavirus envelope glycoprotein GP using mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Peng
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Pacific Northwest Center for CryoEM, Portland, OR, 97225, USA
| | - Amar D Parvate
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Matti F Pronker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kelly Shaffer
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Erica O Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Schoeder CT, Gilchuk P, Sangha AK, Ledwitch KV, Malherbe DC, Zhang X, Binshtein E, Williamson LE, Martina CE, Dong J, Armstrong E, Sutton R, Nargi R, Rodriguez J, Kuzmina N, Fiala B, King NP, Bukreyev A, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Epitope-focused immunogen design based on the ebolavirus glycoprotein HR2-MPER region. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010518. [PMID: 35584193 PMCID: PMC9170092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The three human pathogenic ebolaviruses: Zaire (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) virus, cause severe disease with high fatality rates. Epitopes of ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) recognized by antibodies with binding breadth for all three ebolaviruses are of major interest for rational vaccine design. In particular, the heptad repeat 2 -membrane-proximal external region (HR2-MPER) epitope is relatively conserved between EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP and targeted by human broadly-neutralizing antibodies. To study whether this epitope can serve as an immunogen for the elicitation of broadly-reactive antibody responses, protein design in Rosetta was employed to transplant the HR2-MPER epitope identified from a co-crystal structure with the known broadly-reactive monoclonal antibody (mAb) BDBV223 onto smaller scaffold proteins. From computational analysis, selected immunogen designs were produced as recombinant proteins and functionally validated, leading to the identification of a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain displaying the BDBV-HR2-MPER epitope near its C terminus as a promising candidate. The immunogen was fused to one component of a self-assembling, two-component nanoparticle and tested for immunogenicity in rabbits. Robust titers of cross-reactive serum antibodies to BDBV and EBOV GPs and moderate titers to SUDV GP were induced following immunization. To confirm the structural composition of the immunogens, solution NMR studies were conducted and revealed structural flexibility in the C-terminal residues of the epitope. Overall, our study represents the first report on an epitope-focused immunogen design based on the structurally challenging BDBV-HR2-MPER epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Schoeder
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Drug Discovery, University Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amandeep K. Sangha
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn V. Ledwitch
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Unites States, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Drug Discovery, University Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Yu X, Saphire EO. Development and Structural Analysis of Antibody Therapeutics for Filoviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030374. [PMID: 35335698 PMCID: PMC8949092 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are among the world’s deadliest pathogens. As the only surface-exposed protein on mature virions, their glycoprotein GP is the focus of current therapeutic monoclonal antibody discovery efforts. With recent technological developments, potent antibodies have been identified from immunized animals and human survivors of virus infections and have been characterized functionally and structurally. Structural insight into how the most successful antibodies target GP further guides vaccine development. Here we review the recent developments in the identification and characterization of neutralizing antibodies and cocktail immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-752-6791
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20
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Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Crowe JE, Ward AB. Structural Biology Illuminates Molecular Determinants of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by Human Antibodies for Pan-Ebolavirus Therapeutic Development. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808047. [PMID: 35082794 PMCID: PMC8784787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven effective for the treatment of ebolavirus infection in humans, with two mAb-based drugs Inmazeb™ and Ebanga™ receiving FDA approval in 2020. While these drugs represent a major advance in the field of filoviral therapeutics, they are composed of antibodies with single-species specificity for Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebolavirus genus includes five additional species, two of which, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus, have caused severe disease and significant outbreaks in the past. There are several recently identified broadly neutralizing ebolavirus antibodies, including some in the clinical development pipeline, that have demonstrated broad protection in preclinical studies. In this review, we describe how structural biology has illuminated the molecular basis of broad ebolavirus neutralization, including details of common antigenic sites of vulnerability on the glycoprotein surface. We begin with a discussion outlining the history of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for ebolaviruses, with an emphasis on how structural biology has contributed to these efforts. Next, we highlight key structural studies that have advanced our understanding of ebolavirus glycoprotein structures and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we offer examples of how structural biology has contributed to advances in anti-viral medicines and discuss what opportunities the future holds, including rationally designed next-generation therapeutics with increased potency, breadth, and specificity against ebolaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Gilchuk P, Murin CD, Cross RW, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Kuzmina N, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Zost SJ, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Bombardi RG, Carnahan RH, Bukreyev A, Geisbert TW, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Pan-ebolavirus protective therapy by two multifunctional human antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:5593-5607.e18. [PMID: 34715022 PMCID: PMC8716180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal illness with the potential for global spread. Monoclonal antibody-based treatments that have become available recently have a narrow therapeutic spectrum and are ineffective against ebolaviruses other than Ebola virus (EBOV), including medically important Bundibugyo (BDBV) and Sudan (SUDV) viruses. Here, we report the development of a therapeutic cocktail comprising two broadly neutralizing human antibodies, rEBOV-515 and rEBOV-442, that recognize non-overlapping sites on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). Antibodies in the cocktail exhibited synergistic neutralizing activity, resisted viral escape, and possessed differing requirements for their Fc-regions for optimal in vivo activities. The cocktail protected non-human primates from ebolavirus disease caused by EBOV, BDBV, or SUDV with high therapeutic effectiveness. High-resolution structures of the cocktail antibodies in complex with GP revealed the molecular determinants for neutralization breadth and potency. This study provides advanced preclinical data to support clinical development of this cocktail for pan-ebolavirus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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22
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Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
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23
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Gilchuk P, Guthals A, Bonissone SR, Shaw JB, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Bombardi RG, Liang J, Grinyo A, Davidson E, Chen EC, Gunn BM, Alter G, Saphire EO, Doranz BJ, Bukreyev A, Zeitlin L, Castellana N, Crowe JE. Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706757. [PMID: 34335620 PMCID: PMC8322977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adrian Guthals
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stefano R. Bonissone
- Abterra Biosciences (formerly Digital Proteomics LLC), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jared B. Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robin G. Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariadna Grinyo
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edgar Davidson
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elaine C. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Natalie Castellana
- Abterra Biosciences (formerly Digital Proteomics LLC), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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24
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Bhatia B, Furuyama W, Hoenen T, Feldmann H, Marzi A. Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Domains Associated with Protective Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:630. [PMID: 34200548 PMCID: PMC8229685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is the cause of sporadic outbreaks of human hemorrhagic disease in Africa, and the best-characterized virus in the filovirus family. The West African epidemic accelerated the clinical development of vaccines and therapeutics, leading to licensure of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics for human use in recent years. The most widely used vaccine is based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) (VSV-EBOV). Due to its favorable immune cell targeting, this vaccine has also been used as a base vector for the development of second generation VSV-based vaccines against Influenza, Nipah, and Zika viruses. However, in these situations, it may be beneficial if the immunogenicity against EBOV GP is minimized to induce a better protective immune response against the other foreign immunogen. Here, we analyzed if EBOV GP can be truncated to be less immunogenic, yet still able to drive replication of the vaccine vector. We found that the EBOV GP glycan cap and the mucin-like domain are both dispensable for VSV-EBOV replication. The glycan cap, however, appears critical for mediating a protective immune response against lethal EBOV challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Bhatia
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
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