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Ichim MC, Scotti F, Booker A. Quality evaluation of commercial herbal products using chemical methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4219-4239. [PMID: 36315039 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herbal products comprise a wide spectrum of locally, nationally or internationally commercialized commodities. As these products have an increasingly important position in healthcare systems worldwide, a detailed product quality assessment is of crucial importance. For the quality evaluation of commercial herbal products, a wide range of methods were used, from simpler, quicker, and cost-effective HPTLC, to hyphenated methods with MS or NMR, where more precise quantification or specific structural information is required. Additionally, most of the methods have been coupled with chemometric tools, such as PCA, or PDA, for the multivariate analysis of the high amount of data generated by chromatograms, electropherograms or spectra. The chemical methods have revealed the widespread presence of low or variable quality herbal products in the marketplace. The majority of analytical investigations present major, qualitative and quantitative, inter-product variations of their chemical composition, ranging from missing ingredients, to strikingly and unnaturally high concentrations of some compounds. Moreover, the inter-batch quality variations were frequently reported, as well as the presence of some undesirable substances. The chemical analysis of herbal products is a vital component to raise the overall awareness of quality in the herbal market and generate a quality driven approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- "Stejarul" Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Francesca Scotti
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Deng Y, Huang H, Lei F, Fu S, Zou K, Zhang S, Liu X, Jiang L, Liu H, Miao B, Liang Y. Endophytic Bacterial Communities of Ginkgo biloba Leaves During Leaf Developmental Period. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698703. [PMID: 34671323 PMCID: PMC8521191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-specialized secondary metabolites have ecological functions in mediating interactions between plants and their entophytes. In this study, high-throughput gene sequencing was used to analyze the composition and abundance of bacteria from Ginkgo leaves at five different sampling times. The results indicated that the bacterial community structure varied during leaf developmental stage. Bacterial diversity was observed to be the highest at T2 stage and the lowest at T1 stage. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were found as the dominant phyla. The major genera also showed consistency across sampling times, but there was a significant variation in their abundance, such as Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Staphylococcus. Significant correlations were observed between endophytic bacteria and flavonoids. Especially, Staphylococcus showed a significant positive correlation with quercetin, and changes in the abundance of Staphylococcus also showed a strong correlation with flavonoid content. In order to determine the effect of flavonoids on endophytic bacteria of Ginkgo leaves, an extracorporeal culture of related strains (a strain of Staphylococcus and a strain of Deinococcus) was performed, and it was found that the effect of flavonoids on them remained consistent. The predicted result of Tax4Fun2 revealed that flavonoids might lead to a lower abundance of endophytic microorganisms, which further proved the correlation between bacterial communities and flavonoids. This study provided the first insight into the bacterial community composition during the development of Ginkgo leaves and the correlation between the endophytic bacteria and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Haonan Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Fangying Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Luhua Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Miao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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A sensitive and selective multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of flavonol glycoside, terpene lactones, and biflavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 170:335-340. [PMID: 30986686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient and sensitive UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS (MRM) analytical strategy was established firstly for simultaneous determination of 11 components, including 3 original flavonol glycoside, 4 terpene lactones and 4 biflavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves. The validated strategy exhibited proper linearity (R2 ≥0.99) in the range of 0.5-125 μg/mL, and intra and inter-day precision were lower than 4.09% and 4.80%, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated, ranging from 0.2-4.6 ng/mL, with repeatability values between 1.98% and 4.48%. The average recoveries were all in the range of 98.45-106.67% with RSD (n = 3) for the related compounds. Subsequently, the proposed method was used for the analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves during leaf senescence. Results showed the dominant flavonol glycosides were kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, the level of terpene lactones and biflavonoids reached the highest in the latest harvest samples. Compared with conventional detection method, the present method could directly analyze original flavonol glycoside without acid hydrolysis process and terpene lactones without the ELSD in a high sensitivity. Moreover, the biflavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves were also simultaneously quantified. The results demonstrated that the developed method was accurate, sensitive and reliable for simultaneous quantification of multi-components in Ginkgo biloba leaves, and this study should be significant for the comprehensive utilization and development of Ginkgo biloba resources.
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A powerful on line ABTS +-CE-DAD method to screen and quantify major antioxidants for quality control of Shuxuening Injection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5441. [PMID: 29615669 PMCID: PMC5883040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method of on-line 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)-Capillary Electrophoresis-Diode Array Detector (on-line ABTS+-CE-DAD) was developed to screen the major antioxidants from complex herbal medicines. ABTS+, one of well-known oxygen free radicals was firstly integrated into the capillary. For simultaneously detecting and separating ABTS+ and chemical components of herb medicines, some conditions were optimized. The on-line ABTS+-CE-DAD method has successfully been used to screen the main antioxidants from Shuxuening injection (SI), an herbal medicines injection. Under the optimum conditions, nine ingredients of SI including clitorin, rutin, isoquercitrin, Quercetin-3-O-D-glucosyl]-(1-2)-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin-7-O-Glucoside, quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-p-hydroxyl-E-coumaroyl)-D-glucosyl]-(1-2)-L-rhamnoside, 3-O-{2-O-[6-O-(p-hydroxyl-E-coumaroyl)-glucosyl]}-(1-2) rhamnosyl kaempfero were separated and identified as the major antioxidants. There is a linear relationship between the total amount of major antioxidants and total antioxidative activity of SI with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9456. All the Relative standard deviations of recovery, precision and stability were below 7.5%. Based on these results, these nine ingredients could be selected as combinatorial markers to evaluate quality control of SI. It was concluded that on-line ABTS+-CE-DAD method was a simple, reliable and powerful tool to screen and quantify active ingredients for evaluating quality of herbal medicines.
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Separation and sensitive determination of quercetin in Rosa canina L. using solidified floating organic drop microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography determination. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Goltz D, Ahmadi S, Crawford J, Craig D. Photochemical properties of selected flavonol dyes: Effects on their separation using capillary electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1247714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Goltz
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment and Science Complex, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shokoufeh Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment and Science Complex, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jeremie Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment and Science Complex, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Douglas Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment and Science Complex, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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7
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Quality control evaluation of nutraceutical products from Ginkgo biloba using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Sensitive determination of kaempferol using carbon dots as a fluorescence probe. Talanta 2015; 144:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Advancement in the chemical analysis and quality control of flavonoid in Ginkgo biloba. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:212-25. [PMID: 25812435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the main active constituents in Ginkgo biloba L., which have been suggested to have broad-spectrum free-radical scavenging activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in the chemical analysis of the flavonoids in G. biloba and its finished products (from 2009 to 2014), including chemical composition, sample preparation, separation, detection and different quality criteria. More than 70 kinds of flavonoids have been identified in this plant. In this review, various analytical approaches as well as their chromatographic conditions have been described, and their advantages/disadvantages are also compared. Quantitative analyses of Ginkgo flavonoids applied by most pharmacopeias start with an acidic hydrolysis followed by determination of the resulting aglycones using HPLC. But increasing direct assay of individual flavonol glycosides found that many adulterated products were still qualified by the present tests. To obtain an authentic and applicable analytical approach for quality evaluation of Ginkgo and its finished products, related suggestions and opinions in the recent publications are mainly discussed in this review. This discussion on chemical analyses of Ginkgo flavonoids will also be found as a significant guide for widely varied natural flavonoids.
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Tan X, Liu S, Shen Y, He Y, Yang J. Quantum dots (QDs) based fluorescence probe for the sensitive determination of kaempferol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 133:66-72. [PMID: 24929317 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, using the quenching of fluorescence of thioglycollic acid (TGA)-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs), a novel method for the determination of kaempferol (KAE) has been developed. Under optimum conditions, a linear calibration plot of the quenched fluorescence intensity at 552nm against the concentration of KAE was observed in the range of 4-44μgmL(-1) with a detection limit (3σ/K) of 0.79μgmL(-1). In addition, the detailed reaction mechanism has also been proposed on the basis of electron transfer supported by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy. The method has been applied for the determination of KAE in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results. The proposed method manifested several advantages such as high sensitivity, short analysis time, low cost and ease of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanping Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaopu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Youqiu He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jidong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, Wanzhou 404000, China.
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11
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Pandey R, Chandra P, Arya KR, Kumar B. Development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of selected flavonoids inGinkgo biloba. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3610-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Pandey
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Kamal Ram Arya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
- Botany Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
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Zhou G, Yao X, Tang Y, Qian D, Su S, Zhang L, Jin C, Qin Y, Duan JA. An optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction and simultaneous quantification of 26 characteristic components with four structure types in functional foods from ginkgo seeds. Food Chem 2014; 158:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Chen M, Zhang X, Wang H, Lin B, Wang S, Hu G. Determination of rutin in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:519-25. [PMID: 25030991 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method for the determination of rutin in rat plasma was developed and validated. After addition of tolbutamide as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm particle size), using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase with gradient elution, delivered at a flow-rate of 0.4 mL/min. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a XEVO TQD mass spectrometer coupled with an electro-spray ionization (ESI) source in the positive ion mode. The MRM transitions of m/z 610.91→302.98 and m/z 271.2→155.1 were used to quantify for rutin and tolbutamide, respectively. This assay method has been fully validated in terms of specificity, linearity, recovery and matrix effect, accuracy, precision and stability. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration ranges of 25-2000 ng/mL for rutin. Only 3 min was needed for an analytical run. This developed method was successfully used for determination of rutin in rat plasma for pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchun Chen
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Baoli Lin
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Lishui City, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Guoxin Hu
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Caglayan MG, Palabiyik IM, Onur F. STABILITY-INDICATING MICELLAR ELEKTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FINASTERIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ismail Murat Palabiyik
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Feyyaz Onur
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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Zhang ZL, Zhou ML, Tang Y, Li FL, Tang YX, Shao JR, Xue WT, Wu YM. Bioactive compounds in functional buckwheat food. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Rabanes HR, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: Highlights of the last five years (2006-2010). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:180-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Zhao J, Lv GP, Chen YW, Li SP. Advanced development in analysis of phytochemicals from medicine and food dual purposes plants used in China. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7453-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gotti R. Capillary electrophoresis of phytochemical substances in herbal drugs and medicinal plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:775-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Puangpila C, Petsom A, Nhujak T. Theoretical models of separation selectivity for charged compounds in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:203-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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El Deeb S, Iriban MA, Gust R. MEKC as a powerful growing analytical technique. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:166-83. [PMID: 21171121 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the principle and the developments in MEKC in terms of separation power, sensitivity, and detection approaches more than 25 years after its appearance. Newly used surfactants are mentioned. Classical and new sample concentration techniques in MEKC are described. The different detection approaches in MEKC with advantages, limitations, and future prospects are also discussed. This review highlights the wider application of MEKC in different analytical fields. Various recent selected applications of this technique in different analytical fields are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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van Beek TA, Montoro P. Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2002-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Singh B, Kaur P, Gopichand, Singh R, Ahuja P. Biology and chemistry of Ginkgo biloba. Fitoterapia 2008; 79:401-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Zivkovic TD, de Haan AB. Silica adsorbent design and process evaluation for recovery of homogeneous catalysts by reverse flow adsorption. AIChE J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lin LZ, Chen P, Ozcan M, Harnly JM. Chromatographic profiles and identification of new phenolic components of Ginkgo biloba leaves and selected products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:6671-9. [PMID: 18598036 PMCID: PMC3762682 DOI: 10.1021/jf800488x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaves and their extracts are one of the most widely used herbal products and/or dietary supplements in the world. A systematic study of the phenolic compounds is necessary to establish quality parameters. A modified LC-DAD-ESI/MS method was used to obtain chromatographic profiles for the flavonoids and terpene lactones of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The method was used to identify 45 glycosylated flavonols and flavones, 3 flavonol aglycones, catechin, 10 biflavones, a dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 4 terpene lactones in an aqueous methanol extract of the leaves. The extracted G. biloba leaf products contained the same flavonoids as the raw leaves except for the lack of biflavones. The detected glycosylated flavonol contents were equal to or more than 0.0008% of the dry plant material. This is the first report of the presence of more than 20 of these flavonoids in G. biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Rimmer CA, Howerton SB, Sharpless KE, Sander LC, Long SE, Murphy KE, Porter BJ, Putzbach K, Rearick MS, Wise SA, Wood LJ, Zeisler R, Hancock DK, Yen JH, Betz JM, Nguyenpho A, Yang L, Scriver C, Willie S, Sturgeon R, Schaneberg B, Nelson C, Skamarack J, Pan M, Levanseler K, Gray D, Waysek EH, Blatter A, Reich E. Characterization of a suite of ginkgo-containing standard reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:179-96. [PMID: 17619180 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A suite of three ginkgo-containing dietary supplement Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) has been issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with certified values for flavonoid aglycones, ginkgolides, bilobalide, and selected toxic trace elements. The materials represent a range of matrices (i.e., plant, extract, and finished product) that provide different analytical challenges. The constituents have been determined by at least two independent analytical methods with measurements performed by NIST and at least one collaborating laboratory. The methods utilized different extractions, chromatographic separations, modes of detection, and approaches to quantitation. The SRMs are primarily intended for method validation and for use as control materials to support the analysis of dietary supplements and related botanical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Rimmer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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Danila AM, Kotani A, Hakamata H, Kusu F. Determination of rutin, catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate in buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench by micro-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1139-43. [PMID: 17253718 DOI: 10.1021/jf062815i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method has been developed for determining rutin, catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flour and seeds by micro-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Chromatography was performed using an octadecylsilica column, acetonitrile-water-formic acid (13:87:1, v/v/v) as a mobile phase, and an applied potential at +0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. We found that Japanese buckwheat flour contains rutin (12.7 mg/100 g), catechin (3.30 mg/100 g), epicatechin (20.5 mg/100 g), and epicatechin gallate (1.27 mg/100 g). The relative standard deviations for rutin, catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate peak heights were less than 0.86% (n = 5). The detection limit of rutin was 0.86 ng/mL. Moreover, the present method was applied to the distribution analysis of these compounds in buckwheat seed. The embryo proper and cotyledons of a mature buckwheat seed contained rutin with the highest concentration as compared to other parts. This method is useful in determining rutin, catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate in buckwheat with a small amount of sample for quality control in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Danila
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr.T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
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