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Wei Z, Yang B, Wang H, Lv S, Chen H, Liu D. Caloric restriction, Sirtuins, and cardiovascular diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:921-935. [PMID: 38527930 PMCID: PMC11046024 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Caloric restriction (CR) is a well-established dietary intervention known to extend healthy lifespan and exert positive effects on aging-related diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. Sirtuins, a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + )-dependent histone deacetylases, have emerged as key regulators of cellular metabolism, stress responses, and the aging process, serving as energy status sensors in response to CR. However, the mechanism through which CR regulates Sirtuin function to ameliorate cardiovascular disease remains unclear. This review not only provided an overview of recent research investigating the interplay between Sirtuins and CR, specifically focusing on their potential implications for cardiovascular health, but also provided a comprehensive summary of the benefits of CR for the cardiovascular system mediated directly via Sirtuins. CR has also been shown to have considerable impact on specific metabolic organs, leading to the production of small molecules that enter systemic circulation and subsequently regulate Sirtuin activity within the cardiovascular system. The direct and indirect effects of CR offer a potential mechanism for Sirtuin modulation and subsequent cardiovascular protection. Understanding the interplay between CR and Sirtuins will provide new insights for the development of interventions to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shuangjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Houzao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Depei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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2
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Possik E, Klein LL, Sanjab P, Zhu R, Côté L, Bai Y, Zhang D, Sun H, Al-Mass A, Oppong A, Ahmad R, Parker A, Madiraju SRM, Al-Mulla F, Prentki M. Glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase/PGPH-2 counters metabolic stress and promotes healthy aging via a glycogen sensing-AMPK-HLH-30-autophagy axis in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5214. [PMID: 37626039 PMCID: PMC10457390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stress caused by excess nutrients accelerates aging. We recently demonstrated that the newly discovered enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase (G3PP; gene Pgp), which operates an evolutionarily conserved glycerol shunt that hydrolyzes glucose-derived glycerol-3-phosphate to glycerol, counters metabolic stress and promotes healthy aging in C. elegans. However, the mechanism whereby G3PP activation extends healthspan and lifespan, particularly under glucotoxicity, remained unknown. Here, we show that the overexpression of the C. elegans G3PP homolog, PGPH-2, decreases fat levels and mimics, in part, the beneficial effects of calorie restriction, particularly in glucotoxicity conditions, without reducing food intake. PGPH-2 overexpression depletes glycogen stores activating AMP-activate protein kinase, which leads to the HLH-30 nuclear translocation and activation of autophagy, promoting healthy aging. Transcriptomics reveal an HLH-30-dependent longevity and catabolic gene expression signature with PGPH-2 overexpression. Thus, G3PP overexpression activates three key longevity factors, AMPK, the TFEB homolog HLH-30, and autophagy, and may be an attractive target for age-related metabolic disorders linked to excess nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elite Possik
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Canada.
| | - Laura-Lee Klein
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Perla Sanjab
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Laurence Côté
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying Bai
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, 13060, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Howard Sun
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anfal Al-Mass
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, 13060, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abel Oppong
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Departments of Immunology, Microbiology, Genetics, and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, 15462, Kuwait
| | - Alex Parker
- Department of Neurosciences, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Departments of Immunology, Microbiology, Genetics, and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, 15462, Kuwait
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada.
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3
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Ng GYQ, Hande V, Ong MH, Wong BWX, Loh ZWL, Ho WD, Handison LB, Tan IMSP, Fann DY, Arumugam TV, Hande MP. Effects of dietary interventions on telomere dynamics. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503472. [PMID: 35483787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres play a critical role in maintaining cellular fate through tight regulation of cell division and DNA damage or repair. Over the years, it is established that biological ageing is defined by a gradual derangement in functionality, productivity, and robustness of biological processes. The link between telomeres and ageing is highlighted when derangement in telomere biology often leads to premature ageing and concomitant accompaniment of numerous age-associated diseases. Unfortunately, given that ageing is a biologically complicated intricacy, measures to reduce morbidity and improve longevity are still largely in the infancy stage. Recently, it was discovered that dietary habits and interventions might play a role in promoting successful healthy ageing. The intricate relationship between dietary components and its potential to protect the integrity of telomeres may provide unprecedented health benefits and protection against age-related pathologies. However, more focused prospective and follow-up studies with and without interventions are needed to unequivocally link dietary interventions with telomere maintenance in humans. This review aims to summarise recent findings that investigate the roles of nutrition on telomere biology and provide enough evidence for further studies to consider the topic of nutrigenomics and its contributions toward healthy ageing and concomitant strategy against age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong-Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Varsha Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Hui Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beverly Wen-Xin Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zachary Wai-Loon Loh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei D Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lionel B Handison
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David Y Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - M Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Mangalore University, Mangalore, India.
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Herman AB, Occean JR, Sen P. Epigenetic dysregulation in cardiovascular aging and disease. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2021; 1. [PMID: 34790973 PMCID: PMC8594871 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity for all sexes, racial and ethnic groups. Age, and its associated physiological and pathological consequences, exacerbate CVD incidence and progression, while modulation of biological age with interventions track with cardiovascular health. Despite the strong link between aging and CVD, surprisingly few studies have directly investigated heart failure and vascular dysfunction in aged models and subjects. Nevertheless, strong correlations have been found between heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, fibrosis, and regeneration efficiency with senescent cell burden and its proinflammatory sequelae. In agreement, senotherapeutics have had success in reducing the detrimental effects in experimental models of cardiovascular aging and disease. Aside from senotherapeutics, cellular reprogramming strategies targeting epigenetic enzymes remain an unexplored yet viable option for reversing or delaying CVD. Epigenetic alterations comprising local and global changes in DNA and histone modifications, transcription factor binding, disorganization of the nuclear lamina, and misfolding of the genome are hallmarks of aging. Limited studies in the aging cardiovascular system of murine models or human patient samples have identified strong correlations between the epigenome, age, and senescence. Here, we compile the findings in published studies linking epigenetic changes to CVD and identify clear themes of epigenetic deregulation during aging. Pending direct investigation of these general mechanisms in aged tissues, this review predicts that future work will establish epigenetic rejuvenation as a potent method to delay CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - James R Occean
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Payel Sen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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5
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Purushothaman K, Tan JKH, Lau D, Saju JM, Thevasagayam NM, Wee CL, Vij S. Feed Restriction Modulates Growth, Gut Morphology and Gene Expression in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041814. [PMID: 33670431 PMCID: PMC7917766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in daily caloric or nutrient intake has been observed to promote health benefits in mammals and other vertebrates. Feed Restriction (FR), whereby the overall food intake of the organism is reduced, has been explored as a method to improve metabolic and immune health, as well as to optimize productivity in farming. However, less is known regarding the molecular and physiological consequences of FR. Using the model organism, Danio rerio, we investigated the impact of a short-term (month-long) FR on growth, gut morphology and gene expression. Our data suggest that FR has minimal effects on the average growth rates, but it may affect weight and size heterogeneity in a sex-dependent manner. In the gut, we observed a significant reduction in gut circumference and generally lower mucosal heights, whereas other parameters remained unchanged. Gene Ontology (GO), EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified numerous metabolic, reproductive, and immune response pathways that were affected by FR. These results broaden our understanding of FR and contribute towards growing knowledge of its effects on vertebrate health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Purushothaman
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Jerryl Kim Han Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Doreen Lau
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Jolly M. Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Natascha M. Thevasagayam
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
| | - Caroline Lei Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (C.L.W.); (S.V.)
| | - Shubha Vij
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (K.P.); (D.L.); (J.M.S.); (N.M.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.W.); (S.V.)
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6
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Izzo C, Vitillo P, Di Pietro P, Visco V, Strianese A, Virtuoso N, Ciccarelli M, Galasso G, Carrizzo A, Vecchione C. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:60. [PMID: 33467601 PMCID: PMC7829951 DOI: 10.3390/life11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging can be seen as process characterized by accumulation of oxidative stress induced damage. Oxidative stress derives from different endogenous and exogenous processes, all of which ultimately lead to progressive loss in tissue and organ structure and functions. The oxidative stress theory of aging expresses itself in age-related diseases. Aging is in fact a primary risk factor for many diseases and in particular for cardiovascular diseases and its derived morbidity and mortality. Here we highlight the role of oxidative stress in age-related cardiovascular aging and diseases. We take into consideration the molecular mechanisms, the structural and functional alterations, and the diseases accompanied to the cardiovascular aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Paolo Vitillo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Valeria Visco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Strianese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Nicola Virtuoso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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7
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Healthy Lifestyle Recommendations: Do the Beneficial Effects Originate from NAD + Amount at the Cellular Level? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2020:8819627. [PMID: 33414897 PMCID: PMC7752291 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8819627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the role of oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a molecule central to health benefits as the result from observing selected healthy lifestyle recommendations. Namely, NAD+ level can be regulated by lifestyle and nutrition approaches such as fasting, caloric restriction, sports activity, low glucose availability, and heat shocks. NAD+ is reduced with age at a cellular, tissue, and organismal level due to inflammation, defect in NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis, and the PARP-mediated NAD+ depletion. This leads to a decrease in cellular energy production and DNA repair and modifies genomic signalling leading to an increased incidence of chronic diseases and ageing. By implementing healthy lifestyle approaches, endogenous intracellular NAD+ levels can be increased, which explains the molecular mechanisms underlying health benefits at the organismal level. Namely, adherence to here presented healthy lifestyle approaches is correlated with an extended life expectancy free of major chronic diseases.
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8
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Balasubramanian P, DelFavero J, Ungvari A, Papp M, Tarantini A, Price N, de Cabo R, Tarantini S. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) for prevention of age-related vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101189. [PMID: 32998063 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the most significant risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and the number of individuals affected by VCI is expected to exponentially increase in the upcoming decades. Yet, there are no current preventative or therapeutic treatments available against the development and progression of VCI. Therefore, there is a pressing need to better understand the pathophysiology underlying these conditions, for the development of novel tools and interventions to improve cerebrovascular health and delay the onset of VCI. There is strong epidemiological and experimental evidence that lifestyle factors, including nutrition and dietary habits, significantly affect cerebrovascular health and thereby influence the pathogenesis of VCI. Here, recent evidence is presented discussing the effects of lifestyle interventions against age-related diseases which in turn, inspired novel research aimed at investigating the possible beneficial effects of dietary interventions for the prevention of cognitive decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Balasubramanian
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jordan DelFavero
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anna Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Magor Papp
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Amber Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nathan Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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9
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Cao J, Cowan DB, Wang DZ. tRNA-Derived Small RNAs and Their Potential Roles in Cardiac Hypertrophy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:572941. [PMID: 33041815 PMCID: PMC7527594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are abundantly expressed, small non-coding RNAs that have long been recognized as essential components of the protein translation machinery. The tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), including tRNA halves (tiRNAs), and tRNA fragments (tRFs), were unexpectedly discovered and have been implicated in a variety of important biological functions such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Mechanistically, tsRNAs regulate mRNA destabilization and translation, as well as retro-element reverse transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Emerging evidence has shown that tsRNAs are expressed in the heart, and their expression can be induced by pathological stress, such as hypertrophy. Interestingly, cardiac pathophysiological conditions, such as oxidative stress, aging, and metabolic disorders can be viewed as inducers of tsRNA biogenesis, which further highlights the potential involvement of tsRNAs in these conditions. There is increasing enthusiasm for investigating the molecular and biological functions of tsRNAs in the heart and their role in cardiovascular disease. It is anticipated that this new class of small non-coding RNAs will offer new perspectives in understanding disease mechanisms and may provide new therapeutic targets to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas B Cowan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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de Ligt M, Bergman M, Fuentes RM, Essers H, Moonen-Kornips E, Havekes B, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Schrauwen P. No effect of resveratrol supplementation after 6 months on insulin sensitivity in overweight adults: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1029-1038. [PMID: 32492138 PMCID: PMC7528554 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of resveratrol on metabolic health have been studied in several short-term human clinical trials, with conflicting results. Next to dose, the duration of the clinical trials may explain the lack of effect in some studies, but long-term studies are still limited. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-mo resveratrol supplementation on metabolic health outcome parameters. METHODS Forty-one overweight men and women (BMI: 27-35 kg/m2; aged 40-70 y) completed the study. In this parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial, participants were randomized to receive either 150 mg/d of resveratrol (n = 20) or placebo (n = 21) for 6 mo. The primary outcome of the study was insulin sensitivity, using the Matsuda index. Secondary outcome measures were intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content, body composition, resting energy metabolism, blood pressure, plasma markers, physical performance, quality of life, and quality of sleep. Postintervention differences between the resveratrol and placebo arms were evaluated by ANCOVA adjusting for corresponding preintervention variables. RESULTS Preintervention, no differences were observed between the 2 treatment arms. Insulin sensitivity was not affected after 6 mo of resveratrol treatment (adjusted mean Matsuda index: 5.18 ± 0.35 in the resveratrol arm compared with 5.50 ± 0.34 in the placebo arm), although there was a significant difference in postintervention glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between the arms (P = 0.007). The adjusted means showed that postintervention HbA1c was lower on resveratrol (35.8 ± 0.43 mmol/mol) compared with placebo (37.6 ± 0.44 mmol/mol). No postintervention differences were found in IHL, body composition, blood pressure, energy metabolism, physical performance, or quality of life and sleep between treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS After 6 mo of resveratrol supplementation, insulin sensitivity was unaffected in the resveratrol arm compared with the placebo arm. Nonetheless, HbA1c was lower in overweight men and women in the resveratrol arm. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02565979.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies de Ligt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Bergman
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Mancilla Fuentes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Essers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Yong-Quan Ng G, Yang-Wei Fann D, Jo DG, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV. Dietary Restriction and Epigenetics: Part I. CONDITIONING MEDICINE 2019; 2:284-299. [PMID: 32039345 PMCID: PMC7007115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological aging occurs concomitantly with chronological aging and is commonly burdened by the development of age-related conditions, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and a myriad of metabolic diseases. With a current global shift in disease epidemiology associated with aging and the resultant social, economic, and healthcare burdens faced by many countries, the need to achieve successful aging has fueled efforts to address this problem. Aging is a complex biological phenomenon that has confounded much of the historical research effort to understand it, with still limited knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Interestingly, dietary restriction (DR) is one intervention that produces anti-aging effects from simple organisms to mammals. Research into DR has revealed robust systemic effects that can result in attenuation of age-related diseases via a myriad of molecular mechanisms. Given that numerous age-associated diseases are often polygenic and affect individuals differently, it is possible that they are confounded by interactions between environmental influences and the genome, a process termed 'epigenetics'. In part one of the review, we summarize the different variants of DR regimens and their corresponding mechanism(s) and resultant effects, as well as in-depth analysis of current knowledge of the epigenetic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong-Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Yang-Wei Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Palee S, Minta W, Mantor D, Sutham W, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Combination of exercise and calorie restriction exerts greater efficacy on cardioprotection than monotherapy in obese-insulin resistant rats through the improvement of cardiac calcium regulation. Metabolism 2019; 94:77-87. [PMID: 30796936 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) consumption causes obese-insulin resistance which is known to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases due to its impact on the impairment of left ventricular (LV) contractile function and cardiac mitochondrial function. Intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i regulation plays an important role in the maintenance of LV function. Although either caloric restriction (CR) or exercise (Ex) are shown to strongly affect metabolic status and LV function, the combined effects of exercise and calorie restriction on cardiometabolic status, cardiac mitochondrial dynamics and cardiac [Ca2+]i transient homeostasis under conditions of obese-insulin resistance have never been investigated. METHODS Female rats were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD: fat, 59.28%; protein, 26.45%; carbohydrate, 14.27%) or a normal diet (fat, 19.77%; protein, 28.24%; carbohydrate, 51.99%) for 13 weeks. HFD rats were then divided into 4 groups: 1) Vehicle (HFD + Veh); 2) Calorie restriction (HFD + CR); 3) Exercise (HFD + Ex) and 4) Combined therapy (HFD + CR + Ex). After 6-week intervention, the metabolic status, heart rate variability (HRV), LV function, cardiac mitochondrial dynamics, and [Ca2+]i transients were determined. RESULTS Insulin resistance developed in HFD rats as indicated by increased plasma insulin and HOMA index. Although HFD + Veh rats had markedly impaired LV function, indicated by reduced %LVFS and impaired cardiac mitochondrial dynamics and [Ca2+]i transients, these impairments were attenuated in the HFD + CR, HFD + Ex and HFD + CR + Ex rats. However, the greatest improvement in cardiometabolic function was observed in HFD + CR + Ex rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that a combination of calorie restriction and exercise exerted greater cardioprotection than a monotherapy through the improvement of cardiometabolic status, cardiac mitochondrial dynamics and cardiac [Ca2+]i homeostasis in obese-insulin resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripong Palee
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wanitchaya Minta
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Mantor
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wissuta Sutham
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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13
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Inflammation-Accelerated Senescence and the Cardiovascular System: Mechanisms and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123701. [PMID: 30469478 PMCID: PMC6321367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation is a common denominator in atherogenesis and related diseases. Solid evidence supports the occurrence of an impairment in the innate and adaptive immune system with senescence, favoring the development of acute and chronic age-related diseases. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD), in particular, are a leading cause of death even at older ages. Inflammation-associated mechanisms that contribute to CVD development include dysregulated redox and metabolic pathways, genetic modifications, and infections/dysbiosis. In this review, we will recapitulate the determinants and consequences of the immune system dysfunction at older age, with particular focus on the CV system. We will examine the currently available and potential future strategies to counteract accelerated CV aging, i.e., nutraceuticals, probiotics, caloric restriction, physical activity, smoking and alcohol cessation, control of low-grade inflammation sources, senolytic and senescence-modulating drugs, and DNA-targeting drugs.
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14
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Liao WH, Suendermann C, Steuer AE, Pacheco Lopez G, Odermatt A, Faresse N, Henneberg M, Langhans W. Aldosterone deficiency in mice burdens respiration and accentuates diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and obesity. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99015. [PMID: 30046010 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASIs) should alleviate obesity-related cardiovascular and renal problems resulting partly from aldosterone excess, but their clinical use may have limitations. To improve knowledge for the use of ASIs, we investigated physiology in aldosterone synthase-knockout (ASKO) mice. On regular chow diet (CD), ASKO mice ate more and weighed less than WT mice, largely because they hyperventilated to eliminate acid as CO2. Replacing CD with high-fat diet (HFD) lessened the respiratory burden in ASKO mice, as did 12- to 15-hour fasting. The latter eliminated the genotype differences in respiratory workload and energy expenditure (EE). Thus, aldosterone deficiency burdened the organism more when the animals ate carbohydrate-rich chow than when they ate a HFD. Chronic HFD exposure further promoted hyperinsulinemia in ASKO mice that contributed to visceral fat accumulation accompanied by reduced lipolysis, thermogenic reprogramming, and the absence of weight-gain-related EE increases. Intracerebroventricular aldosterone supplementation in ASKO mice attenuated the HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia, but did not affect EE, suggesting that the presence of aldosterone increased the body's energetic efficiency, thus counteracting the EE-increasing effect of low insulin. ASIs may therefore cause acid-overload-induced respiratory burden and promote obesity. Their use in patients with preexisting renal and cardiopulmonary diseases might be contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hui Liao
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Eva Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco Lopez
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico
| | - Alex Odermatt
- National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Switzerland.,Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nourdine Faresse
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Switzerland
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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15
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Hanjani NA, Vafa M. Protein Restriction, Epigenetic Diet, Intermittent Fasting as New Approaches for Preventing Age-associated Diseases. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:58. [PMID: 30050669 PMCID: PMC6036773 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_397_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that diet and eating patterns have a major role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated diseases. Since 1935, calorie restriction (CR) has been identified as one of the most effective nongenetic dietary interventions that can increase lifespan. It involves reducing calorie intake by about 20%–40% below ad libitum, without malnutrition. Restricting food intake has been observed to increase lifespan and prevent many age-associated diseases in rats, mice, and many other species. Understanding the metabolic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms involved in the anti-aging effects of CR can help us to find dietary interventions that can mimic its effects. Recently, different studies have shown that intermittent fasting, protein restriction, and an epigenetic diet can have similar effects to those of CR. These approaches were selected because it has been indicated that they act through a similar molecular pathway and also, are safe and effective in delaying or preventing diseases. In this review, we focus on the mechanistic pathway involved in CR. Then, we review the mimicking interventions through the mechanistic approach. For this purpose, we reviewed both animal and human articles, mainly available through the PubMed online database. We then selected the most relevant full texts which are summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Asghari Hanjani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Solís-Chávez SA, Castillo-Rivera MA, Arteaga-Silva M, Ibáñez-Contreras A, Hernández-Godínez B, Morón-Mendoza A, Mendoza-Cuevas G, Morales-Guadarrama A, Sacristan-Rock E. Computed tomography is a feasible method for quantifying bone density in Macaca mulatta. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:545-550. [PMID: 29729053 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopathologies are a result of advanced age and decreased bone density and represent a global health problem. It is therefore important to generate models for longitudinal studies of the pathophysiology in order to improve early diagnosis and develop preventive therapies. For this kind of research, the use of computed tomography (CT) to evaluate bone health offers advantages over other techniques since it provides more complete information. The aim of this prospective, pilot study was to obtain measurements of the left femur from a population in captivity of 32 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in order to standardize the model for future research. Healthy subjects from 5 to 28 years old were chosen. Three groups with different ages were formed as follows: (1) 5-9 years, (2) 10-19 years, and (3) 20-28 years. Semi-automatic segmentation by threshold defined the regions of interest, which were subdivided in the range of 300-700 Hounsfield units (HU) for trabecular bone and >700 HU for cortical bone. Then, the proportional ratios of the volumes of trabecular bone and cortical bone were obtained. Significant differences (analysis of variance test) in the averages of Hounsfield units, cortical, and trabecular bone proportions from each age group proved that a decrease in bone density begins at approximately 20 years of age. The values presented here, as well as the method to obtain them from CT scans, can be used as a baseline in a primate model for long-term research in bone pathology diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador A Solís-Chávez
- Doctoral Program in Biological Sciences and Health, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Primate Laboratory, Applied Research in Experimental Biomedicine S.A. de C.V. (APREXBIO), Mexico City, Mexico.,Animal Experimentation Unit, Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Mexico City, Mexico.,National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Marcela Arteaga-Silva
- Reproduction Biology Dept., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ibáñez-Contreras
- Primate Laboratory, Applied Research in Experimental Biomedicine S.A. de C.V. (APREXBIO), Mexico City, Mexico.,Animal Experimentation Unit, Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Braulio Hernández-Godínez
- Doctoral Program in Biological Sciences and Health, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Primate Laboratory, Applied Research in Experimental Biomedicine S.A. de C.V. (APREXBIO), Mexico City, Mexico.,Animal Experimentation Unit, Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Mexico City, Mexico.,National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Morón-Mendoza
- National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gamaliel Mendoza-Cuevas
- Animal Experimentation Unit, Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Mexico City, Mexico.,National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Axayácatl Morales-Guadarrama
- National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emilio Sacristan-Rock
- National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Cummings NE, Lamming DW. Regulation of metabolic health and aging by nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455:13-22. [PMID: 27884780 PMCID: PMC5440210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
All organisms need to be capable of adapting to changes in the availability and composition of nutrients. Over 75 years ago, researchers discovered that a calorie restricted (CR) diet could significantly extend the lifespan of rats, and since then a CR diet has been shown to increase lifespan and healthspan in model organisms ranging from yeast to non-human primates. In this review, we discuss the effects of a CR diet on metabolism and healthspan, and highlight emerging evidence that suggests that dietary composition - the precise macronutrients that compose the diet - may be just as important as caloric content. In particular, we discuss recent evidence that suggests protein quality may influence metabolic health. Finally, we discuss key metabolic pathways which may influence the response to CR diets and altered macronutrient composition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects of CR and dietary composition on health and longevity may allow the design of novel therapeutic approaches to age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cummings
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Poljsak B. NAMPT-Mediated NAD Biosynthesis as the Internal Timing Mechanism: In NAD+ World, Time Is Running in Its Own Way. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:210-224. [PMID: 28756747 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological age of organisms differs from the chronological age and is determined by internal aging clock(s). How cells estimate time on a scale of 24 hours is relatively well studied; however, how biological time is measured by cells, tissues, organs, or organisms in longer time periods (years and decades) is largely unknown. What is clear and widely agreed upon is that the link to age and age-related diseases is not chronological, as it does not depend on a fixed passage of time. Rather, this link depends on the biological age of an individual cell, tissue, organ, or organism and not on time in a strictly chronological sense. Biological evolution does not invent new methods as often as improving upon already existing ones. It should be easier to evolve and remodel the existing (circadian) time clock mechanism to use it for measurement or regulation of longer time periods than to invent a new time mechanism/clock. Specifically, it will be demonstrated that the circadian clock can also be used to regulate circannual or even longer time periods. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, being regulated by the circadian clock, might be the missing link between aging, cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism and the aging clock, which is responsible for the biological age of an organism. The hypothesis that NAMPT/NAD+/SIRT1 might represent the time regulator that determines the organismal biological age will be presented. The biological age of tissues and organs might be regulated and synchronized through eNAMPT blood secretion. The "NAD World 2.0" concept will be upgraded with detailed insights into mechanisms that regulate NAD+-mediated aging clock ticking, the duration and amplitude of which are responsible for the aging rate of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljsak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Martens CR, Seals DR. Practical alternatives to chronic caloric restriction for optimizing vascular function with ageing. J Physiol 2016; 594:7177-7195. [PMID: 27641062 DOI: 10.1113/jp272348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) in the absence of malnutrition exerts a multitude of physiological benefits with ageing in model organisms and in humans including improvements in vascular function. Despite the well-known benefits of chronic CR, long-term energy restriction is not likely to be a feasible healthy lifestyle strategy in humans due to poor sustained adherence, and presents additional concerns if applied to normal weight older adults. This review summarizes what is known about the effects of CR on vascular function with ageing including the underlying molecular 'energy- and nutrient-sensing' mechanisms, and discusses the limited but encouraging evidence for alternative pharmacological and lifestyle interventions that may improve vascular function with ageing by mimicking the beneficial effects of long-term CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Martens
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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21
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Murillo-Maldonado JM, Riesgo-Escovar JR. Development and diabetes on the fly. Mech Dev 2016; 144:150-155. [PMID: 27702607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We review the use of a model organism to study the effects of a slow course, degenerative disease: namely, diabetes mellitus. Development and aging are biological phenomena entailing reproduction, growth, and differentiation, and then decline and progressive loss of functionality leading ultimately to failure and death. It occurs at all biological levels of organization, from molecular interactions to organismal well being and homeostasis. Yet very few models capable of addressing the different levels of complexity in these chronic, developmental phenomena are available to study, and model organisms are an exception and a welcome opportunity for these approaches. Genetic model organisms, like the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, offer the possibility of studying the panoply of life processes in normal and diseased states like diabetes mellitus, from a plethora of different perspectives. These long-term aspects are now beginning to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Murillo-Maldonado
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla #3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Juan Rafael Riesgo-Escovar
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla #3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
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22
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Balasubramanian P, Longo VD. Growth factors, aging and age-related diseases. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:66-68. [PMID: 26883276 PMCID: PMC5455771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple organisms including yeast and flies with mutations in the IGF-1 and Tor-S6K pathways are dwarfs, are highly protected from toxins, and survive up to 3 times longer. Similarly, dwarf mice with deficiencies in the growth hormone-IGF-I axis are also long lived and protected from diseases. We recently reported that humans with Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency (GHRD) rarely develop cancer or diabetes. These findings are in agreement with the effect of defects in the Tor-S6K pathways in causing dwarfism and protection of DNA. Because protein restriction reduces both GHR-IGF-1 axis and Tor-S6K activity, we examined links between protein intake, disease, and mortality in over 6000 US subjects in the NHANES CDC database. Respondents aged 50-65 reporting a high protein intake displayed an increase in IGF-I levels, a 75% increased risk of overall mortality and a 3-4 fold increased risk of cancer mortality in agreement with findings in mouse experiments. These studies point to a conserved link between proteins and amino acids, GHR-IGF-1/insulin, Tor-S6k signaling, aging, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Balasubramanian
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the most extensively used nonhuman primate models for human diseases. This article presents a literature review focusing on major organ systems and age-associated conditions in humans and primates, combined with information from the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center Electronic Health Record database to highlight and contrast age-associated lesions in geriatric rhesus macaques with younger cohorts. Rhesus macaques are excellent models for age-associated conditions, including diabetes, osteoarthritis, endometriosis, visual accommodation, hypertension, osteoporosis, and amyloidosis. Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine (ileocecocolic junction, cecum, and colon) is the most common spontaneous neoplasm in the rhesus macaque. A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is required to truly define mechanisms of maturation, aging, and the pathology of age-associated conditions in macaques and thus humans. The rhesus macaque is and will continue to be an appropriate and valuable model for investigation of the mechanisms and treatment of age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Didier ES, MacLean AG, Mohan M, Didier PJ, Lackner AA, Kuroda MJ. Contributions of Nonhuman Primates to Research on Aging. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:277-90. [PMID: 26869153 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815622974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the biological process of declining physiologic function associated with increasing mortality rate during advancing age. Humans and higher nonhuman primates exhibit unusually longer average life spans as compared with mammals of similar body mass. Furthermore, the population of humans worldwide is growing older as a result of improvements in public health, social services, and health care systems. Comparative studies among a wide range of organisms that include nonhuman primates contribute greatly to our understanding about the basic mechanisms of aging. Based on their genetic and physiologic relatedness to humans, nonhuman primates are especially important for better understanding processes of aging unique to primates, as well as for testing intervention strategies to improve healthy aging and to treat diseases and disabilities in older people. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the predominant monkeys used in studies on aging, but research with lower nonhuman primate species is increasing. One of the priority topics of research about aging in nonhuman primates involves neurologic changes associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Additional areas of research include osteoporosis, reproductive decline, caloric restriction, and their mimetics, as well as immune senescence and chronic inflammation that affect vaccine efficacy and resistance to infections and cancer. The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings from nonhuman primate research that contribute to our understanding about aging and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - A G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - M Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - P J Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - A A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - M J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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25
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Fowler CG, Chiasson KB, Colman RJ, Kemnitz JW, Beasley TM, Weindruch RH. Hyperinsulinemia/diabetes, hearing, and aging in the University of Wisconsin calorie restriction monkeys. Hear Res 2015; 328:78-86. [PMID: 26163094 PMCID: PMC4581975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hyperinsulinemia/Type 2 diabetes mellitus (HI-T2DM) on hearing impairment using rhesus monkeys to obtain control over diet and lifestyle factors that confound human studies. The study is a retrospective evaluation of rhesus monkeys from the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) study on caloric restriction and aging. The research questions were the following: 1. Is HI-T2DM related to hearing impairment? 2. If so, what is the site of lesion in the auditory system? and 3. What physiological factors affect the risk of hearing loss in HI-T2DM? Three groups of eight monkeys each were matched by sex and age; the caloric restricted (CR) monkeys had a reduced risk of diabetes, the normal control (NL) group had a normal risk, and the hyperinsulinemia/diabetes (HI-D) group had already developed HI-T2DM. Auditory testing included distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) with f2 frequencies from 2211 to 8837 Hz and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) obtained with clicks and tone bursts (8, 16, and 32 kHz). DPOAEs had signal-to-noise ratios 8-17 dB larger in the NL group than in the HI-D and CR groups, signifying that cochlear function was best in the NL group. ABR thresholds were 5-8 dB better in the NL group than in the HI-D group, although no significant differences across the groups were evident for the thresholds, latencies, interwave intervals, or amplitudes. Correlations were significant for quadratic relations between body mass index (BMI) and DPOAE, with largest DPOAEs for animals in the middle of the BMI range. ABR thresholds elicited with 16 and 32 kHz signals were significantly correlated, positively with BMI and HbA1c, and negatively with KG (glucose tolerance), SI (insulin sensitivity index) and DI (disposition index). These findings suggest that the hearing loss associated with HI-T2DM is predominantly cochlear, and auditory structures underlying the higher frequencies are at risk with HI-T2DM. Loss of auditory function begins in the hyperinsulinemia, pre-diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia G Fowler
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Ricki J Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA.
| | - Joseph W Kemnitz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA.
| | - T Mark Beasley
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Ryals Public Health Bldg., University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Richard H Weindruch
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room B72 Veterans Admin Hospital, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705-2286, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in the expression of genes and can be influenced by both the quality and quantity of diet. Dietary compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN) found in cruciferous vegetables and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in green tea exhibit the ability to affect various epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibition, histone modifications via histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibition, or noncoding RNA expression. Regulation of these epigenetic mechanisms has been shown to have notable influences on the formation and progression of various neoplasms. We have shown that an epigenetic diet can influence both cellular longevity and carcinogenesis through the modulation of certain key genes that encode telomerase and p16. Caloric restriction (CR) can also play a crucial role in aging and cancer. Reductions in caloric intake have been shown to increase both the life- and health-span in a variety of animal models. Moreover, restriction of glucose has been demonstrated to decrease the incidence of age-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. A diet rich in compounds such as genistein, SFN and EGCG can positively modulate the epigenome and lead to many health benefits. Also, reducing the quantity of calories and glucose in the diet can confer an increased health-span, including reduced cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daniel
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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27
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Abstract
Aging results in progressive deteriorations in the structure and function of the heart and is a dominant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death in Western populations. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging have been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms of cardiac aging are just beginning to be revealed. With the continuously growing elderly population, there is a great need for interventions in cardiac aging. This article will provide an overview of the phenotypic changes of cardiac aging, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, and will present some of the recent advances in the development of interventions to delay or reverse cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ann Chiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Wang X, Chang Q, Wang Y, Su F, Zhang S. Late-onset temperature reduction can retard the aging process in aged fish via a combined action of an anti-oxidant system and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathway. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 17:507-17. [PMID: 25298234 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different mechanisms are considered to be related to aging. Cumulative molecular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), the by-products of oxidative phosphorylation, is one of these mechanisms (ROS concept). Deregulated nutrient sensing by the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS) pathway is the second mechanism (IIS concept). Temperature reduction (TR) is known to modulate aging and prolong life span in a variety of organisms, but the mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here we first demonstrate that late-onset TR from 26 °C to 22 °C extends mean life span and maximum life span by approximately 5.2 and 3 weeks, respectively, in the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri. We then show that TR is able to decrease the accumulation of the histological aging markers senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) in the epithelium and lipofuscin (LF) in the liver and to reduce protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation levels in the muscle. We also show that TR can enhance the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and stimulate the synthesis of SirT1 and FOXO3A/FOXO1A, both of which are the downstream regulators of the IIS pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that late-onset TR, a simple non-intrusion intervention, can retard the aging process in aged fish, resulting in their life span extension, via a synergistic action of an anti-oxidant system and the IIS pathway. This also suggests that combined assessment of the ROS and IIS concepts will contribute to providing a more comprehensive view of the anti-aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- 1 Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, China
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29
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Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Environmental challenge, epigenetic plasticity and the induction of altered phenotypes in mammals. Epigenomics 2015; 6:623-36. [PMID: 25531256 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of transcriptional activity of a gene is regulated by epigenetic processes. There is compelling evidence that environmental challenges throughout the life course can induce phenotypic change. In this review, we summarize the current evidence, focusing specifically on the effects of nutrition and of environmental pollutants, that epigenetic processes underpin the induction by environmental change of altered phenotypic traits, emphasizing the implications for health outcomes. We also discuss whether epigenetic processes may be involved in the passage of induced traits between generations. Overall, current findings indicate that epigenetic processes may play an important role in determining disease risk, but there is a lack of studies that demonstrate causal links between epigenetic change and tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lillycrop
- Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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30
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Wegman MP, Guo MH, Bennion DM, Shankar MN, Chrzanowski SM, Goldberg LA, Xu J, Williams TA, Lu X, Hsu SI, Anton SD, Leeuwenburgh C, Brantly ML. Practicality of intermittent fasting in humans and its effect on oxidative stress and genes related to aging and metabolism. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:162-72. [PMID: 25546413 PMCID: PMC4403246 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction has consistently been shown to extend life span and ameliorate aging-related diseases. These effects may be due to diet-induced reactive oxygen species acting to up-regulate sirtuins and related protective pathways, which research suggests may be partially inhibited by dietary anti-oxidant supplementation. Because caloric restriction is not sustainable long term for most humans, we investigated an alternative dietary approach, intermittent fasting (IF), which is proposed to act on similar biological pathways. We hypothesized that a modified IF diet, where participants maintain overall energy balance by alternating between days of fasting (25% of normal caloric intake) and feasting (175% of normal), would increase expression of genes associated with aging and reduce oxidative stress and that these effects would be suppressed by anti-oxidant supplementation. To assess the tolerability of the diet and to explore effects on biological mechanisms related to aging and metabolism, we recruited a cohort of 24 healthy individuals in a double-crossover, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Study participants underwent two 3-week treatment periods-IF and IF with anti-oxidant (vitamins C and E) supplementation. We found strict adherence to study-provided diets and that participants found the diet tolerable, with no adverse clinical findings or weight change. We detected a marginal increase (2.7%) in SIRT3 expression due to the IF diet, but no change in expression of other genes or oxidative stress markers analyzed. We also found that IF decreased plasma insulin levels (1.01 μU/mL). Although our study suggests that the IF dieting paradigm is acceptable in healthy individuals, additional research is needed to further assess the potential benefits and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Wegman
- 1 University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
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31
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Abstract
It is well established that genotype plays an important role in the ageing process. However, recent studies have suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may also influence the onset of ageing-associated diseases and longevity. Epigenetics is defined as processes that induce heritable changes in gene expression without a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. The major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA. Such processes are involved in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, cell differentiation and genomic imprinting. However, epigenetic dysregulation is frequently seen with ageing. Relatively little is known about the factors that initiate such changes. However, there is emerging evidence that the early life environment, in particular nutrition, in early life can induce long-term changes in DNA methylation resulting in an altered susceptibility to a range of ageing-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on the changes in DNA methylation that occur during ageing; their role in the ageing process and how early life nutrition can modulate DNA methylation and influence longevity. Understanding the mechanisms by which diet in early life can influence the epigenome will be crucial for the development of preventative and intervention strategies to increase well-being in later life.
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Jongbloed F, de Bruin RWF, Pennings JLA, Payán-Gómez C, van den Engel S, van Oostrom CT, de Bruin A, Hoeijmakers JHJ, van Steeg H, IJzermans JNM, Dollé MET. Preoperative fasting protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in aged and overweight mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100853. [PMID: 24959849 PMCID: PMC4069161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable during kidney transplantation leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. We previously reported that preoperative fasting in young-lean male mice protects against IRI. Since patients are generally of older age with morbidities possibly leading to a different response to fasting, we investigated the effects of preoperative fasting on renal IRI in aged-overweight male and female mice. Male and female F1-FVB/C57BL6-hybrid mice, average age 73 weeks weighing 47.2 grams, were randomized to preoperative ad libitum feeding or 3 days fasting, followed by renal IRI. Body weight, kidney function and survival of the animals were monitored until day 28 postoperatively. Kidney histopathology was scored for all animals and gene expression profiles after fasting were analyzed in kidneys of young and aged male mice. Preoperative fasting significantly improved survival after renal IRI in both sexes compared with normal fed mice. Fasted groups had a better kidney function shown by lower serum urea levels after renal IRI. Histopathology showed less acute tubular necrosis and more regeneration in kidneys from fasted mice. A mRNA analysis indicated the involvement of metabolic processes including fatty acid oxidation and retinol metabolism, and the NRF2-mediated stress response. Similar to young-lean, healthy male mice, preoperative fasting protects against renal IRI in aged-overweight mice of both genders. These findings suggest a general protective response of fasting against renal IRI regardless of age, gender, body weight and genetic background. Therefore, fasting could be a non-invasive intervention inducing increased oxidative stress resistance in older and overweight patients as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franny Jongbloed
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron W. F. de Bruin
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra van den Engel
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conny T. van Oostrom
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Steeg
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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33
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Martin SL, Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Medicinal chemistry of the epigenetic diet and caloric restriction. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:4050-9. [PMID: 23895687 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced effects of the epigenetic diet (ED) and caloric restriction (CR) have on epigenetic gene regulation have been documented in many pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding epigenetics is of high importance because of the concept that external factors such as nutrition and diet may possess the ability to alter gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. The ED introduces bioactive medicinal chemistry compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN), curcumin (CCM), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol (RSV) that are thought to aid in extending the human lifespan. CR, although similar to ED in the target of longevity, mildly reduces the total daily calorie intake while concurrently providing all beneficial nutrients. Both CR and ED may act as epigenetic modifiers to slow the aging process through histone modification, DNA methylation, and by modulating microRNA expression. CR and ED have been proposed as two important mechanisms that modulate and potentially slow the progression of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, obesity, Alzheimer's and osteoporosis to name a few. While many investigators have examined CR and ED as separate entities, this review will primarily focus on both as they relate to age-related diseases, their epigenetic effects and their medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- CH175, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA.
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Choudhury K, Clark J, Griffiths HR. An almond-enriched diet increases plasma α-tocopherol and improves vascular function but does not affect oxidative stress markers or lipid levels. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:599-606. [PMID: 24555818 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.896458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is one of the major causes of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and increases with age. Epidemiological studies suggest that Mediterranean diets and high nut consumption reduce CV disease risk and mortality while increasing plasma α-tocopherol. Therefore, we have investigated whether almond supplementation can improve oxidative stress markers and CV risk factors over 4 weeks in young and middle-aged men. Healthy middle-aged men (56 ± 5.8 years), healthy young men (22.1 ± 2.9 years) and young men with two or more CV risk factors (27.3 ± 5 years) consumed 50 g almond/day for 4 weeks. A control group maintained habitual diets over the same period. Plasma α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratios were not different between groups at baseline and were significantly elevated by almond intervention with 50 g almond/day for 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Plasma protein oxidation and nitrite levels were not different between groups whereas, total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterols and triglycerides were significantly higher in healthy middle-aged and young men with CV risk factors but were not affected by intake. In the almond-consuming groups, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) improved and systolic blood pressure reduced significantly after 50 g almonds/day for 4 weeks, but diastolic blood pressure reduced only in healthy men. In conclusion, a short-term almond-enriched diet can increase plasma α-tocopherol and improve vascular function in asymptomatic healthy men aged between 20 and 70 years without any effect on plasma lipids or markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Choudhury
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing Life, and Health Sciences, Aston University , Birmingham , UK
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35
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The interplay between autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in oxidative stress-induced cardiac aging and pathology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 71:62-70. [PMID: 24650874 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a progressive increase in the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prolonged exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, together with intrinsic age-dependent declines in cardiac functionality, increases the vulnerability of the heart to both endogenous and exogenous stressors, ultimately enhancing the susceptibility to developing CVD in late life. Both increased levels of oxidative damage and the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria have been observed in a wide range of cardiac diseases, which may therefore represent a common ground upon which many aspects of CVD develop. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms whereby oxidative stress arising from mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the process of cardiac aging and in the pathogenesis of CVD highly prevalent in late life (e.g., heart failure and ischemic heart disease). Special emphasis is placed on recent evidence about the role played by alterations in cellular quality control systems, in particular autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), and their interconnections in the context of age-related CVD. Cardioprotective interventions acting through the modulation of mitochondrial autophagy (calorie restriction, calorie restriction mimetics, and the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide) are also presented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Protein Quality Control, the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, and Autophagy".
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE While the impact of caloric restriction on human health is not fully understood, there is strong evidence to support further studies of its influence on cardiovascular health. The purpose of this review was to update the state of the science by examining the relevant literature regarding calorie-restriction effects on aging and cardiovascular health and to discuss the possible role(s) of calorie restriction in preserving cardiovascular function in humans. METHODS For purpose of this review, we have defined calorie restriction as a reduction in energy intake well below the amount of calories that would be consumed ad libitum (≥10% in humans, ≥20% in animals). We examined the relevant literature on calorie-restriction effects on longevity and cardiovascular health, with an emphasis on the state of the science regarding calorie restriction in humans. We have emphasized the importance of the preliminary and expected findings from the Comprehensive Assessment of the Long-term Effect of Reducing Intake of Energy trial. RESULTS Evidence from animal studies and a limited number of human trials indicates that calorie restriction has the potential to both delay cardiac aging and help prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease via beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids, inflammatory processes, and potentially other mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of its known benefits to cardiometabolic health, including modest calorie restriction in a combined lifestyle program is likely to improve heart health and prevent subsequent cardiovascular events in overweight and obese individuals. Additional study is needed to further illuminate its long-term applicability for older adults and for those with significant comorbidities, such as heart failure.
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Forsberg LA, Absher D, Dumanski JP. Republished: Non-heritable genetics of human disease: spotlight on post-zygotic genetic variation acquired during lifetime. Postgrad Med J 2014; 89:417-26. [PMID: 23781115 PMCID: PMC3711362 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-101322rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The heritability of most common, multifactorial diseases is rather modest and known genetic effects account for a small part of it. The remaining portion of disease aetiology has been conventionally ascribed to environmental effects, with an unknown part being stochastic. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting stochastic events of potentially great importance in human disease—the accumulation of post-zygotic structural aberrations with age in phenotypically normal humans. These findings are in agreement with a substantial mutational load predicted to occur during lifetime within the human soma. A major consequence of these results is that the genetic profile of a single tissue collected at one time point should be used with caution as a faithful portrait of other tissues from the same subject or the same tissue throughout life. Thus, the design of studies in human genetics interrogating a single sample per subject or applying lymphoblastoid cell lines may come into question. Sporadic disorders are common in medicine. We wish to stress the non-heritable genetic variation as a potentially important factor behind the development of sporadic diseases. Moreover, associations between post-zygotic mutations, clonal cell expansions and their relation to cancer predisposition are central in this context. Post-zygotic mutations are amenable to robust examination and are likely to explain a sizable part of non-heritable disease causality, which has routinely been thought of as synonymous with environmental factors. In view of the widespread accumulation of genetic aberrations with age and strong predictions of disease risk from such analyses, studies of post-zygotic mutations may be a fruitful approach for delineation of variants that are causative for common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Anders Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Although epigenetic aberrations frequently occur in aging and cancer and form a core component of these conditions, perhaps the most useful aspect of epigenetic processes is that they are readily reversible. Unlike genetic effects that also play a role in cancer and aging, epigenetic aberrations can be relatively easily corrected. One of the most widespread approaches to the epigenetic alterations in cancer and aging is dietary control. This can be achieved not only through the quality of the diet, but also through the quantity of calories that are consumed. Many phytochemicals such as sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables and green tea have anticancer epigenetic effects and are also efficacious for preventing or treating the epigenetic aberrations of other age-associated diseases besides cancer. Likewise, the quantity of calories that are consumed has proven to be advantageous in preventing cancer and extending the lifespan through control of epigenetic mediators. The purpose of this chapter is to review some of the most recent advances in the epigenetics of cancer and aging and to provide insights into advances being made with respect to dietary intervention into these biological processes that have vast health implications and high translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, Center for Aging, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA,
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Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A. Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:253-8. [PMID: 23332541 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians have found that fasting was frequently accompanied by an increased level of vigilance and a mood improvement, a subjective feeling of well-being, and sometimes of euphoria. Therapeutic fasting, following an established protocol, is safe and well tolerated. We aim in this article to explore the biological mechanisms activated during fasting that could have an effect on brain function with particular focus on mood (we do not discuss here the mechanisms regulating eating behavior) and to provide a comprehensive review on the potential positive impact of therapeutic fasting on mood. We explored Medline, Web of Science and PsycInfo according to the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis). The initial research paradigm was: [(fasting OR caloric restriction) AND (mental health OR depressive disorders OR mood OR anxiety)]. Many neurobiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain fasting effects on mood, such as changes in neurotransmitters, quality of sleep, and synthesis of neurotrophic factors. Many clinical observations relate an early (between day 2 and day 7) effect of fasting on depressive symptoms with an improvement in mood, alertness and a sense of tranquility reported by patients. The persistence of mood improvement over time remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- INSERM U1061, Université Montpellier 1, Hôpital la Colombière, CHU Montpellier F-34000, France; INSERM U955, University Paris-Est, FondaMental Fondation, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Mondor, 40, Rue de Mesly, Creteil F-94000, France.
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Inferring the effective TOR-dependent network: a computational study in yeast. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:84. [PMID: 24005029 PMCID: PMC4016608 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Calorie restriction (CR) is one of the most conserved non-genetic interventions that extends healthspan in evolutionarily distant species, ranging from yeast to mammals. The target of rapamycin (TOR) has been shown to play a key role in mediating healthspan extension in response to CR by integrating different signals that monitor nutrient-availability and orchestrating various components of cellular machinery in response. Both genetic and pharmacological interventions that inhibit the TOR pathway exhibit a similar phenotype, which is not further amplified by CR. Results In this paper, we present the first comprehensive, computationally derived map of TOR downstream effectors, with the objective of discovering key lifespan mediators, their crosstalk, and high-level organization. We adopt a systematic approach for tracing information flow from the TOR complex and use it to identify relevant signaling elements. By constructing a high-level functional map of TOR downstream effectors, we show that our approach is not only capable of recapturing previously known pathways, but also suggests potential targets for future studies. Information flow scores provide an aggregate ranking of relevance of proteins with respect to the TOR signaling pathway. These rankings must be normalized for degree bias, appropriately interpreted, and mapped to associated roles in pathways. We propose a novel statistical framework for integrating information flow scores, the set of differentially expressed genes in response to rapamycin treatment, and the transcriptional regulatory network. We use this framework to identify the most relevant transcription factors in mediating the observed transcriptional response, and to construct the effective response network of the TOR pathway. This network is hypothesized to mediate life-span extension in response to TOR inhibition. Conclusions Our approach, unlike experimental methods, is not limited to specific aspects of cellular response. Rather, it predicts transcriptional changes and post-translational modifications in response to TOR inhibition. The constructed effective response network greatly enhances understanding of the mechanisms underlying the aging process and helps in identifying new targets for further investigation of anti-aging regimes. It also allows us to identify potential network biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of age-related pathologies.
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Sung MMY, Dyck JRB. Age-related cardiovascular disease and the beneficial effects of calorie restriction. Heart Fail Rev 2013; 17:707-19. [PMID: 22095297 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a well-recognized risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, which is the primary cause of death and disability in the elderly population. The normal process of aging is associated with progressive deterioration in structure and function of the heart and vasculature. These age-related changes likely act as both a catalyst and accelerator in the development of cardiovascular disease. Since the aging population is one of the fastest growing segments of the population, it is of vital importance that we have a thorough understanding of the physiological changes that occur with aging that contribute to the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in this population. This insight will allow for the development of more targeted therapies that can prevent and treat these conditions. One such anti-aging strategy that has received considerable attention as of late is calorie restriction. Calorie restriction has emerged as one of the most effective and reproducible interventions for extending lifespan, as well as protecting against obesity, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Herein, we review the multiple beneficial effects that calorie restriction and resveratrol exert on the cardiovascular system with a particular focus on aging. Although calorie restriction and resveratrol have proven to be very effective in preventing and treating the development of cardiovascular disease in animal models, studies continue as to whether these profound beneficial effects can translate to humans to improve cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda M Y Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Chen K, Kobayashi S, Xu X, Viollet B, Liang Q. AMP activated protein kinase is indispensable for myocardial adaptation to caloric restriction in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59682. [PMID: 23527250 PMCID: PMC3602170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is a robust dietary intervention known to enhance cardiovascular health. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been suggested to mediate the cardioprotective effects of CR. However, this hypothesis remains to be tested by using definitive loss-of-function animal models. In the present study, we subjected AMPKα2 knockout (KO) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates to a CR regimen that reduces caloric intake by 20%–40% for 4 weeks. CR decreased body weight, heart weight and serum levels of insulin in both WT and KO mice to the same degree, indicating the effectiveness of the CR protocol. CR activated cardiac AMPK signaling in WT mice, but not in AMPKα2 KO mice. Correspondingly, AMPKα2 KO mice had markedly reduced cardiac function during CR as determined by echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements. The compromised cardiac function was associated with increased markers of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and myocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, CR down-regulated the expression of ATP5g2, a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, and reduced ATP content in AMPKα2 KO hearts, but not in WT hearts. In addition, CR accelerated cardiac autophagic flux in WT mice, but failed to do so in AMPKα2 KO mice. These results demonstrated that without AMPK, CR triggers adverse effects that can lead to cardiac dysfunction, suggesting that AMPK signaling pathway is indispensible for energy homeostasis and myocardial adaptation to CR, a dietary intervention that normally produces beneficial cardiac effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Xianmin Xu
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Qiangrong Liang
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Analysis of biomarkers of caloric restriction in aging cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1048:19-29. [PMID: 23929095 PMCID: PMC3875466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-556-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been extensively documented for its profound role in effectively extending maximum lifespan in many different species. However, the accurate mechanisms, especially at the cellular level, for CR-induced aging delay are still under intense investigation. An emerging technique, recently explored in our laboratory, provides precisely controllable caloric intake in a cultured cellular system that allows real-time observation and quantitative analysis of the impact of CR on the molecular cellular level during the aging processes. This in vitro method allows investigation of the molecular mechanisms pertaining to how CR influences aging processes leading to life extension in human cellular systems. It will provide important clinical implications for future preventive approaches for aging and aging-related degeneration diseases in humans. Hence, we will discuss the detailed procedures of this novel technique as well as the analysis of relevant aging biomarkers and its broad application in the field.
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Forsberg LA, Absher D, Dumanski JP. Non-heritable genetics of human disease: spotlight on post-zygotic genetic variation acquired during lifetime. J Med Genet 2013; 50:1-10. [PMID: 23172682 PMCID: PMC3534255 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The heritability of most common, multifactorial diseases is rather modest and known genetic effects account for a small part of it. The remaining portion of disease aetiology has been conventionally ascribed to environmental effects, with an unknown part being stochastic. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting stochastic events of potentially great importance in human disease-the accumulation of post-zygotic structural aberrations with age in phenotypically normal humans. These findings are in agreement with a substantial mutational load predicted to occur during lifetime within the human soma. A major consequence of these results is that the genetic profile of a single tissue collected at one time point should be used with caution as a faithful portrait of other tissues from the same subject or the same tissue throughout life. Thus, the design of studies in human genetics interrogating a single sample per subject or applying lymphoblastoid cell lines may come into question. Sporadic disorders are common in medicine. We wish to stress the non-heritable genetic variation as a potentially important factor behind the development of sporadic diseases. Moreover, associations between post-zygotic mutations, clonal cell expansions and their relation to cancer predisposition are central in this context. Post-zygotic mutations are amenable to robust examination and are likely to explain a sizable part of non-heritable disease causality, which has routinely been thought of as synonymous with environmental factors. In view of the widespread accumulation of genetic aberrations with age and strong predictions of disease risk from such analyses, studies of post-zygotic mutations may be a fruitful approach for delineation of variants that are causative for common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Anders Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Overlapped Metabolic and Therapeutic Links between Alzheimer and Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:399-424. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Diet and aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:741468. [PMID: 22928085 PMCID: PMC3425961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/741468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition has important long-term consequences for health that are not only limited to the individual but can be passed on to the next generation. It can contribute to the development and progression of chronic diseases thus effecting life span. Caloric restriction (CR) can extend the average and maximum life span and delay the onset of age-associated changes in many organisms. CR elicits coordinated and adaptive stress responses at the cellular and whole-organism level by modulating epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications), signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and aging (e.g., TOR, AMPK, p53, and FOXO), and cell-to-cell signaling molecules (e.g., adiponectin). The overall effect of these adaptive stress responses is an increased resistance to subsequent stress, thus delaying age-related changes and promoting longevity. In human, CR could delay many diseases associated with aging including cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. As an alternative to CR, several CR mimetics have been tested on animals and humans. At present, the most promising alternatives to the use of CR in humans seem to be exercise, alone or in combination with reduced calorie intake, and the use of plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol as a food supplement.
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Dai DF, Chen T, Johnson SC, Szeto H, Rabinovitch PS. Cardiac aging: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1492-526. [PMID: 22229339 PMCID: PMC3329953 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major causes of death in the western world. The incidence of cardiovascular disease as well as the rate of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity increase exponentially in the elderly population, suggesting that age per se is a major risk factor of CVDs. The physiologic changes of human cardiac aging mainly include left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, valvular degeneration, increased cardiac fibrosis, increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation, and decreased maximal exercise capacity. Many of these changes are closely recapitulated in animal models commonly used in an aging study, including rodents, flies, and monkeys. The application of genetically modified aged mice has provided direct evidence of several critical molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac aging, such as mitochondrial oxidative stress, insulin/insulin-like growth factor/PI3K pathway, adrenergic and renin angiotensin II signaling, and nutrient signaling pathways. This article also reviews the central role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in CVDs and the plausible mechanisms underlying the progression toward heart failure in the susceptible aging hearts. Finally, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiac aging may support the potential clinical application of several "anti-aging" strategies that treat CVDs and improve healthy cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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48
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Wijeyesekera A, Selman C, Barton RH, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Withers DJ. Metabotyping of long-lived mice using 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2224-35. [PMID: 22225495 PMCID: PMC4467904 DOI: 10.1021/pr2010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding aging have been achieved through studying model organisms with extended healthy lifespans. Employing 1H NMR spectroscopy, we characterized the plasma metabolic phenotype (metabotype) of three long-lived murine models: 30% dietary restricted (DR), insulin receptor substrate 1 null (Irs1-/-), and Ames dwarf (Prop1df/df). A panel of metabolic differences were generated for each model relative to their controls, and subsequently, the three long-lived models were compared to one another. Concentrations of mobile very low density lipoproteins, trimethylamine, and choline were significantly decreased in the plasma of all three models. Metabolites including glucose, choline, glycerophosphocholine, and various lipids were significantly reduced, while acetoacetate, d-3-hydroxybutyrate and trimethylamine-N-oxide levels were increased in DR compared to ad libitum fed controls. Plasma lipids and glycerophosphocholine were also decreased in Irs1-/- mice compared to controls, as were methionine and citrate. In contrast, high density lipoproteins and glycerophosphocholine were increased in Ames dwarf mice, as were methionine and citrate. Pairwise comparisons indicated that differences existed between the metabotypes of the different long-lived mice models. Irs1-/- mice, for example, had elevated glucose, acetate, acetone, and creatine but lower methionine relative to DR mice and Ames dwarfs. Our study identified several potential candidate biomarkers directionally altered across all three models that may be predictive of longevity but also identified differences in the metabolic signatures. This comparative approach suggests that the metabolic networks underlying lifespan extension may not be exactly the same for each model of longevity and is consistent with multifactorial control of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Verdaguer E, Junyent F, Folch J, Beas-Zarate C, Auladell C, Pallàs M, Camins A. Aging biology: a new frontier for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:217-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.660144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gregg SQ, Gutiérrez V, Robinson AR, Woodell T, Nakao A, Ross MA, Michalopoulos GK, Rigatti L, Rothermel CE, Kamileri I, Garinis G, Stolz DB, Niedernhofer LJ. A mouse model of accelerated liver aging caused by a defect in DNA repair. Hepatology 2012; 55:609-21. [PMID: 21953681 PMCID: PMC3250572 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver changes with age, leading to an impaired ability to respond to hepatic insults and increased incidence of liver disease in the elderly. Therefore, there is critical need for rapid model systems to study aging-related liver changes. One potential opportunity is murine models of human progerias or diseases of accelerated aging. Ercc1(-/Δ) mice model a rare human progeroid syndrome caused by inherited defects in DNA repair. To determine whether hepatic changes that occur with normal aging occur prematurely in Ercc1(-/Δ) mice, we systematically compared liver from 5-month-old progeroid Ercc1(-/Δ) mice to old (24-36-month-old) wild-type (WT) mice. Both displayed areas of necrosis, foci of hepatocellular degeneration, and acute inflammation. Loss of hepatic architecture, fibrosis, steatosis, pseudocapillarization, and anisokaryosis were more dramatic in Ercc1(-/Δ) mice than in old WT mice. Liver enzymes were significantly elevated in serum of Ercc1(-/Δ) mice and old WT mice, whereas albumin was reduced, demonstrating liver damage and dysfunction. The regenerative capacity of Ercc1(-/Δ) liver after partial hepatectomy was significantly reduced. There was evidence of increased oxidative damage in Ercc1(-/Δ) and old WT liver, including lipofuscin, lipid hydroperoxides and acrolein, as well as increased hepatocellular senescence. There was a highly significant correlation in genome-wide transcriptional changes between old WT and 16-week-old, but not 5-week-old, Ercc1(-/Δ) mice, emphasizing that the Ercc1(-/Δ) mice acquire an aging profile in early adulthood. CONCLUSION There are strong functional, regulatory, and histopathological parallels between accelerated aging driven by a DNA repair defect and normal aging. This supports a role for DNA damage in driving aging and validates a murine model for rapidly testing hypotheses about causes and treatment for aging-related hepatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Q. Gregg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Verónica Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Andria Rasile Robinson
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Tyler Woodell
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Mark A. Ross
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S362 Biomedical Science Towers, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S-417 Biomedical Science Towers, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15216 USA
| | - Lora Rigatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S-417 Biomedical Science Towers, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15216 USA
| | - Carrie E. Rothermel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S362 Biomedical Science Towers, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Irene Kamileri
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, GR71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Garinis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, GR71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S362 Biomedical Science Towers, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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