1
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Sokolova AS, Baev DS, Mordvinova ED, Yarovaya OI, Volkova NV, Shcherbakov DN, Okhina AA, Rogachev AD, Shnaider TA, Chvileva AS, Nikitina TV, Tolstikova TG, Salakhutdinov NF. (+)-fenchol and (-)-isopinocampheol derivatives targeting the entry process of filoviruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116596. [PMID: 38889610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of filovirus outbreaks in African countries has led to a pressing need for the development of effective antifilovirus agents. In continuation of our previous research on the antifilovirus activity of monoterpenoid derivatives, we synthesized a series of (+)-fenchol and (-)-isopinocampheol derivatives by varying the type of heterocycle and linker length. Derivatives with an N-alkylpiperazine cycle proved to be the most potent antiviral compounds, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 1.4-20 μМ against Lenti-EboV-GP infection and 11.3-47 μМ against Lenti-MarV-GP infection. Mechanism-of-action experiments revealed that the compounds may exert their action by binding to surface glycoproteins (GPs). It was demonstrated that the binding of the synthesized compounds to the Marburg virus GP is less efficient as compared to the Ebola virus GP. Furthermore, it was shown that the compounds possess lysosomotropic properties. Thus, the antiviral activity may be due to dual effects. This study offers new antiviral agents that are worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Sokolova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitriy S Baev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation; SRF SKIF, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630559, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina D Mordvinova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR (Rospotrebnadzor), Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630559, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Volkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR (Rospotrebnadzor), Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630559, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR (Rospotrebnadzor), Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630559, Russian Federation
| | - Alina A Okhina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Artem D Rogachev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Shnaider
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tatiana V Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana G Tolstikova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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2
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Janus BM, Wang R, Cleveland TE, Metcalf MC, Lemmer AC, van Dyk N, Jeong S, Astavans A, Class K, Fuerst TR, Ofek G. Macaque antibodies targeting Marburg virus glycoprotein induced by multivalent immunization. J Virol 2024:e0015524. [PMID: 38832790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00155-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus infection in humans is associated with case fatality rates that can reach up to 90%, but to date, there are no approved vaccines or monoclonal antibody (mAb) countermeasures. Here, we immunized Rhesus macaques with multivalent combinations of filovirus glycoprotein (GP) antigens belonging to Marburg, Sudan, and Ebola viruses to generate monospecific and cross-reactive antibody responses against them. From the animal that developed the highest titers of Marburg virus GP-specific neutralizing antibodies, we sorted single memory B cells using a heterologous Ravn virus GP probe and cloned and characterized a panel of 34 mAbs belonging to 28 unique lineages. Antibody specificities were assessed by overlapping pepscan and binding competition analyses, revealing that roughly a third of the lineages mapped to the conserved receptor binding region, including potent neutralizing lineages that were confirmed by negative stain electron microscopy to target this region. Additional lineages targeted a protective region on GP2, while others were found to possess cross-filovirus reactivity. Our study advances the understanding of orthomarburgvirus glycoprotein antigenicity and furthers efforts to develop candidate antibody countermeasures against these lethal viruses. IMPORTANCE Marburg viruses were the first filoviruses characterized to emerge in humans in 1967 and cause severe hemorrhagic fever with average case fatality rates of ~50%. Although mAb countermeasures have been approved for clinical use against the related Ebola viruses, there are currently no approved countermeasures against Marburg viruses. We successfully isolated a panel of orthomarburgvirus GP-specific mAbs from a macaque immunized with a multivalent combination of filovirus antigens. Our analyses revealed that roughly half of the antibodies in the panel mapped to regions on the glycoprotein shown to protect from infection, including the host cell receptor binding domain and a protective region on the membrane-anchoring subunit. Other antibodies in the panel exhibited broad filovirus GP recognition. Our study describes the discovery of a diverse panel of cross-reactive macaque antibodies targeting orthomarburgvirus and other filovirus GPs and provides candidate immunotherapeutics for further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Janus
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas E Cleveland
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew C Metcalf
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron C Lemmer
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Nydia van Dyk
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Jeong
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Anagh Astavans
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Class
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilad Ofek
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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3
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Wirchnianski AS, Nyakatura EK, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Abbasi SA, Florez C, Storm N, McKay LGA, Dailey L, Kuang E, Abelson DM, Wec AZ, Chakraborti S, Holtsberg FW, Shulenin S, Bornholdt ZA, Aman MJ, Honko AN, Griffiths A, Dye JM, Chandran K, Lai JR. Design and characterization of protective pan-ebolavirus and pan-filovirus bispecific antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012134. [PMID: 38603762 PMCID: PMC11037526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of antiviral therapeutics. MAbs are highly selective, well tolerated, and have long in vivo half-life as well as the capacity to induce immune-mediated virus clearance. Their activities can be further enhanced by integration of their variable fragments (Fvs) into bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), affording simultaneous targeting of multiple epitopes to improve potency and breadth and/or to mitigate against viral escape by a single mutation. Here, we explore a bsAb strategy for generation of pan-ebolavirus and pan-filovirus immunotherapeutics. Filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Although there are two FDA-approved mAb therapies for EBOV infection, these do not extend to other filoviruses. Here, we combine Fvs from broad ebolavirus mAbs to generate novel pan-ebolavirus bsAbs that are potently neutralizing, confer protection in mice, and are resistant to viral escape. Moreover, we combine Fvs from pan-ebolavirus mAbs with those of protective MARV mAbs to generate pan-filovirus protective bsAbs. These results provide guidelines for broad antiviral bsAb design and generate new immunotherapeutic candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Filoviridae/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Filoviridae Infections/immunology
- Filoviridae Infections/therapy
- Filoviridae Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth K. Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Kuehne
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shawn A. Abbasi
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Catalina Florez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leandrew Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Erin Kuang
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dafna M. Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Z. Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Srinjoy Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Sergey Shulenin
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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4
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Bukreyev A, Meyer M, Gunn B, Pietzsch C, Subramani C, Saphire E, Crowe J, Alter G, Himansu S, Carfi A. Divergent antibody recognition profiles are generated by protective mRNA vaccines against Marburg and Ravn viruses. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4087897. [PMID: 38585993 PMCID: PMC10996797 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4087897/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The first-ever recent Marburg virus (MARV) outbreak in Ghana, West Africa and Equatorial Guinea has refocused efforts towards the development of therapeutics since no vaccine or treatment has been approved. mRNA vaccines were proven successful in a pandemic-response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, making it an appealing vaccine platform to target highly pathogenic emerging viruses. Here, 1-methyl-pseudouridine-modified mRNA vaccines formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) were developed against MARV and the closely-related Ravn virus (RAVV), which were based on sequences of the glycoproteins (GP) of the two viruses. Vaccination of guinea pigs with both vaccines elicited robust binding and neutralizing antibodies and conferred complete protection against virus replication, disease and death. The study characterized antibody responses to identify disparities in the binding and functional profiles between the two viruses and regions in GP that are broadly reactive. For the first time, the glycan cap is highlighted as an immunoreactive site for marburgviruses, inducing both binding and neutralizing antibody responses that are dependent on the virus. Profiling the antibody responses against the two viruses provided an insight into how antigenic differences may affect the response towards conserved GP regions which would otherwise be predicted to be cross-reactive and has implications for the future design of broadly protective vaccines. The results support the use of mRNA-LNPs against pathogens of high consequence.
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5
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Sokolova AS, Yarovaya OI, Artyushin OI, Sharova EV, Baev DS, Mordvinova ED, Shcherbakov DN, Shnaider TA, Nikitina TV, Esaulkova IL, Ilyina PA, Zarubaev VV, Brel VK, Tolstikova TG, Salakhutdinov NF. Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel conjugates of the 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane scaffold and saturated N-heterocycles via 1,2,3-triazole linker. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300549. [PMID: 38036303 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A new series of heterocyclic derivatives with a 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment was designed, synthesised and biologically evaluated. Synthesis of the target compounds was performed using the Cu(I) catalysed cycloaddition reaction. The key starting substances in the click reaction were an alkyne containing a 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment and a series of azides with saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Some of the derivatives were found to exhibit strong antiviral activity against Marburg and Ebola pseudotype viruses. Lysosomal trapping assays revealed the derivatives to possess lysosomotropic properties. The molecular modelling study demonstrated the binding affinity between the compounds investigated and the possible active site to be mainly due to hydrophobic interactions. Thus, combining a natural hydrophobic structural fragment and a lysosome-targetable heterocycle may be an effective strategy for designing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Sokolova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg I Artyushin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Sharova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy S Baev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Synchrotron Radiation Facility SKIF, G.K. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Koltsovo, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina D Mordvinova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Shnaider
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Iana L Esaulkova
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Polina A Ilyina
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Valery K Brel
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana G Tolstikova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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6
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Noonan-Shueh M, Aman MJ, Kailasan S. Production and Purification of Filovirus Glycoproteins. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:17-25. [PMID: 38315357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses cause hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and non-human primates (NHPs) with case-fatality rates as high as 90%. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak led to over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths and took an enormous toll on the economy of West African nations, in the absence of any vaccine or therapeutic options. Like EVD, there have been at least 6 outbreaks of MVD with ~88% case-fatality and the most recent cases emerging in Equatorial Guinea in February 2023. These outbreaks have spurred an unprecedented global effort to develop vaccines and therapeutics for EVD and MVD and led to an approved vaccine (ERVEBO™) and two monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics for EBOV. In contrast to EVD, therapeutic options against Marburg and another Ebola-relative Sudan virus (SUDV) are lacking. The filovirus glycoprotein (GP), which mediates host cell entry and fusion, is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. In addition to its pre- and post-fusion trimeric states, the protein is highly glycosylated making production of pure and homogeneous trimers on a large scale, a requirement for subunit vaccine development, a challenge. In efforts to address this roadblock, we have developed a unique combination of structure-based design, selection of expression system, and purification methods to produce uniform and stable EBOV and MARV GP trimers at scales appropriate for vaccine production.
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7
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Saphire E, Salie ZL, Ke Z, Halfmann P, DeWald LE, McArdle S, Grinyo A, Davidson E, Schendel S, Hariharan C, Norris M, Yu X, Chennareddy C, Xiong X, Heinrich M, Holbrook M, Doranz B, Crozier I, Hastie K, Kawaoka Y, Branco L, Kuhn J, Briggs J, Worwa G, Davis C, Ahmed R. Anti-Ebola virus mAb 3A6 with unprecedented potency protects highly viremic animals from fatal outcome and physically lifts its glycoprotein target from the virion membrane. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3722563. [PMID: 38196595 PMCID: PMC10775387 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3722563/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP1,2) are the standard of care for Ebola virus disease (EVD). Anti-GP1,2 mAbs targeting the stalk and membrane proximal external region (MPER) potently neutralize EBOV in vitro. However, their neutralization mechanism is poorly understood because they target a GP1,2 epitope that has evaded structural characterization. Moreover, their in vivo efficacy has only been evaluated in the mouse model of EVD. Using x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron tomography of 3A6 complexed with its stalk- GP1,2 MPER epitope we reveal a novel mechanism in which 3A6 elevates the stalk or stabilizes a conformation of GP1,2 that is lifted from the virion membrane. In domestic guinea pig and rhesus monkey EVD models, 3A6 provides therapeutic benefit at high viremia levels, advanced disease stages, and at the lowest dose yet demonstrated for any anti-EBOV mAb-based monotherapy. These findings can guide design of next-generation, highly potent anti-EBOV mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Michael Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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8
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Markin VA. Marburg virus and the disease it causes. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the 50 years since its discovery, many properties of the Marburg virus have been studied, but no reliable medical remedies of preventing and treating the infection it causes have been developed, although it can potentially cause large-scale epidemics.
Marburg fever is relevant due to the risk of importation to other countries. The source of infection in nature is bats (reservoir) and monkeys (intermediate host), and the routes of transmission are aerosol, contact and alimentary. The mortality rate in recent outbreaks has reached 90%. In convalescents the causative agent was identified in tears, semen, and liver biopsies weeks and months after recovery.
The lack of therapeutic and prophylactic antiviral drugs, high rates of mortality, infectivity, the ability of aerosol contamination, and a high epidemic potential all together define Marburg fever as a serious global threat to international health. The development of medical protection against this infection should be an urgent task of ensuring the biological safety of the population of the Russian Federation.
The most promising ways to develop vaccines against Marburg fever are the construction of recombinants based on adenovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus or alphavirus replicon, DNA vaccines. A reliable protective effect of the chemotherapy drug remdesivir in combination with human antibodies, as well as an etiotropic drug with an antisense mechanism of action and an interferon inducer has been shown. In model experiments with pseudovirus, fundamentally new ways of developing pathogen inhibitors were found preventing its exit from cells, as well as the construction of anti-gene-binding Fab fragments that inhibit the synthesis of viral RNA.
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9
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Yi D, Li Q, Wang H, Lv K, Ma L, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Li X, Qi J, Shi Y, Gao GF, Cen S. Repurposing of berbamine hydrochloride to inhibit Ebola virus by targeting viral glycoprotein. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4378-4389. [PMID: 36561997 PMCID: PMC9764067 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection leads to staggeringly high mortality rate. Effective and low-cost treatments are urgently needed to control frequent EBOV outbreaks in Africa. In this study, we report that a natural compound called berbamine hydrochloride strongly inhibits EBOV replication in vitro and in vivo. Our work further showed that berbamine hydrochloride acts by directly binding to the cleaved EBOV glycoprotein (GPcl), disrupting GPcl interaction with viral receptor Niemann-Pick C1, thus blocking the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Our data support the probability of developing anti-EBOV small molecule drugs by targeting viral GPcl. More importantly, since berbamine hydrochloride has been used in clinic to treat leukopenia, it holds great promise of being quickly repurposed as an anti-EBOV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing 100050, China,CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China,Corresponding authors.
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10
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Rghei AD, van Lieshout LP, Cao W, He S, Tierney K, Lopes JA, Zielinska N, Baracuhy EM, Campbell ESB, Minott JA, Guilleman MM, Hasson PC, Thompson B, Karimi K, Bridle BW, Susta L, Qiu X, Banadyga L, Wootton SK. Adeno-associated virus mediated expression of monoclonal antibody MR191 protects mice against Marburg virus and provides long-term expression in sheep. Gene Ther 2022:10.1038/s41434-022-00361-2. [PMID: 36050451 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vectored monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression mediated by adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery leads to sustained therapeutic mAb expression and protection against a wide range of infectious diseases in both small and large animal models, including nonhuman primates. Using our rationally engineered AAV6 triple mutant capsid, termed AAV6.2FF, we demonstrate rapid and robust expression of two potent human antibodies against Marburg virus, MR78 and MR191, following intramuscular (IM) administration. IM injection of mice with 1 × 1011 vector genomes (vg) of AAV6.2FF-MR78 and AAV6.2FF-MR191 resulted in serum concentrations of approximately 141 μg/mL and 195 μg/mL of human IgG, respectively, within the first four weeks. Mice receiving 1 × 1011 vg (high) and 1 × 1010 vg (medium) doses of AAV6.2FF-MR191 were completely protected against lethal Marburg virus challenge. No sex-based differences in serum human IgG concentrations were observed; however, administering the AAV-mAb over multiple injection sites significantly increased serum human IgG concentrations. IM administration of three two-week-old lambs with 5 × 1012 vg/kg of AAV6.2FF-MR191 resulted in serum human IgG expression that was sustained for more than 460 days, concomitant with low levels of anti-capsid and anti-drug antibodies. AAV-mAb expression is a viable method for prolonging the therapeutic effect of recombinant mAbs and represents a potential alternative "vaccine" strategy for those with compromised immune systems or in possible outbreak response scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira D Rghei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jordyn A Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Zielinska
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Enzo M Baracuhy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elena S B Campbell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew M Guilleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pamela C Hasson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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11
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Wang LL, Estrada L, Wiggins J, Anantpadma M, Patten JJ, Davey RA, Xiang SH. Ligand-based design of peptide entry inhibitors targeting the endosomal receptor binding site of filoviruses. Antiviral Res 2022; 206:105399. [PMID: 36007601 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses enter cells through micropinocytosis and trafficking into the endosomes in which they bind to the receptor Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1) for membrane fusion and entry into the cytoplasm. The endosomal receptor-binding is critical step for filovirus entry. Designing inhibitors to block receptor binding will prevent viral entry. Using available binding structural information from the co-crystal structures of the viral GP with the receptor NPC1 or with monoclonal antibodies, we have conducted structure-based design of peptide inhibitors to target the receptor binding site (RBS). The designed peptides were tested for their inhibition activity against pseudo-typed or replication-competent viruses in a cell-based assay. The results indicate that these peptides exhibited strong activities against both Ebola and Marburg virus infection. It is expected that these peptides can be further developed for therapeutic use to treat filovirus infection and combat the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Liu Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Leslie Estrada
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Joshua Wiggins
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Microbiology & National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J J Patten
- Department of Microbiology & National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Microbiology & National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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12
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Baral P, Pavadai E, Zhou Z, Xu Y, Tison CK, Pokhrel R, Gerstman BS, Chapagain PP. Immunoinformatic screening of Marburgvirus epitopes and computational investigations of epitope-allele complexes. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109109. [PMID: 35926269 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marburgvirus (MARV), a member of the Filovirus family, causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or post exposure treatment methods available against MARV. With the aim of identifying vaccine candidates against MARV, we employ different sequence-based computational methods to predict the MHC-I and MHC-II T-cell epitopes as well as B-cell epitopes for the complete MARV genome. We analyzed the variations in the predicted epitopes among four MARV variants, the Lake Victoria, Angola, Musoke, and Ravn. We used a consensus approach to identify several epitopes, including novel epitopes, and narrowed down the selection based on different parameters such as antigenicity and IC50 values. The selected epitopes can be used in various vaccine constructs that give effective antibody responses. The MHC-I epitope-allele complexes for GP and NP with favorably low IC50 values were investigated using molecular dynamics computations to determine the molecular details of the epitope-allele complexes. This study provides information for further experimental validation of the potential epitopes and the design and development of MARV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Baral
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Elumalai Pavadai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ziyou Zhou
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs USA, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs USA, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Bernard S Gerstman
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Prem P Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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13
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Bi J, Wang H, Pei H, Han Q, Feng N, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei S, Ge L, Wu M, Liang H, Yang S, Yan F, Zhao Y, Xia X. A Novel and Secure Pseudovirus Reporter System Based Assay for Neutralizing and Enhancing Antibody Assay Against Marburg Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:927122. [PMID: 35756049 PMCID: PMC9224600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.927122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is one of the principal members of the filovirus family, which can cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. There are currently no prophylactic and therapeutic drugs on the market, and the high pathogenicity and infectivity of MARV make its research highly dependent on biosafety level 4 conditions, severely hindering the development of vaccines and therapies. Therefore, the development of medicines, such as MARV serological diagnosis, vaccines, and therapeutic antibody drugs, urgently needs a safe, convenient, and biosafety level 2 detection method to measure the neutralizing activity of MARV antibodies. To this end, we report a neutralization assay relying on a Rabies virus (RABV) reverse genetic operating system. We constructed infectious clones carrying the eGFP reporter gene and the full length of the original unmodified MARV GP gene. Based on the critical parameters of phylogenetic analysis, recombinant viruses targeting representative strains in the two major MARV lineages were successfully rescued. These pseudoviruses are safe in mice, and their inability to infect cells after being neutralized by antibodies can be visualized under a fluorescence microscope. We tested the system using the neutralizing antibody MR191. MR191 can significantly block the infection of BSR cells with pseudovirus. We compared it with the traditional lentivirus-type pseudovirus system to verify the system’s credibility and obtained the same results as reported in the literature. In general, we have established a safe and visualized method for evaluating the neutralizing activity of MARV antibodies. Compared with traditional methods, it has the advantages of convenient operation, short cycle, and low cost. It is a candidate method that can replace actual viruses for a neutralization assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuxue Han
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shimeng Wei
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Guangzhou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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14
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Schoeder CT, Gilchuk P, Sangha AK, Ledwitch KV, Malherbe DC, Zhang X, Binshtein E, Williamson LE, Martina CE, Dong J, Armstrong E, Sutton R, Nargi R, Rodriguez J, Kuzmina N, Fiala B, King NP, Bukreyev A, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Epitope-focused immunogen design based on the ebolavirus glycoprotein HR2-MPER region. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010518. [PMID: 35584193 PMCID: PMC9170092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The three human pathogenic ebolaviruses: Zaire (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) virus, cause severe disease with high fatality rates. Epitopes of ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) recognized by antibodies with binding breadth for all three ebolaviruses are of major interest for rational vaccine design. In particular, the heptad repeat 2 -membrane-proximal external region (HR2-MPER) epitope is relatively conserved between EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP and targeted by human broadly-neutralizing antibodies. To study whether this epitope can serve as an immunogen for the elicitation of broadly-reactive antibody responses, protein design in Rosetta was employed to transplant the HR2-MPER epitope identified from a co-crystal structure with the known broadly-reactive monoclonal antibody (mAb) BDBV223 onto smaller scaffold proteins. From computational analysis, selected immunogen designs were produced as recombinant proteins and functionally validated, leading to the identification of a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain displaying the BDBV-HR2-MPER epitope near its C terminus as a promising candidate. The immunogen was fused to one component of a self-assembling, two-component nanoparticle and tested for immunogenicity in rabbits. Robust titers of cross-reactive serum antibodies to BDBV and EBOV GPs and moderate titers to SUDV GP were induced following immunization. To confirm the structural composition of the immunogens, solution NMR studies were conducted and revealed structural flexibility in the C-terminal residues of the epitope. Overall, our study represents the first report on an epitope-focused immunogen design based on the structurally challenging BDBV-HR2-MPER epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Schoeder
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Drug Discovery, University Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amandeep K. Sangha
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn V. Ledwitch
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Unites States, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Drug Discovery, University Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Yu X, Saphire EO. Development and Structural Analysis of Antibody Therapeutics for Filoviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030374. [PMID: 35335698 PMCID: PMC8949092 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are among the world’s deadliest pathogens. As the only surface-exposed protein on mature virions, their glycoprotein GP is the focus of current therapeutic monoclonal antibody discovery efforts. With recent technological developments, potent antibodies have been identified from immunized animals and human survivors of virus infections and have been characterized functionally and structurally. Structural insight into how the most successful antibodies target GP further guides vaccine development. Here we review the recent developments in the identification and characterization of neutralizing antibodies and cocktail immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-752-6791
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16
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Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Crowe JE, Ward AB. Structural Biology Illuminates Molecular Determinants of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by Human Antibodies for Pan-Ebolavirus Therapeutic Development. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808047. [PMID: 35082794 PMCID: PMC8784787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven effective for the treatment of ebolavirus infection in humans, with two mAb-based drugs Inmazeb™ and Ebanga™ receiving FDA approval in 2020. While these drugs represent a major advance in the field of filoviral therapeutics, they are composed of antibodies with single-species specificity for Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebolavirus genus includes five additional species, two of which, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus, have caused severe disease and significant outbreaks in the past. There are several recently identified broadly neutralizing ebolavirus antibodies, including some in the clinical development pipeline, that have demonstrated broad protection in preclinical studies. In this review, we describe how structural biology has illuminated the molecular basis of broad ebolavirus neutralization, including details of common antigenic sites of vulnerability on the glycoprotein surface. We begin with a discussion outlining the history of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for ebolaviruses, with an emphasis on how structural biology has contributed to these efforts. Next, we highlight key structural studies that have advanced our understanding of ebolavirus glycoprotein structures and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we offer examples of how structural biology has contributed to advances in anti-viral medicines and discuss what opportunities the future holds, including rationally designed next-generation therapeutics with increased potency, breadth, and specificity against ebolaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun He
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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18
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Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
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19
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Antibody responses to filovirus infections in humans: protective or not? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:e348-e355. [PMID: 34175003 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks caused by Ebola virus and other filoviruses highlight the urgent need for an in-depth understanding of the role of antibody responses in recovery. In this Personal View we aim to discuss the controversial biological role of antibodies during natural filovirus infections in humans. Survival during natural human filovirus infections correlates with the magnitude of the process of antibodies binding to the filovirus glycoprotein and neutralising the virus. Despite the severity of the disease, highly potent monoclonal antibodies have been isolated from survivors of natural filovirus infections, suggesting that the magnitude of the antibody response is insufficient for prevention of severe disease. Unlike natural infections, filovirus vaccines, which express the viral glycoprotein, do induce protective concentrations of antibodies, albeit only when administered at very high doses. Multiple mechanisms by which filoviruses can delay and reduce the antibody response have been identified in the past decade. Furthermore, subneutralising antibody concentrations have been shown to enhance filovirus infections of immune cells bearing Fc receptors. Understanding the role of antibody responses during natural filovirus infections is important for the development of safe and potent vaccines and antibody-based treatments.
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20
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Su J, Lu H. Opportunities and challenges to the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19. Biosci Trends 2021; 15:205-210. [PMID: 34135261 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2021.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a substantial global public healthcare crisis, leading to the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are a potential treatment for COVID-19. This article provides a brief overview of the targets and development of nAbs against COVID-19, and it examines the efficacy of nAbs as part of both outpatient and inpatient treatments based on emerging clinical trial data. Assessment of several promising candidates in clinical trials highlights the potential of nAbs to be an effective therapeutic to treat COVID-19 in outpatient settings. Nevertheless, the efficacy of nAbs treatment for hospitalized patients varies. In addition, this review identifies challenges to ending the COVID-19 pandemic, including concerns over nAbs development and clinical use. Resistant variants significantly threaten the availability of nAb-based therapeutics. This review also discusses other approaches that may improve the clinical benefit of neutralizing mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Structural Insights into the Interaction of Filovirus Glycoproteins with the Endosomal Receptor Niemann-Pick C1: A Computational Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050913. [PMID: 34069246 PMCID: PMC8156010 DOI: 10.3390/v13050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, including marburgviruses and ebolaviruses, have a single transmembrane glycoprotein (GP) that facilitates their entry into cells. During entry, GP needs to be cleaved by host proteases to expose the receptor-binding site that binds to the endosomal receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein. The crystal structure analysis of the cleaved GP (GPcl) of Ebola virus (EBOV) in complex with human NPC1 has demonstrated that NPC1 has two protruding loops (loops 1 and 2), which engage a hydrophobic pocket on the head of EBOV GPcl. However, the molecular interactions between NPC1 and the GPcl of other filoviruses remain unexplored. In the present study, we performed molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of NPC1 complexed with GPcls of two ebolaviruses, EBOV and Sudan virus (SUDV), and one marburgvirus, Ravn virus (RAVV). Similar binding structures were observed in the GPcl–NPC1 complexes of EBOV and SUDV, which differed from that of RAVV. Specifically, in the RAVV GPcl–NPC1 complex, the tip of loop 2 was closer to the pocket edge comprising residues at positions 79–88 of GPcl; the root of loop 1 was predicted to interact with P116 and Q144 of GPcl. Furthermore, in the SUDV GPcl–NPC1 complex, the tip of loop 2 was slightly closer to the residue at position 141 than those in the EBOV and RAVV GPcl–NPC1 complexes. These structural differences may affect the size and/or shape of the receptor-binding pocket of GPcl. Our structural models could provide useful information for improving our understanding the differences in host preference among filoviruses as well as contributing to structure-based drug design.
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22
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He L, Chaudhary A, Lin X, Sou C, Alkutkar T, Kumar S, Ngo T, Kosviner E, Ozorowski G, Stanfield RL, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Zhu J. Single-component multilayered self-assembling nanoparticles presenting rationally designed glycoprotein trimers as Ebola virus vaccines. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2633. [PMID: 33976149 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.22.262634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) can be recognized by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and is the main target for vaccine design. Here, we first investigate the contribution of the stalk and heptad repeat 1-C (HR1C) regions to GP metastability. Specific stalk and HR1C modifications in a mucin-deleted form (GPΔmuc) increase trimer yield, whereas alterations of HR1C exert a more complex effect on thermostability. Crystal structures are determined to validate two rationally designed GPΔmuc trimers in their unliganded state. We then display a modified GPΔmuc trimer on reengineered protein nanoparticles that encapsulate a layer of locking domains (LD) and a cluster of helper T-cell epitopes. In mice and rabbits, GP trimers and nanoparticles elicit cross-ebolavirus NAbs, as well as non-NAbs that enhance pseudovirus infection. Repertoire sequencing reveals quantitative profiles of vaccine-induced B-cell responses. This study demonstrates a promising vaccine strategy for filoviruses, such as EBOV, based on GP stabilization and nanoparticle display.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/ultrastructure
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ebola Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Ebola Vaccines/genetics
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/ultrastructure
- Female
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/ultrastructure
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/blood
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Mice
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Multimerization/genetics
- Protein Multimerization/immunology
- Protein Stability
- Rabbits
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anshul Chaudhary
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohe Lin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Sou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tanwee Alkutkar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Ngo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ezra Kosviner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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23
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He L, Chaudhary A, Lin X, Sou C, Alkutkar T, Kumar S, Ngo T, Kosviner E, Ozorowski G, Stanfield RL, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Zhu J. Single-component multilayered self-assembling nanoparticles presenting rationally designed glycoprotein trimers as Ebola virus vaccines. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2633. [PMID: 33976149 PMCID: PMC8113551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) can be recognized by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and is the main target for vaccine design. Here, we first investigate the contribution of the stalk and heptad repeat 1-C (HR1C) regions to GP metastability. Specific stalk and HR1C modifications in a mucin-deleted form (GPΔmuc) increase trimer yield, whereas alterations of HR1C exert a more complex effect on thermostability. Crystal structures are determined to validate two rationally designed GPΔmuc trimers in their unliganded state. We then display a modified GPΔmuc trimer on reengineered protein nanoparticles that encapsulate a layer of locking domains (LD) and a cluster of helper T-cell epitopes. In mice and rabbits, GP trimers and nanoparticles elicit cross-ebolavirus NAbs, as well as non-NAbs that enhance pseudovirus infection. Repertoire sequencing reveals quantitative profiles of vaccine-induced B-cell responses. This study demonstrates a promising vaccine strategy for filoviruses, such as EBOV, based on GP stabilization and nanoparticle display. Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) is a major target for vaccine design. Here, the authors identify mutations to improve GP stability and yield, design two multilayered nanoparticle carriers, and demonstrate good immunogenicity of the modified GP on nanoparticles in mice and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anshul Chaudhary
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohe Lin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Sou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tanwee Alkutkar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Ngo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ezra Kosviner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Larson PA, Bartlett ML, Garcia K, Chitty J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Towner J, Kugelman J, Palacios G, Sanchez-Lockhart M. Genomic features of humoral immunity support tolerance model in Egyptian rousette bats. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109140. [PMID: 34010652 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats asymptomatically harbor many viruses that can cause severe human diseases. The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is the only known reservoir for Marburgviruses and Sosuga virus, making it an exceptional animal model to study antiviral mechanisms in an asymptomatic host. With this goal in mind, we constructed and annotated the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, finding an expansion on immunoglobulin variable genes associated with protective human antibodies to different viruses. We also annotated two functional and distinct immunoglobulin epsilon genes and four distinctive functional immunoglobulin gamma genes. We described the Fc receptor repertoire in ERBs, including features that may affect activation potential, and discovered the lack of evolutionary conserved short pentraxins. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that a differential threshold of regulation and/or absence of key immune mediators may promote tolerance and decrease inflammation in ERBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Larson
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maggie L Bartlett
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Karla Garcia
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Joseph Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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25
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Convergence of a common solution for broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap-directed human antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108984. [PMID: 33852862 PMCID: PMC8133395 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization are not well understood. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of diverse glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLDs) to the glycan cap, which we call the MLD anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD cradle share common features, including use of IGHV1–69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form β-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure, and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies. A rare subset of ebolavirus antibodies targeting the glycan cap are broadly neutralizing. Murin et al. report cryo-EM structures and custom in vitro assays identifying a conserved site of vulnerability in the glycan cap and detail mechanisms of action, including structural mimicry, trimer instability, and blocking cleavage.
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26
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Cross RW, Bornholdt ZA, Prasad AN, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Abelson DM, Kim DH, Shestowsky WS, Campbell LA, Bunyan E, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Zeitlin L, Porter DP, Geisbert TW. Combination therapy protects macaques against advanced Marburg virus disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1891. [PMID: 33767178 PMCID: PMC7994808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and remdesivir, a small-molecule antiviral, are promising monotherapies for many viruses, including members of the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus (family Filoviridae), and more recently, SARS-CoV-2. One of the major challenges of acute viral infections is the treatment of advanced disease. Thus, extending the window of therapeutic intervention is critical. Here, we explore the benefit of combination therapy with a mAb and remdesivir in a non-human primate model of Marburg virus (MARV) disease. While rhesus monkeys are protected against lethal infection when treatment with either a human mAb (MR186-YTE; 100%), or remdesivir (80%), is initiated 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) with MARV, no animals survive when either treatment is initiated alone beginning 6 dpi. However, by combining MR186-YTE with remdesivir beginning 6 dpi, significant protection (80%) is achieved, thereby extending the therapeutic window. These results suggest value in exploring combination therapy in patients presenting with advanced filovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Dafna M Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., 6160 Lusk Blvd Ste C200, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Do H Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., 6160 Lusk Blvd Ste C200, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Elaine Bunyan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., 6160 Lusk Blvd Ste C200, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA.
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27
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Wang LL, Palermo N, Estrada L, Thompson C, Patten JJ, Anantpadma M, Davey RA, Xiang SH. Identification of filovirus entry inhibitors targeting the endosomal receptor NPC1 binding site. Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105059. [PMID: 33705865 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses, mainly consisting of Ebola viruses (EBOV) and Marburg viruses (MARV), are enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses which can infect humans to cause severe hemorrhagic fevers and outbreaks with high mortality rates. The filovirus infection is mediated by the interaction of viral envelope glycoprotein (GP) and the human endosomal receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). Blocking this interaction will prevent the infection. Therefore, we utilized an In silico screening approach to conduct virtual compound screening against the NPC1 receptor-binding site (RBS). Twenty-six top-hit compounds were purchased and evaluated by in vitro cell based inhibition assays against pseudotyped or replication-competent filoviruses. Two classes (A and U) of compounds were identified to have potent inhibitory activity against both Ebola and Marburg viruses. The IC50 values are in the lower level of micromolar concentrations. One compound (compd-A) was found to have a sub-micromolar IC50 value (0.86 μM) against pseudotyped Marburg virus. The cytotoxicity assay (MTT) indicates that compd-A has a moderate cytotoxicity level but the compd-U has much less toxicity and the CC50 value was about 100 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study has found some analogs of compd-A and -U have reduced the toxicity and enhanced the inhibitory activity. In conclusion, this work has identified several qualified lead-compounds for further drug development against filovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Liu Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Nicholas Palermo
- Computational Chemistry Core Facility, VCR Cores, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Leslie Estrada
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Colton Thompson
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - J J Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 0211, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 0211, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 0211, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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28
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Schafer A, Xiong R, Cooper L, Nowar R, Lee H, Li Y, Ramirez BE, Peet NP, Caffrey M, Thatcher GRJ, Saphire EO, Cheng H, Rong L. Evidence for distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibitors of filovirus entry. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009312. [PMID: 33539432 PMCID: PMC7888603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many small molecules have been identified as entry inhibitors of filoviruses. However, a lack of understanding of the mechanism of action for these molecules limits further their development as anti-filoviral agents. Here we provide evidence that toremifene and other small molecule entry inhibitors have at least three distinctive mechanisms of action and lay the groundwork for future development of anti-filoviral agents. The three mechanisms identified here include: (1) direct binding to the internal fusion loop region of Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP); (2) the HR2 domain is likely the main binding site for Marburg virus GP inhibitors and a secondary binding site for some EBOV GP inhibitors; (3) lysosome trapping of GP inhibitors increases drug exposure in the lysosome and further improves the viral inhibition. Importantly, small molecules targeting different domains on GP are synergistic in inhibiting EBOV entry suggesting these two mechanisms of action are distinct. Our findings provide important mechanistic insights into filovirus entry and rational drug design for future antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raghad Nowar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,Biophysics core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yangfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,NMR Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Norton P Peet
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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29
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A Virion-Based Assay for Glycoprotein Thermostability Reveals Key Determinants of Filovirus Entry and Its Inhibition. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00336-20. [PMID: 32611759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00336-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) entry into cells is mediated by its spike glycoprotein (GP). Following attachment and internalization, virions traffic to late endosomes where GP is cleaved by host cysteine proteases. Cleaved GP then binds its cellular receptor, Niemann-Pick C1. In response to an unknown cellular trigger, GP undergoes conformational rearrangements that drive fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. The temperature-dependent stability (thermostability) of the prefusion conformers of class I viral fusion glycoproteins, including those of filovirus GPs, has provided insights into their propensity to undergo fusion-related rearrangements. However, previously described assays have relied on soluble glycoprotein ectodomains. Here, we developed a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assay that uses the temperature-dependent loss of conformational epitopes to measure thermostability of GP embedded in viral membranes. The base and glycan cap subdomains of all filovirus GPs tested suffered a concerted loss of prefusion conformation at elevated temperatures but did so at different temperature ranges, indicating virus-specific differences in thermostability. Despite these differences, all of these GPs displayed reduced thermostability upon cleavage to GP conformers (GPCL). Surprisingly, acid pH enhanced, rather than decreased, GP thermostability, suggesting it could enhance viral survival in hostile endo/lysosomal compartments. Finally, we confirmed and extended previous findings that some small-molecule inhibitors of filovirus entry destabilize EBOV GP and uncovered evidence that the most potent inhibitors act through multiple mechanisms. We establish the epitope-loss ELISA as a useful tool for studies of filovirus entry, engineering of GP variants with enhanced stability for use in vaccine development, and discovery of new stability-modulating antivirals.IMPORTANCE The development of Ebola virus countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of cell entry, especially at the step of membrane fusion. The surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates membrane fusion and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these rearrangements. Here, we describe a new assay that uses GP-specific antibodies to measure GP thermostability under a variety of conditions relevant to viral entry. We show that proteolytic cleavage and acid pH have significant effects on GP thermostability that shed light on their respective roles in viral entry. We also show that the assay can be used to study how small-molecule entry inhibitors affect GP stability. This work provides a simple and readily accessible assay to engineer stabilized GP variants for antiviral vaccines and to discover and improve drugs that act by modulating GP stability.
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Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Santos RI, Gilchuk P, Gunn BM, Karim MM, Liang J, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Parekh DV, Kimble JB, Pietzsch CA, Meyer M, Kuzmina NA, Zeitlin L, Saphire EO, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Non-neutralizing Antibodies from a Marburg Infection Survivor Mediate Protection by Fc-Effector Functions and by Enhancing Efficacy of Other Antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:976-991.e11. [PMID: 32320678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) belong to the family Filoviridae. MARV causes severe disease in humans with high fatality. We previously isolated a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from B cells of a human survivor with previous naturally acquired MARV infection. Here, we characterized functional properties of these mAbs and identified non-neutralizing mAbs targeting the glycoprotein (GP) 2 portion of the mucin-like domain (MLD) of MARV GP, termed the wing region. One mAb targeting the GP2 wing, MR228, showed therapeutic protection in mice and guinea pigs infected with MARV. The protection was mediated by the Fc fragment functions of MR228. Binding of another GP2 wing-specific non-neutralizing mAb, MR235, to MARV GP increased accessibility of epitopes in the receptor-binding site (RBS) for neutralizing mAbs, resulting in enhanced virus neutralization by these mAbs. These findings highlight an important role for non-neutralizing mAbs during natural human MARV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James B Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
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31
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Samadder S. Drosophila melanogaster: A Robust Tool to Study Candidate Drug against Epidemic and Pandemic Diseases. ANIMAL MODELS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Murin CD, Bruhn JF, Bornholdt ZA, Copps J, Stanfield R, Ward AB. Structural Basis of Pan-Ebolavirus Neutralization by an Antibody Targeting the Glycoprotein Fusion Loop. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2723-2732.e4. [PMID: 30184505 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with pan-ebolavirus cross-reactivity are highly desirable, but development of such mAbs is limited by a lack of a molecular understanding of cross-reactive epitopes. The antibody ADI-15878 was previously identified from a human survivor of Ebola virus Makona variant (EBOV/Mak) infection. This mAb demonstrated potent neutralizing activity against all known ebolaviruses and provided protection in rodent and ferret models against three ebolavirus species. Here, we describe the unliganded crystal structure of ADI-15878 as well as the cryo-EM structures of ADI-15878 in complex with the EBOV/Mak and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) glycoproteins (GPs). ADI-15878 binds through an induced-fit mechanism by targeting highly conserved residues in the internal fusion loop (IFL), bridging across GP protomers via the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. Our structures provide a more complete description of the ebolavirus immunogenic landscape, as well as a molecular basis for how rare but potent antibodies target conserved filoviral fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica F Bruhn
- Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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33
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Therapeutic strategies to target the Ebola virus life cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:593-606. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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35
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King LB, West BR, Moyer CL, Gilchuk P, Flyak A, Ilinykh PA, Bombardi R, Hui S, Huang K, Bukreyev A, Crowe JE, Saphire EO. Cross-reactive neutralizing human survivor monoclonal antibody BDBV223 targets the ebolavirus stalk. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1788. [PMID: 30996276 PMCID: PMC6470140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Ebolavirus genus viruses cause lethal disease and lack targeted therapeutics: Ebola virus, Sudan virus and Bundibugyo virus. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails against the surface glycoprotein (GP) present a potential therapeutic strategy. Here we report two crystal structures of the antibody BDBV223, alone and complexed with its GP2 stalk epitope, an interesting site for therapeutic/vaccine design due to its high sequence conservation among ebolaviruses. BDBV223, identified in a human survivor of Bundibugyo virus disease, neutralizes both Bundibugyo virus and Ebola virus, but not Sudan virus. Importantly, the structure suggests that BDBV223 binding interferes with both the trimeric bundle assembly of GP and the viral membrane by stabilizing a conformation in which the monomers are separated by GP lifting or bending. Targeted mutagenesis of BDBV223 to enhance SUDV GP recognition indicates that additional determinants of antibody binding likely lie outside the visualized interactions, and perhaps involve quaternary assembly or membrane-interacting regions. Human antibodies cross-reactive for several viruses within the Ebolavirus genus have been identified. Here the authors present the crystal structure of such a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the stalk of Bundibugyo virus glycoprotein and show that mAb binding may interfere with trimeric bundle assembly and/or the viral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam B King
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brandyn R West
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Crystal L Moyer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Flyak
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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36
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Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:734-747. [PMID: 30886356 PMCID: PMC6818971 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies serve as critical barriers to viral infection. Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in infected cells to effector cells and interfering with processes essential to the viral lifecycle, chiefly entry into the host cell. For individuals that successfully control infection, virus-elicited antibodies can provide lifelong surveillance and protection from future insults. One approach to understand the nature of a successful immune response has been to utilize structural biology to uncover the molecular details of the antibodies derived from vaccines or natural infection and how they interact with their cognate microbial antigens. The ability to isolate antigen specific B-cells and rapidly solve structures of functional, monoclonal antibodies in complex with viral glycoprotein surface antigens has greatly expanded our knowledge of the sites of vulnerability on viruses. In this review, we compare the adaptive humoral immune responses to HIV, influenza, and filoviruses, with a particular focus on neutralizing antibodies. The pathogenesis of each of these viruses is quite different, providing an opportunity for comparison of immune responses: HIV causes a persistent, chronic infection; influenza an acute infection with multiple exposures during a lifetime and annual vaccination; and filoviruses, a virulent, acute infection. Neutralizing antibodies that develop under these different constraints are therefore sentinels that can provide insight into the underlying humoral immune responses and important lessons to guide future development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
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37
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King LB, Milligan JC, West BR, Schendel SL, Ollmann Saphire E. Achieving cross-reactivity with pan-ebolavirus antibodies. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:140-148. [PMID: 30884329 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses are the causative agents of highly lethal outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. Although an experimental vaccine and several therapeutics are being deployed in the Democratic Republic of Congo to combat the ongoing Ebola virus outbreak, these therapies are specific for only one filovirus species. There is currently significant interest in developing broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with utility against the variety of ebolaviruses that may emerge. Thus far, the primary target of these mAbs has been the viral spike glycoprotein (GP). Here we present an overview of GP-targeted antibodies that exhibit broad reactivity and the structural characteristics that could confer this cross-reactivity. We also discuss how these structural features could be leveraged to design vaccine antigens that elicit cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam B King
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacob C Milligan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandyn R West
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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38
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Saphire EO, Schendel SL, Gunn BM, Milligan JC, Alter G. Antibody-mediated protection against Ebola virus. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1169-1178. [PMID: 30333617 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent Ebola virus disease epidemics have highlighted the need for effective vaccines and therapeutics to prevent future outbreaks. Antibodies are clearly critical for control of this deadly disease; however, the specific mechanisms of action of protective antibodies have yet to be defined. In this Perspective we discuss the antibody features that correlate with in vivo protection during infection with Ebola virus, based on the results of a systematic and comprehensive study of antibodies directed against this virus. Although neutralization activity mediated by the Fab domains of the antibody is strongly correlated with protection, recruitment of immune effector functions by the Fc domain has also emerged as a complementary, and sometimes alternative, route to protection. For a subset of antibodies, Fc-mediated clearance and killing of infected cells seems to be the main driver of protection after exposure and mirrors observations in vaccination studies. Continued analysis of antibodies that achieve protection partially or wholly through Fc-mediated functions, the precise functions required, the intersection with specificity and the importance of these functions in different animal models is needed to identify and begin to capitalize on Fc-mediated protection in vaccines and therapeutics alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- The Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob C Milligan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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39
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West BR, Moyer CL, King LB, Fusco ML, Milligan JC, Hui S, Saphire EO. Structural Basis of Pan-Ebolavirus Neutralization by a Human Antibody against a Conserved, yet Cryptic Epitope. mBio 2018; 9:e01674-18. [PMID: 30206174 PMCID: PMC6134094 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01674-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Only one naturally occurring human antibody has been described thus far that is capable of potently neutralizing all five ebolaviruses. Here we present two crystal structures of this rare, pan-ebolavirus neutralizing human antibody in complex with Ebola virus and Bundibugyo virus glycoproteins (GPs), respectively. The structures delineate the key protein and glycan contacts for binding that are conserved across the ebolaviruses, explain the antibody's unique broad specificity and neutralization activity, and reveal the likely mechanism behind a known escape mutation in the fusion loop region of GP2. We found that the epitope of this antibody, ADI-15878, extends along the hydrophobic paddle of the fusion loop and then dips down into a highly conserved pocket beneath the N-terminal tail of GP2, a mode of recognition unlike any other antibody elicited against Ebola virus, and likely critical for its broad activity. The fold of Bundibugyo virus glycoprotein, not previously visualized, is similar to the fold of Ebola virus GP, and ADI-15878 binds to each virus's GP with a similar strategy and angle of attack. These findings will be useful in deployment of this antibody as a broad-spectrum therapeutic and in the design of immunogens that elicit the desired broadly neutralizing immune response against all members of the ebolavirus genus and filovirus family.IMPORTANCE There are five different members of the Ebolavirus genus. Provision of vaccines and treatments able to protect against any of the five ebolaviruses is an important goal of public health. Antibodies are a desired result of vaccines and can be delivered directly as therapeutics. Most antibodies, however, are effective against only one or two, not all, of these pathogens. Only one human antibody has been thus far described to neutralize all five ebolaviruses, antibody ADI-15878. Here we describe the molecular structure of ADI-15878 bound to the relevant target proteins of Ebola virus and Bundibugyo virus. We explain how it achieves its rare breadth of activity and propose strategies to design improved vaccines capable of eliciting more antibodies like ADI-15878.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyn R West
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Crystal L Moyer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Liam B King
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacob C Milligan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
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40
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The structural basis for filovirus neutralization by monoclonal antibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:196-202. [PMID: 29940415 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are the causative agents of highly lethal disease outbreaks. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus outbreak was responsible for >28000 infections and >11000 deaths. Although there are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for any filovirus-induced disease, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the most promising options for therapeutic development. Hundreds of mAbs have been isolated from human survivors of filovirus infections that target the viral spike glycoprotein (GP). The binding, neutralization, and cross-reactivity of many of these mAbs has been determined. Several mAbs have been characterized structurally, and this information has been crucial for strategizing therapeutic and vaccine design. Here we present an overview of the structural features of the neutralizing/protective epitopes on filovirus glycoproteins.
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