1
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Apps R, Biancotto A, Candia J, Kotliarov Y, Perl S, Cheung F, Farmer R, Mulè MP, Rachmaninoff N, Chen J, Martins AJ, Shi R, Zhou H, Bansal N, Schum P, Olnes MJ, Milanez-Almeida P, Han KL, Sellers B, Cortese M, Hagan T, Rouphael N, Pulendran B, King L, Manischewitz J, Khurana S, Golding H, van der Most RG, Dickler HB, Germain RN, Schwartzberg PL, Tsang JS. Acute and persistent responses after H5N1 vaccination in humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114706. [PMID: 39235945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into how an adjuvant impacts vaccination responses, we use systems immunology to study human H5N1 influenza vaccination with or without the adjuvant AS03, longitudinally assessing 14 time points including multiple time points within the first day after prime and boost. We develop an unsupervised computational framework to discover high-dimensional response patterns, which uncover adjuvant- and immunogenicity-associated early response dynamics, including some that differ post prime versus boost. With or without adjuvant, some vaccine-induced transcriptional patterns persist to at least 100 days after initial vaccination. Single-cell profiling of surface proteins, transcriptomes, and chromatin accessibility implicates transcription factors in the erythroblast-transformation-specific (ETS) family as shaping these long-lasting signatures, primarily in classical monocytes but also in CD8+ naive-like T cells. These cell-type-specific signatures are elevated at baseline in high-antibody responders in an independent vaccination cohort, suggesting that antigen-agnostic baseline immune states can be modulated by vaccine antigens alone to enhance future responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Apps
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Julián Candia
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri Kotliarov
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Shira Perl
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rohit Farmer
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P Mulè
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UCB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Rachmaninoff
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinguo Chen
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew J Martins
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rongye Shi
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huizhi Zhou
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neha Bansal
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paula Schum
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew J Olnes
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Kyu Lee Han
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian Sellers
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Cortese
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Hagan
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Lisa King
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Jody Manischewitz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | | | | | - Ronald N Germain
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Systems and Engineering Immunology, Departments of Immunobiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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2
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Bechtold V, Smolen KK, Burny W, de Angelis SP, Delandre S, Essaghir A, Marchant A, Ndour C, Taton M, van der Most R, Willems F, Didierlaurent AM. Functional and epigenetic changes in monocytes from adults immunized with an AS01-adjuvanted vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadl3381. [PMID: 39083587 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The adjuvant AS01 plays a key role in the immunogenicity of several approved human vaccines with demonstrated high efficacy. Its adjuvant effect relies on activation of the innate immune system. However, specific effects of AS01-adjuvanted vaccines on innate cell function and epigenetic remodeling, as described for Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and influenza vaccines, are still unknown. We assessed the long-term functional and epigenetic changes in circulating monocytes and dendritic cells induced by a model vaccine containing hepatitis B surface antigen and AS01 in healthy adults (NCT01777295). The AS01-adjuvanted vaccine, but not an Alum-adjuvanted vaccine, increased the number of circulating monocytes and their expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, which correlated with the magnitude of the memory CD4+ T cell response. Single-cell analyses revealed epigenetic alterations in monocyte and dendritic cell subsets, affecting accessibility of transcription factors involved in cell functions including activator protein-1 (AP-1), GATA, C/EBP, and interferon regulatory factor. The functional changes were characterized by a reduced proinflammatory response to Toll-like receptor activation and an improved response to interferon-γ, a cytokine critical for the adjuvant's mode of action. Epigenetic changes were most evident shortly after the second vaccine dose in CD14+ monocytes, for which accessibility differences of some transcription factors could persist for up to 6 months postvaccination. Together, we show that reprogramming of monocyte subsets occurs after vaccination with an AS01-adjuvanted vaccine, an effect that may contribute to the impact of vaccination beyond antigen-specific protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kinga K Smolen
- GSK, Rixensart, 1330, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | - Cheikh Ndour
- Business and Decision Life Sciences c/o GSK, Rixensart, 1330, Belgium
| | - Martin Taton
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | | | - Fabienne Willems
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1070, Belgium
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3
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Weinberg A, Johnson M, Crotteau M, Ghosh D, Vu T, Levin MJ. Trained Immunity Generated by the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4607744. [PMID: 39041035 PMCID: PMC11261968 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4607744/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Trained immunity may play a role in vaccine-induced protection against infections. We showed that the highly efficacious recombinant VZV-gE zoster vaccine (RZV) generated trained immunity in monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) and that the less efficacious live zoster vaccine did not. RZV stimulated ex vivo gE-specific monocyte, DC and NK cell responses that did not correlate with CD4 + T-cell responses. These responses were also elicited in purified monocyte and NK cell cocultures stimulated with VZV-gE and persisted above prevaccination levels for ≥ 4 years post-RZV administration. RZV administration also increased ex vivo heterologous monocyte and NK cell responses to herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus antigens. ATAC-seq analysis and ex vivo TGFβ1 supplementation and inhibition experiments demonstrated that decreased tgfβ1 transcription resulting from RZV-induced chromatin modifications may explain the development of monocyte trained immunity. The role of RZV-trained immunity in protection against herpes zoster and other infections should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thao Vu
- University of Colorado Denver
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4
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Mishra B, Ivashkiv LB. Interferons and epigenetic mechanisms in training, priming and tolerance of monocytes and hematopoietic progenitors. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:257-275. [PMID: 38567833 PMCID: PMC11102283 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Training and priming of innate immune cells involve preconditioning by PAMPs, DAMPs, and/or cytokines that elicits stronger induction of inflammatory genes upon secondary challenge. Previous models distinguish training and priming based upon whether immune activation returns to baseline prior to secondary challenge. Tolerance is a protective mechanism whereby potent stimuli induce refractoriness to secondary challenge. Training and priming are important for innate memory responses that protect against infection, efficacy of vaccines, and maintaining innate immune cells in a state of readiness; tolerance prevents toxicity from excessive immune activation. Dysregulation of these processes can contribute to pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, post-COVID-19 hyperinflammatory states, or sepsis-associated immunoparalysis. Training, priming, and tolerance regulate similar "signature" inflammatory genes such as TNF, IL6, and IL1B and utilize overlapping epigenetic mechanisms. We review how interferons (IFNs), best known for activating JAK-STAT signaling and interferon-stimulated genes, also play a key role in regulating training, priming, and tolerance via chromatin-mediated mechanisms. We present new data on how monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation modulates IFN-γ-mediated priming, affects regulation of AP-1 and CEBP activity, and attenuates superinduction of inflammatory genes. We present a "training-priming continuum" model that integrates IFN-mediated priming into current concepts about training and tolerance and proposes a central role for STAT1 and IRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Mishra
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lionel B Ivashkiv
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Vaziri F, Setayesh T, Hu Y, Ravindran R, Wei D, Wan YJY. BCG as an Innovative Option for HCC Treatment: Repurposing and Mechanistic Insights. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308242. [PMID: 38308164 PMCID: PMC11005731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a potential treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a condition often associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. Exploiting BCG's recognized immune-boosting properties, preclinical trials are conducted using HCC mice, with a single subcutaneous dose of BCG administered post-tumor formation. Results indicate that BCG treatment effectively diminishes tumor burden and extends survival in both male and female HCC mice. Positive influences on hepatic fibrosis and metabolism are observed, leading to a reduction in lipid levels. Spatial analysis underscores BCG's tumor-specific effects, inducing the enrichment of metabolic pathways and inhibiting various cancer-related pathways. Furthermore, BCG promotes immune cell infiltration, including CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and M1 macrophages, in both v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1(AKT)/neutoblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (RAS) and β-catenin positive HCC models. Interestingly, blocking T cells, trained immunity, and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) function reverses BCG's anti-HCC effects. In conclusion, BCG emerges as a promising treatment option for HCC, characterized by a favorable safety profile and efficacy in inhibiting fibrosis, improving metabolism, and engaging both trained immunity and T cells in therapeutic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Resmi Ravindran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Dongguang Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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6
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Caldwell BA, Wu Y, Wang J, Li L. Altered DNA methylation underlies monocyte dysregulation and immune exhaustion memory in sepsis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113894. [PMID: 38442017 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Monocytes can develop an exhausted memory state characterized by reduced differentiation, pathogenic inflammation, and immune suppression that drives immune dysregulation during sepsis. Chromatin alterations, notably via histone modifications, underlie innate immune memory, but the contribution of DNA methylation remains poorly understood. Using an ex vivo sepsis model, we show altered DNA methylation throughout the genome of exhausted monocytes, including genes implicated in immune dysregulation during sepsis and COVID-19 infection (e.g., Plac8). These changes are recapitulated in septic mice induced by cecal slurry injection. Methylation profiles developed in septic mice are maintained during ex vivo culture, supporting the involvement of DNA methylation in stable monocyte exhaustion memory. Methylome reprogramming is driven in part by Wnt signaling inhibition in exhausted monocytes and can be reversed with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, Wnt agonists, or immune training molecules. Our study demonstrates the significance of altered DNA methylation in the maintenance of stable monocyte exhaustion memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0910, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0910, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0910, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0910, USA.
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7
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Röring RJ, Debisarun PA, Botey-Bataller J, Suen TK, Bulut Ö, Kilic G, Koeken VA, Sarlea A, Bahrar H, Dijkstra H, Lemmers H, Gössling KL, Rüchel N, Ostermann PN, Müller L, Schaal H, Adams O, Borkhardt A, Ariyurek Y, de Meijer EJ, Kloet SL, ten Oever J, Placek K, Li Y, Netea MG. MMR vaccination induces trained immunity via functional and metabolic reprogramming of γδ T cells. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e170848. [PMID: 38290093 PMCID: PMC10977989 DOI: 10.1172/jci170848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine protects against all-cause mortality in children, but the immunological mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly known. We systematically investigated whether MMR can induce long-term functional changes in innate immune cells, a process termed trained immunity, that could at least partially mediate this heterologous protection. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 39 healthy adults received either the MMR vaccine or a placebo. Using single-cell RNA-Seq, we found that MMR caused transcriptomic changes in CD14+ monocytes and NK cells, but most profoundly in γδ T cells. Monocyte function was not altered by MMR vaccination. In contrast, the function of γδ T cells was markedly enhanced by MMR vaccination, with higher production of TNF and IFN-γ, as well as upregulation of cellular metabolic pathways. In conclusion, we describe a trained immunity program characterized by modulation of γδ T cell function induced by MMR vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger J. Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Priya A. Debisarun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Javier Botey-Bataller
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) and
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tsz Kin Suen
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Özlem Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gizem Kilic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Valerie A.C.M. Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) and
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrei Sarlea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
| | - Harsh Bahrar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helga Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lemmers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Nadine Rüchel
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology and
| | - Philipp N. Ostermann
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology and
| | - Yavuz Ariyurek
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Emile J. de Meijer
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan L. Kloet
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jaap ten Oever
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) and
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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8
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Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part I. Non-Specific Immune Boosting with BCG: History, Ligands, and Receptors. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:343-360. [PMID: 38393912 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can apparently defer dementia onset with an efficacy better than all drugs known to date, as initially reported by Gofrit et al. (PLoS One14, e0224433), now confirmed by other studies. Understanding how and why is of immense importance because it could represent a sea-change in how we manage patients with mild cognitive impairment through to dementia. Given that infection and/or inflammation are likely to contribute to the development of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (Part II of this work), we provide a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents. We review early studies in which poxvirus, herpes virus, and tuberculosis (TB) infections afford cross-protection against unrelated pathogens, a concept known as 'trained immunity'. We then focus on the attenuated TB vaccine, BCG, that was introduced to protect against the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We trace the development of BCG in the 1920 s through to the discovery, by Freund and McDermott in the 1940 s, that extracts of mycobacteria can themselves exert potent immunostimulating (adjuvant) activity; Freund's complete adjuvant based on mycobacteria remains the most potent immunopotentiator reported to date. We then discuss whether the beneficial effects of BCG require long-term persistence of live bacteria, before focusing on the specific mycobacterial molecules, notably muramyl dipeptides, that mediate immunopotentiation, as well as the receptors involved. Part II addresses evidence that immunopotentiation by BCG and other vaccines can protect against dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Peng X, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Liang X, Feng J, Huang Y, Weng S, Xu Y, Su H. Mucosal recombinant BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and enhances trained immunity via mTORC2/HK1-mediated metabolic rewiring. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105518. [PMID: 38042489 PMCID: PMC10788536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces a type of immune memory known as "trained immunity", characterized by the immunometabolic and epigenetic changes in innate immune cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the strategies for inducing and/or boosting trained immunity in alveolar macrophages remains unknown. Here, we found that mucosal vaccination with the recombinant strain rBCGPPE27 significantly augmented the trained immune response in mice, facilitating a superior protective response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-related bacterial reinfection in mice when compared to BCG. Mucosal immunization with rBCGPPE27 enhanced innate cytokine production by alveolar macrophages associated with promoted glycolytic metabolism, typical of trained immunity. Deficiency of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 and hexokinase 1 abolished the immunometabolic and epigenetic rewiring in mouse alveolar macrophages after mucosal rBCGPPE27 vaccination. Most noteworthy, utilizing rBCGPPE27's higher-up trained effects: The single mucosal immunization with rBCGPPE27-adjuvanted coronavirus disease (CoV-2) vaccine raised the rapid development of virus-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies, boosted pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies, and augmented T helper type 1-biased cytokine release by vaccine-specific T cells, compared to BCG/CoV-2 vaccine. These findings revealed that mucosal recombinant BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and enhances trained immunity via reprogramming mTORC2- and HK-1-mediated aerobic glycolysis, providing new vaccine strategies for improving tuberculosis (TB) or coronavirus variant vaccinations, and targeting innate immunity via mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Peng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoying Zhang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Liang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuejun Huang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haibo Su
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Weinberg A, Johnson MJ, Garth K, Hsieh EWY, Kedl R, Weiskopf D, Cassaday M, Rester C, Cabrera-Martinez B, Baxter RM, Levin MJ. Innate and Adaptive Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to a COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Young Children. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad608. [PMID: 38107018 PMCID: PMC10721446 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is little information on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in children. We studied adaptive and innate CMI in vaccinated children aged 6 to 60 months. Methods Blood obtained from participants in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of an mRNA vaccine before and 1 month after the first dose was used for antibody measurements and CMI (flow cytometry). Results We enrolled 29 children with a mean age of 28.5 months (SD, 15.7). Antibody studies revealed that 10 participants were infected with SARS-CoV-2 prevaccination. Ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides showed significant increases pre- to postimmunization of activated conventional CD4+ and γδ T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and conventional dendritic cells but not mucosa-associated innate T cells. Conventional T-cell, monocyte, and conventional dendritic cell responses in children were higher immediately after vaccination than after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The fold increase in CMI pre- to postvaccination did not differ between children previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and those uninfected. Conclusions Children aged 6 to 60 months who were vaccinated with a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine developed robust CMI responses, including adaptive and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Krystle Garth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mattie Cassaday
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cody Rester
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan M Baxter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Myron J Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Ziogas A, Bruno M, van der Meel R, Mulder WJM, Netea MG. Trained immunity: Target for prophylaxis and therapy. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1776-1791. [PMID: 37944491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained immunity leads to adaptive states that enhance resistance against pathogens and contributes to immunosurveillance. Dysregulated trained immunity can however lead either to defective innate immune responses in severe infections or cancer or to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases if trained immunity is inappropriately activated. Here, we review the immunological and molecular mechanisms that mediate trained immunity induction and propose that trained immunity represents an important target for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches in human diseases. On the one hand, we argue that novel approaches that induce trained immunity may enhance vaccine efficacy. On the other hand, induction of trained immunity in cancer, and inhibition of exaggerated induction of trained immunity in inflammatory disorders, are viable targets amenable for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Ziogas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Pan J, Chang Z, Zhang X, Dong Q, Zhao H, Shi J, Wang G. Research progress of single-cell sequencing in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276194. [PMID: 37901241 PMCID: PMC10611525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The pathogenesis and immune mechanism of tuberculosis are not clear, and it is urgent to find new drugs, diagnosis, and treatment targets. A useful tool in the quest to reveal the enigmas related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease is the single-cell sequencing technique. By clarifying cell heterogeneity, identifying pathogenic cell groups, and finding key gene targets, the map at the single cell level enables people to better understand the cell diversity of complex organisms and the immune state of hosts during infection. Here, we briefly reviewed the development of single-cell sequencing, and emphasized the different applications and limitations of various technologies. Single-cell sequencing has been widely used in the study of the pathogenesis and immune response of tuberculosis. We review these works summarizing the most influential findings. Combined with the multi-molecular level and multi-dimensional analysis, we aim to deeply understand the blank and potential future development of the research on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using single-cell sequencing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences/China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences/China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Perera DJ, Domenech P, Babuadze GG, Naghibosadat M, Alvarez F, Koger-Pease C, Labrie L, Stuible M, Durocher Y, Piccirillo CA, Lametti A, Fiset PO, Elahi SM, Kobinger GP, Gilbert R, Olivier M, Kozak R, Reed MB, Ndao M. BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. iScience 2023; 26:107612. [PMID: 37670783 PMCID: PMC10475483 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent publications have explored intranasal (i.n.) adenovirus-based (Ad) vaccines as an effective strategy for SARS-CoV-2 in pre-clinical models. However, the effects of prior immunizations and infections have yet to be considered. Here, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG pre-immunization followed by vaccination with an S-protein-expressing i.n. Ad, termed Ad(Spike). While i.n. Ad(Spike) retains some protective effect after 6 months, a single administration of BCG-Danish prior to Ad(Spike) potentiates its ability to control viral replication of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant within the respiratory tract. Though BCG-Danish did not affect Ad(Spike)-generated humoral immunity, it promoted the generation of cytotoxic/Th1 responses over suppressive FoxP3+ TREG cells in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, this vaccination strategy may prove useful in limiting future pandemics by potentiating the long-term efficacy of mucosal vaccines within the context of the widely distributed BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J. Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pilar Domenech
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Giorgi Babuadze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maedeh Naghibosadat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cal Koger-Pease
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lydia Labrie
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - André Lametti
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Seyyed Mehdy Elahi
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B. Reed
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Caldwell BA, Wu Y, Wang J, Li L. Altered DNA methylation underlies monocyte dysregulation and innate exhaustion memory in sepsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555580. [PMID: 37693554 PMCID: PMC10491170 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune memory is the process by which pathogen exposure elicits cell-intrinsic states to alter the strength of future immune challenges. Such altered memory states drive monocyte dysregulation during sepsis, promoting pathogenic behavior characterized by pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive gene expression in concert with emergency hematopoiesis. Epigenetic changes, notably in the form of histone modifications, have been shown to underlie innate immune memory, but the contribution of DNA methylation to this process remains poorly understood. Using an ex vivo sepsis model, we discovered broad changes in DNA methylation throughout the genome of exhausted monocytes, including at several genes previously implicated as major drivers of immune dysregulation during sepsis and Covid-19 infection (e.g. Plac8 ). Methylome alterations are driven in part by Wnt signaling inhibition in exhausted monocytes, and can be reversed through treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, Wnt agonists, or immune training molecules. Importantly, these changes are recapitulated in septic mice following cecal slurry injection, resulting in stable changes at critical immune genes that support the involvement of DNA methylation in acute and long-term monocyte dysregulation during sepsis.
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15
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Cheong JG, Ravishankar A, Sharma S, Parkhurst CN, Grassmann SA, Wingert CK, Laurent P, Ma S, Paddock L, Miranda IC, Karakaslar EO, Nehar-Belaid D, Thibodeau A, Bale MJ, Kartha VK, Yee JK, Mays MY, Jiang C, Daman AW, Martinez de Paz A, Ahimovic D, Ramos V, Lercher A, Nielsen E, Alvarez-Mulett S, Zheng L, Earl A, Yallowitz A, Robbins L, LaFond E, Weidman KL, Racine-Brzostek S, Yang HS, Price DR, Leyre L, Rendeiro AF, Ravichandran H, Kim J, Borczuk AC, Rice CM, Jones RB, Schenck EJ, Kaner RJ, Chadburn A, Zhao Z, Pascual V, Elemento O, Schwartz RE, Buenrostro JD, Niec RE, Barrat FJ, Lief L, Sun JC, Ucar D, Josefowicz SZ. Epigenetic memory of coronavirus infection in innate immune cells and their progenitors. Cell 2023; 186:3882-3902.e24. [PMID: 37597510 PMCID: PMC10638861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation can trigger lasting phenotypes in immune and non-immune cells. Whether and how human infections and associated inflammation can form innate immune memory in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) has remained unclear. We found that circulating HSPC, enriched from peripheral blood, captured the diversity of bone marrow HSPC, enabling investigation of their epigenomic reprogramming following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Alterations in innate immune phenotypes and epigenetic programs of HSPC persisted for months to 1 year following severe COVID-19 and were associated with distinct transcription factor (TF) activities, altered regulation of inflammatory programs, and durable increases in myelopoiesis. HSPC epigenomic alterations were conveyed, through differentiation, to progeny innate immune cells. Early activity of IL-6 contributed to these persistent phenotypes in human COVID-19 and a mouse coronavirus infection model. Epigenetic reprogramming of HSPC may underlie altered immune function following infection and be broadly relevant, especially for millions of COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gyu Cheong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arjun Ravishankar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Siddhartha Sharma
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | | | - Simon A Grassmann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Claire K Wingert
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paoline Laurent
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sai Ma
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lucinda Paddock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Emin Onur Karakaslar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Asa Thibodeau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Michael J Bale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vinay K Kartha
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jim K Yee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Minh Y Mays
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew W Daman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexia Martinez de Paz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dughan Ahimovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Ling Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Earl
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alisha Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lexi Robbins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Karissa L Weidman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sabrina Racine-Brzostek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David R Price
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - André F Rendeiro
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiranmayi Ravichandran
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Junbum Kim
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Edward J Schenck
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert J Kaner
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Department of Pediatrics, Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Gene Regulation Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rachel E Niec
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Franck J Barrat
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lindsay Lief
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Steven Z Josefowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Dou X, Peng M, Jiang R, Li W, Zhang X. Upregulated CD8 + MAIT cell differentiation and KLRD1 gene expression after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination identified by single-cell sequencing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174406. [PMID: 37654490 PMCID: PMC10466403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary strategy for reducing the incidence of COVID-19 is SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Few studies have explored T cell subset differentiation and gene expressions induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Our study aimed to analyze T cell dynamics and transcriptome gene expression after inoculation with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by using single-cell sequencing. Methods Single-cell sequencing was performed after peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from three participants at four time points during the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination process. After library preparation, raw read data analysis, quality control, dimension reduction and clustering, single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, TCR V(D)J sequencing, cell differentiation trajectory inference, differentially expressed genes, and pathway enrichment were analyzed to explore the characteristics and mechanisms of postvaccination immunodynamics. Results Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination promoted T cell proliferation, TCR clone amplification, and TCR diversity. The proliferation and differentiation of CD8+ mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were significantly upregulated, as were KLRD1 gene expression and the two pathways of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay, and translational initiation. Conclusion Upregulation of CD8+ MAIT cell differentiation and KLRD1 expression after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was demonstrated by single-cell sequencing. We conclude that the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits adaptive T cell immunity to enhance early immunity and rapid response to the targeted virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Dou
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiwei Jiang
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Lykov AP, Belogorodtsev SN, Nemkova EK, Vetlugina A, Terekhova TM, Schwartz YS. The Formation of Non-Specific Immunological Memory Phenotype in Human Monocyte-Like THP-1 and U-937 Cell Lines. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:477-480. [PMID: 37770781 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
We studied the formation of the phenotype of non-specific immunological memory (trained immunity) in human monocyte-like THP-1 and U-937 cell lines. The absence of the lag phase after primary contact with the pathogen (Mycobacterium bovis, BCG vaccine) does not contribute to the formation of the trained immunity phenotype in the cells. The presence of the lag phase promotes the development of the trained immunity phenotype, especially in THP-1 cells. The second stimulation (bacterial LPS) did not increase the production of lactate, nitric oxide, and glucose consumption by cells, which can be a consequence of the Warburg phenomenon in these monocyte-like human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lykov
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - S N Belogorodtsev
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E K Nemkova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Vetlugina
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T M Terekhova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Y Sh Schwartz
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Rathore D, Marino MJ, Nita-Lazar A. Omics and systems view of innate immune pathways. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200407. [PMID: 37269203 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiomics approaches to studying systems biology are very powerful techniques that can elucidate changes in the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels within a cell type in response to an infection. These approaches are valuable for understanding the mechanisms behind disease pathogenesis and how the immune system responds to being challenged. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance and utility of these tools have become evident in garnering a better understanding of the systems biology within the innate and adaptive immune response and for developing treatments and preventative measures for new and emerging pathogens that pose a threat to human health. In this review, we focus on state-of-the-art omics technologies within the scope of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Rathore
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew J Marino
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Zarenezhad E, Kanaan MHG, Abdollah SS, Vakil MK, Marzi M, Mazarzaei A, Ghasemian A. Metallic Nanoparticles: Their Potential Role in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy via Trained Immunity Provocation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051245. [PMID: 37238916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to drawbacks in the current common cancer therapies including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the development of more reliable, low toxic, cost-effective and specific approaches such as immunotherapy is crucial. Breast cancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality with a developed anticancer resistance. Accordingly, we attempted to uncover the efficacy of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs)-based breast cancer immunotherapy emphasizing trained immunity provocation or innate immunity adaptation. Due to the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the poor infiltration of immune cells, the potentiation of an immune response or direct combat is a goal employing NPs as a burgeoning field. During the recent decades, the adaptation of the innate immunity responses against infectious diseases and cancer has been recognized. Although the data is in a scarcity with regard to a trained immunity function in breast cancer cells' elimination, this study introduced the potential of this arm of immunity adaptation using MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Manal Hadi Ghaffoori Kanaan
- Department of Agriculture, Technical Institute of Suwaria, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 9768876516, Iraq
| | - Sura Saad Abdollah
- Suwaria Primary Health Care Sector, Wassit Health Office, Sharjah 9668866516, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Kazem Vakil
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Mahrokh Marzi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Abdulbaset Mazarzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr 7618815676, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
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20
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Sharma M, Niu L, Zhang X, Huang S. Comparative transcriptomes reveal pro-survival and cytotoxic programs of mucosal-associated invariant T cells upon Bacillus Calmette-Guérin stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134119. [PMID: 37091679 PMCID: PMC10116416 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are protective against tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections with poorly understood mechanisms. Despite an innate-like nature, MAIT cell responses remain heterogeneous in bacterial infections. To comprehensively characterize MAIT activation programs responding to different bacteria, we stimulated MAIT cells with E. coli to compare with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which remains the only licensed vaccine and a feasible tool for investigating anti-mycobacterial immunity in humans. Upon sequencing mRNA from the activated and inactivated CD8+ MAIT cells, results demonstrated the altered MAIT cell gene profiles by each bacterium with upregulated expression of activation markers, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytolytic mediators crucial in anti-mycobacterial responses. Compared with E. coli, BCG altered more MAIT cell genes to enhance cell survival and cytolysis. Flow cytometry analyses similarly displayed a more upregulated protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 and T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin in BCG compared to E.coli stimulations. Thus, the transcriptomic program and protein expression of MAIT cells together displayed enhanced pro-survival and cytotoxic programs in response to BCG stimulation, supporting BCG induces cell-mediated effector responses of MAIT cells to fight mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Zapolnik P, Kmiecik W, Mazur A, Czajka H. Trained Immunity, BCG and SARS-CoV-2 General Outline and Possible Management in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043218. [PMID: 36834629 PMCID: PMC9961109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use for over 100 years. It protects against severe, blood-borne forms of tuberculosis. Observations indicate that it also increases immunity against other diseases. The mechanism responsible for this is trained immunity, an increased response of non-specific immune cells in repeated contact with a pathogen, not necessarily of the same species. In the following review, we present the current state of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms responsible for this process. We also seek to identify the challenges facing science in this area and consider the application of this phenomenon in managing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Zapolnik
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wojciech Kmiecik
- St. Louis Provincial Specialist Children’s Hospital, 31-503 Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Mazur
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Hanna Czajka
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
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22
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Murphy DM, Cox DJ, Connolly SA, Breen EP, Brugman AA, Phelan JJ, Keane J, Basdeo SA. Trained immunity is induced in humans after immunization with an adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162581. [PMID: 36282571 PMCID: PMC9843058 DOI: 10.1172/jci162581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHeterologous effects of vaccines are mediated by "trained immunity," whereby myeloid cells are metabolically and epigenetically reprogrammed, resulting in heightened responses to subsequent insults. Adenovirus vaccine vector has been reported to induce trained immunity in mice. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222), which uses an adenoviral vector, could induce trained immunity in vivo in humans.MethodsTen healthy volunteers donated blood on the day before receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and on days 14, 56, and 83 after vaccination. Monocytes were purified from PBMCs, cell phenotype was determined by flow cytometry, expression of metabolic enzymes was quantified by RT-qPCR, and production of cytokines and chemokines in response to stimulation ex vivo was analyzed by multiplex ELISA.ResultsMonocyte frequency and count were increased in peripheral blood up to 3 months after vaccination compared with their own prevaccine controls. Expression of HLA-DR, CD40, and CD80 was enhanced on monocytes for up to 3 months following vaccination. Moreover, monocytes had increased expression of glycolysis-associated enzymes 2 months after vaccination. Upon stimulation ex vivo with unrelated antigens, monocytes produced increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, and MIP-1α and decreased TNF, compared with prevaccine controls. Resting monocytes produced more IFN-γ, IL-18, and MCP-1 up to 3 months after vaccination compared with prevaccine controls.ConclusionThese data provide evidence for the induction of trained immunity following a single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine.FundingThis work was funded by the Health Research Board (EIA-2019-010) and Science Foundation Ireland Strategic Partnership Programme (proposal ID 20/SPP/3685).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donal J Cox
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, and
| | | | - Eamon P Breen
- Core Facilities, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aenea Ai Brugman
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, and
| | - James J Phelan
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, and
| | - Joseph Keane
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, and
| | - Sharee A Basdeo
- Human and Translational Immunology Group, School of Medicine
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23
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Soloski MJ, Poulain M, Pes GM. Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone? FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1069415. [PMID: 36601618 PMCID: PMC9806115 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1069415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Villages in the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean that display exceptional longevity are clustered within a defined mountainous region. Because of their unique location we hypothesize that these villages had a unique infectious disease exposure relevant to the observed successful longevity. These highland villages had a significant exposure to malaria in the first half of the 20th century after which malaria was eliminated due to vector control mechanisms. In addition, there is likely a high incidence of Helicobacter pylori infections among shepherds in Sardinia, the primary occupation of many living in the LBZ, as well as helminth infections among children. This suggests that individuals living in the LBZ had a unique infectious disease exposure. Specifically, we hypothesize that the continued high exposure of residents in the LBZ to these infectious agents prior to the 1950s lead to the generation of a uniquely trained (or imprinted) immune system. Once some of these diseases were eliminated in the latter half of the century, individuals within the LBZ were equipped with a trained immune system that was uniquely capable of not only responding effectively to common infections but also responding in a manner that maximized maintaining tissue health. In addition, there are lifestyle factors that also favor such a trained immune system. This hypothesis may help explain the slow progression of chronic immune mediated diseases as well as other chronic non-transmissible age-related diseases seen in the Sardinian LBZ and serve as a template for future studies that support or refute this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Mark J. Soloski,
| | - Michel Poulain
- IACCHOS Université Catholique de Louvain, Estonian Institute for Population Studies, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Giovanni M. Pes
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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24
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Correia-Neves M, Nigou J, Mousavian Z, Sundling C, Källenius G. Immunological hyporesponsiveness in tuberculosis: The role of mycobacterial glycolipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035122. [PMID: 36544778 PMCID: PMC9761185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids constitute a major part of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). They are potent immunomodulatory molecules recognized by several immune receptors like pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2, DC-SIGN and Dectin-2 on antigen-presenting cells and by T cell receptors on T lymphocytes. The Mtb glycolipids lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its biosynthetic relatives, phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), as well as other Mtb glycolipids, such as phenolic glycolipids and sulfoglycolipids have the ability to modulate the immune response, stimulating or inhibiting a pro-inflammatory response. We explore here the downmodulating effect of Mtb glycolipids. A great proportion of the studies used in vitro approaches although in vivo infection with Mtb might also lead to a dampening of myeloid cell and T cell responses to Mtb glycolipids. This dampened response has been explored ex vivo with immune cells from peripheral blood from Mtb-infected individuals and in mouse models of infection. In addition to the dampening of the immune response caused by Mtb glycolipids, we discuss the hyporesponse to Mtb glycolipids caused by prolonged Mtb infection and/or exposure to Mtb antigens. Hyporesponse to LAM has been observed in myeloid cells from individuals with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). For some myeloid subsets, this effect is stronger in latent versus active TB. Since the immune response in individuals with latent TB represents a more protective profile compared to the one in patients with active TB, this suggests that downmodulation of myeloid cell functions by Mtb glycolipids may be beneficial for the host and protect against active TB disease. The mechanisms of this downmodulation, including tolerance through epigenetic modifications, are only partly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B's), Portuguese (PT) Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Zaynab Mousavian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Gunilla Källenius,
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25
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Singh S, Saavedra-Avila NA, Tiwari S, Porcelli SA. A century of BCG vaccination: Immune mechanisms, animal models, non-traditional routes and implications for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959656. [PMID: 36091032 PMCID: PMC9459386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been used as a vaccine against tuberculosis since 1921 and remains the only currently approved vaccine for this infection. The recent discovery that BCG protects against initial infection, and not just against progression from latent to active disease, has significant implications for ongoing research into the immune mechanisms that are relevant to generate a solid host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this review, we first explore the different components of immunity that are augmented after BCG vaccination. Next, we summarize current efforts to improve the efficacy of BCG through the development of recombinant strains, heterologous prime-boost approaches and the deployment of non-traditional routes. These efforts have included the development of new recombinant BCG strains, and various strategies for expression of important antigens such as those deleted during the M. bovis attenuation process or antigens that are present only in Mtb. BCG is typically administered via the intradermal route, raising questions about whether this could account for its apparent failure to generate long-lasting immunological memory in the lungs and the inconsistent level of protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the mucosal and intravenous delivery routes as they have been shown to induce a better immune response both in the systemic and mucosal compartments. Finally, we discuss the potential benefits of the ability of BCG to confer trained immunity in a non-specific manner by broadly stimulating a host immunity resulting in a generalized survival benefit in neonates and the elderly, while potentially offering benefits for the control of new and emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Given that BCG will likely continue to be widely used well into the future, it remains of critical importance to better understand the immune responses driven by it and how to leverage these for the design of improved vaccination strategies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Singh
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Shivani Singh,
| | | | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Bannister S, Kim B, Domínguez-Andrés J, Kilic G, Ansell BRE, Neeland MR, Moorlag SJCFM, Matzaraki V, Vlahos A, Shepherd R, Germano S, Bahlo M, Messina NL, Saffery R, Netea MG, Curtis N, Novakovic B. Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with a long-term DNA methylation signature in circulating monocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4002. [PMID: 35930640 PMCID: PMC9355358 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity describes the capacity of innate immune cells to develop heterologous memory in response to certain exogenous exposures. This phenomenon mediates, at least in part, the beneficial off-target effects of the BCG vaccine. Using an in vitro model of trained immunity, we show that BCG exposure induces a persistent change in active histone modifications, DNA methylation, transcription, and adenosine-to-inosine RNA modification in human monocytes. By profiling DNA methylation of circulating monocytes from infants in the MIS BAIR clinical trial, we identify a BCG-associated DNA methylation signature that persisted more than 12 months after neonatal BCG vaccination. Genes associated with this epigenetic signature are involved in viral response pathways, consistent with the reported off-target protection against viral infections in neonates, adults, and the elderly. Our findings indicate that the off-target effects of BCG in infants are accompanied by epigenetic remodeling of circulating monocytes that lasts more than 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bannister
- Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bowon Kim
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gizem Kilic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Brendan R. E. Ansell
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie R. Neeland
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone J. C. F. M. Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amanda Vlahos
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Shepherd
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susie Germano
- Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Messina
- Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Science Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Corresponding author. (B.N.); (N.C.)
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Corresponding author. (B.N.); (N.C.)
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27
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Trained immunity-related vaccines: innate immune memory and heterologous protection against infections. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Hu Z, Lu S, Lowrie DB, Fan X. Trained immunity: A Yin-Yang balance. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e121. [PMID: 35281787 PMCID: PMC8906449 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, immune memory is regarded as an exclusive hallmark of adaptive immunity. However, a growing body of evidence suggesting that innate immune cells show adaptive characteristics has challenged this dogma. In the past decade, trained immunity, a de facto innate immune memory, has been defined as a long-term functional reprogramming of cells of the innate immune system: the reprogramming is evoked by endogenous or exogenous insults, the cells return to a nonactivated state and subsequently show altered inflammatory responses against a second challenge. Trained immunity became regarded as a mechanism selected in evolution to protect against infection; however, a maladaptive effect might result in hyperinflammation. This dual effect is consistent with the Yin-Yang theory in traditional Chinese philosophy, in which Yang represents active, positive, and aggressive factors, whereas Yin represents passive, negative, and inhibitory factors. In this review, we give a brief overview of history and latest progress about trained immunity, including experimental models, inductors, molecular mechanisms, clinical application and so on. Moreover, this is the first time to put forward the theory of Yin-Yang balance to understand trained immunity. We envision that more efforts will be focused on developing novel immunotherapies targeting trained immunity in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shui‐Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of ChinaShenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of ChinaShenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiao‐Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Caslin HL, Cottam MA, Piñon JM, Boney LY, Hasty AH. Weight cycling induces innate immune memory in adipose tissue macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984859. [PMID: 36713396 PMCID: PMC9876596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Weight loss improves obesity-associated diabetes risk. However, most individuals regain weight, which worsens the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We previously reported that male mice retain obesity-associated immunological changes even after weight loss, suggesting that immune cells may remember the state of obesity. Therefore, we hypothesized that cycles of weight gain and loss, otherwise known as weight cycling, can induce innate memory in adipose macrophages. Methods Bone marrow derived macrophages were primed with palmitic acid or adipose tissue conditioned media in a culture model of innate immune memory. Mice also put on low fat or high fat diets over 14-27 weeks to induce weight gain, weight loss, and weight cycling. Results Priming cells with palmitic acid or adipose tissue conditioned media from obese mice increased maximal glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and increased LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 production. Palmitic acid effects were dependent on TLR4 and impaired by methyltransferase inhibition and AMPK activation. While weight loss improved glucose tolerance in mice, adipose macrophages were primed for greater activation to subsequent stimulation by LPS ex vivo as measured by cytokine production. In the model of weight cycling, adipose macrophages had elevated metabolism and secreted higher levels of basal TNFα, suggesting that weight loss can also prime macrophages for heighted activation to weight regain. Discussion Together, these data suggest that weight loss following obesity can prime adipose macrophages for enhanced inflammation upon weight regain. This innate immune memory response may contribute to worsened glucose tolerance following weight cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Caslin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Piñon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Likem Y Boney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
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Bruxvoort KJ, Ackerson B, Sy LS, Bhavsar A, Tseng HF, Florea A, Luo Y, Tian Y, Solano Z, Widenmaier R, Shi M, Van Der Most R, Schmidt JE, Danier J, Breuer T, Qian L. Recombinant Adjuvanted Zoster Vaccine and Reduced Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Diagnosis and Hospitalization in Older Adults. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1915-1922. [PMID: 34962997 PMCID: PMC8755259 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some vaccines elicit nonspecific immune responses that may protect against heterologous infections. We evaluated the association between recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine (RZV) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes at Kaiser Permanente Southern California. METHODS In a cohort design, adults aged ≥50 years who received ≥1 RZV dose before 1 March 2020 were matched 1:2 to unvaccinated individuals and followed until 31 December 2020. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for COVID-19 outcomes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. In a test-negative design, cases had a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test and controls had only negative tests, during 1 March-31 December 2020. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs for RZV receipt were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS In the cohort design, 149 244 RZV recipients were matched to 298 488 unvaccinated individuals. The aHRs for COVID-19 diagnosis and hospitalization were 0.84 (95% CI, .81-.87) and 0.68 (95% CI, .64-.74), respectively. In the test-negative design, 8.4% of 75 726 test-positive cases and 13.1% of 340 898 test-negative controls had received ≥1 RZV dose (aOR, 0.84 [95% CI, .81-.86]). CONCLUSIONS RZV vaccination was associated with a 16% lower risk of COVID-19 diagnosis and 32% lower risk of hospitalization. Further study of vaccine-induced nonspecific immunity for potential attenuation of future pandemics is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia J Bruxvoort
- Correspondence: Katia Bruxvoort, PhD MPH, Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA ()
| | | | - Lina S Sy
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA,Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ana Florea
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Zendi Solano
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Meng Shi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lei Qian
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
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