1
|
Lanzolla G, Marinò M, Menconi F. Graves disease: latest understanding of pathogenesis and treatment options. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01016-5. [PMID: 39039206 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas. The main responsible mechanism is related to autoantibodies that bind and activate the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). Although Graves hyperthyroidism is relatively common, no causal treatment options are available. Established treatment modalities are antithyroid drugs, which reduce thyroid hormone synthesis, radioactive iodine and surgery. However, emerging drugs that target the main autoantigen (monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, peptides) or block the immune pathway have been recently tested in clinical trials. Graves disease can involve the thyroid exclusively or it can be associated with extrathyroidal manifestations, among which Graves orbitopathy is the most common. The presence of Graves orbitopathy can change the management of the disease. An established treatment for moderate-to-severe Graves orbitopathy is intravenous glucocorticoids. However, recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of Graves orbitopathy have allowed the development of new target-based therapies by blocking pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors, lymphocytic infiltration or the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), with several clinical trials providing promising results. This article reviews the new discoveries in the pathogenesis of Graves hyperthyroidism and Graves orbitopathy that offer several important tools in disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lanzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele Marinò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Menconi
- U.O. Endocrinologia II, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kusumoputro S, Au C, Lam KH, Park N, Hyun A, Kusumoputro E, Wang X, Xia T. Liver-Targeting Nanoplatforms for the Induction of Immune Tolerance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:67. [PMID: 38202522 PMCID: PMC10780512 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Liver-targeting nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for the induction of immune tolerance by taking advantage of the liver's unique tolerogenic properties and nanoparticles' physicochemical flexibility. Such an approach provides a versatile solution to the treatment of a diversity of immunologic diseases. In this review, we begin by assessing the design parameters integral to cell-specific targeting and the tolerogenic induction of nanoplatforms engineered to target the four critical immunogenic hepatic cells, including liver sinusoidal epithelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes. We also include an overview of multiple therapeutic strategies in which nanoparticles are being studied to treat many allergies and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we explore the challenges of using nanoparticles in this field while highlighting future avenues to expand the therapeutic utility of liver-targeting nanoparticles in autoimmune processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Kusumoputro
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.K.); (N.P.)
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christian Au
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Katie H. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathaniel Park
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Austin Hyun
- Department of Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily Kusumoputro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Au KM, Wilson JE, Ting JPY, Wang AZ. An injectable subcutaneous colon-specific immune niche for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Nat Biomed Eng 2023:10.1038/s41551-023-01136-9. [PMID: 38049469 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
As a chronic autoinflammatory condition, ulcerative colitis is often managed via systemic immunosuppressants. Here we show, in three mouse models of established ulcerative colitis, that a subcutaneously injected colon-specific immunosuppressive niche consisting of colon epithelial cells, decellularized colon extracellular matrix and nanofibres functionalized with programmed death-ligand 1, CD86, a peptide mimic of transforming growth factor-beta 1, and the immunosuppressive small-molecule leflunomide, induced intestinal immunotolerance and reduced inflammation in the animals' lower gastrointestinal tract. The bioengineered colon-specific niche triggered autoreactive T cell anergy and polarized pro-inflammatory macrophages via multiple immunosuppressive pathways, and prevented the infiltration of immune cells into the colon's lamina propria, promoting the recovery of epithelial damage. The bioengineered niche also prevented colitis-associated colorectal cancer and eliminated immune-related colitis triggered by kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Man Au
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scotland BL, Shaw JR, Dharmaraj S, Caprio N, Cottingham AL, Joy Martín Lasola J, Sung JJ, Pearson RM. Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115141. [PMID: 37980950 PMCID: PMC10842132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of immune-mediated disorders, including autoimmune conditions and allergies, is steadily increasing. However, current therapeutic approaches are often non-specific and do not address the underlying pathogenic condition, often resulting in impaired immunity and a state of generalized immunosuppression. The emergence of technologies capable of selectively inhibiting aberrant immune activation in a targeted, antigen (Ag)-specific manner by exploiting the body's intrinsic tolerance pathways, all without inducing adverse side effects, holds significant promise to enhance patient outcomes. In this review, we will describe the body's natural mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance as well as innovative delivery strategies using cells and biomaterials targeting innate and adaptive immune cells to promote Ag-specific immune tolerance. Additionally, we will discuss the challenges and future opportunities that warrant consideration as we navigate the path toward clinical implementation of tolerogenic strategies to treat immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jacob R Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nicholas Caprio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Andrea L Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jackline Joy Martín Lasola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Junsik J Sung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Liao F. Vaccination therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2259418. [PMID: 37771317 PMCID: PMC10543345 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2259418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several novel medications, such as Ustekinumab, Infliximab, and Vedolizumab, have emerged as potential options for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) management. Despite achieving some effects in clinical applications, these therapies are still plagued by inadequate response rates and adverse side effects. With rapid progress in immunological research, therapeutic vaccines are gaining traction as an alternative. These vaccines aim to activate the body's immune system to generate specific antibodies, thereby offering a potential avenue for treating IBD. The efficacy and safety of vaccines, coupled with their potential to mitigate the financial and healthcare burden associated with disease treatment, render therapeutic vaccines a more favorable approach for managing patients with IBD. In this review, we critically examine the existing literature pertaining to therapeutic vaccines for IBD, aiming to offer researchers a comprehensive understanding of their applications and prospects and stimulate novel vaccine development by presenting innovative ideas in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ackun-Farmmer MA, Jewell CM. Delivery route considerations for designing antigen-specific biomaterial strategies to combat autoimmunity. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2200135. [PMID: 36938103 PMCID: PMC10019031 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modifying drugs and biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases, although promising, are non-curative. As the field moves towards development of new approaches to treat autoimmune disease, antigen-specific therapies immunotherapies (ASITs) have emerged. Despite clinical approval of ASITs for allergies, clinical trials using soluble ASITs for autoimmunity have been largely unsuccessful. A major effort to address this shortcoming is the use of biomaterials to harness the features unique to specific delivery routes. This review focuses on biomaterials being developed for delivery route-specific strategies to induce antigen-specific responses in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease. We first discuss the delivery strategies used in ongoing and completed clinical trials in autoimmune ASITs. Next, we highlight pre-clinical biomaterial approaches from the most recent 3 years in the context of these same delivery route considerations. Lastly, we provide discussion on the gaps remaining in biomaterials development and comment on the need to consider delivery routes in the process of designing biomaterials for ASITs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Ackun-Farmmer
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bertolini TB, Herzog RW, Kumar SRP, Sherman A, Rana J, Kaczmarek R, Yamada K, Arisa S, Lillicrap D, Terhorst C, Daniell H, Biswas M. Suppression of anti-drug antibody formation against coagulation factor VIII by oral delivery of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in hemophilia A mice. Cell Immunol 2023; 385:104675. [PMID: 36746071 PMCID: PMC9993859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Active tolerance to ingested dietary antigens forms the basis for oral immunotherapy to food allergens or autoimmune self-antigens. Alternatively, oral administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody can be effective in modulating systemic immune responses without T cell depletion. Here we assessed the efficacy of full length and the F(ab')2 fragment of oral anti-CD3 to prevent anti-drug antibody (ADA) formation to clotting factor VIII (FVIII) protein replacement therapy in hemophilia A mice. A short course of low dose oral anti-CD3 F(ab')2 reduced the production of neutralizing ADAs, and suppression was significantly enhanced when oral anti-CD3 was timed concurrently with FVIII administration. Tolerance was accompanied by the early induction of FoxP3+LAP-, FoxP3+LAP+, and FoxP3-LAP+ populations of CD4+ T cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. FoxP3+LAP+ Tregs expressing CD69, CTLA-4, and PD1 persisted in spleens of treated mice, but did not produce IL-10. Finally, we attempted to combine the anti-CD3 approach with oral intake of FVIII antigen (using our previously established method of using lettuce plant cells transgenic for FVIII antigen fused to cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit, which suppresses ADAs in part through induction of IL-10 producing FoxP3-LAP+ Treg). However, combining these two approaches failed to improve suppression of ADAs. We conclude that oral anti-CD3 treatment is a promising approach to prevention of ADA formation in systemic protein replacement therapy, albeit via mechanisms distinct from and not synergistic with oral intake of bioencapsulated antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais B Bertolini
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Sandeep R P Kumar
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Sherman
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sreevani Arisa
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Lillicrap
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rohrer B, Parsons N, Annamalai B, Nicholson C, Obert E, Jones B, Dick AD. Elastin Layer in Bruch's Membrane as a Target for Immunization or Tolerization to Modulate Pathology in the Mouse Model of Smoke-Induced Ocular Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:67-71. [PMID: 37440016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with an overactive complement system and an increase in circulating antibodies. Our search for potential neoantigens that can trigger complement activation in disease has led us to investigate elastin. A loss of the elastin layer (EL) of Bruch's membrane (BrM) has been reported in aging and AMD together with an increase of serum elastin-derived peptides and α-elastin antibodies. In the mouse model of cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), damage in BrM, loss of the EL, and vision loss are dependent on complement activation. We have examined the hypothesis that CSE generates immunogenic elastin neoepitopes that trigger an increase in α-elastin IgG and IgM antibodies, which can then bind to the neoepitopes in the target cells or membranes, triggering complement activation. Specifically, we showed that immunization with elastin peptide oxidatively modified by cigarette smoke (ox-elastin) exacerbated ocular pathology and vision loss in CSE mice. In contrast, mice receiving peptide immunotherapy (PIT) with ox-elastin did not lose vision over the smoking period and exhibited a more preserved BrM. Immunization and PIT correlated with humoral immunity and complement activation and IgG/IgM deposition in the RPE/BrM/choroid. Finally, PIT modulated immune markers IFNγ and IL-4. The data further support the hypothesis that complement activation, triggered by immune complex formation in target tissues, plays a role in ocular damage in the CSE model. As PIT with ox-elastin peptides reduces damage, we discuss the possibility that AMD progression might be preventable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Nathaniel Parsons
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Crystal Nicholson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elisabeth Obert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bryan Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Navneet S, Rohrer B. Elastin turnover in ocular diseases: A special focus on age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109164. [PMID: 35798060 PMCID: PMC9795808 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and its turnover play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Elastin, a critical protein component of the ECM, not only provides structural and mechanical support to tissues, but also mediates several intracellular and extracellular molecular signaling pathways. Abnormal turnover of elastin has pathological implications. In the eye elastin is a major structural component of Bruch's membrane (BrM), a critical ECM structure separating the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the choriocapillaris. Reduced integrity of macular BrM elastin, increased serum levels of elastin-derived peptides (EDPs), and elevated elastin antibodies have been reported in AMD. Existing reports suggest that elastases, the elastin-degrading enzymes secreted by RPE, infiltrating macrophages or neutrophils could be involved in BrM elastin degradation, thus contributing to AMD pathogenesis. EDPs derived from elastin degradation can increase inflammatory and angiogenic responses in tissues, and the elastin antibodies are shown to play roles in immune cell activity and complement activation. This review summarizes our current understanding on the elastases/elastin fragments-mediated mechanisms of AMD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Navneet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mulinacci G, Palermo A, Gerussi A, Asselta R, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. New insights on the role of human leukocyte antigen complex in primary biliary cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975115. [PMID: 36119102 PMCID: PMC9471323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune cholangiopathy. Genetic studies have shown that the strongest statistical association with PBC has been mapped in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus, a highly polymorphic area that mostly contribute to the genetic variance of the disease. Furthermore, PBC presents high variability throughout different population groups, which may explain the different geoepidemiology of the disease. A major role in defining HLA genetic contribution has been given by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies; more recently, new technologies have been developed to allow a deeper understanding. The study of the altered peptides transcribed by genetic alterations also allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the context of immunotolerance. This review summarizes what is known about the immunogenetics of PBC with a focus on the HLA locus, the different distribution of HLA alleles worldwide, and how HLA modifications are associated with the pathogenesis of PBC. Novel therapeutic strategies are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mulinacci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Merrill Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Invernizzi,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yue C, Gao S, Li S, Xing Z, Qian H, Hu Y, Wang W, Hua C. TIGIT as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911919. [PMID: 35720417 PMCID: PMC9203892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory receptors (IRs) are molecules that protect host against autoimmune reactions and maintain peripheral self-tolerance, playing an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis. In view of the substantial clinical progresses of negative immune checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment, the role of IRs in autoimmune diseases is also obvious. Several advances highlighted the substantial impacts of T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), a novel IR, in autoimmunity. Blockade of TIGIT pathway exacerbates multiple autoimmune diseases, whereas enhancement of TIGIT function has been shown to alleviate autoimmune settings in mice. These data suggested that TIGIT pathway can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance to treat autoimmune disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of characteristics of TIGIT and its role in autoimmunity. We then discuss recent approaches and future directions to leverage our knowledge of TIGIT as therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenran Yue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuting Li
- School of the Second Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhouhang Xing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hengrong Qian
- School of the Second Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of the Second Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gottwick C, Carambia A, Herkel J. Harnessing the liver to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:475-484. [PMID: 35513495 PMCID: PMC9256566 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop when the adaptive immune system attacks the body’s own antigens leading to tissue damage. At least 80 different conditions are believed to have an autoimmune aetiology, including rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Collectively, autoimmune diseases are a leading cause of severe health impairment along with substantial socioeconomic costs. Current treatments are mostly symptomatic and non-specific, and it is typically not possible to cure these diseases. Thus, the development of more causative treatments that suppress only the pathogenic immune responses, but spare general immunity is of great biomedical interest. The liver offers considerable potential for development of such antigen-specific immunotherapies, as it has a distinct physiological capacity to induce immune tolerance. Indeed, the liver has been shown to specifically suppress autoimmune responses to organ allografts co-transplanted with the liver or to autoantigens that were transferred to the liver. Liver tolerance is established by a unique microenvironment that facilitates interactions between liver-resident antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes passing by in the low blood flow within the hepatic sinusoids. Here, we summarise current concepts and mechanisms of liver immune tolerance, and review present approaches to harness liver tolerance for antigen-specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Gottwick
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Antonella Carambia
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Herkel
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Chen C, Xia T. Understanding Nanomaterial-Liver Interactions to Facilitate the Development of Safer Nanoapplications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106456. [PMID: 35029313 PMCID: PMC9040585 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are widely used in commercial and medical products, such as cosmetics, vaccines, and drug carriers. Exposure to NMs via various routes such as dermal, inhalation, and ingestion has been shown to gain access to the systemic circulation, resulting in the accumulation of NMs in the liver. The unique organ structures and blood flow features facilitate the liver sequestration of NMs, which may cause adverse effects in the liver. Currently, most in vivo studies are focused on NMs accumulation at the organ level and evaluation of the gross changes in liver structure and functions, however, cell-type-specific uptake and responses, as well as the molecular mechanisms at cellular levels leading to effects at organ levels are lagging. Herein, the authors systematically review diverse interactions of NMs with the liver, specifically on major liver cell types including Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes as well as the detailed molecular mechanisms involved. In addition, the knowledge gained on nano-liver interactions that can facilitate the development of safer nanoproducts and nanomedicine is also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiulong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tian Xia
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rohrer B, Parsons N, Annamalai B, Nicholson C, Obert E, Jones BW, Dick AD. Peptide-based immunotherapy against oxidized elastin ameliorates pathology in mouse model of smoke-induced ocular injury. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108755. [PMID: 34487725 PMCID: PMC9753162 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in western populations, is associated with an overactive complement system, and an increase in circulating antibodies against certain epitopes, including elastin. As loss of the elastin layer of Bruch's membrane (BrM) has been reported in aging and AMD, we previously showed that immunization with elastin peptide oxidatively modified by cigarette smoke (ox-elastin), exacerbated ocular pathology in the smoke-induced ocular pathology (SIOP) model. Here we asked whether ox-elastin peptide-based immunotherapy (PIT) ameliorates damage. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were injected with ox-elastin peptide at two doses via weekly subcutaneous administration, while exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 months. FcγR-/- and uninjected C57BL/6J mice served as controls. Retinal morphology was assessed by electron microscopy, and complement activation, antibody deposition and mechanisms of immunological tolerance were assessed by Western blotting and ELISA. RESULTS Elimination of Fcγ receptors, preventing antigen/antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, protected against SIOP. Mice receiving PIT with low dose ox-elastin (LD-PIT) exhibited reduced humoral immunity, reduced complement activation and IgG/IgM deposition in the RPE/choroid, and largely a preserved BrM. While there is no direct evidence of ox-elastin pathogenicity, LD-PIT reduced IFNγ and increased IL-4 within RPE/choroid. High dose PIT was not protective. CONCLUSIONS These data further support ox-elastin role in ocular damage in part via elastin-specific antibodies, and support the corollary that PIT with ox-elastin attenuates ocular pathology. Overall, damage is associated with complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and altered cytokine signature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Rohrer
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Departments of Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Departments of Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
| | - Nathaniel Parsons
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Balasubramaniam Annamalai
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Crystal Nicholson
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elisabeth Obert
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bryan W Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Andrew D Dick
- University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK and University College London-Institute of Ophthalmology and the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Srivastava A, Arlian BM, Pang L, Kishimoto TK, Paulson JC. Tolerogenic Nanoparticles Impacting B and T Lymphocyte Responses Delay Autoimmune Arthritis in K/BxN Mice. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1985-1993. [PMID: 34037371 PMCID: PMC8526371 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for unwanted antibody responses largely rely on immunosuppressive drugs compromising overall immunity. New approaches to achieve antigen-specific tolerance are desirable to avoid unwanted side effects. Several nanoparticle-based approaches that utilize different mechanisms to tolerize the B or T cell arms of the humoral immune response have shown promise for induction of antigen-specific tolerance, raising the possibility that they could work synergistically if combined. Earlier we showed that Siglec-engaging tolerance-inducing antigenic liposomes (STALs) that display both an antigen (Ag) and glycan ligands of the inhibitory co-receptor CD22 (CD22L) lead to robust antigen-specific B cell tolerance to protein antigens in naive mice. In another approach, administration of free Ag with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-rapamycin nanoparticles (PLGA-R) induced robust antigen-specific tolerance through production of regulatory T cells. Here we illustrate that coadministration of STALs together with PLGA-R to naive mice induced more robust tolerance to multiple antigen challenges than either nanoparticle alone. Moreover, in K/BxN mice that develop spontaneous autoimmune arthritis to the self-antigen glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase (GPI), co-delivery of GPI-LP-CD22L and PLGA-R delayed onset of disease and in some mice prevented the disease indefinitely. The results show synergy between B cell-tolerizing STALs and T cell-tolerizing PLGA-R and the potential to induce tolerance in early stage autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Britni M. Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Naveed A, Naz D, Rahman SU. Idiotype/anti-idiotype antibodies: as a glorious savior in COVID-19 pandemics. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 6:18. [PMID: 34458584 PMCID: PMC8380862 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-021-00097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The idiotype network is experimentally modified to provide protective immunity against various microbial pathogens. Both internal and non-internal image-idiotype antibodies can trigger specific immune responses to antigens. The current outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-2) has provided a great opportunity to take advantage of idiotype / anti-idiotype antibodies as a protective regimen when no approved vaccine is available on earth. The current review identifies successful applications of idiotype/ anti-idiotype antibodies in various viral diseases and highlights their importance in COVID-19 pandemics. In the absence of vaccines and targeted therapies, polyclonal idiotype/ anti-idiotype antibodies against the viral structure may be a potential approach to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Naveed
- Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Deeba Naz
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bevington SL, Ng STH, Britton GJ, Keane P, Wraith DC, Cockerill PN. Chromatin Priming Renders T Cell Tolerance-Associated Genes Sensitive to Activation below the Signaling Threshold for Immune Response Genes. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107748. [PMID: 32521273 PMCID: PMC7296351 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological homeostasis in T cells is maintained by a tightly regulated signaling and transcriptional network. Full engagement of effector T cells occurs only when signaling exceeds a critical threshold that enables induction of immune response genes carrying an epigenetic memory of prior activation. Here we investigate the underlying mechanisms causing the suppression of normal immune responses when T cells are rendered anergic by tolerance induction. By performing an integrated analysis of signaling, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression, we demonstrate that immunological tolerance is established when both signaling to and chromatin priming of immune response genes are weakened. In parallel, chromatin priming of immune-repressive genes becomes boosted, rendering them sensitive to low levels of signaling below the threshold needed to activate immune response genes. Our study reveals how repeated exposure to antigens causes an altered epigenetic state leading to T cell anergy and tolerance, representing a basis for treating auto-immune diseases. Activation of immune response genes is suppressed in tolerant T cells Epigenetic priming of repressive genes is boosted when tolerance is established Inhibitory receptor genes have a lower threshold of activation in tolerant cells Induction of tolerance by peptides points toward a therapy for multiple sclerosis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sky T H Ng
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham J Britton
- Precision Immunology Institute and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shepard ER, Wegner A, Hill EV, Burton BR, Aerts S, Schurgers E, Hoedemaekers B, Ng STH, Streeter HB, Jansson L, Wraith DC. The Mechanism of Action of Antigen Processing Independent T Cell Epitopes Designed for Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654201. [PMID: 33936079 PMCID: PMC8079784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with antigen-processing independent T cell epitopes (apitopes) targeting autoreactive CD4+ T cells has translated to the clinic and been shown to modulate progression of both Graves’ disease and multiple sclerosis. The model apitope (Ac1-9[4Y]) renders antigen-specific T cells anergic while repeated administration induces both Tr1 and Foxp3+ regulatory cells. Here we address why CD4+ T cell epitopes should be designed as apitopes to induce tolerance and define the antigen presenting cells that they target in vivo. Furthermore, we reveal the impact of treatment with apitopes on CD4+ T cell signaling, the generation of IL-10-secreting regulatory cells and the systemic migration of these cells. Taken together these findings reveal how apitopes induce tolerance and thereby mediate antigen-specific immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella R Shepard
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Wegner
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R Burton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Aerts
- Apitope International NV, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sky T H Ng
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Heather B Streeter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boddul SV, Sharma RK, Dubnovitsky A, Raposo B, Gerstner C, Shen Y, Iyer VS, Kasza Z, Kwok WW, Winkler AR, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Bettini M, Wermeling F. In vitro and ex vitro functional characterization of human HLA-DRB1∗04 restricted T cell receptors. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100087. [PMID: 33768201 PMCID: PMC7980064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies enable the generation of large-scale data sets of paired TCR sequences from patients with autoimmune disease. Methods to validate and characterize patient-derived TCR data are needed, as well as relevant model systems that can support the development of antigen-specific tolerance inducing drugs. We have generated a pipeline to allow streamlined generation of 'artificial' T cells in a robust and reasonably high throughput manner for in vitro and in vivo studies of antigen-specific and patient-derived immune responses. Hereby chimeric (mouse-human) TCR alpha and beta constructs are re-expressed in three different formats for further studies: (i) transiently in HEK cells for peptide-HLA tetramer validation experiments, (ii) stably in the TCR-negative 58 T cell line for functional readouts such as IL-2 production and NFAT-signaling, and lastly (iii) in human HLA-transgenic mice for studies of autoimmune disease and therapeutic interventions. As a proof of concept, we have used human HLA-DRB1∗04:01 restricted TCR sequences specific for a type I diabetes-associated GAD peptide, and an influenza-derived HA peptide. We show that the same chimeric TCR constructs can be used in each of the described assays facilitating sequential validation and prioritization steps leading to humanized animal models.
Collapse
Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cells
- BM, bone marrow
- Ca2+, calcium
- Cell lines
- GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GWAS, Genome-wide association studies
- HA, Influenza hemagglutinin
- HLA
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Humanized animal models
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- RAG, Recombination-activating genes
- T1D, Type-1 diabetes
- TCR
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCRa, TCR alpha
- TCRb, TCR beta
- TMR, HLA tetramer
- Tolerance
- hCD4, human CD4
- hTCR, human TCR
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaykumar V Boddul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Raposo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunbing Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaishnavi Srinivasan Iyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zsolt Kasza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron R Winkler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Derdelinckx J, Cras P, Berneman ZN, Cools N. Antigen-Specific Treatment Modalities in MS: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624685. [PMID: 33679769 PMCID: PMC7933447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific therapy for multiple sclerosis may lead to a more effective therapy by induction of tolerance to a wide range of myelin-derived antigens without hampering the normal surveillance and effector function of the immune system. Numerous attempts to restore tolerance toward myelin-derived antigens have been made over the past decades, both in animal models of multiple sclerosis and in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis patients. In this review, we will give an overview of the current approaches for antigen-specific therapy that are in clinical development for multiple sclerosis as well provide an insight into the challenges for future antigen-specific treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Born Bunge Institute, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Q, Wang X, Liu X, Liao YP, Chang CH, Mei KC, Jiang J, Tseng S, Gochman G, Huang M, Thatcher Z, Li J, Allen SD, Lucido L, Xia T, Nel AE. Antigen- and Epitope-Delivering Nanoparticles Targeting Liver Induce Comparable Immunotolerance in Allergic Airway Disease and Anaphylaxis as Nanoparticle-Delivering Pharmaceuticals. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1608-1626. [PMID: 33351586 PMCID: PMC7943028 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of natural tolerogenic liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) by nanoparticles (NPs), decorated with a stabilin receptor ligand, is capable of generating regulatory T-cells (Tregs), which can suppress antigen-specific immune responses, including to ovalbumin (OVA), a possible food allergen. In this regard, we have previously demonstrated that OVA-encapsulating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles eliminate allergic airway inflammation in OVA-sensitized mice, prophylactically and therapeutically. A competing approach is a nanocarrier platform that incorporates pharmaceutical agents interfering in mTOR (rapamycin) or NF-κB (curcumin) pathways, with the ability to induce a tolerogenic state in nontargeted antigen-presenting cells system-wide. First, we compared OVA-encapsulating, LSEC-targeting tolerogenic nanoparticles (TNPs) with nontargeted NPs incorporating curcumin and rapamycin (Rapa) in a murine eosinophilic airway inflammation model, which is Treg-sensitive. This demonstrated roughly similar tolerogenic effects on allergic airway inflammation by stabilin-targeting NPOVAversus nontargeted NPs delivering OVA plus Rapa. Reduction in eosinophilic inflammation and TH2-mediated immune responses in the lung was accompanied by increased Foxp3+ Treg recruitment and TGF-β production in both platforms. As OVA incorporates IgE-binding as well as non-IgE-binding epitopes, the next experiment explored the possibility of obtaining immune tolerance by non-anaphylactic T-cell epitopes. This was accomplished by incorporating OVA323-339 and OVA257-264 epitopes in liver-targeting NPs to assess the prophylactic and therapeutic impact on allergic inflammation in transgenic OT-II mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II binding (former) but not the MHC-I binding (latter) epitope interfered in allergic airway inflammation, improving TNPOVA efficacy. The epitope-specific effect was transduced by TGF-β-producing Tregs. In the final phase of experimentation, we used an OVA-induced anaphylaxis model to demonstrate that targeted delivery of OVA and its MHC-II epitope could significantly suppress the anaphylaxis symptom score, mast cell release, and the late-phase inflammatory response. In summary, these results demonstrate comparable efficacy of LSEC-targeting versus pharmaceutical PLGA nanoparticles, as well as the ability of T-cell epitopes to achieve response outcomes similar to those of the intact allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shannon Tseng
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Grant Gochman
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marissa Huang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zoe Thatcher
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiulong Li
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sean D. Allen
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luke Lucido
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author ;
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author ;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Richardson N, Ng STH, Wraith DC. Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Treatment of Autoimmune Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1586. [PMID: 32793226 PMCID: PMC7385233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a critical organ in controlling immune tolerance. In particular, it is now clear that targeting antigens for presentation by antigen presenting cells in the liver can induce immune tolerance to either autoantigens from the liver itself or tissues outside of the liver. Here we review immune mechanisms active within the liver that contribute both to the control of infectious diseases and tolerance to self-antigens. Despite its extraordinary capacity for tolerance induction, the liver remains a target organ for autoimmune diseases. In this review, we compare and contrast known autoimmune diseases of the liver. Currently patients tend to receive strong immunosuppressive treatments and, in many cases, these treatments are associated with deleterious side effects, including a significantly higher risk of infection and associated health complications. We propose that, in future, antigen-specific immunotherapies are adopted for treatment of liver autoimmune diseases in order to avoid such adverse effects. We describe various therapeutic approaches that either are in or close to the clinic, highlight their mechanism of action and assess their suitability for treatment of autoimmune liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brooks JF, Barber JEM, Davies JM, Wells JW, Steptoe RJ. Transfer of antigen-encoding bone marrow under immune-preserving conditions deletes mature antigen-specific B cells in recipients and inhibits antigen-specific antibody production. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:436-444. [PMID: 32546362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Pathological activation and collaboration of T and B cells underlies pathogenic autoantibody responses. Existing treatments for autoimmune disease cause non-specific immunosuppression, and induction of antigen-specific tolerance remains an elusive goal. Many immunotherapies aim to manipulate the T-cell component of T-B interplay, but few directly target B cells. One possible means to specifically target B cells is the transfer of gene-engineered BM that, once engrafted, gives rise to widespread specific and tolerogenic antigen expression within the hematopoietic system. METHODS Gene-engineered bone marrow encoding ubiquitous ovalbumin expression was transferred after low-dose (300-cGy) immune-preserving irradiation. B-cell responsiveness was monitored by analyzing ovalbumin-specific antibody production after immunization with ovalbumin/complete Freund's adjuvant. Ovalbumin-specific B cells and their response to immunization were analyzed using multi-tetramer staining. When antigen-encoding bone marrow was transferred under immune-preserving conditions, cognate antigen-specific B cells were purged from the recipient's preexisting B-cell repertoire and the repertoire that arose after bone marrow transfer. RESULTS OVA-specific B-cell deletion was apparent within the established host B-cell repertoire as well as that developing after gene-engineered bone marrow transfer. OVA-specific antibody production was substantially inhibited by transfer of OVA-encoding BM and activation of OVA-specific B cells, germinal center formation and subsequent OVA-specific plasmablast differentiation were all inhibited. Low levels of gene-engineered bone marrow chimerism were sufficient to limit antigen-specific antibody production. RESULTS These data show that antigen-specific B cells within an established B-cell repertoire are susceptible to de novo tolerance induction, and this can be achieved by transfer of gene-engineered bone marrow. This adds further dimensions to the utility of antigen-encoding bone marrow transfer as an immunotherapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - James E M Barber
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Janet M Davies
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen AC, Cai X, Li C, Khoryati L, Gavin MA, Miao CH. A Treg-Selective IL-2 Mutein Prevents the Formation of Factor VIII Inhibitors in Hemophilia Mice Treated With Factor VIII Gene Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32411127 PMCID: PMC7198749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a genetic disorder that results in the deficiency of functional factor VIII protein, which plays a key role in blood coagulation. Currently, the majority of hemophilia A patients are treated with repeated infusions of factor VIII protein. Approximately 30% of severe hemophilia A patients develop neutralizing antibodies to factor VIII (known as factor VIII inhibitors) due to treatment, rendering factor VIII protein infusions ineffective. Previously, mice receiving murine IL-2 complexed with α-murine IL-2 mAbs (JES6-1A12) showed a lack of factor VIII inhibitor formation after factor VIII treatment, which was associated with the proliferation and the activation of factor VIII-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this paper, we evaluated if an Fc-fused mutated protein analog of mouse IL-2, named Fc.Mut24, engineered to selectively promote the expansion of Tregs in vivo can modulate factor VIII-specific immune responses. The mice received one intraperitoneal injection of Fc.Mut24. When the regulatory T cell population reached its highest frequency and peak activation, the mice received a hydrodynamic injection of factor VIII plasmid (day 4) followed by a second Fc.Mut24 dose (day 7). Peripheral blood was collected weekly. Flow cytometry was used to characterize the peripheral blood cell populations, while ELISA and Bethesda assays were used to assess the inhibitor concentrations and the functional titers in plasma. The activated partial thromboplastin time assay was used to assess the functional activities of factor VIII in blood. The mice receiving Fc.Mut24 showed a dramatic and transient increase in the population of activated Tregs after Fc.Mut24 injection. Factor VIII gene therapy via hydrodynamic injection resulted in high anti-factor VIII inhibitor concentrations in control PBS-injected mice, whereas the mice treated with Fc.Mut24 produced no inhibitors. Most significantly, there were no inhibitors generated after a second hydrodynamic injection of factor VIII plasmid administered at 19 weeks after the first injection in Fc.Mut24-treated mice. The mice receiving Fc.Mut24 maintained high levels of factor VIII activity throughout the experiment, while the control mice had the factor VIII activity dropped to undetectable levels a few weeks after the first factor VIII plasmid injection. Our data show that human therapies analogous to Fc.Mut24 could potentially provide a method to prevent inhibitor formation and induce long-term immune tolerance to factor VIII in hemophilia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. Chen
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaohe Cai
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chong Li
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Liliane Khoryati
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marc A. Gavin
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carol H. Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Niu T, Cheng L, Wang H, Zhu S, Yang X, Liu K, Jin H, Xu X. KS23, a novel peptide derived from adiponectin, inhibits retinal inflammation and downregulates the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells during experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:278. [PMID: 31883532 PMCID: PMC6935244 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis is a potentially sight-threatening form of ocular inflammation that affects the uvea in the wall of the eye. Currently available treatments for uveitis have exhibited profound adverse side effects. However, KS23 is a novel 23-amino-acid anti-inflammatory peptide derived from adiponectin that may have the capability to function as a safe alternative to these existing treatment options. We, therefore, evaluated the preventive effect of KS23 in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). METHODS EAU was induced in mice via immunization with the peptide interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein 161-180 (IRBP161-180). KS23 was then administered every 2 days via intraperitoneal injection to induce protection against EAU. Clinical and histopathological scores were employed to evaluate the disease progression. Inflammatory cytokines were also quantified using ELISA, and the expression levels of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors were assessed via qRT-PCR. In addition, the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells were detected via flow cytometry, and the expression levels of specific proteins were quantified from the retina of mice using western blot analysis, to elucidate the specific mechanism of action employed by KS23 to suppress the inflammation associated with EAU. RESULTS KS23 was found to significantly improve EAU-associated histopathological scores, while decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A), chemokines (LARC, RANTES, MIG, IP-10), and chemokine receptors (CCR6 and CXCR3). The proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells were also suppressed following intraperitoneal injection with KS23. The anti-inflammatory mechanism employed by KS23 was determined to be associated with the activation of AMPK and subsequent inhibition of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS KS23 decreased the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells to effectively ameliorate the progression of EAU. It may, therefore, serve as a promising potential therapeutic agent for uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaopin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo Z, Wu YL, Li Z, Loh XJ. Recent Progress in Polyhydroxyalkanoates-Based Copolymers for Biomedical Applications. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900283. [PMID: 31469496 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, naturally biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) monopolymers have become focus of public attentions due to their good biocompatibility. However, due to its poor mechanical properties, high production costs, and limited functionality, its applications in materials, energy, and biomedical applications are greatly limited. In recent years, researchers have found that PHA copolymers have better thermal properties, mechanical processability, and physicochemical properties relative to their homopolymers. This review summarizes the synthesis of PHA copolymers by the latest biosynthetic and chemical modification methods. The modified PHA copolymer could greatly reduce the production cost with elevated mechanical or physicochemical properties, which can further meet the practical needs of various fields. This review further summarizes the broad applications of modified PHA copolymers in biomedical applications, which might shred lights on their commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key, Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key, Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Adjuvants as Delivery Systems in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3831-3841. [PMID: 31526814 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Combining autoantigens with immune-modulating drugs has emerged as an attractive approach to selectively reinstate tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The disparate properties of autoantigens and small-molecule immunosuppressants commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases can confound efforts to co-deliver these therapies. However, both components may be co-delivered with adjuvants which have been successful in delivering antigens to immune cells. We evaluated several common adjuvants as vehicles to co-deliver a model antigen and immunosuppressant, ovalbumin (OVA) and dexamethasone (DEX), respectively. Formulations were developed, and the release of DEX from adjuvants was investigated. Next, the effect of adjuvant, DEX, and OVA was tested in vitro using a DC line. A MF59-analog (MF59a) formulation was advanced to more sophisticated co-culture studies using OVA-primed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and splenocytes or T-cells from OT-II mice. Most of these studies indicated MF59a-based antigen-specific immunotherapies could diminish the markers of inflammation associated with OVA recognition. We rationalized MF59a co-delivery of antigen and drug could reduce the risk of side effects typically associated with these drugs and reinstate immune tolerance, thus prompting continued investigation of emulsion adjuvants as delivery vehicles for antigen-specific immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
29
|
McGowan J, Peter C, Chattopadhyay S, Chakravarti R. 14-3-3ζ-A Novel Immunogen Promotes Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1553. [PMID: 31396202 PMCID: PMC6667649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies against 14-3-3ζ in human autoimmune diseases indicates its antigenic function. However, neither the cause nor the consequence of this newly-identified antigenic function of 14-3-3ζ protein is known. To address this, we investigated the immunological functions of 14-3-3ζ by studying ex vivo effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation, polarization, and cytokine production. Exogenous 14-3-3ζ promoted PBMC proliferation and T cell polarization toward Th1 and Th17 populations. Significant increases in IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were observed in the presence of 14-3-3ζ. A specific increase in Th1 cells and IFN-γ production provided strong evidence for MHC class II presentation of 14-3-3ζ antigen. Particularly HLA-DRB1*0401 allele strongly promoted 14-3-3ζ-induced IFN-γ producing cells. In contrast, prednisolone treatment suppressed both 14-3-3ζ-induced T cell polarization and cytokine production. Overall, we show that MHC presentation and the adaptor functions of 14-3-3ζ participate in promoting IFN-γ and IL-17 production, two of the cytokines commonly associated with autoimmune diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the ex vivo antigenic function of 14-3-3ζ with human PBMC, thereby providing the basis of its immunological role in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna McGowan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Cara Peter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pearce SH, Dayan C, Wraith DC, Barrell K, Olive N, Jansson L, Walker-Smith T, Carnegie C, Martin KF, Boelaert K, Gilbert J, Higham CE, Muller I, Murray RD, Perros P, Razvi S, Vaidya B, Wernig F, Kahaly GJ. Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy with Thyrotropin Receptor Peptides in Graves' Hyperthyroidism: A Phase I Study. Thyroid 2019; 29:1003-1011. [PMID: 31194638 PMCID: PMC6648194 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Graves' disease is one of the most common autoimmune conditions, but treatment remains imperfect. This study explores the first-in-human use of antigen-specific immunotherapy with a combination of two thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) peptides (termed ATX-GD-59) in Graves' hyperthyroidism. Methods: Twelve participants (11 female) with previously untreated mild to moderate Graves' hyperthyroidism were enrolled in a Phase I open label trial to receive 10 doses of ATX-GD-59 administered intradermally over an 18-week period. Adverse events, tolerability, changes in serum free thyroid hormones, and TSHR autoantibodies were measured. Results: Ten subjects received all 10 doses of ATX-GD-59, five (50%) of whom had free triiodothyronine within the reference interval by the 18-week visit. Two further subjects had improved free thyroid hormones by the end of the study (7/10 responders), whereas three subjects showed worsening thyrotoxicosis during the study. Serum TSHR autoantibody concentrations reduced during the study and correlated with changes in free thyroid hormones (r = 0.85, p = 0.002 for TSHR autoantibody vs. free triiodothyronine). Mild injection-site swelling and pain were the most common adverse events. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that ATX-GD-59 is a safe and well-tolerated treatment. The improvement in free thyroid hormones in 70% of subjects receiving the medication suggests potential efficacy as a novel treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon H.S. Pearce
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham United Kingdom
- Apitope Technology (Bristol) Ltd., Chepstow, United Kingdom
- Apitope International NV, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kevin Barrell
- Apitope Technology (Bristol) Ltd., Chepstow, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Olive
- Apitope Technology (Bristol) Ltd., Chepstow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristien Boelaert
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Gilbert
- Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Higham
- Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Muller
- Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Murray
- Department of Endocrinology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Perros
- Endocrine Unit, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Razvi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Macleod Diabetes & Endocrine Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Wernig
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - George J. Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu Y, Cheng Y, Baylink DJ, Wasnik S, Goel G, Huang M, Cao H, Qin X, Lau KHW, Chan C, Koch A, Pham LH, Zhang J, Li CH, Wang X, Berumen EC, Smith J, Tang X. In Vivo Generation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cells for the Suppression of Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3447-3457. [PMID: 31053627 PMCID: PMC10234421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for gut inflammation have not reached the desired specificity and are attended by unintended immune suppression. This study aimed to provide evidence for supporting a hypothesis that direct in vivo augmentation of the induction of gut-homing regulatory T (Treg) cells is a strategy of expected specificity for the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease). We showed that dendritic cells (DCs), engineered to de novo produce high concentrations of both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active vitamin D metabolite, and retinoic acid, an active vitamin A metabolite, augmented the induction of T cells that express both the regulatory molecule Foxp3 and the gut-homing receptor CCR9 in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, the newly generated Ag-specific Foxp3+ T cells homed to intestines. Additionally, transfer of such engineered DCs robustly suppressed ongoing experimental colitis. Moreover, CD4+ T cells from spleens of the mice transferred with the engineered DCs suppressed experimental colitis in syngeneic hosts. The data suggest that the engineered DCs enhance regulatory function in CD4+ T cell population in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Finally, we showed that colitis suppression following in vivo transfer of the engineered DCs was significantly reduced when Foxp3+ Treg cells were depleted. The data indicate that maximal colitis suppression mediated by the engineered DCs requires Treg cells. Collectively, our data support that DCs de novo overproducing both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and retinoic acid are a promising novel therapy for chronic intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Yanmei Cheng
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Gastroenterology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - David J Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Gati Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Mei Huang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huynh Cao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Xuezhong Qin
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
| | - Christian Chan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Adam Koch
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Linh H Pham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong 250014, China; and
| | - Edmundo Carreon Berumen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - James Smith
- X Cell Laboratories Inc., Redlands, CA 92373
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hall LS, Lennon CS, Hall AM, Urbaniak SJ, Vickers MA, Barker RN. Combination peptide immunotherapy suppresses antibody and helper T-cell responses to the major human platelet autoantigen glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in HLA-transgenic mice. Haematologica 2019; 104:1074-1082. [PMID: 30514805 PMCID: PMC6518892 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.179424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet destruction in immune thrombocytopenia is caused by autoreactive antibody and T-cell responses, most commonly directed against platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Loss of self-tolerance in the disease is also associated with deficient activity of regulatory T cells. Having previously mapped seven major epitopes on platelet glycoprotein IIIa that are recognized by helper T cells from patients with immune thrombocytopenia, the aim was to test whether peptide therapy with any of these sequences, alone or in combination, could inhibit responses to the antigen in humanized mice expressing HLA-DR15. None of the individual peptides, delivered by a putative tolerogenic regimen, consistently suppressed the antibody response to subsequent immunization with human platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. However, the combination of glycoprotein IIIa peptides aa6-20 and aa711-725, which contain the predominant helper epitopes in patients and elicited the strongest trends to suppress when used individually, did abrogate this response. The peptide combination also blunted, but did not reverse, the ongoing antibody response when given after immunization. Suppression of antibody was associated with reduced splenocyte T-cell responsiveness to the antigen, and with the induction of a regulatory T-cell population that is more responsive to the peptides than to purified platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Overall, these data demonstrate that combinations of peptides containing helper epitopes, such as platelet glycoprotein IIIa aa6-20 and aa711-725, can promote in vivo suppression of responses to the major antigen implicated in immune thrombocytopenia. The approach offers a promising therapeutic option to boost T-cell regulation, which should be taken forward to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Hall
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West, University of Aberdeen
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charlotte S Lennon
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West, University of Aberdeen
| | - Andrew M Hall
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West, University of Aberdeen
| | - Stanislaw J Urbaniak
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West, University of Aberdeen
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark A Vickers
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West, University of Aberdeen
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Robert N Barker
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West, University of Aberdeen
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li B, Yuan Z, McMullen P, Xie J, Jain P, Hung HC, Xu S, Zhang P, Lin X, Wu K, Jiang S. A Chromatin-Mimetic Nanomedicine for Therapeutic Tolerance Induction. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12004-12014. [PMID: 30412375 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The undesirable immune response poses a life-threatening challenge to human health. It not only deteriorates the therapeutic performance of biologic drugs but also contributes to various diseases such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. Inspired by the role of chromatin in the maintenance of natural immune tolerance, here we report a DNA-protein polymeric nanocomplex that can mimic the tolerogenic function of chromatin and induce an immune tolerance to its protein cargos. We first proved that the chromatin-mimetic nanomedicine loaded with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a highly immunogenic model protein, could elicit a durable antigen-specific immune tolerance to KLH lasting for at least five weeks in mice. Following the proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated that this nanomedicine could be applied to improve the safety and efficacy of a biologic drug, PEGylated uricase, by attenuating the relevant antibody (Ab) responses. Moreover, we also demonstrated that prophylactic treatments with this nanomedicine could tolerize the immune system with the allergen of ovalbumin (OVA) and thus inhibit the occurrence of airway inflammation in an OVA-induced allergic asthma murine model. Collectively, our work illustrates a nature-inspired concept of immune tolerance induction and establishes a useful tool to specifically suppress unwanted immune responses for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Zhefan Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Patrick McMullen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Priyesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Kan Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Shaoyi Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Biology of T Regulatory Type 1 Cells and Their Therapeutic Application in Immune-Mediated Diseases. Immunity 2018; 49:1004-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
35
|
Hartwell BL, Pickens CJ, Leon M, Northrup L, Christopher MA, Griffin JD, Martinez-Becerra F, Berkland C. Soluble antigen arrays disarm antigen-specific B cells to promote lasting immune tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun 2018; 93:76-88. [PMID: 30007842 PMCID: PMC6117839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive lymphocytes that escape central immune tolerance may be silenced via an endogenous peripheral tolerance mechanism known as anergy. Antigen-specific therapies capable of inducing anergy may restore patients with autoimmune diseases to a healthy phenotype while avoiding deleterious side effects associated with global immunosuppression. Inducing anergy in B cells may be a particularly potent intervention, as B cells can contribute to autoimmune diseases through multiple mechanisms and offer the potential for direct antigen-specific targeting through the B cell receptor (BCR). Our previous results suggested autoreactive B cells may be silenced by multivalent 'soluble antigen arrays' (SAgAs), which are polymer conjugates displaying multiple copies of autoantigen with or without a secondary peptide that blocks intracellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Here, key therapeutic molecular properties of SAgAs were identified and linked to the immunological mechanism through comprehensive cellular and in vivo analyses. We determined non-hydrolyzable 'cSAgAs' displaying multivalent 'click'-conjugated antigen more potently suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) compared to hydrolyzable SAgAs capable of releasing conjugated antigen. cSAgAs restored a healthy phenotype in disease-specific antigen presenting cells (APCs) by inducing an anergic response in B cells and a subset of B cells called autoimmune-associated B cells (ABCs) that act as potent APCs in autoimmune disease. Accompanied by a cytokine response skewed towards a Th2/regulatory phenotype, this generated an environment of autoantigenic tolerance. By identifying key therapeutic molecular properties and an immunological mechanism that drives SAgA efficacy, this work guides the design of antigen-specific immunotherapies capable of inducing anergy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Click Chemistry
- Clonal Anergy/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Hydrolysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Mice
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Array Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chad J Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Martin Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Laura Northrup
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Matthew A Christopher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - J Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Francisco Martinez-Becerra
- Immunology Core Laboratory of the Kansas Vaccine Institute, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jansson L, Vrolix K, Jahraus A, Martin KF, Wraith DC. Immunotherapy With Apitopes Blocks the Immune Response to TSH Receptor in HLA-DR Transgenic Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3446-3457. [PMID: 30099489 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have combined major histocompatibility complex-binding assays with immunization and tolerance induction experiments in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice to design apitopes (antigen-processing independent epitopes) derived from thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) for treatment of patients with Graves' disease (GD). A challenge model was created by using an adenovirus-expressing part of the extracellular domain of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR289). This model was used to test whether current drug treatments for GD would have an impact on effective antigen-specific immunotherapy using the apitope approach. Furthermore, selected peptides were assessed for their antigenicity using peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from patients with GD. A mixture of two immunodominant apitopes was sufficient to suppress both the T-cell and antibody response to TSHR when administered in soluble form to HLA-DR transgenic mice. Tolerance induction was not disrupted by current drug treatments. These results demonstrate that antigen-specific immunotherapy with apitopes from TSHR is a suitable approach for treatment of GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keith F Martin
- Apitope Technology (Bristol) Ltd., Chepstow, United Kingdom
| | - David C Wraith
- Apitope International NV, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schep S, Schutgens R, Fischer K, Boes M. Review of immune tolerance induction in hemophilia A. Blood Rev 2018; 32:326-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
38
|
Hotta-Iwamura C, Benck C, Coley WD, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Quiel JA, Tarbell KV. Low CD25 on autoreactive Tregs impairs tolerance via low dose IL-2 and antigen delivery. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:39-48. [PMID: 29439835 PMCID: PMC5949247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T cell tolerance deficiencies contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Delivering self-antigen to dendritic-cell inhibitory receptor-2 (DCIR2)+ DCs can delay but not completely block diabetes development in NOD mice. These DCIR2-targeting antibodies induce tolerance via deletion and anergy, but do not increase islet-specific Tregs. Because low-dose IL-2 (LD-IL-2) administration can preferentially expand Tregs, we tested whether delivering islet-antigen to tolerogenic DCIR2+ DCs along with LD-IL-2 would boost islet-specific Tregs and further block autoimmunity. But, surprisingly, adding LD-IL-2 did not increase efficacy of DC-targeted antigen to inhibit diabetes. Here we show the effects of LD-IL-2, with or without antigen delivery to DCIR2+ DCs, on both polyclonal and autoreactive Treg and conventional T cells (Tconv). As expected, LD-IL-2 increased total Tregs, but autoreactive Tregs required both antigen and IL-2 stimulation for optimal expansion. Also, islet-specific Tregs had lower CD25 expression and IL-2 sensitivity, while islet-specific Tconv had higher CD25 expression, compared to polyclonal populations. LD-IL-2 increased activation and expansion of Tconv, and was more pronounced for autoreactive cells after treatment with IL-2 + islet-antigen. Therefore, LD-IL-2 therapy, especially when combined with antigen stimulation, may not optimally activate and expand antigen-specific Tregs in chronic autoimmune settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Benck
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Coley
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan A Quiel
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Clayton K, Vallejo AF, Davies J, Sirvent S, Polak ME. Langerhans Cells-Programmed by the Epidermis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1676. [PMID: 29238347 PMCID: PMC5712534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the epidermis as a dense network of immune system sentinels. These cells determine the appropriate adaptive immune response (inflammation or tolerance) by interpreting the microenvironmental context in which they encounter foreign substances. In a normal physiological, "non-dangerous" situation, LCs coordinate a continuous state of immune tolerance, preventing unnecessary and harmful immune activation. Conversely, when they sense a danger signal, for example during infection or when the physical integrity of skin has been compromised as a result of a trauma, they instruct T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system to mount efficient effector responses. Recent advances investigating the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cross talk between LCs and the epidermal microenvironment reveal its importance for programming LC biology. This review summarizes the novel findings describing LC origin and function through the analysis of the transcriptomic programs and gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Review and meta-analysis of publicly available datasets clearly delineates LCs as distinct from both conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, suggesting a primary role for the epidermal microenvironment in programming LC biology. This concept is further supported by the analysis of the effect of epidermal pro-inflammatory signals, regulating key GRNs in human and murine LCs. Applying whole transcriptome analyses and in silico analysis has advanced our understanding of how LCs receive, integrate, and process signals from the steady-state and diseased epidermis. Interestingly, in homeostasis and under immunological stress, the molecular network in LCs remains relatively stable, reflecting a key evolutionary need related to tissue localization. Importantly, to fulfill their key role in orchestrating antiviral adaptive immune responses, LC share specific transcriptomic modules with other DC types able to cross-present antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, pointing to a possible evolutionary convergence mechanism. With the development of more advanced technologies allowing delineation of the molecular networks at the level of chromatin organization, histone modifications, protein translation, and phosphorylation, future "omics" investigations will bring in-depth understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underpinning human LC biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalum Clayton
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James Davies
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Sirvent
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marta E Polak
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Daveson AJM, Ee HC, Andrews JM, King T, Goldstein KE, Dzuris JL, MacDougall JA, Williams LJ, Treohan A, Cooreman MP, Anderson RP. Epitope-Specific Immunotherapy Targeting CD4-Positive T Cells in Celiac Disease: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Effects on Intestinal Histology and Plasma Cytokines with Escalating Dose Regimens of Nexvax2 in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 1 Study. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:78-90. [PMID: 29191561 PMCID: PMC5832635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nexvax2® is a novel, peptide-based, epitope-specific immunotherapy intended to be administered by regular injections at dose levels that increase the threshold for clinical reactivity to natural exposure to gluten and ultimately restore tolerance to gluten in patients with celiac disease. Celiac disease patients administered fixed intradermal doses of Nexvax2 become unresponsive to the HLA-DQ2·5-restricted gluten epitopes in Nexvax2, but gastrointestinal symptoms and cytokine release mimicking gluten exposure, that accompany the first dose, limit the maximum tolerated dose to 150μg. Our aim was to test whether stepwise dose escalation attenuated the first dose effect of Nexvax2 in celiac disease patients. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at four community sites in Australia (3) and New Zealand (1) in HLA-DQ2·5 genotype positive adults with celiac disease who were on a gluten-free diet. Participants were assigned to cohort 1 if they were HLA-DQ2·5 homozygotes; other participants were assigned to cohort 2, or to cohort 3 subsequent to completion of cohort 2. Manual central randomization without blocking was used to assign treatment for each cohort. Initially, Nexvax2-treated participants in cohorts 1 and 2 received an intradermal dose of 30μg (consisting of 10μg of each constituent peptide), followed by 60μg, 90μg, 150μg, and then eight doses of 300μg over six weeks, but this was amended to include doses of 3μg and 9μg and extended over a total of seven weeks. Nexvax2-treated participants in cohort 3 received doses of 3μg, 9μg, 30μg, 60μg, 90μg, 150μg, 300μg, 450μg, 600μg, 750μg, and then eight of 900μg over nine weeks. The dose interval was 3 or 4days. Participants, care providers, data managers, sponsor personnel, and study site personnel were blinded to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was the number of adverse events and percentage of participants with adverse events during the treatment period. This completed trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02528799. FINDINGS From the 73 participants who we screened from 19 August 2015 to 31 October 2016, 24 did not meet eligibility criteria, and 36 were ultimately randomized and received study drug. For cohort 1, seven participants received Nexvax2 (two with the starting dose of 30μg and then five at 3μg) and three received placebo. For cohort 2, 10 participants received Nexvax2 (four with starting dose of 30μg and then six at 3μg) and four received placebo. For cohort 3, 10 participants received Nexvax2 and two received placebo. All 36 participants were included in safety and immune analyses, and 33 participants completed treatment and follow-up; in cohort 3, 11 participants were assessed and included in pharmacokinetics and duodenal histology analyses. Whereas the maximum dose of Nexvax2 had previously been limited by adverse events and cytokine release, no such effect was observed when dosing escalated from 3μg up to 300μg in HLA-DQ2·5 homozygotes or to 900μg in HLA-DQ2.5 non-homozygotes. Adverse events with Nexvax2 treatment were less common in cohorts 1 and 2 with the starting dose of 3μg (72 for 11 participants) than with the starting dose of 30μg (91 for six participants). Adverse events during the treatment period in placebo-treated participants (46 for nine participants) were similar to those in Nexvax2-treated participants when the starting dose was 3μg in cohort 1 (16 for five participants), cohort 2 (56 for six participants), and cohort 3 (44 for 10 participants). Two participants in cohort 2 and one in cohort 3 who received Nexvax2 starting at 3μg did not report any adverse event, while the other 33 participants experienced at least one adverse event. One participant, who was in cohort 1, withdrew from the study due to adverse events, which included abdominal pain graded moderate or severe and associated with nausea after receiving the starting dose of 30μg and one 60μg dose. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events in the Nexvax2 participants were headache (52%), diarrhoea (48%), nausea (37%), abdominal pain (26%), and abdominal discomfort (19%). Administration of Nexvax2 at dose levels from 150μg to 900μg preceded by dose escalation was not associated with elevations in plasma cytokines at 4h. Nexvax2 treatment was associated with trends towards improved duodenal histology. Plasma concentrations of Nexvax2 peptides were dose-dependent. INTERPRETATION We show that antigenic peptides recognized by CD4-positive T cells in an autoimmune disease can be safely administered to patients at high maintenance dose levels without immune activation if preceded by gradual dose escalation. These findings facilitate efficacy studies that test high-dose epitope-specific immunotherapy in celiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hooi C Ee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, WA, Australia
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy King
- Department of Gastroenterology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Re-educating immunity in respiratory allergies: the potential for hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
42
|
Zhao X, Coulman SA, Hanna SJ, Wong FS, Dayan CM, Birchall JC. Formulation of hydrophobic peptides for skin delivery via coated microneedles. J Control Release 2017; 265:2-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
43
|
Co-delivery of autoantigen and dexamethasone in incomplete Freund's adjuvant ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Control Release 2017; 266:156-165. [PMID: 28963036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for autoimmune diseases focus on treating the symptoms rather than the underlying disease cause. A major setback in improving current therapeutics for autoimmunity is the lack of antigen specificity. Successful antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) would allow for improved treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this work, dexamethasone was co-delivered with autoantigen (PLP) in vivo to create effective ASIT for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Using an emulsion of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) as a co-delivery vehicle, it was discovered that the controlled release of autoantigen was important for the suppression of clinical disease symptoms. Analysis of the immune response via cytokines revealed that dexamethasone was important for shifting the immune response away from inflammation. Co-delivery of both autoantigen and dexamethasone increased B-cell populations and antibody production, signifying an increased humoral immune response. Overall, this data indicated that the co-delivery of PLP and dexamethasone with a water-in-oil emulsion is effective in treating a murine autoimmune model.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kuehl C, Thati S, Sullivan B, Sestak J, Thompson M, Siahaan T, Berkland C. Pulmonary Administration of Soluble Antigen Arrays Is Superior to Antigen in Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Pharm Sci 2017. [PMID: 28625726 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy has been used to hyposensitize patients to allergens and offers an enticing approach for attenuating autoimmune diseases. Applying antigen-specific immunotherapy to mucosal surfaces such as the lungs may engage unique immune response pathways to improve efficacy. Pulmonary delivery of soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) was explored in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis model. SAgAs were designed to impede immune response to autoantigen epitopes and are composed of a hyaluronan backbone with peptides PLP139-151 (proteolipid protein) and LABL, a disease-causing proteolipid peptide epitope and an intracellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 ligand, respectively. Pulmonary instillation of SAgAs decreased disease score, improved weight gain, and decreased incidence of disease in EAE mice compared to pulmonary delivery of hyaluronic acid polymer, LABL, or PLP. Interestingly, treating with PLP alone also showed some improvement. Splenocytes from SAgA-treated animals showed increased interferon-gamma levels, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 were elevated in SAgA-treated animals compared to PLP treatments. IL-10, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels showed no significant difference, yet trends across all cytokines suggested SAgAs induced a very different immune response compared to treatment with PLP alone. This work suggests that codelivery of peptide components is essential when treating EAE via pulmonary instillation, and the immune response may have shifted toward immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kuehl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sharadvi Thati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Bradley Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Joshua Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Lawrence Memorial Hospital, Lawrence, Kansas 66044
| | - Teruna Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hartwell BL, Pickens CJ, Leon M, Berkland C. Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Exhibit High Avidity Binding and Modulation of B Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling to Drive Efficacy against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1893-1907. [PMID: 28474886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A pressing need exists for antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) that induce selective tolerance in autoimmune disease while avoiding deleterious global immunosuppression. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays (SAgAPLP:LABL), consisting of a hyaluronic acid (HA) linear polymer backbone cografted with multiple copies of autoantigen (PLP) and cell adhesion inhibitor (LABL) peptides, are designed to induce tolerance to a specific multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen. Previous studies established that hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL, employing a degradable linker to codeliver PLP and LABL, was therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo and exhibited antigen-specific binding with B cells, targeted the B cell receptor (BCR), and dampened BCR-mediated signaling in vitro. Our results pointed to sustained BCR engagement as the SAgAPLP:LABL therapeutic mechanism, so we developed a new version of the SAgA molecule using nonhydrolyzable conjugation chemistry, hypothesizing it would enhance and maintain the molecule's action at the cell surface to improve efficacy. "Click SAgA" (cSAgAPLP:LABL) uses hydrolytically stable covalent conjugation chemistry (Copper-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC)) rather than a hydrolyzable oxime bond to attach PLP and LABL to HA. We explored cSAgAPLP:LABL B cell engagement and modulation of BCR-mediated signaling in vitro through flow cytometry binding and calcium flux signaling assays. Indeed, cSAgAPLP:LABL exhibited higher avidity B cell binding and greater dampening of BCR-mediated signaling than hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL. Furthermore, cSAgAPLP:LABL exhibited significantly enhanced in vivo efficacy compared to hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL, achieving equivalent efficacy at one-quarter of the dose. These results indicate that nonhydrolyzable conjugation increased the avidity of cSAgAPLP:LABL to drive in vivo efficacy through modulated BCR-mediated signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chad J Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Martin Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pang L, Macauley MS, Arlian BM, Nycholat CM, Paulson JC. Encapsulating an Immunosuppressant Enhances Tolerance Induction by Siglec-Engaging Tolerogenic Liposomes. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1226-1233. [PMID: 28231415 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Unwanted antibody responses significantly impact human health, and current options for treating deleterious antibody responses largely rely on broad immunosuppressants that can compromise overall immunity. A desirable alternative is to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. We have shown that co-presentation of antigen and ligands of B cell sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) on a liposomal nanoparticle induces antigen-specific tolerance. Although Siglec-engaging tolerance-inducing antigenic liposomes (STALs) induce robust B cell tolerance in naïve mice, the full potential of STALs requires long-term tolerance induction and suppression of an ongoing immune response. We hypothesized that STALs encapsulated with rapamycin (RAPA), an immunomodulator, could improve the efficacy of STALs and potentially enable their use in the context of immunological memory. Here, we showed that formulation of STALs with RAPA produced enhanced tolerance induction in naïve mice compared to STALs without RAPA but had minimal impact on inducing tolerance in previously sensitized mice. These findings indicate that the addition of immunomodulators to STALs could be beneficial in tolerance induction and support future development of STALs for the treatment of allergy and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Pang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Britni M Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ungerer M, Faßbender J, Li Z, Münch G, Holthoff HP. Review of Mouse Models of Graves' Disease and Orbitopathy-Novel Treatment by Induction of Tolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 52:182-193. [PMID: 27368808 PMCID: PMC5346423 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Various approaches have been used to model human Graves' disease in mice, including transfected fibroblasts, and plasmid or adenoviral immunisations with the extracellular A subunit of the human thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). Some of these models were only observed for a short time period or were self-limiting. A long-term model for human Graves' disease was established in mice using continuing immunisations (4-weekly injections) with recombinant adenovirus expressing TSHR. Generation of TSHR binding cAMP-stimulatory antibodies, thyroid enlargement and alterations, elevated serum thyroxin levels, tachycardia and cardiac hypertrophy were maintained for at least 9 months in all Ad-TSHR-immunised mice. Here, we show that these mice suffer from orbitopathy, which was detected by serial orbital sectioning and histomorphometry. Attempts to treat established Graves' disease in preclinical mouse model studies have included small molecule allosteric antagonists and specific antagonist antibodies which were isolated from hypothyroid patients. In addition, novel peptides have been conceived which mimic the cylindrical loops of the TSHR leucine-rich repeat domain, in order to re-establish tolerance toward the antigen. Here, we show preliminary results that one set of these peptides improves or even cures all signs and symptoms of Graves' disease in mice after six consecutive monthly injections. First beneficial effects were observed 3-4 months after starting these therapies. In immunologically naïve mice, administration of the peptides did not induce any immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ungerer
- Procorde (Advancecor), Fraunhoferstrasse 9a, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Julia Faßbender
- Procorde (Advancecor), Fraunhoferstrasse 9a, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Procorde (Advancecor), Fraunhoferstrasse 9a, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Götz Münch
- Procorde (Advancecor), Fraunhoferstrasse 9a, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mira A, Simon-Soro A, Curtis MA. Role of microbial communities in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and caries. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44 Suppl 18:S23-S38. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - A. Simon-Soro
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - M. A. Curtis
- Institute of Dentistry; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wegner A, Verhagen J, Wraith DC. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells mediate tolerance induction in autoimmune disease. Immunology 2017; 151:26-42. [PMID: 28140447 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) T cells aberrantly recognize self-peptides of the myelin sheath and attack the central nervous system (CNS). Antigen-specific peptide immunotherapy, which aims to restore tolerance while avoiding the use of non-specific immunosuppressive drugs, is a promising approach to combat autoimmune disease, but the cellular mechanisms behind successful therapy remain poorly understood. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been studied intensively in the field of cancer and to a lesser extent in autoimmunity. Because of their suppressive effect on the immune system in cancer, we hypothesized that the development of MDSCs and their interaction with CD4+ T cells could be beneficial for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Hence, changes in the quantity, phenotype and function of MDSCs during tolerance induction in our model of MS were evaluated. We reveal, for the first time, an involvement of a subset of MDSCs, known as polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs, in the process of tolerance induction. PMN-MDSCs were shown to adopt a more suppressive phenotype during peptide immunotherapy and inhibit CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a cell-contact-dependent manner, mediated by arginase-1. Moreover, increased numbers of tolerogenic PMN-MDSCs, such as observed over the course of peptide immunotherapy, were demonstrated to provide protection from disease in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wegner
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johan Verhagen
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Britton GJ, Mitchell RE, Burton BR, Wraith DC. Protein kinase C theta is required for efficient induction of IL-10-secreting T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171547. [PMID: 28158245 PMCID: PMC5291537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) by CD4+ T cells is an essential immunoregulatory mechanism. The work presented here assesses the role of the signaling molecule protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) in the induction of IL-10 expression in CD4+ T cells. Using wildtype and PKCθ-deficient Tg4 T cell receptor transgenic mice, we implemented a well-described protocol of repeated doses of myelin basic protein (MBP)Ac1-9[4Y] antigen to induce Tr1-like IL-10+ T cells. We find that PKCθ is required for the efficient induction of IL-10 following antigen administration. Both serum concentrations of IL-10 and the proportion of IL-10+ T cells were reduced in PKCθ-deficient mice relative to wildtype mice following [4Y] treatment. We further characterized the T cells of [4Y] treated PKCθ-deficient Tg4 mice and found reduced expression of the transcription factors cMaf, Nfil3 and FoxP3 and the surface receptors PD-1 and Tim3, all of which have been associated with the differentiation or function of IL-10+ T cells. Finally, we demonstrated that, unlike [4Y] treated wildtype Tg4 T cells, cells from PKCθ-deficient mice were unable to suppress the priming of naïve T cells in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we present data demonstrating a role for PKCθ in the induction of suppressive, IL-10-secreting T cells induced in TCR-transgenic mice following chronic antigen administration. This should be considered when contemplating PKCθ as a suitable drug target for inducing immune suppression and graft tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Britton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E. Mitchell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R. Burton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|