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Cecchetto F, Villalba A, Vazquez ND, Ramirez CL, Maggi MD, Miglioranza KSB. Occurrence of chlorpyrifos and organochlorine pesticides in a native bumblebee (Bombus pauloensis) living under different land uses in the southeastern Pampas, Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167117. [PMID: 37717766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators such as Apidae bees are vital for ecosystems and food security. Unfortunately, their populations have declined due to several factors including pesticide use. Among them, the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, poses a global threat, while legacy compounds like organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) easily bioaccumulate, increasing the concern. Bombus pauloensis, a widely distributed native bee in Argentina, is used for commercial pollination; however, information regarding their health status is scarce. This study assessed chlorpyrifos and OCP levels in B. pauloensis (workers and males) and related environmental matrices living from three different land uses schemes, by means of GC-ECD and GC-MS. The ornamental horticulture field (OP) showed the highest total pesticide concentrations in workers (13.1 ng/g), flowers and soils, whereas the organic agriculture field (OA) exhibited the lowest. Chlorpyrifos was the most abundant compound, accounting for at least 20 % of pesticide load across all matrices. The food production horticulture field (FH) had the highest chlorpyrifos concentration in workers, males and soils (5.0, 4.4 and 3.3 ng/g, respectively), suggesting a local greater usage, whereas OA showed the lowest. Regarding OCPs groups, Drins and DDTs were predominant in most matrices, with FH males registering the highest levels (4.0 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively), closely followed by OP. However, metabolites' contribution indicated historical use and atmospheric inputs in all sites. Multivariate analyses confirmed the significance of site and bumblebee sex to explain pesticide composition. Males from all sites exhibited higher chlorpyrifos levels than workers and this trend was similar for some OCP groups. Overall, OA differed from FH and OP, indicating a correlation between production modes and pesticide profiles. This study demonstrates the value of B. pauloensis as a pesticide biomonitor but also offers insights into its populations' health in the area. In this sense, this information could be useful towards the preservation of this crucial pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cecchetto
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Agustina Villalba
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Laboratorio de Artrópodos - Grupo Acarología y Entomología, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Sanidad, Producción y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolas D Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristina L Ramirez
- Departamento de Química, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Química Analítica y Modelado Molecular (QUIAMM), Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), CONICET, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Matias D Maggi
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Laboratorio de Artrópodos - Grupo Acarología y Entomología, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Sanidad, Producción y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Tsiantas P, Karasali H, Pavlidis G, Kavasilis S, Doula M. The status of organochlorine pesticide contamination in Greek agricultural soils: the ghost of traditional agricultural history. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:117654-117675. [PMID: 37872334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate information regarding pesticide contamination in Greek agricultural soils is currently available, while national soil monitoring programs have not been initiated yet. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels, compositions, and distribution of thirty three organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Greek agricultural soils, due to the environmental threat posed by these compounds, even after decades from their abrogation from the market. Determination of the organochlorine pesticides was achieved using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, following a QuEChERS sample preparation method. A total of 60 soil samples, from two soil horizons (up to 60 cm), were obtained from agricultural lands in Greece throughout 2019-2020. The major findings presented DDTs, γ-HCH, alachlor, and 4,4- DCBP in the examined soil samples, with DDTs being the major compounds with their maximum cumulative concentration (ΣDDTs) reaching 1273.4 μg kg-1 d.w. Compositional profile and diagnostic ratios suggested that the occurrence of DDT residues was due to historical inputs. Most of the samples did not exceed the target values set by the Netherlands and Canadian guidelines for DDTs in soil; however, there was one exception in the case of Aegina Island. Finally, based on the environmental exposure assessment conducted, the vast majority of the analytes presented lower concentrations compared to the predicted environmental concentrations, with an exemption for DDE metabolite where the measured and predicted concentrations were almost equal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Tsiantas
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Karasali
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Pavlidis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou St., 15780, Zographou, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatis Kavasilis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, Soil Resources and Geoinformatics, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Doula
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, Soil Resources and Geoinformatics, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
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Schleiffer M, Speiser B. Presence of pesticides in the environment, transition into organic food, and implications for quality assurance along the European organic food chain - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120116. [PMID: 36084735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of synthetic pesticides is not allowed in organic production, but traces of synthetic pesticides are regularly detected in organic food. To safeguard the integrity of organic production, organic certifiers are obliged to investigate the causes for pesticide residues on organic food, entailing high costs to the organic sector. Such residues can have various origins, including both fraud and unintentional contamination from the environment. Because the knowledge about contamination from environmental sources is scattered, this review provides an overview of pathways for unintentional and technically unavoidable contamination of organic food with synthetic pesticides in Europe. It shows that synthetic pesticides are widely present in all environmental compartments. They originate from applications in the region, in distant areas or from historical use. Transition into the food chain has been demonstrated by various studies. However, large uncertainties remain regarding the true pesticide contamination of the environment, their dynamics and the contamination risks for the food chain. Organic operators can take certain measures to reduce the risks of pesticide contamination of their products, but a certain extent of pesticide contamination is technically unavoidable. The present paper indicates that (i) a potential risk for pesticide residues exists on all organic crops and thus organic operators cannot meet a 'zero-tolerance' approach regarding pesticide residues at the moment. (ii) Applying a residue concentration threshold to distinguish between cases of fraud and unavoidable contamination for all pesticides is not adequate given the variability of contamination. More reliable answers can be obtained with a case-by-case investigation, where evidence for all possible origins of pesticide residues is collected and the likelihood of unavoidable contamination and fraud are estimated. Ultimately, for organic certification bodies and control authorities it will remain a challenge to determine whether a pesticide residue is due to neglect of production rules or technically unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schleiffer
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhard Speiser
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland.
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4
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Riedo J, Herzog C, Banerjee S, Fenner K, Walder F, van der Heijden MG, Bucheli TD. Concerted Evaluation of Pesticides in Soils of Extensive Grassland Sites and Organic and Conventional Vegetable Fields Facilitates the Identification of Major Input Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13686-13695. [PMID: 36099238 PMCID: PMC9535809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of pesticides and their subsequent distribution to the environment and non-target organisms is of increasing concern. So far, little is known about the occurrence of pesticides in soils of untreated areas─such as ecological refuges─as well as the processes contributing to this unwanted pesticide contamination. In this study, we analyzed the presence and abundance of 46 different pesticides in soils from extensively managed grassland sites, as well as organically and conventionally managed vegetable fields (60 fields in total). Pesticides were found in all soils, including the extensive grassland sites, demonstrating a widespread background contamination of soils with pesticides. The results suggest that after conversion from conventional to organic farming, the organic fields reach pesticide levels as low as those of grassland sites not until 20 years later. Furthermore, the different pesticide composition patterns in grassland sites and organically managed fields facilitated differentiation between long-term persistence of residues and diffuse contamination processes, that is, short-scale redistribution (spray drift) and long-scale dispersion (atmospheric deposition), to offsite contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Riedo
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Herzog
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samiran Banerjee
- Department
of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Walder
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel G.A. van der Heijden
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D. Bucheli
- Department
of Methods Development and Analytics, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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Colin F, Cohen GJV, Delerue F, Chéry P, Atteia O. Status of Dieldrin in vegetable growing soils across a peri-urban agricultural area according to an adapted sampling strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118666. [PMID: 34896399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the fifties, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) had been used in agriculture to protect vegetables. Two decades after their ban by the Stockholm convention in 2001, OCPs are still present in agricultural soils inducing vegetable contamination with concentrations above Maximum Residue Level (MRL). This is a major concern for a 5 km2 peri-urban vegetable growing valley located in the south west of France. In the present work, the sampling method was developed to clarify the spatial distribution of one OCP, Dieldrin, and its relationship with soil properties at the scale of study area. A total of 99 soil samples was collected for physicochemical analyses and Dieldrin concentrations. Results show Dieldrin concentrations in soils up to 204 μg kg-1. The horizontal distribution of this pesticide is heterogeneous at the study area scale but homogeneous in each reference plot studied. About 85% of the contamination was located in the top soil layers (0-40 cm depth), but Dieldrin may still be quantified at a depth of 80 cm. Among all soil physicochemical parameters analysed, SOM was the most significantly related (P < 10-4) with Dieldrin concentrations, once different grain size fractions were considered. Moreover, results indicate a 33 times higher Dieldrin concentration and/or extractability for coarse sand than for other grain size fractions. These results show that the developed sampling method is adapted for the study area scale as it helps understanding the factors influencing the spatial distribution of Dieldrin. Historical amendments are the predominant factor for the horizontal contamination and deep ploughing for the vertical contamination. Also, the variations of coarse sand repartition in soils prevents identification of relationships between SOM and Dieldrin contamination in bulk soil. Further investigation is required to explain these relationships but these results highlight why no clear relationship between OCPs and SOM was previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Colin
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France; Bordeaux Métropole, Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Grégory J V Cohen
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Delerue
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Chéry
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Atteia
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
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Sharma D, Kumari S, Rani P, Onteru SK, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh SP, Singh D. Organochlorine pesticide dieldrin upregulate proximal promoter (PII) driven CYP19A1 gene expression and increases estrogen production in granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 106:103-108. [PMID: 34688840 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are highly persistent environmental pollutants, generally shown to act through estrogen receptor alpha and alter estrogen biosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanism of regulation of estrogen biosynthesis by these pesticides is not clear. Estrogen is main female fertility hormone regulated by rate-limiting enzyme aromatase. It is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene, which is expressed using specific promoters. In the present study, the attempt has been made to elucidate the effect of dieldrin on the promoter-specific CYP19A1 gene expression and estrogen hormone production in buffalo granulosa cells. The buffalo granulosa cells were cultured and treated with dieldrin in a dose (100,150 and 200 ng/mL) and time (6, 12, and 24 h) dependent manner, followed by analysis of CYP19A1, promoter-specific CYP19A1 transcript expression, and estrogen production. Results showed that dieldrin significantly increased the expression of the CYP19A1 gene after 6 and 12 h while its expression was decreased after 24 h. To understand the upregulation of CYP19A1 gene, promoters' specific CYP19A1 transcript analysis was done. The finding showed that dieldrin significantly increased the proximal promoter specific CYP19A1 transcript while there was no effect on distal promoter specific CYP19A1 transcripts. This specific-promoter activity was quantified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). Results confirmed the involvement of the proximal promoter in the overexpression of CYP19A1 gene. Furthermore, a significant increase in estradiol-17β level was also observed. Overall, the present study demonstrated the stimulatory effect of dieldrin on the CYP19A1 gene and will help to understand the toxicological role of dieldrin on the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Sharma
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Suman Kumari
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Payal Rani
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine Jawaharlal, Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
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Validation of a Method Scope Extension for the Analysis of POPs in Soil and Verification in Organic and Conventional Farms of the Canary Islands. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050101. [PMID: 34063303 PMCID: PMC8147449 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are among the most relevant and dangerous contaminants in soil, from where they can be transferred to crops. Additionally, livestock animals may inadvertently consume relatively high amounts of soil attached to the roots of the vegetables while grazing, leading to indirect exposure to humans. Therefore, periodic monitoring of soils is crucial; thus, simple, robust, and powerful methods are needed. In this study, we have tested and validated an easy QuEChERS-based method for the extraction of 49 POPs (8 PBDEs, 12 OCPs, 11 PAHs, and 18 PCBs) in soils and their analysis by GC-MS/MS. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy, and a matrix effect study was performed. The limits of detection (LOD) were established between 0.048 and 3.125 ng g−1 and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were between 0.5 and 20 ng g−1, except for naphthalene (50 ng g−1). Then, to verify the applicability of the validated method, we applied it to a series of 81 soil samples from farms dedicated to mixed vegetable cultivation and vineyards in the Canary Islands, both from two modes of production (organic vs. conventional) where residues of OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs were found.
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Riedo J, Wettstein FE, Rösch A, Herzog C, Banerjee S, Büchi L, Charles R, Wächter D, Martin-Laurent F, Bucheli TD, Walder F, van der Heijden MGA. Widespread Occurrence of Pesticides in Organically Managed Agricultural Soils-the Ghost of a Conventional Agricultural Past? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2919-2928. [PMID: 33534554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are applied in large quantities to agroecosystems worldwide. To date, few studies assessed the occurrence of pesticides in organically managed agricultural soils, and it is unresolved whether these pesticide residues affect soil life. We screened 100 fields under organic and conventional management with an analytical method containing 46 pesticides (16 herbicides, 8 herbicide transformation products, 17 fungicides, seven insecticides). Pesticides were found in all sites, including 40 organic fields. The number of pesticide residues was two times and the concentration nine times higher in conventional compared to organic fields. Pesticide number and concentrations significantly decreased with the duration of organic management. Even after 20 years of organic agriculture, up to 16 different pesticide residues were present. Microbial biomass and specifically the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a widespread group of beneficial plant symbionts, were significantly negatively linked to the amount of pesticide residues in soil. This indicates that pesticide residues, in addition to abiotic factors such as pH, are a key factor determining microbial soil life in agroecosystems. This comprehensive study demonstrates that pesticides are a hidden reality in agricultural soils, and our results suggest that they have harmful effects on beneficial soil life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Riedo
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Rösch
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Herzog
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lucie Büchi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Charles
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wächter
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Amusa C, Rothman J, Odongo S, Matovu H, Ssebugere P, Baranga D, Sillanpää M. The endangered African Great Ape: Pesticide residues in soil and plants consumed by Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, East Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143692. [PMID: 33272601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park situated southwest of Uganda is a biodiversity hotspot that is home to about half of the world's endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei). Given its ecological significance and mounting pressures from agricultural activities such as tea growing, continuous monitoring of the levels of chemical toxins like pesticides in the park and surrounding areas is needed for effective conservation strategies. Furthermore, persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like DDT were used in agricultural gardens and indoor spraying in Kanungu district between the 1950s and 80s. The focus of this study was to explore the possible exposure of mountain gorillas to OCPs and cypermethrin used by the farmers in the areas near the park. Data from our interviews revealed that glyphosate is the most widely used pesticide by the farmers in areas surrounding the park, followed by cypermethrin, and mancozeb. Samples of leaves from plants consumed by mountain gorillas along the forest edges of the park and surficial soils (15-20 cm depths) were collected from three sites (Ruhija, Nkuringo and Buhoma) and analysed for the presence of cypermethrin and OCPs residues. Concentrations of total (∑) DDTs and ∑endosulfans were up to 0.34 and 9.89 mg/kg dry weight (d.w), respectively in soil samples. Concentrations of ∑DDTs and ∑endosulfans in samples of leaves ranged from 0.67 to 1.38 mg/kg d.w (mean = 1.07 mg/kg d.w) and 0.9 to 2.71 mg/kg d.w (mean = 1.68 mg/kg d.w), respectively. Mean concentration of ∑DDTs in leaves exceeded the European pharmacopeia and United States pharmacopeia recommended maximum residue limit values for DDTs in medicinal plants (1.0 mg/kg). In addition, calculated hazard indices for silverbacks (36.35), females (57.54) and juveniles (77.04) suggested potential health risks to the mountain gorillas. o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratios (0.5-0.63) in samples of leaves confirmed recent input of dicofol-DDT type in Bwindi rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chemonges Amusa
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Wildlife Authority and Primate Conservation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jessica Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P. O Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Deborah Baranga
- Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Cui Y, Ke R, Gao W, Tian F, Wang Y, Jiang G. Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Various Vegetable Oils Collected in Chinese Markets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14594-14602. [PMID: 33186497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), chemicals frequently used in agriculture, are a group of highly toxic and persistent organic pollutants. This study assesses the distribution and congener profiles of residual OCPs in 11 types of vegetable oils collected from Chinese markets. All samples were extracted using the modified QuEChERS method prior to analysis by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The sesame oil samples had the highest concentration of OCPs, within the range of 15.30-59.38 ng/g, whereas the peanut oil samples had the lowest OCP concentrations, within the range of 10.83-35.65 ng/g. The possible effect of the processing technology on the pesticide residues in these vegetable oils was also evaluated. It was found that the pressing method leaves more OCPs in vegetable oils than the aqueous extraction and cold-pressing, but the result for leaching was not obvious. In light of the obtained results, it was estimated that the average daily intake of different pesticides is between 0.01 and 2.20 ng/kg bw/day for urban and rural households. Hence, it can be affirmed that, given the amount of the concentration of OCPs detected in the vegetable oils collected from Chinese markets, there are no obvious health risks for urban and rural households by intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- Chinese National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Feifei Tian
- Shimadzu Global COE for Application & Technical Development, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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11
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Fitó Friedrichs G, Berenstein G, Nasello S, Dutra Alcoba YY, Hughes EA, Basack S, Montserrat JM. Human exposure and mass balance distribution during procymidone application in horticultural greenhouses. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03093. [PMID: 31956706 PMCID: PMC6962704 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of procymidone application in periurban horticultural greenhouses, especially on workers (applicators and assistants) and soil and plastic mulching, when mechanically pressurized application systems were employed. The mean Potential Dermal Exposure (PDE) was measured using the Whole Body Dosimetry technique. The PDE for the applicators was 188 mL h−1 ± 103 mL h−1, and 14.7 mL h−1 ± 6.3 mL h−1 for the assistants. In the first case, the most exposed body sections were the upper right and left (46.8 mL h−1 ± 23.4 mL h−1; 47.0 mL h−1 ± 23.5 mL h−1) and lower (20.8 mL h−1 ± 10.4 mL h−1; 17.3 mL h−1 ± 8.7 mL h−1) legs, while in the case of assistants, hands and legs were the most impacted limbs. Regarding the Margin of Safety (MOS) during the mix and load stage, two of three pesticide preparations resulted unsafe, while for the applicators, six of six spraying operations were unsafe. For the assistants, five of five operations were safe, but three of them were close to the safety limit. Procymidone distribution between drift (0.03% ± 0.07 %), applicator (0.20% ± 0.15 %), polyethylene mulching (8.5% ± 4.5 %) and soil (3.0% ± 1.1 %) was determined with respect to the total pesticide applied. Procymidone soil impact was also evaluated using Eisenia andrei behavioral tests, finding positive correlations between procymidone application and avoidance and reproduction tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Fitó Friedrichs
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Giselle Berenstein
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Soledad Nasello
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yohana Y Dutra Alcoba
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique A Hughes
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Basack
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier M Montserrat
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, B1613GSX, Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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12
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Silva V, Mol HGJ, Zomer P, Tienstra M, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils - A hidden reality unfolded. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1532-1545. [PMID: 30759587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide use is a major foundation of the agricultural intensification observed over the last few decades. As a result, soil contamination by pesticide residues has become an issue of increasing concern due to some pesticides' high soil persistence and toxicity to non-target species. In this study, the distribution of 76 pesticide residues was evaluated in 317 agricultural topsoil samples from across the European Union. The soils were collected in 2015 and originated from 11 EU Member States and 6 main cropping systems. Over 80% of the tested soils contained pesticide residues (25% of samples had 1 residue, 58% of samples had mixtures of two or more residues), in a total of 166 different pesticide combinations. Glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) and the broad-spectrum fungicides boscalid, epoxiconazole and tebuconazole were the compounds most frequently found in soil samples and the compounds found at the highest concentrations. These compounds occasionally exceeded their predicted environmental concentrations in soil but were below the respective toxic endpoints for standard in-soil organisms. Maximum individual pesticide content assessed in a soil sample was 2.05 mg kg-1 while maximum total pesticide content was 2.87 mg kg-1. This study reveals that the presence of mixtures of pesticide residues in soils are the rule rather than the exception, indicating that environmental risk assessment procedures should be adapted accordingly to minimize related risks to soil life and beyond. This information can be used to implement monitoring programs for pesticide residues in soil and to trigger toxicity assessments of mixtures of pesticide residues on a wider range of soil species in order to perform more comprehensive and accurate risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Tienstra
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Karise R, Raimets R, Bartkevics V, Pugajeva I, Pihlik P, Keres I, Williams IH, Viinalass H, Mänd M. Are pesticide residues in honey related to oilseed rape treatments? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:389-396. [PMID: 28898772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide treatments before and during the flowering of honey bee forage crops may lead to residues in honey. In northern regions oilseed rape belongs to the main forage crops that is mostly cultivated by means of intensive agriculture, including several pesticide treatments. However, in addition to the focal forage crops, pesticides from non-forage crops can spread to wild flowers around fields, and thus the residues in honey would reflect the whole range of pesticides used in the agricultural landscape. The aim of our study was to clarify which currently used pesticides are present in honey gathered from heterogeneous agricultural landscapes after the end of flowering of oilseed crops. Honey samples (N = 33) were collected from beehives of Estonia during 2013 and 2014, and analysed for residues of 47 currently used agricultural pesticides using the multiresidue method with HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS and a single residue method for glyphosate, aminopyralid and clopyralid. Residues of eight different active ingredients with representatives from all three basic pesticide classes were determined. Although no correlation was detected between the cumulative amount of pesticide residues and percent of oilseed crops in the foraging territory, most of the residues are those allowed for oilseed rape treatments. Among all pesticides, herbicide residues prevailed in 2013 but not in 2014. Despite the relatively small agricultural impact of Estonia, the detected levels of pesticide residues sometimes exceeded maximum residue level; however, these concentrations do not pose a health risk to consumers, also acute toxicity to honey bees would be very unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reet Karise
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Risto Raimets
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Priit Pihlik
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Keres
- Department of Field Crops and Grassland Husbandry, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ingrid H Williams
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Haldja Viinalass
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Mänd
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Gabbert S, Hilber I. Time matters: A stock-pollution approach to authorisation decision-making for PBT/vPvB chemicals under REACH. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:236-244. [PMID: 27594688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A core aim of the European chemicals legislation REACH is to ensure that the risks caused by substances of very high concern (SVHC) are adequately controlled. Authorisation - i.e. the formal approval of certain uses of SVHC for a limited time - is a key regulatory instrument in order to achieve this goal. For SVHC which are, in addition to their toxicity, (very) persistent and/or (very) bioaccumulative (PBT/vPvB chemicals), decision-making on the authorisation is conditional on a socio-economic analysis (SEA). In a SEA companies must demonstrate that the gains from keeping a chemical in use outweigh expected damage costs for society. The current setup of the REACH authorisation process, including existing guidance on performing a SEA, ignores that PBT/vPvB chemicals are stock pollutants. This paper explores the implications of incorporating stock pollution effects of these chemicals into a SEA on authorisation decision-making. We develop a cost-benefit approach which includes stock dynamics of PBT/vPvB chemicals. This allows identifying the decision rules for granting or refusing an authorisation. Furthermore, we generalize the model to an entire set of damage functions. We show that ignoring stock pollution effects in a SEA may lead to erroneous decisions on the use of PBT/vPvB chemicals because long-term impacts are not adequately captured. Using a historic case of DDT soil contamination as an illustrative example we discuss information requirements and challenges for authorisation decisions on the use of PBT/vPvB chemicals under REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Gabbert
- Wageningen University, Department of Social Sciences, Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel Hilber
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Environmental Analytics, Reckenholzstr. 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Juhasz AL, Herde P, Smith E. Oral relative bioavailability of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in contaminated soil and its prediction using in vitro strategies for exposure refinement. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:482-488. [PMID: 27423050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the bioavailability of DDTr (sum of DDT, DDD and DDE isomers) in pesticide-contaminated soil was assessed using an in vivo mouse model. DDTr relative bioavailability (RBA) ranged from 18.7±0.9 (As35) to 60.8±7.8% (As36) indicating that a significant portion of soil-bound DDTr was not available for absorption following ingestion. When DDTr bioaccessibility was assessed using the organic Physiologically Based Extraction Test (org-PBET), the inclusion of a sorption sink (silicone cord) enhanced DDTr desorption by up to 20-fold (1.6-3.8% versus 18.9-56.3%) compared to DDTr partitioning into gastrointestinal fluid alone. Enhanced desorption occurred as a result of the silicone cord acting as a reservoir for solubilized DDTr to partition into, thereby creating a flux for further desorption until equilibrium was achieved. When the relationship between in vivo and in vitro data was assessed, a strong correlation was observed between the mouse bioassay and the org-PBET+silicone cord (slope=0.94, y-intercept=3.5, r(2)=0.72) suggesting that the in vitro approach may provide a robust surrogate measure for the prediction of DDTr RBA in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Paul Herde
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA 5086, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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16
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Inui H, Sawada M, Goto J, Yamazaki K, Kodama N, Tsuruta H, Eun H. A major latex-like protein is a key factor in crop contamination by persistent organic pollutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2128-35. [PMID: 23404917 PMCID: PMC3613481 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.213645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report, to our knowledge, to reveal important factors by which members of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon (Cucumis melo), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), squash (C. pepo), and zucchini (C. pepo), are selectively polluted with highly toxic hydrophobic contaminants, including organochlorine insecticides and dioxins. Xylem sap of C. pepo ssp. pepo, which is a high accumulator of hydrophobic compounds, solubilized the hydrophobic compound pyrene into the aqueous phase via some protein(s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of xylem sap of two C. pepo subspecies revealed that the amount of 17-kD proteins in C. pepo ssp. pepo was larger than that in C. pepo ssp. ovifera, a low accumulator, suggesting that these proteins may be related to the translocation of hydrophobic compounds. The protein bands at 17 kD contained major latex-like proteins (MLPs), and the corresponding genes MLP-PG1, MLP-GR1, and MLP-GR3 were cloned from the C. pepo cultivars Patty Green and Gold Rush. Expression of the MLP-GR3 gene in C. pepo cultivars was positively correlated with the band intensity of 17-kD proteins and bioconcentration factors toward dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Recombinant MLP-GR3 bound polychlorinated biphenyls immobilized on magnetic beads, whereas recombinant MLP-PG1 and MLP-GR1 did not. These results indicate that the high expression of MLP-GR3 in C. pepo ssp. pepo plants and the existence of MLP-GR3 in their xylem sap are related to the efficient translocation of hydrophobic contaminants. These findings should be useful for decreasing the contamination of fruit of the Cucurbitaceae family as well as the phytoremediation of hydrophobic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Inui
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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17
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Croes K, Colles A, Koppen G, Govarts E, Bruckers L, Van de Mieroop E, Nelen V, Covaci A, Dirtu AC, Thomsen C, Haug LS, Becher G, Mampaey M, Schoeters G, Van Larebeke N, Baeyens W. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium). CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:988-994. [PMID: 22840535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009-2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p=0.01 for BDE 47, p=0.02 for BDE 99 and p=0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p=0.03) and oxychlordane (p=0.047) in their human milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Croes
- Free University of Brussels, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Voigt K, Bruggemann R, Scherb H, Cok I, Mazmanci B, Mazmanci MA, Turgut C, Schramm KW. Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk samples in Turkey applying features of the partial order technique. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 23:226-246. [PMID: 22963053 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.717915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure data to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) of mothers' breast milk samples were measured in different locations in the Taurus Mountains/Turkey. Villages at five altitudes were looked upon. The data analysis method applied is the Hasse diagram technique, based on Discrete Mathematics. For each of the five regions, one Hasse diagram was calculated and showed the same maximal object, namely, p-p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE). In a further data investigation step, we performed the similarity analyses of the locations in order to quantify the similarities and incomparabilities. It was revealed that no correlation exists between most altitudes and the pattern of contamination of breast milk samples. The two lowest situated areas, Sahil at sea level and Ciftlikköy at 121 m above sea level were similar. We reduced the datasets by applying the interval analysis followed by similarity analyses. We observed that endrin (END1), mirex (MIRE), and pentachlorobenzene (PECB) reduce most severely the similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Voigt
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biomathematics and Biometry, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
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19
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Correia-Sá L, Fernandes VC, Carvalho M, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Delerue-Matos C. Optimization of QuEChERS method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soils with diverse organic matter. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1521-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE; Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto; Porto Portugal
- FCNAUP; Porto Portugal
| | - Virgínia C. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE; Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto; Porto Portugal
- CIQ (Investigation Centre); Porto Portugal
| | - Manuela Carvalho
- REQUIMTE; Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT); Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto, Porto Portugal
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20
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UEDA Y, HONDA K. Investigation of Ultrasonic Extraction Method of Dieldrin in Soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5985/jec.22.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Plaza-Bolaños P, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Garrido-Frenich A, Romero-González R, Martínez-Vidal JL. Evaluation of soil contamination in intensive agricultural areas by pesticides and organic pollutants: south-eastern Spain as a case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1182-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em10993j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Bulut S, Akkaya L, Gök V, Konuk M. Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in cow's, buffalo's, and sheep's milk from Afyonkarahisar region, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 181:555-562. [PMID: 21188503 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in three types of milk (cow's, buffalo's, and sheep's milk) produced in Afyonkarahisar province of Turkey. The results indicated that these milk specimens were found to be contaminated by 21 different pesticides. Sixteen OCP residues were detected in sheep's milk and it was followed with 14 pesticides in buffalo's milk and 11 pesticides in cow's milk. Dominant pesticides in all samples examined were beta-HCH in buffalo's, cow's, and sheep's milk in the concentrations of 63.36, 91.32, and 122.98 ng/ml, respectively. Total OCP levels were found to be 243.81 ng/ml in sheep's milk, 151.02 ng/ml in cow's milk, and 133.38 ng/ml in buffalo's milk. Some of the pesticides detected were found to be in the excess amount of the acceptable level regarding the EU regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Bulut
- Faculty of Science and Literatures, Biology Department, Afyon Kocatepe University, ANS Campus, Gazligol Yolu, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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23
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Murano H, Otani T, Seike N. Dieldrin-dissolving abilities of the xylem saps of several plant families, particularly Cucurbita pepo L. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2269-2277. [PMID: 20872691 DOI: 10.1002/etc.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The uptake ability of hydrophobic organic chemicals by plants and the nature of xylem sap of the plants were studied. The plants were grown in soil contaminated with dieldrin. High amounts of dieldrin were detected in the shoots of Cucurbita pepo and Cucumis sativus, but little was seen in the shoots of Brassica oleracea var. italica, Solanum lycopersicum, Glycine max, Zea mays, and Helianthus annuus. The xylem saps of C. pepo and C. sativus leached dieldrin adsorbed on C8 granules, but those of the other plants did not. The xylem saps of C. pepo and C. sativus eluted high amounts of dieldrin from the size-exclusion chromatography column near the fractions of RNase A (13.7 kDa) after Aprotinin (6.5 kDa), which has a larger molecular weight than dieldrin (381). The enhancement of dieldrin solubility by xylem sap was reduced by proteinase and heating. It was suspected that the protein-like materials in the xylem sap delivered dieldrin from the roots to the shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotatsu Murano
- Organochemicals Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
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Hu W, Lu Y, Wang T, Luo W, Zhang X, Geng J, Wang G, Shi Y, Jiao W, Chen C. Factors affecting HCH and DDT in soils around watersheds of Beijing reservoirs, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2010; 32:85-94. [PMID: 19484495 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-009-9267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The factors that influence the dynamics of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined. Compared with other studies on HCH and DDT in soils and established reference values, the concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils around our study area were relatively low. The relationships between HCH and DDT concentrations and land use, soil texture, and soil properties were discussed. HCH and DDT concentrations were higher in arable soils than those in uncultivated fallow soils. Although land use was the most important factor affecting HCH and DDT residues, additional factors such as soil texture and soil total organic carbon were also involved in pesticide retention in soils. The results indicated that the historical agricultural applications of HCH and DDT were the major source of their residues. Atmospheric deposition, as well as long-distance transportation and inputs from surrounding weathered agricultural soils may also serve as important sources of HCH and DDT residues in the watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
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Murano H, Otani T, Seike N, Sakai M. Dieldrin uptake and translocation in plants growing in hydroponic medium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:142-148. [PMID: 20821429 DOI: 10.1002/etc.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that the Cucurbitaceae family takes up a large amount of persistent organic pollutants from soils and that the translocation of those compounds in cucurbits is higher than those in non-cucurbits. To understand the persistent organic pollutant uptake mechanisms of plant species, we compared the dieldrin absorption and transportation potentials of several plants in hydroponic medium. Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Moench), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), soybean (Glycine max), komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis), white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria siceraria var. hispida), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) were grown in a dieldrin-added hydroponic medium for 10 d, and then the amount of dieldrin in their shoots and roots was measured. All of the roots contained dieldrin, whereas only the cucurbits (white-flowered gourd, cucumber, and zucchini) contained considerable amounts of dieldrin in their shoots. The dieldrin uptake to the roots depended on the concentration of the n-hexane soluble components in the roots, regardless of whether the dieldrin in the roots was translocated to shoots or not. The dieldrin uptake from the solution to the roots was thought to be due to a passive response, such as adsorption on the roots. The translocation of dieldrin from the roots to the shoots was probably through the xylems. The amounts of dieldrin in the shoots per transpiration rates were higher for cucurbits than for non-cucurbits. It seems likely that cucurbits have uptake mechanisms for hydrophobic organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotatsu Murano
- Organochemicals Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
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Fernandez-Alvarez M, Lamas JP, Garcia-Chao M, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M, Lores M, Dagnac T. Monitoring of pesticide residues in dairy cattle farms from NW Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1864-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Briz V, Galofré M, Suñol C. Reduction of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission by Prolonged Exposure to Dieldrin Involves NMDA Receptor Internalization and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Downregulation. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:138-49. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Buser HR, Müller MD, Buerge IJ, Poiger T. Composition of aldrin, dieldrin, and photodieldrin enantiomers in technical and environmental samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7445-7452. [PMID: 19645510 DOI: 10.1021/jf901049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aldrin and dieldrin belong to the group of polycyclic chlorinated insecticides that are banned under the Stockholm Convention (POP Convention). Despite the fact that the use of these compounds ceased many years ago, aldrin and, in particular, dieldrin are still present in the environment from former applications, leading occasionally to contamination of agricultural produce and food, particularly Cucurbitaceae. These prochiral compounds have a complex stereochemistry. In the environment, aldrin is rapidly converted to its epoxide, dieldrin. Photolysis is one of the environmental transformation processes reported to be important for the compounds, leading to photoproducts such as photoaldrin and photodieldrin. In contrast to the parent compounds, photoaldrin and photodieldrin are chiral and exist as pairs of enantiomers. Although dieldrin and its metabolites have been extensively reviewed, the chirality of many of its metabolites has so far not been considered. In this study, the composition of technical aldrin and dieldrin from the 1950s and their photoproducts was investigated using both non-enantioselective and enantioselective gas chromatography with detection by several mass spectrometric techniques. Full enantiomer resolution of photodieldrin was achieved using a column with a silylated gamma-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Photoaldrin, however, showed peak broadening, indicating some marginal resolution of the enantiomers. Whereas photodieldrin was formed as a racemate from both aldrin and dieldrin by natural sunlight, the analysis of environmental and biological samples (soil, biota) indicated its presence mostly with enantiomer compositions clearly differing from 1:1. The presence of photodieldrin in soil, treated more than 40 years ago with aldrin or dieldrin, documents that the photoreaction of dieldrin plays some role in the transformation of the compounds in the environment and that enantioselective biological processes are involved in its further transformation. The preliminary data also indicate that photodieldrin probably is not bioaccumulated more than dieldrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Buser
- Plant Protection Chemistry, Swiss Federal Research Station, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Hilber I, Wyss GS, Mäder P, Bucheli TD, Meier I, Vogt L, Schulin R. Influence of activated charcoal amendment to contaminated soil on dieldrin and nutrient uptake by cucumbers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2224-2230. [PMID: 19427724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated charcoal (AC) amendments have been suggested as a promising, cost-effective method to immobilize organic contaminants in soil. We performed pot experiments over two years with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in agricultural soil with 0.07 mg kg(-1) of weathered dieldrin and 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg AC per kg soil. Dieldrin fresh weight concentrations in cucumber fruits were significantly reduced from 0.012 to an average of 0.004 mg kg(-1), and total uptake from 2 to 1 microg in the 800 mg kg(-1) AC treatment compared to the untreated soil. The treatment effects differed considerably between the two years, due to different meteorological conditions. AC soil treatments did neither affect the availability of nutrients to the cucumber plants nor their yield (total fruit wet weight per pot). Thus, some important prerequisites for the successful application of AC amendments to immobilize organic pollutants in agricultural soils can be considered fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hilber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland
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Bioremediation of the organochlorine pesticides, dieldrin and endrin, and their occurrence in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:205-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hilber I, Bucheli TD, Wyss GS, Schulin R. Assessing the phytoavailability of dieldrin residues in charcoal-amended soil using tenax extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4293-4298. [PMID: 19397375 DOI: 10.1021/jf900224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Consecutive and single Tenax extractions were applied to characterize the effectiveness of activated charcoal (AC) amendments to reduce the phytoavailability of dieldrin in a natively contaminated horticultural soil. Dieldrin desorption from untreated and 800 mg(AC) kg(-1) soil was well described by a model with three dieldrin fractions of different kinetics: a rapidly (F(rap)), slowly (F(slow)), and very slowly (F(v.slow)) desorbing fraction. The AC amendment resulted in a transfer of dieldrin from the F(slow) to the F(v.slow) fraction. The F(v.slow) increased by nearly 10% compared to the control soil. Dieldrin extractability by Tenax from AC amended soils was not influenced by the cultivation of cucumber plants indicating the stability of this remediation technique. Dieldrin extractability by Tenax at the beginning of plant growth correlated only weakly with the dieldrin content of the cucumbers at harvest. Therefore, the potential of Tenax extractions to predict the uptake of dieldrin by cucumbers appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hilber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland
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