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Bongartz H, Bradfield C, Gross J, Fraser I, Nita-Lazar A, Meier-Schellersheim M. IL-10 dependent adaptation allows macrophages to adjust inflammatory responses to TLR4 stimulation history. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587272. [PMID: 38654826 PMCID: PMC11037870 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
During an infection, innate immune cells must adjust nature and strength of their responses to changing pathogen abundances. To determine how stimulation of the pathogen sensing TLR4 shapes subsequent macrophage responses, we systematically varied priming and restimulation concentrations of its ligand KLA. We find that different priming strengths have very distinct effects at multiple stages of the signaling response, including receptor internalization, MAPK activation, cytokine and chemokine production, and nuclear translocation and chromatin association of NFκB and IκB members. In particular, restimulation-induced TNF-α production required KLA doses equal to or greater than those used for prior exposure, indicating that macrophages can detect and adaptively respond to changing TLR4 stimuli. Interestingly, while such adaptation was dependent on the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, exogenous concentrations of IL-10 corresponding to those secreted after strong priming did not exert suppressive effects on TNF-α without such prior priming, confirming the critical role of TLR4 stimulation history.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Bongartz
- Computational Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C. Bradfield
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Gross
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I.D.C. Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A. Nita-Lazar
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M. Meier-Schellersheim
- Computational Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Pokharel J, Shryki I, Zwijnenburg AJ, Sandu I, Krumm L, Bekiari C, Avramov V, Heinbäck R, Lysell J, Eidsmo L, Harris HE, Gerlach C. The cellular microenvironment regulates CX3CR1 expression on CD8 + T cells and the maintenance of CX3CR1 + CD8 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350658. [PMID: 37816219 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Expression levels of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 serve as high-resolution marker delineating functionally distinct antigen-experienced T-cell states. The factors that influence CX3CR1 expression in T cells are, however, incompletely understood. Here, we show that in vitro priming of naïve CD8+ T cells failed to robustly induce CX3CR1, which highlights the shortcomings of in vitro priming settings in recapitulating in vivo T-cell differentiation. Nevertheless, in vivo generated memory CD8+ T cells maintained CX3CR1 expression during culture. This allowed us to investigate whether T-cell receptor ligation, cell death, and CX3CL1 binding influence CX3CR1 expression. T-cell receptor stimulation led to downregulation of CX3CR1. Without stimulation, CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells had a selective survival disadvantage, which was enhanced by factors released from necrotic but not apoptotic cells. Exposure to CX3CL1 did not rescue their survival and resulted in a dose-dependent loss of CX3CR1 surface expression. At physiological concentrations of CX3CL1, CX3CR1 surface expression was only minimally reduced, which did not hamper the interpretability of T-cell differentiation states delineated by CX3CR1. Our data further support the broad utility of CX3CR1 surface levels as T-cell differentiation marker and identify factors that influence CX3CR1 expression and the maintenance of CX3CR1 expressing CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pokharel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iman Shryki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthonie J Zwijnenburg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Krumm
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Bekiari
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Avramov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Heinbäck
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Lysell
- Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Helena E Harris
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Gerlach
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Mochizuki T, Ushiki T, Suzuki K, Sato M, Ishiguro H, Suwabe T, Watanabe S, Edama M, Omori G, Yamamoto N, Kawase T. Elevated IL-1β and Comparable IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels Are Characteristic Features of L-PRP in Female College Athletes Compared to Male Professional Soccer Players. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17487. [PMID: 38139317 PMCID: PMC10743764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been becoming popular for the treatment of musculotendinous injuries among athletes. However, for individual and practical variations, clinical success is hardly predictable. To overcome this difficulty, we have been exploring possible criterion candidates for monitoring its clinical effectiveness. In this study, we focused on sex-based differences in young elite athletes and compared the biochemical compositions of their PRP. Leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP) was manually prepared from blood samples collected from male professional soccer players (mPSPs) (n = 25) and female college athletes (fCAs) (n = 36). Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), transforming-growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), platelet factor-4 (PF4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of PDGF-BB, TGFβ1, and PF4 in L-PRP were significantly higher in mPSPs than in fCAs. Conversely, IL-1β and IL-1RA were detected at significantly and slightly higher levels, respectively, in fCAs than in mPSPs. Our findings suggest that, even though L-PRP from fCAs may have lower potential to induce cell growth and differentiation than that of mPSPs, due to the latter's higher capacity to control inflammation, it does not necessarily imply that PRP treatment in fCAs is less effective. Thus, these cytokine levels should be checked before PRP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan;
| | - Takashi Ushiki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8518, Japan;
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan; (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (H.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Misato Sato
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Hajime Ishiguro
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (H.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Tatsuya Suwabe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (H.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata 950-2022, Japan;
| | - Mutsuaki Edama
- Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3102, Japan; (M.E.); (G.O.)
| | - Go Omori
- Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3102, Japan; (M.E.); (G.O.)
| | - Noriaki Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata 950-3304, Japan;
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Kamal AHM, Chakrabarty JK, Chowdhury SM. Lipopolysaccharide and statin-mediated immune-responsive protein networks revealed in macrophages through affinity purification spacer-arm controlled cross-linking (AP-SPACC) proteomics. Mol Omics 2023; 19:48-59. [PMID: 36377691 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00224h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pattern recognition receptor, is activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and induces the MyD88 pathway, which subsequently produces pro-inflammatory cytokines through activation of transcriptional nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Statins have been widely prescribed to reduce cholesterol synthesis for patients with cardiovascular disease. Statins may have pleiotropic effects, which include anti- and pro-inflammatory effects on cells. The molecular mechanism of the sequential influence of LPS and statin on the innate immune system remains unknown. We employed affinity purification-spacer-arm controlled cross-linking (AP-SPACC) MS-based proteomics analysis to identify the LPS- and statin-LPS-responsive proteins and their networks. LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells singly and combined with the drug statin used in this study. Two chemical cross-linkers with different spacer chain lengths were utilized to stabilize the weak and transient interactors. Proteomic analysis identified 1631 differentially expressed proteins. We identified 151 immune-response proteins through functional enrichment analysis and visualized their interaction networks. Selected candidate protein-coding genes were validated, specifically squamous cell carcinoma antigens recognized by T cells 3, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1, Ras-related protein Rab-35, and tumor protein D52 protein-coding genes through transcript-level expression analysis. The expressions of those genes were significantly increased upon statin treatment and decreased in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Therefore, we presumed that the expression changes of genes occurred due to immune response during activation of inflammation. These results highlight the immune-responsive proteins network, providing a new platform for novel investigations and discovering future therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Advanced Technology Cores, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Metabolomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jayanta K Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Saiful M Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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5
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Mani I, Singh V. An overview of receptor endocytosis and signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:1-18. [PMID: 36631188 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a cellular process which mediates receptor internalization, nutrient uptake, and the regulation of cell signaling. Microorganisms (many bacteria and viruses) and toxins also use the same process and enter the cells. Generally, endocytosis is considered in the three forms such as phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and highly selective receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin-dependent and independent). Several endocytic routes exist in an analogous, achieving diverse functions. Most studies on endocytosis have used transformed cells in culture. To visualize the receptor internalization, trafficking, and signaling in subcellular organelles, a green fluorescent protein-tagged receptor has been utilized. It also helps to visualize the endocytosis effects in live-cell imaging. Confocal laser microscopy increases our understanding of receptor endocytosis and signaling. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that many short-sequence motifs of the cytoplasmic domain of receptors significantly play a vital role in receptor internalization, subcellular trafficking, and signaling. However, other factors also regulate receptor internalization through clathrin-coated vesicles. Receptor endocytosis can occur through clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent pathways. This chapter briefly discusses the internalization, trafficking, and signaling of various receptors in normal conditions. In addition, it also highlights the malfunction of the receptor in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
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Pharmacological Evidence of the Important Roles of CCR1 and CCR3 and Their Endogenous Ligands CCL2/7/8 in Hypersensitivity Based on a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010098. [PMID: 36611891 PMCID: PMC9818689 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain treatment remains a challenging issue because the therapies currently used in the clinic are not sufficiently effective. Moreover, the mechanism of neuropathy is still not entirely understood; however, much evidence indicates that chemokines are important factors in the initial and late phases of neuropathic pain. To date, the roles of CCR1, CCR3 and their endogenous ligands have not been extensively studied; therefore, they have become the subject of our research. In the present comprehensive behavioral and biochemical study, we detected significant time-dependent and long-lasting increases in the mRNA levels of CCR1 and/or CCR3 ligands, such as CCL2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9, in the murine spinal cord after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, and these increases were accompanied by changes in the levels of microglial/macrophage, astrocyte and neutrophil cell markers. ELISA results suggested that endogenous ligands of CCR1 and CCR3 are involved in the development (CCL2/3/5/7/8/9) and persistence (CCL2/7/8) of neuropathic pain. Moreover, intrathecal injection of CCL2/3/5/7/8/9 confirmed their possible strong influence on mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity development. Importantly, inhibition of CCL2/7/8 production and CCR1 and CCR3 blockade by selective/dual antagonists effectively reduced neuropathic pain-like behavior. The obtained data suggest that CCL2/7/8/CCR1 and CCL7/8/CCR3 signaling are important in the modulation of neuropathic pain in mice and that these chemokines and their receptors may be interesting targets for future investigations.
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7
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Nengroo MA, Khan MA, Verma A, Datta D. Demystifying the CXCR4 conundrum in cancer biology: Beyond the surface signaling paradigm. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188790. [PMID: 36058380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic chemokine duo CXCR4-CXCL12/SDF-1 (C-X-C Receptor 4-C-X-C Ligand 12/ Stromal-derived factor 1) has been the topic of intense scientific disquisitions since Muller et al., in her ground-breaking research, described this axis as a critical determinant of organ-specific metastasis in breast cancer. Elevated CXCR4 levels correlate with distant metastases, poor prognosis, and unfavourable outcomes in most solid tumors. Therapeutic impediment of the axis in clinics with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved inhibitors like AMD3100 or Plerixafor yield dubious results, contrary to pre-clinical developments. Clinical trials entailing inhibition of CXCR7 (C-X-C Receptor 7), another convicted chemokine receptor that exhibits affinity for CXCL12, reveal outcomes analogous to that of CXCR4-CXCL12 axis blockade. Of note, the cellular CXCR4 knockout phenotype varies largely from that of inhibitor treatments. These shaky findings pique great curiosity to delve further into the realm of this infamous chemokine receptor to provide a probable explanation. A multitude of recent reports suggests the presence of an increased intracellular CXCR4 pool in various cancers, both cytoplasmic and nuclear. This intracellular CXCR4 protein reserve seems active as it correlates with vital tumor attributes, viz. prognosis, aggressiveness, metastasis, and disease-free survival. Diminishing this entire intracellular CXCR4 load apart from the surface signals looks encouraging from a therapeutic point of view. Transcending beyond the classically accepted concept of ligand-mediated surface signaling, this review sheds new light on plausible associations of intracellularly compartmentalised CXCR4 with various aspects of tumorigenesis. Besides, this review also puts forward a comprehensive account of CXCR4 regulation in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad Nengroo
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Muqtada Ali Khan
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Ayushi Verma
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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8
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Kaczor DM, Kramann R, Hackeng TM, Schurgers LJ, Koenen RR. Differential Effects of Platelet Factor 4 (CXCL4) and Its Non-Allelic Variant (CXCL4L1) on Cultured Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020580. [PMID: 35054772 PMCID: PMC8775478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) is a chemokine abundantly stored in platelets. Upon injury and during atherosclerosis, CXCL4 is transported through the vessel wall where it modulates the function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by affecting proliferation, migration, gene expression and cytokine release. Variant CXCL4L1 is distinct from CXCL4 in function and expression pattern, despite a minor three-amino acid difference. Here, the effects of CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 on the phenotype and function of human VSMCs were compared in vitro. VSMCs were found to constitutively express CXCL4L1 and only exogenously added CXCL4 was internalized by VSMCs. Pre-treatment with heparin completely blocked CXCL4 uptake. A role of the putative CXCL4 receptors CXCR3 and DARC in endocytosis was excluded, but LDL receptor family members appeared to be involved in the uptake of CXCL4. Incubation of VSMCs with both CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 resulted in decreased expression of contractile marker genes and increased mRNA levels of KLF4 and NLRP3 transcription factors, yet only CXCL4 stimulated proliferation and calcification of VSMCs. In conclusion, CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 both modulate gene expression, yet only CXCL4 increases the division rate and formation of calcium-phosphate crystals in VSMCs. CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 may play distinct roles during vascular remodeling in which CXCL4 induces proliferation and calcification while endogenously expressed CXCL4L1 governs cellular homeostasis. The latter notion remains a subject for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid M. Kaczor
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.K.); (T.M.H.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology and Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M. Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.K.); (T.M.H.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.K.); (T.M.H.); (L.J.S.)
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Rory R. Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.K.); (T.M.H.); (L.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-433-881-674
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Abstract
The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 into a chronic, well-managed disease. However, these therapies do not eliminate all infected cells from the body despite suppressing viral load. Viral rebound is largely due to the presence of cellular reservoirs which support long-term persistence of HIV-1. A thorough understanding of the HIV-1 reservoir will facilitate the development of new strategies leading to its detection, reduction, and elimination, ultimately leading to curative therapies for HIV-1. Although immune cells derived from lymphoid and myeloid progenitors have been thoroughly studied as HIV-1 reservoirs, few studies have examined whether mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can assume this function. In this review, we evaluate published studies which have assessed whether MSCs contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. MSCs have been found to express the receptors and co-receptors required for HIV-1 entry, albeit at levels of expression and receptor localisation that vary considerably between studies. Exposure to HIV-1 and HIV-1 proteins alters MSC properties in vitro, including their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments investigating whether MSCs can become infected with and harbour latent integrated proviral DNA are lacking. In conclusion, MSCs appear to have the potential to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. However, further studies are needed using techniques such as those used to prove that cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells constitute an HIV-1 reservoir before a reservoir function can definitively be ascribed to MSCs.
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10
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Vella JL, Molodtsov A, Angeles CV, Branchini BR, Turk MJ, Huang YH. Dendritic cells maintain anti-tumor immunity by positioning CD8 skin-resident memory T cells. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202101056. [PMID: 34362825 PMCID: PMC8356251 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells are emerging as critical components of the immune response to cancer; yet, requirements for their ongoing function and maintenance remain unclear. APCs promote TRM cell differentiation and re-activation but have not been implicated in sustaining TRM cell responses. Here, we identified a novel role for dendritic cells in supporting TRM to melanoma. We showed that CD8 TRM cells remain in close proximity to dendritic cells in the skin. Depletion of CD11c+ cells results in rapid disaggregation and eventual loss of melanoma-specific TRM cells. In addition, we determined that TRM migration and/or persistence requires chemotaxis and adhesion mediated by the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis. The interaction between CXCR6-expressing TRM cells and CXCL16-expressing APCs was found to be critical for sustaining TRM cell-mediated tumor protection. These findings substantially expand our knowledge of APC functions in TRM T-cell homeostasis and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Aleksey Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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11
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Wang CH, Weng CM, Huang TT, Lee MJ, Lo CY, Chen MC, Chou CL, Kuo HP. Anti-IgE therapy inhibits chemotaxis, proliferation and transformation of circulating fibrocytes in patients with severe allergic asthma. Respirology 2021; 26:842-850. [PMID: 34109713 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Circulating fibrocytes act as precursors of myofibroblasts, contribute to airway remodelling in chronic asthma and migrate to injured tissues by expressing CXCR4 and CCR7. Anti-IgE therapy improves severe allergic asthma (SAA) control and airway remodelling in T2-high SAA. The effects of anti-IgE therapy on fibrocyte activities were investigated in this study. METHODS The expression of CCR7, CXCR4, ST2 and α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) in both circulating and cultured fibrocytes from all patients with asthma was measured, and was repeated after omalizumab treatment in SAA. Fibrocytes recruitment, proliferation and transformation were also measured in response to anti-IgE therapy. RESULTS Omalizumab effectively improved asthma control and pulmonary function in T2-high SAA, associated with a decline in serum levels of IL-33 and IL-13. Omalizumab down-regulates CXCR4 and CCR7 expression of fibrocytes, which could suppress fibrocyte recruitment into the lungs. Omalizumab also suppressed the increased number of fibrocytes and α-SMA+ fibrocytes within the cultured non-adherent non-T (NANT) cells after 3-7 days of culture. The decrease in serum levels of IL-33 by omalizumab contributed to the effectiveness in inhibiting fibrocyte recruitment, proliferation and myofibroblast transformation through IL-33/ST2 axis. The elevated IL-13 expression in SAA patients potentiated the effects of IL-33 by increasing ST2 expression. CONCLUSION Omalizumab reduced the number of circulating fibrocytes, cell and number of fibrocytes as well as α-SMA+ fibrocytes after 3-7 days of culture in SAA patients. IL-33 and IL-13 may be implicated in the effectiveness of omalizumab in inhibiting fibrocyte activation contributing partly to the clinical benefits in reducing lamina propria and basement membrane thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Wang
- Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Weng
- Pulmonary Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jung Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Lo
- Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chen
- Pulmonary Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chou
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Pulmonary Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Diet-Induced Obesity Impairs Outcomes and Induces Multi-Factorial Deficiencies in Effector T Cell Responses Following Anti-CTLA-4 Combinatorial Immunotherapy in Renal Tumor-Bearing Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102295. [PMID: 34064933 PMCID: PMC8151089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy use has become standard for many patients with advanced kidney cancer; unfortunately, <50% of patients experience durable responses. Mounting evidence suggests that modifiable factors, such as diet and obesity, impact immunotherapy outcomes. Obesity, a major U.S. health epidemic, blunts anti-tumor immunity and promotes tumor growth in multiple preclinical models. However, the full biological impact of obesity on the T cell responses needed to achieve positive immunotherapy outcomes remains unclear. Here, we studied the effects of obesity on T cell responses following combinatorial immunotherapy in a mouse model of kidney cancer. We found that obesity is associated with blunted effector T cell responses, resulting in diminished immunotherapy outcomes. This therapy produces sustained T cell responses and robust tumor control in obese-resistant mice fed the same high-fat diet. Finding ways to amplify T cell responses within renal tumors from hosts with obesity will be critical for achieving optimal immunotherapy outcomes. Abstract Associations between modifiable factors and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies remain uncertain. We found previously that diet-induced obesity (DIO) reduces the efficacy of an immunotherapy consisting of adenovirus-encoded TRAIL plus CpG oligonucleotide (AdT/CpG) in mice with renal tumors. To eliminate confounding effects of diet and determine whether outcomes could be improved in DIO mice, we evaluated AdT/CpG combined with anti-CTLA-4 in diet-matched, obese-resistant (OB-RES) versus DIO tumor-bearing mice. Therapy-treated OB-RES mice displayed effective renal tumor control and sustained CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In contrast, therapy-treated DIO mice exhibited progressive tumor outgrowth and blunted T cell responses, characterized by reduced intratumoral frequencies of IFNγ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Weak effector T cell responses in therapy-treated DIO mice were accompanied by low intratumoral concentrations of the T cell chemoattractant CCL5, heightened concentrations of pro-tumorigenic GM-CSF, and impaired proliferative capacity of CD44+CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Our findings demonstrate that in lean mice with renal tumors, combining in situ T cell priming upstream of anti-CTLA-4 enhances outcomes versus anti-CTLA-4 alone. However, host obesity is associated with heightened immunotherapy resistance, characterized by multi-factorial deficiencies in effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that extend beyond the tumor microenvironment.
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13
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Amniai L, Ple C, Barrier M, de Nadai P, Marquillies P, Vorng H, Chenivesse C, Tsicopoulos A, Duez C. Natural Killer Cells from Allergic Donors Are Defective in Their Response to CCL18 Chemokine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083879. [PMID: 33918621 PMCID: PMC8068884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally described as cytolytic effector cells, but since then have been recognized to possess regulatory functions on immune responses. Chemokines locate NK cells throughout the body in homeostatic and pathological conditions. They may also directly stimulate immune cells. CCL18 is a constitutive and inducible chemokine involved in allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate CCL18’s effect on NK cells from allergic and nonallergic donors in terms of both chemotactic and immune effects. Results showed that CCL18 was able to induce migration of NK cells from nonallergic donors in a G-protein-dependent manner, suggesting the involvement of a classical chemokine receptor from the family of seven-transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptors. In contrast, NK cells from allergic patients were unresponsive. Similarly, CCL18 was able to induce NK cell cytotoxicity only in nonallergic subjects. Purified NK cells did not express CCR8, one of the receptors described to be involved in CCL18 functions. Finally, the defect in CCL18 response by NK cells from allergic patients was unrelated to a defect in CCL18 binding to NK cells. Overall, our results suggest that some NK cell functions may be defective in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latiffa Amniai
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Coline Ple
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Mathieu Barrier
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Patricia de Nadai
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Philippe Marquillies
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Han Vorng
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Cécile Chenivesse
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
- CHU Lille, Service de Pneumologie et Immuno-Allergologie, Centre de Compétence pour les Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
- CHU Lille, Service de Pneumologie et Immuno-Allergologie, Centre de Compétence pour les Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Duez
- U1019–UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.A.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (P.d.N.); (P.M.); (H.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Cevaal PM, Ali A, Czuba-Wojnilowicz E, Symons J, Lewin SR, Cortez-Jugo C, Caruso F. In Vivo T Cell-Targeting Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: Considerations for Rational Design. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3736-3753. [PMID: 33600163 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells play an important role in immunity and repair and are implicated in diseases, including blood cancers, viral infections, and inflammation, making them attractive targets for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Over recent years, the advent of nanomedicine has shown an increase in studies that use nanoparticles as carriers to deliver therapeutic cargo to T cells for ex vivo and in vivo applications. Nanoparticle-based delivery has several advantages, including the ability to load and protect a variety of drugs, control drug release, improve drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and site- or cell-specific targeting. However, the delivery of nanoparticles to T cells remains a major technological challenge, which is primarily due to the nonphagocytic nature of T cells. In this review, we discuss the physiological barriers to effective T cell targeting and describe the different approaches used to deliver cargo-loaded nanoparticles to T cells for the treatment of disease such as T cell lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, engineering strategies that aim to improve nanoparticle internalization by T cells, including ligand-based targeting, will be highlighted. These nanoparticle engineering approaches are expected to inspire the development of effective nanomaterials that can target or manipulate the function of T cells for the treatment of T cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Czuba-Wojnilowicz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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15
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Horrigan O, Jose S, Mukherjee A, Sharma D, Huber A, Madan R. Leptin Receptor q223r Polymorphism Influences Clostridioides difficile Infection-Induced Neutrophil CXCR2 Expression in an Interleukin-1β Dependent Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:619192. [PMID: 33718269 PMCID: PMC7946998 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key first-responders in the innate immune response to C. difficile infection (CDI) and play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Studies have clearly shown that tissue neutrophil numbers need to be tightly regulated for optimal CDI outcomes: while excessive colonic neutrophilia is associated with severe CDI, neutrophil depletion also results in worse outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms that control CDI-induced neutrophilia remain poorly defined. C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a chemotactic receptor that is critical in neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow to blood and tissue sites. We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of people, influenced CDI-induced neutrophil CXCR2 expression and tissue neutrophilia. Homozygosity for mutant LEPR (i.e. RR genotype) was associated with higher CXCR2 expression and more tissue neutrophils. Here, we investigated the biological mechanisms that regulate neutrophil CXCR2 expression after CDI, and the influence of host genetics on this process. Our data reveal that: a) CXCR2 plays a key role in CDI-induced neutrophil extravasation from blood to colonic tissue; b) plasma from C. difficile-infected mice upregulated CXCR2 on bone marrow neutrophils; c) plasma from C. difficile-infected RR mice induced a higher magnitude of CXCR2 upregulation and had more IL-1β; and d) IL-1β neutralization reduced CXCR2 expression on bone marrow and blood neutrophils and their subsequent accrual to colonic tissue. In sum, our data indicate that IL-1β is a key molecular mediator that communicates between gastro-intestinal tract (i.e. site of CDI) and bone marrow (i.e. primary neutrophil reservoir) and regulates the intensity of CDI-induced tissue neutrophilia by modulating CXCR2 expression. Further, our studies highlight the importance of host genetics in affecting these innate immune responses and provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which a common SNP influences CDI-induced neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Horrigan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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16
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Ciupe SM, Boribong BP, Kadelka S, Jones CN. Bistable Mathematical Model of Neutrophil Migratory Patterns After LPS-Induced Epigenetic Reprogramming. Front Genet 2021; 12:633963. [PMID: 33708241 PMCID: PMC7940759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly controlled migration of neutrophils toward the site of an infection can be altered when they are trained with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), with high dose LPS enhancing neutrophil migratory pattern toward the bacterial derived source signal and super-low dose LPS inducing either migration toward an intermediary signal or dysregulation and oscillatory movement. Empirical studies that use microfluidic chemotaxis-chip devices with two opposing chemoattractants showed differential neutrophil migration after challenge with different LPS doses. The epigenetic alterations responsible for changes in neutrophil migratory behavior are unknown. We developed two mathematical models that evaluate the mechanistic interactions responsible for neutrophil migratory decision-making when exposed to competing chemoattractants and challenged with LPS. The first model, which considers the interactions between the receptor densities of two competing chemoattractants, their kinases, and LPS, displayed bistability between high and low ratios of primary to intermediary chemoattractant receptor densities. In particular, at equilibrium, we observe equal receptor densities for low LPS (< 15ng/mL); and dominance of receptors for the primary chemoattractant for high LPS (> 15ng/mL). The second model, which included additional interactions with an extracellular signal-regulated kinase in both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms, has an additional dynamic outcome, oscillatory dynamics for both receptors, as seen in the data. In particular, it found equal receptor densities in the absence of oscillation for super-low and high LPS challenge (< 0.4 and 1.1 376 ng/mL). Predicting the mechanisms and the type of external LPS challenge responsible for neutrophils migration toward pro-inflammatory chemoattractants, migration toward pro-tolerant chemoattractants, or oscillatory movement is necessary knowledge in designing interventions against immune diseases, such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanca M. Ciupe
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brittany P. Boribong
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Kadelka
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
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17
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Zanin N, Viaris de Lesegno C, Lamaze C, Blouin CM. Interferon Receptor Trafficking and Signaling: Journey to the Cross Roads. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615603. [PMID: 33552080 PMCID: PMC7855707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most plasma membrane proteins, type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR) traffics from the outer surface to the inner compartments of the cell. Long considered as a passive means to simply control subunits availability at the plasma membrane, an array of new evidence establishes IFNAR endocytosis as an active contributor to the regulation of signal transduction triggered by IFN binding to IFNAR. During its complex journey initiated at the plasma membrane, the internalized IFNAR complex, i.e. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits, will experience post-translational modifications and recruit specific effectors. These finely tuned interactions will determine not only IFNAR subunits destiny (lysosomal degradation vs. plasma membrane recycling) but also the control of IFN-induced signal transduction. Finally, the IFNAR system perfectly illustrates the paradigm of the crosstalk between membrane trafficking and intracellular signaling. Investigating the complexity of IFN receptor intracellular routes is therefore necessary to reveal new insight into the role of IFNAR membrane dynamics in type I IFNs signaling selectivity and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Zanin
- NDORMS, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Viaris de Lesegno
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Cedric M Blouin
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
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18
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Li M, Chen L, Gao Y, Li M, Wang X, Qiang L, Wang X. Recent advances targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 2 for liver diseases in monocyte/macrophage. Liver Int 2020; 40:2928-2936. [PMID: 33025657 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays a critical role in metabolism, nutrient storage and detoxification. Emergency signals or appropriate immune response leads to pathological inflammation and breaks the steady state when liver dysfunction appears, which makes body more susceptible to chronic liver infection, autoimmune diseases and tumour. Compelling proof has illustrated the non-redundant importance of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), one of G-protein-coupled receptors, in different diseases. Selectively expressed on the surface of cells, CCR2 is involved in various signalling pathways and regulates the migration of cells. Especially, a peculiar role of CCR2 has been identified within decades in the onset and progression of hepatic diseases, which led to particular focusing on CCR2 as a new therapeutic and diagnostic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the effect of CCR2 in monocytes/macrophages on liver diseases. The application and translation of the decades of discoveries into therapies promise novel approaches in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Borges BC, Uehara IA, Dos Santos MA, Martins FA, de Souza FC, Junior ÁF, da Luz FAC, da Costa MS, Notário AFO, Lopes DS, Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, de Castilhos P, da Silva CV, Silva MJB. The Recombinant Protein Based on Trypanosoma cruzi P21 Interacts With CXCR4 Receptor and Abrogates the Invasive Phenotype of Human Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569729. [PMID: 33195200 PMCID: PMC7604327 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi P21 is a protein secreted by the parasite that plays biological roles directly involved in the progression of Chagas disease. The recombinant protein (rP21) demonstrates biological properties, such as binding to CXCR4 receptors in macrophages, chemotactic activity of immune cells, and inhibiting angiogenesis. This study aimed to verify the effects of rP21 interaction with CXCR4 from non-tumoral cells (MCF-10A) and triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Our data showed that the MDA-MB-231 cells expressed higher levels of CXCR4 than did the non-tumor cell lines. Besides, cytotoxicity assays using different concentrations of rP21 showed that the recombinant protein was non-toxic and was able to bind to the cell membranes of both cell lineages. In addition, rP21 reduced the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by the downregulation of MMP-9 gene expression. In addition, treatment with rP21 blocked the cell cycle, arresting it in the G1 phase, mainly in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, rP21 prevents the chemotaxis and proliferation induced by CXCL12. Our data showed that rP21 binds to the CXCR4 receptors in both cells, downregulates CXCR4 gene expression, and decreases the receptors in the cytoplasm of MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting CXCR4 internalization. This internalization may explain the desensitization of the receptors in these cells. Thus, rP21 prevents migration, invasion, and progression in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Isadora Akemi Uehara
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carvalho de Souza
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Ferreira Junior
- Departamento de MedicinaVeterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Felipe Andrés Cordero da Luz
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mylla Spirandelli da Costa
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Oliveira Notário
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genético e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Trypanosoma Cruzi, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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20
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Wan S, Lin M, Mao Y, Chen X, Liang D. Altered Expression of CXCL13 and Its Chemokine Receptor CXCR5 on B Lymphocytes during Active Graves' Orbitopathy. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:210-216. [PMID: 32643429 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1786132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the phenotypic abnormalities of peripheral B cells in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and explore the role of chemokine CXC ligand 13 and its receptor type 5 (CXCL13/CXCR5) in relation to B-cell homeostasis using specific neutralizing antibodies. METHODS Adults with active GO (n = 22), inactive GO (n = 28), and healthy control subjects (n = 28) were included in the study. Peripheral B cells and B-cell subsets were quantified and analyzed for CXCR5 expression by flow cytometry. The serum CXCL13 concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. For chemotactic experiments, Transwell plates were used, and migrating B cells were further analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects, patients with active GO had a significantly higher number of CD19+ B cells and the CD19+CD27+ memory B-cell subset (P = .041 and P = .019, respectively), whereas a marginal increase in the number of these cells was found in patients with inactive GO (P = .062 and P = .087, respectively). Serum CXCL13 levels were significantly higher in patients with active GO (86.9 ± 30.4 pg/mL) than in those with inactive GO (41.7 ± 18.1 pg/mL; P < .001) and in healthy subjects (36.2 ± 7.8 pg/mL; P < .001). The increased CXCL13 concentration was positively and significantly correlated with the clinical activity score (r = 0.757, P < .001). Finally, serum from patients with active GO exerted a stronger chemotactic activity towards B cells and the CD19+CD27+ memory B-cell subset. Blocking CXCL13 or CXCR5 with neutralizing antibodies reduced B-cell migration by a mean of 20%. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that aberrant CXCL13/CXCR5 expression may contribute to the deficits in B-lymphocyte homeostasis observed in active GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangtao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoli Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Rogers LM, Wang Z, Mott SL, Dupuy AJ, Weiner GJ. A Genetic Screen to Identify Gain- and Loss-of-Function Modifications that Enhance T-cell Infiltration into Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1206-1214. [PMID: 32611665 PMCID: PMC7483799 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-mediated cancer immunotherapies, including anti-PD-1 and T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells), are becoming standard treatments for many cancer types. CAR-T therapy, in particular, has been successful in treating circulating, but not solid, tumors. One challenge limiting immunotherapy success is that tumors lacking T-cell infiltration do not respond to treatment. Therefore, one potential strategy to overcome resistance is to enhance the ability of T cells to traffic into tumors. Here, we describe an unbiased in vivo genetic screen approach utilizing the Sleeping Beauty mutagenesis system to identify candidate genes in T cells that might be modified to drive intratumoral T-cell accumulation. This screen identified over 400 candidate genes in three tumor models. These results indicated substantial variation in gene candidate selection, depending on the tumor model and whether or not mice were treated with anti-PD-1, yet some candidate genes were identified in all tumor models and with anti-PD-1 therapy. Inhibition of the most frequently mutated gene, Aak1, affected chemokine receptor expression and enhanced T-cell trafficking in vitro and in vivo Screen candidates should be further validated as therapeutic targets, with particular relevance to enhancing infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells into solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Rogers
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sarah L Mott
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Adam J Dupuy
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - George J Weiner
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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22
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Piperi C. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) signaling and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: Potential clinical and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Grigolato F, Egholm C, Impellizzieri D, Arosio P, Boyman O. Establishment of a scalable microfluidic assay for characterization of population-based neutrophil chemotaxis. Allergy 2020; 75:1382-1393. [PMID: 31971608 DOI: 10.1111/all.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis and activation plays crucial roles in immunity, and dysregulated neutrophil responses can lead to pathology as seen in neutrophilic asthma. Neutrophil recruitment is key for initiating immune defense and inflammation, and its modulation is a promising therapeutic target. Microfluidic technology is an attractive tool for characterization of neutrophil migration. Compared to transwell assays, microfluidic approaches could offer several advantages, including precis e control of defined chemokine gradients in space and time, automated quantitative analysis of chemotaxis, and high throughput. METHODS We established a microfluidic device for fully automated, quantitative assessment of neutrophil chemotaxis. Freshly isolated mouse neutrophils from bone marrow or human neutrophils from peripheral blood were assessed in real time using an epifluorescence microscope for their migration toward the potent chemoattractants C-X-C-motif ligand 2 (CXCL2) and CXCL8, without or with interleukin-4 (IL-4) pre-incubation. RESULTS Our microfluidic device allowed the precise and reproducible determination of the optimal CXCL2 and CXCL8 concentrations for mouse and human neutrophil chemotaxis, respectively. Furthermore, our microfluidic assay was able to measure the equilibrium and real-time dynamic effects of specific modulators of neutrophil chemotaxis. We demonstrated this concept by showing that IL-4 receptor signaling in mouse and human neutrophils inhibited their migration toward CXCL2 and CXCL8, respectively, and this inhibition was time-dependent. CONCLUSION Collectively, our microfluidic device shows several advantages over traditional transwell migration assays and its design is amenable to future integration into multiplexed high-throughput platforms for screening of molecules that modulate the chemotaxis of different immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Grigolato
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cecilie Egholm
- Department of Immunology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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24
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Anderson CA, Patel P, Viney JM, Phillips RM, Solari R, Pease JE. A degradatory fate for CCR4 suggests a primary role in Th2 inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:455-466. [PMID: 32052476 PMCID: PMC7155072 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0120-089rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR4 is the sole receptor for the chemokines CCL22 and CCL17. Clinical studies of asthmatic airways have shown levels of both ligands and CCR4+ Th2 cells to be elevated, suggestive of a role in disease. Consequently, CCR4 has aroused much interest as a potential therapeutic target and an understanding of how its cell surface expression is regulated is highly desirable. To this end, receptor expression, receptor endocytosis, and chemotaxis were assessed using transfectants expressing CCR4, CCR4+ human T cell lines, and human Th2 cells polarized in vitro. CCL17 and CCL22 drove rapid endocytosis of CCR4 in a dose-dependent manner. Replenishment at the cell surface was slow and sensitive to cycloheximide, suggestive of de novo synthesis of CCR4. Constitutive CCR4 endocytosis was also observed, with the internalized CCR4 found to be significantly degraded over a 6-h incubation. Truncation of the CCR4 C-terminus by 40 amino acids had no effect on cell surface expression, but resulted in significant impairment of ligand-induced endocytosis. Consequently, migration to both CCL17 and CCL22 was significantly enhanced. In contrast, truncation of CCR4 did not impair constitutive endocytosis or degradation, suggesting the use of alternative receptor motifs in these processes. We conclude that CCR4 cell surface levels are tightly regulated, with a degradative fate for endocytosed receptor. We postulate that this strict control is desirable, given that Th2 cells recruited by CCR4 can induce the further expression of CCR4 ligands in a positive feedback loop, thereby enhancing allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Anderson
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Pallavi Patel
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Viney
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rhian M Phillips
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Airway Disease Infection Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - James E Pease
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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25
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Robichon K, Patel V, Connor B, La Flamme AC. Clozapine reduces infiltration into the CNS by targeting migration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32050980 PMCID: PMC7014621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical antipsychotic agents, such as clozapine, are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders by a mechanism that is believed to involve modulating the immune system. Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated neurological disease, and recently, clozapine was shown to reduce disease severity in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mode of action by which clozapine reduces disease in this model is poorly understood. Methods Because the mode of action by which clozapine reduces neuroinflammation is poorly understood, we used the EAE model to elucidate the in vivo and in vitro effects of clozapine. Results In this study, we report that clozapine treatment reduced the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) and that this correlated with reduced expression of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 transcripts in the brain and spinal cord. We assessed to what extent immune cell populations were affected by clozapine treatment and we found that clozapine targets the expression of chemokines by macrophages and primary microglia. Furthermore, in addition to decreasing CNS infiltration by reducing chemokine expression, we found that clozapine directly inhibits chemokine-induced migration of immune cells. This direct target on the immune cells was not mediated by a change in receptor expression on the immune cell surface but by decreasing downstream signaling via these receptors leading to a reduced migration. Conclusions Taken together, our study indicates that clozapine protects against EAE by two different mechanisms; first, by reducing the chemoattractant proteins in the CNS; and second, by direct targeting the migration potential of peripheral immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Robichon
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Vimal Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Camille La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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26
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Ibidapo-Obe O, Stengel S, Köse-Vogel N, Quickert S, Reuken PA, Busch M, Bauer M, Stallmach A, Bruns T. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Redistribute to the Peritoneal Cavity During Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Contribute to Peritoneal Inflammation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 9:661-677. [PMID: 31954178 PMCID: PMC7160599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are depleted from blood in patients with advanced liver disease and show features of immune dysfunction. Because circulating MAIT cells differ from organ-resident MAIT cells, we aimed to investigate the frequency, phenotype, and function of peritoneal MAIT cells from patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). METHODS MAIT cells in blood and ascitic fluid from patients with cirrhosis were characterized using flow cytometry. Healthy individuals and noncirrhotic patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis served as controls. MAIT cell migration was studied in transwell assays. Cytokine release in response to infected ascitic fluid and bacterial products was assessed in vitro. RESULTS Peritoneal CD3+ CD161hi Vα7.2+ T cells had an inflammatory, tissue retention phenotype, expressing the alpha E integrin, the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3, and the activation marker CD69 at higher levels than their circulating equivalents. Seventy-seven percent bound to MR1 tetramers loaded with the pyrimidine intermediate 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil. The ratio of peritoneal to blood MAIT cell frequency increased from 1.3 in the absence of SBP to 2.6 at diagnosis and decreased by day 3. MAIT cells migrated toward infected ascitic fluid containing CCL5 and CCL20 and released cytokines in an MR1-restricted fashion. Whereas the depleted circulating MAIT cell pool displayed features of immune exhaustion, peritoneal MAIT cells remained competent producers of inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial products. Peritoneal MAIT activation correlated with systemic inflammation, suggesting a possible link between peritoneal and systemic immunity. CONCLUSIONS Peritoneal MAIT cells phenotypically and functionally differ from circulating MAIT cells in decompensated cirrhosis and redistribute to the peritoneum during SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatomi Ibidapo-Obe
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nilay Köse-Vogel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Quickert
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp A Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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27
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Broughton TWK, ElTanbouly MA, Schaafsma E, Deng J, Sarde A, Croteau W, Li J, Nowak EC, Mabaera R, Smits NC, Kuta A, Noelle RJ, Lines JL. Defining the Signature of VISTA on Myeloid Cell Chemokine Responsiveness. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2641. [PMID: 31803182 PMCID: PMC6877598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of negative checkpoint regulators (NCRs) in human health and disease cannot be overstated. V-domain Ig-containing Suppressor of T-cell Activation (VISTA) is an Ig superfamily protein predominantly expressed within the hematopoietic compartment and has been studied for its role in the negative regulation of T cell responses. The findings presented in this study show that, unlike all other NCRs, VISTA deficiency dramatically impacts on macrophage cytokine and chemokine production, as well as the chemotactic response of VISTA-deficient macrophages. A select group of inflammatory chemokines, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, was strikingly elevated in culture supernatants from VISTA KO macrophages. VISTA deficiency also altered chemokine receptor recycling and profoundly disrupted myeloid chemotaxis. The impact of VISTA deficiency on chemotaxis in vivo was apparent with the reduced ability of both KO macrophages and MDSCs to migrate to the tumor microenvironment. This is the first demonstration of an NCR impacting on myeloid mediator production and chemotaxis, and will guide the use of anti-VISTA therapeutics to manipulate the chemotaxis of inflammatory macrophages or immunosuppressive MDSCs in inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. K. Broughton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed A. ElTanbouly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Evelien Schaafsma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Aurélien Sarde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Rodwell Mabaera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Nicole C. Smits
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Anna Kuta
- Immunext Corp., Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Randolph J. Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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28
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Bauer A, Madela J, Berg C, Daugvilaite V, Gurka S, Mages HW, Kroczek RA, Rosenkilde MM, Voigt S. Rat cytomegalovirus-encoded γ-chemokine vXCL1 is a highly adapted, species-specific agonist for rat XCR1-positive dendritic cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.236190. [PMID: 31649144 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the chemokine receptor XCR1 are specialized in antigen cross-presentation to control infections with intracellular pathogens. XCR1-positive (XCR1+) DCs are attracted by XCL1, a γ-chemokine secreted by activated CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) is the only virus known to encode a viral XCL1 analog (vXCL1) that competes for XCR1 binding with the endogenous chemokine. Here we show that vXCL1 from two different RCMV strains, as well as endogenous rat XCL1 (rXCL1) bind to and induce chemotaxis exclusively in rat XCR1+ DCs. Whereas rXCL1 activates the XCR1 Gi signaling pathway in rats and humans, both of the vXCL1s function as species-specific agonists for rat XCR1. In addition, we demonstrate constitutive internalization of XCR1 in XCR1-transfected HEK293A cells and in splenic XCR1+ DCs. This internalization was independent of β-arrestin 1 and 2 and was enhanced after binding of vXCL1 and rXCL1; however, vXCL1 appeared to be a stronger agonist. These findings suggest a decreased surface expression of XCR1 during DC cultivation at 37°C, and subsequent impairment of chemotactic activity and XCR1+ DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Madela
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Berg
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Gurka
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Mages
- Centre for biological threats and special pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany .,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Kreiner G, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Nalepa I, Mika J. Pharmacological Blockade of Spinal CXCL3/CXCR2 Signaling by NVP CXCR2 20, a Selective CXCR2 Antagonist, Reduces Neuropathic Pain Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2198. [PMID: 31616413 PMCID: PMC6775284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the role of CXCR2 in nociception has been noted. Our studies provide new evidence that the intrathecal administration of its CINC ligands (Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant; CXCL1-3) induces pain-like behavior in naïve mice, and the effect occurring shortly after administration is associated with the neural location of CXCR2, as confirmed by immunofluorescence. RT-qPCR analysis showed, for the first time, raised levels of spinal CXCR2 after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. Originally, on day 2, we detected escalated levels of the spinal mRNA of all CINCs associated with enhancement of the protein level of CXCL3 lasting until day 7. Intrathecal administration of CXCL3 neutralizing antibody diminished neuropathic pain on day 7 after CCI. Interestingly, CXCL3 is produced in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial, but not astroglial, primary cell cultures. We present the first evidence that chronic intrathecal administrations of the selective CXCR2 antagonist, NVP CXCR2 20, attenuate neuropathic pain symptoms and CXCL3 expression after CCI. Moreover, in naïve mice, this antagonist prevented CXCL3-induced hypersensitivity. However, NVP CXCR2 20 did not diminish glial activation, thus not enhancing morphine/buprenorphine analgesia. These results provide novel insight into the crucial role of CXCR2 in neuropathy based on CXCL3 modulation, which may become a potential therapeutic target in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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30
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Hendrik Schmidt J, Perslev M, Bukowski L, Stoklund M, Herborg F, Herlo R, Lindegaard Madsen K. Constitutive internalization across therapeutically targeted GPCRs correlates with constitutive activity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:116-121. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik Schmidt
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mathias Perslev
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lina Bukowski
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mikkel Stoklund
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Freja Herborg
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kenneth Lindegaard Madsen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, The Panum Institute – Mærsk Tower University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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31
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Hwang PY, Brenot A, King AC, Longmore GD, George SC. Randomly Distributed K14 + Breast Tumor Cells Polarize to the Leading Edge and Guide Collective Migration in Response to Chemical and Mechanical Environmental Cues. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1899-1912. [PMID: 30862718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is an adaptive, coordinated interactive process involving cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironmental interactions. A critical aspect of collective migration is the sensing and establishment of directional movement. It has been proposed that a subgroup of cells known as leader cells localize at the front edge of a collectively migrating cluster and are responsible for directing migration. However, it is unknown how and when leader cells arrive at the front edge and what environmental cues dictate leader cell development and behavior. Here, we addressed these questions by combining a microfluidic device design that mimics multiple tumor microenvironmental cues concurrently with biologically relevant primary, heterogeneous tumor cell organoids. Prior to migration, breast tumor leader cells (K14+) were present throughout a tumor organoid and migrated (polarized) to the leading edge in response to biochemical and biomechanical cues. Impairment of either CXCR4 (biochemical responsive) or the collagen receptor DDR2 (biomechanical responsive) abrogated polarization of leader cells and directed collective migration. This work demonstrates that K14+ leader cells utilize both chemical and mechanical cues from the microenvironment to polarize to the leading edge of collectively migrating tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that pre-existing, randomly distributed leader cells within primary tumor organoids use CXCR4 and DDR2 to polarize to the leading edge and direct migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Y Hwang
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Audrey Brenot
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ashley C King
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. .,ICCE Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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32
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Matsuzaki G, Yamasaki M, Tamura T, Umemura M. Dispensable role of chemokine receptors in migration of mycobacterial antigen-specific CD4 + T cells into Mycobacterium-infected lung. Immunobiology 2019; 224:440-448. [PMID: 30795859 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial antigen-specific CD4+ Th1 cells have pivotal role in protective immunity against mycobacterial infections including pulmonary tuberculosis. In the course of the infection, Th1 cells differentiate in the lung-draining lymph nodes and migrate into the infected lung. Chemokine receptors on T cells are involved in T cell migration into the intestine and skin. However, role of chemokine receptors in the migration of CD4+ T cells into the lung is not yet established. To address the issue, the role of chemokine receptors in T cell migration into the mycobacteria-infected lung was analyzed using mycobacterial Ag85B peptide 25-specific T cell receptor-transgenic (P25) CD4+ T cells. The P25 T cells in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected lung and lung-draining mediastinal lymph node expressed chemokine receptors CCR5, CCR6, CXCR3 and CXCR5 which bind chemokines expressed by the BCG-infected lung. To further analyze the role of the chemokine receptors in the migration of the BCG-primed P25 T cells into the lung or mediastinal lymph node, the P25 T cells were adoptively transferred into the BCG-infected wild type mice, and their migration into the lung was monitored. Unexpectedly, blocking of chemokine receptor function with pertussis toxin, a G-protein inhibitor, failed to suppress migration of the T cells into the infected lung although the treatment completely blocked migration of the mediastinal lymph node P25 T cells into the recipient lymph node. The results suggest that interaction of chemokine receptors on mycobacterial antigen-specific Th1 cells with chemokines is dispensable in their migration into the mycobacteria-infected lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Yamasaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Signaling of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein (MIP)-3β Facilitates Dengue Virus-Induced Microglial Cell Migration. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120690. [PMID: 30563082 PMCID: PMC6316022 DOI: 10.3390/v10120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection by dengue virus (DENV) of microglia causes cell activation and migration via a mechanism involving viral entry, RNA release, and Toll-like receptor 3 signaling. In this study, we demonstrated that secreted chemotactic factors present in microglial conditioned medium (MCM) facilitated cell motility in the murine BV2 microglial cells. The pharmacological disruption of lipid rafts/caveolae reduced DENV- and ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated MCM-induced microglial cell migration. An antibody-based cytokine/chemokine array showed an increase in macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3β in MCM produced using DENV-infected cells. The pharmacological inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) retarded UV-MCM-induced microglial cell migration. These results demonstrate that secreted MIP-3β and its effect on the JNK signaling pathways mediates DENV-induced BV2 microglial cell migration.
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34
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Membrane lipid environment: Potential modulation of chemokine receptor function. Cytokine 2018; 109:72-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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35
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Weddell JC, Imoukhuede PI. Integrative meta-modeling identifies endocytic vesicles, late endosome and the nucleus as the cellular compartments primarily directing RTK signaling. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:464-484. [PMID: 28436498 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, intracellular receptor signaling has been identified as a key component mediating cell responses for various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, the extent each endocytic compartment (endocytic vesicle, early endosome, recycling endosome, late endosome, lysosome and nucleus) contributes to receptor signaling has not been quantified. Furthermore, our understanding of endocytosis and receptor signaling is complicated by cell- or receptor-specific endocytosis mechanisms. Therefore, towards understanding the differential endocytic compartment signaling roles, and identifying how to achieve signal transduction control for RTKs, we delineate how endocytosis regulates RTK signaling. We achieve this via a meta-analysis across eight RTKs, integrating computational modeling with experimentally derived cell (compartment volume, trafficking kinetics and pH) and ligand-receptor (ligand/receptor concentration and interaction kinetics) physiology. Our simulations predict the abundance of signaling from eight RTKs, identifying the following hierarchy in RTK signaling: PDGFRβ > IGFR1 > EGFR > PDGFRα > VEGFR1 > VEGFR2 > Tie2 > FGFR1. We find that endocytic vesicles are the primary cell signaling compartment; over 43% of total receptor signaling occurs within the endocytic vesicle compartment for these eight RTKs. Mechanistically, we found that high RTK signaling within endocytic vesicles may be attributed to their low volume (5.3 × 10-19 L) which facilitates an enriched ligand concentration (3.2 μM per ligand molecule within the endocytic vesicle). Under the analyzed physiological conditions, we identified extracellular ligand concentration as the most sensitive parameter to change; hence the most significant one to modify when regulating absolute compartment signaling. We also found that the late endosome and nucleus compartments are important contributors to receptor signaling, where 26% and 18%, respectively, of average receptor signaling occurs across the eight RTKs. Conversely, we found very low membrane-based receptor signaling, exhibiting <1% of the total receptor signaling for these eight RTKs. Moreover, we found that nuclear translocation, mechanistically, requires late endosomal transport; when we blocked receptor trafficking from late endosomes to the nucleus we found a 57% reduction in nuclear translocation. In summary, our research has elucidated the significance of endocytic vesicles, late endosomes and the nucleus in RTK signal propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Weddell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W Springfield Ave., 3233 Digital Computer Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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36
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that relay extracellular signals to the inside of the cells. C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a GPCR that undergoes receptor internalization and recycling upon stimulation with its cognate ligand, C-X-C chemokine 12 (CXCL12). Using this receptor/ligand pair we describe the use of two techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, widely used to quantify GPCR internalization from the plasma membrane and its return to the cell surface by recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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37
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Jung JH, Kang KW, Kim J, Hong SC, Park Y, Kim BS. CXCR2 Inhibition in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Induces Predominant Differentiation to Mesoderm and Endoderm Through Repression of mTOR, β-Catenin, and hTERT Activities. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 25:1006-19. [PMID: 27188501 PMCID: PMC4931345 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of our previous report verifying that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) ligands in human placenta-derived cell conditioned medium (hPCCM) support human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) propagation without exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), this study was designed to identify the effect of CXCR2 manipulation on the fate of hPSCs and the underlying mechanism, which had not been previously determined. We observed that CXCR2 inhibition in hPSCs induces predominant differentiation to mesoderm and endoderm with concomitant loss of hPSC characteristics and accompanying decreased expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), β-catenin, and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). These phenomena are recapitulated in hPSCs propagated in conventional culture conditions, including bFGF as well as those in hPCCM without exogenous bFGF, suggesting that the action of CXCR2 on hPSCs might not be associated with a bFGF-related mechanism. In addition, the specific CXCR2 ligand growth-related oncogene α (GROα) markedly increased the expression of ectodermal markers in differentiation-committed embryoid bodies derived from hPSCs. This finding suggests that CXCR2 inhibition in hPSCs prohibits the propagation of hPSCs and leads to predominant differentiation to mesoderm and endoderm owing to the blockage of ectodermal differentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that CXCR2 preferentially supports the maintenance of hPSC characteristics as well as facilitates ectodermal differentiation after the commitment to differentiation, and the mechanism might be associated with mTOR, β-catenin, and hTERT activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Jung
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihea Kim
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Chul Hong
- 4 Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Park
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
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38
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Sleightholm R, Yang B, Yu F, Xie Y, Oupický D. Chloroquine-Modified Hydroxyethyl Starch as a Polymeric Drug for Cancer Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2247-2257. [PMID: 28708385 PMCID: PMC5996760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is a clinically used polysaccharide colloidal plasma volume expander. The goal of this study was to synthesize HES modified with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a novel polymeric drug with the ability to inhibit the invasive character of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. HES was conjugated with HCQ using a simple carbonyldiimidazole coupling to prepare Chloroquine-modified HES (CQ-HES). CQ-HES with various degrees of HCQ substitution were synthesized and characterized. Atomic force microscopy was used to demonstrate a pH-dependent assembly of CQ-HES into well-defined nanoparticles. In vitro studies in multiple PC cell lines showed CQ-HES to have a similar toxicity profile as HCQ. Confocal microscopy revealed the propensity of CQ-HES to localize to lysosomes and mechanistic studies confirmed the ability of CQ-HES to inhibit autophagy in PC cells. Further studies demonstrated a greatly enhanced ability of CQ-HES to inhibit the migration and invasion of PC cells when compared with HCQ. The enhanced inhibitory actions of CQ-HES compared to HCQ appeared to arise in part from the increased inhibition of ERK and Akt phosphorylation. We found no significant HCQ release from CQ-HES, which confirmed that the observed activity was due to the action of CQ-HES as a polymeric drug. Due to its promising ability to block cancer cell invasion and the ability to form nanoparticles, CQ-HES has the potential as a drug delivery platform suitable for future development with chemotherapeutics to establish novel antimetastatic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sleightholm
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Bin Yang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Ying Xie
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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39
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Ceholski DK, Turnbull IC, Pothula V, Lecce L, Jarrah AA, Kho C, Lee A, Hadri L, Costa KD, Hajjar RJ, Tarzami ST. CXCR4 and CXCR7 play distinct roles in cardiac lineage specification and pharmacologic β-adrenergic response. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:77-86. [PMID: 28711757 PMCID: PMC5859259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 and CXCR7 are prominent G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12). This study demonstrates that CXCR4 and CXCR7 induce differential effects during cardiac lineage differentiation and β-adrenergic response in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Using lentiviral vectors to ablate CXCR4 and/or CXCR7 expression, hiPSC-CMs were tested for phenotypic and functional properties due to gene knockdown. Gene expression and flow cytometry confirmed the pluripotent and cardiomyocyte phenotype of undifferentiated and differentiated hiPSCs, respectively. Although reduction of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression resulted in a delayed cardiac phenotype, only knockdown of CXCR4 delayed the spontaneous beating of hiPSC-CMs. Knockdown of CXCR4 and CXCR7 differentially altered calcium transients and β-adrenergic response in hiPSC-CMs. In engineered cardiac tissues, depletion of CXCR4 or CXCR7 had opposing effects on developed force and chronotropic response to β-agonists. This work demonstrates distinct roles for the SDF-1/CXCR4 or CXCR7 network in hiPSC-derived ventricular cardiomyocyte specification, maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaine K Ceholski
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Irene C Turnbull
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Venu Pothula
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Lecce
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew A Jarrah
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Changwon Kho
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ahyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lahouaria Hadri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sima T Tarzami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
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40
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Nandi A, Bishayi B. CCR-2 neutralization augments murine fresh BMC activation by Staphylococcus aureus via two distinct mechanisms: at the level of ROS production and cytokine response. Innate Immun 2017; 23:345-372. [PMID: 28409543 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917697806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR-2 signaling regulates recruitment of monocytes from the bone marrow into the bloodstream and then to sites of infection. We sought to determine whether CCL-2/CCR-2 signaling is involved in the killing of Staphylococcus aureus by murine bone marrow cells (BMCs). The intermittent link of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-NF-κB/p38-MAPK-mediated CCL-2 production in CCR-2 signaling prompted us to determine whether neutralization of CCR-2 augments the response of murine fresh BMCs (FBMCs) after S. aureus infection. It was observed that anti-CCR-2 Ab-treated FBMCs released fewer ROS on encountering S. aureus infection than CCR-2 non-neutralized FBMCs, also correlating with reduced killing of S. aureus in CCR-2 neutralized FBMCs. Staphylococcal catalase and SOD were also found to play a role in protecting S. aureus from the ROS-mediated killing of FBMC. S. aureus infection of CCR-2 intact FBMCs pre-treated with either NF-κB or p-38-MAPK blocker induced less CCL-2, suggesting that NF-κB or p-38-MAPK is required for CCL-2 production by FBMCs. Moreover, blocking of CCR-2 along with NF-κB or p-38-MAPK resulted in elevated CCL-2 production and reduced CCR-2 expression. Inhibition of CCR-2 impairs the response of murine BMCs to S. aureus infection by attenuation ROS production and modulating the cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeya Nandi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, West Bengal, India
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41
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Koenen A, Babendreyer A, Schumacher J, Pasqualon T, Schwarz N, Seifert A, Deupi X, Ludwig A, Dreymueller D. The DRF motif of CXCR6 as chemokine receptor adaptation to adhesion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173486. [PMID: 28267793 PMCID: PMC5340378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC-chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) is a class A GTP-binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) that mediates adhesion of leukocytes by interacting with the transmembrane cell surface-expressed chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), and also regulates leukocyte migration by interacting with the soluble shed variant of CXCL16. In contrast to virtually all other chemokine receptors with chemotactic activity, CXCR6 carries a DRF motif instead of the typical DRY motif as a key element in receptor activation and G protein coupling. In this work, modeling analyses revealed that the phenylalanine F3.51 in CXCR6 might have impact on intramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds by this possibly changing receptor function. Initial investigations with embryonic kidney HEK293 cells and further studies with monocytic THP-1 cells showed that mutation of DRF into DRY does not influence ligand binding, receptor internalization, receptor recycling, and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. Adhesion was slightly decreased in a time-dependent manner. However, CXCL16-induced calcium signaling and migration were increased. Vice versa, when the DRY motif of the related receptor CX3CR1 was mutated into DRF the migratory response towards CX3CL1 was diminished, indicating that the presence of a DRF motif generally impairs chemotaxis in chemokine receptors. Transmembrane and soluble CXCL16 play divergent roles in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer, which can be beneficial or detrimental. Therefore, the DRF motif of CXCR6 may display a receptor adaptation allowing adhesion and cell retention by transmembrane CXCL16 but reducing the chemotactic response to soluble CXCL16. This adaptation may avoid permanent or uncontrolled recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koenen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pasqualon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research and Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dreymueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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42
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Stone MJ, Hayward JA, Huang C, E Huma Z, Sanchez J. Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E342. [PMID: 28178200 PMCID: PMC5343877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of chemokines with their G protein-coupled receptors promote the migration of leukocytes during normal immune function and as a key aspect of the inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors are regulated, including: selective and competitive binding interactions; genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice variation; variation of expression, degradation and localization; down-regulation by atypical (decoy) receptors; interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; post-translational modifications; oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; and binding to natural or pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zil E Huma
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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43
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Rigo A, Vinante F. Flow cytometry analysis of receptor internalization/shedding. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:291-298. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vinante
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory; University of Verona; Verona Italy
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44
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Liebick M, Schläger C, Oppermann M. Analysis of Chemokine Receptor Trafficking by Site-Specific Biotinylation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157502. [PMID: 27310579 PMCID: PMC4911081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors undergo internalization and desensitization in response to ligand activation. Internalized receptors are either preferentially directed towards recycling pathways (e.g. CCR5) or sorted for proteasomal degradation (e.g. CXCR4). Here we describe a method for the analysis of receptor internalization and recycling based on specific Bir A-mediated biotinylation of an acceptor peptide coupled to the receptor, which allows a more detailed analysis of receptor trafficking compared to classical antibody-based detection methods. Studies on constitutive internalization of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 (12.1% ± 0.99% receptor internalization/h) and CCR5 (13.7% ± 0.68%/h) reveals modulation of these processes by inverse (TAK779; 10.9% ± 0.95%/h) or partial agonists (Met-CCL5; 15.6% ± 0.5%/h). These results suggest an actively driven internalization process. We also demonstrate the advantages of specific biotinylation compared to classical antibody detection during agonist-induced receptor internalization, which may be used for immunofluorescence analysis as well. Site-specific biotinylation may be applicable to studies on trafficking of transmembrane proteins, in general.
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MESH Headings
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Basophils/cytology
- Basophils/drug effects
- Basophils/metabolism
- Biotin/chemistry
- Biotin/metabolism
- Biotinylation
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases/genetics
- Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL5/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Mice
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR5/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Liebick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Christian Schläger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Martin Oppermann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
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45
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HCMV vCXCL1 Binds Several Chemokine Receptors and Preferentially Attracts Neutrophils over NK Cells by Interacting with CXCR2. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1542-1553. [PMID: 27160907 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HCMV is a highly sophisticated virus that has developed various mechanisms for immune evasion and viral dissemination throughout the body (partially mediated by neutrophils). NK cells play an important role in elimination of HCMV-infected cells. Both neutrophils and NK cells utilize similar sets of chemokine receptors to traffic, to and from, various organs. However, the mechanisms by which HCMV attracts neutrophils and not NK cells are largely unknown. Here, we show a unique viral protein, vCXCL1, which targets three chemokine receptors: CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressed on neutrophils and CXCR1 and CX3CR1 expressed on NK cells. Although vCXCL1 attracted both cell types, neutrophils migrated faster and more efficiently than NK cells through the binding of CXCR2. Therefore, we propose that HCMV has developed vCXCL1 to orchestrate its rapid systemic dissemination through preferential attraction of neutrophils and uses alternative mechanisms to counteract the later attraction of NK cells.
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46
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Bamidele AO, Kremer KN, Hirsova P, Clift IC, Gores GJ, Billadeau DD, Hedin KE. IQGAP1 promotes CXCR4 chemokine receptor function and trafficking via EEA-1+ endosomes. J Cell Biol 2016. [PMID: 26195666 PMCID: PMC4508899 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IQGAP1 mediates CXCR4 cell surface expression and signaling by regulating EEA-1+ endosome interactions with microtubules during CXCR4 trafficking and recycling. IQ motif–containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a cytoskeleton-interacting scaffold protein. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that binds stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1; also known as CXCL12). Both IQGAP1 and CXCR4 are overexpressed in cancer cell types, yet it was unclear whether these molecules functionally interact. Here, we show that depleting IQGAP1 in Jurkat T leukemic cells reduced CXCR4 expression, disrupted trafficking of endocytosed CXCR4 via EEA-1+ endosomes, and decreased efficiency of CXCR4 recycling. SDF-1–induced cell migration and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK) MAPK were strongly inhibited, even when forced overexpression restored CXCR4 levels. Similar results were seen in KMBC and HEK293 cells. Exploring the mechanism, we found that SDF-1 treatment induced IQGAP1 binding to α-tubulin and localization to CXCR4-containing endosomes and that CXCR4-containing EEA-1+ endosomes were abnormally located distal from the microtubule (MT)-organizing center (MTOC) in IQGAP1-deficient cells. Thus, IQGAP1 critically mediates CXCR4 cell surface expression and signaling, evidently by regulating EEA-1+ endosome interactions with MTs during CXCR4 trafficking and recycling. IQGAP1 may similarly promote CXCR4 functions in other cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebowale O Bamidele
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ian C Clift
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 Neurobiology of Disease Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Karen E Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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47
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Paksa A, Bandemer J, Hoeckendorf B, Razin N, Tarbashevich K, Minina S, Meyen D, Biundo A, Leidel SA, Peyrieras N, Gov NS, Keller PJ, Raz E. Repulsive cues combined with physical barriers and cell-cell adhesion determine progenitor cell positioning during organogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11288. [PMID: 27088892 PMCID: PMC4837475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells constitutes an essential, yet poorly understood step during organogenesis. Using primordial germ cells that participate in gonad formation, we present the developmental mechanisms maintaining a motile progenitor cell population at the site where the organ develops. Employing high-resolution live-cell microscopy, we find that repulsive cues coupled with physical barriers confine the cells to the correct bilateral positions. This analysis revealed that cell polarity changes on interaction with the physical barrier and that the establishment of compact clusters involves increased cell–cell interaction time. Using particle-based simulations, we demonstrate the role of reflecting barriers, from which cells turn away on contact, and the importance of proper cell–cell adhesion level for maintaining the tight cell clusters and their correct positioning at the target region. The combination of these developmental and cellular mechanisms prevents organ fusion, controls organ positioning and is thus critical for its proper function. The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells is essential for organ development and function. Here the authors use live imaging and mathematical modelling to show that the confinement of a motile progenitor cell population results from coupled physical barriers and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Nitzan Razin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Sofia Minina
- Germ Cell Development, Max-Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dana Meyen
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Antonio Biundo
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadine Peyrieras
- USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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48
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Zhan T, Cao C, Li L, Gu N, Civin CI, Zhan X. MIM regulates the trafficking of bone marrow cells via modulating surface expression of CXCR4. Leukemia 2016; 30:1327-34. [PMID: 26965284 PMCID: PMC4889520 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Missing in metastasis (MIM) is abundantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Here we characterized the impact of MIM deficiency on murine bone marrow (BM) cells. Although MIM-/- cells proliferated similarly to wild type (WT), they exhibited stronger response to chemokine SDF-1, increase in surface expression of CXCR4, impaired CXCR4 internalization and constitutive activation of Rac, Cdc42 and p38. Transplantation of MIM-/- BM cells into lethally irradiated mice showed enhanced homing to BM, which was abolished when mice were pretreated with a p38 antagonist. Interestingly, MIM-/- BM cells, including hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), showed 2 to 5-fold increase in mobilization into the peripheral blood upon treatment with AMD3100. In vitro, MIM-/- leukocytes were susceptible to AMD3100 and maintained increased response to AMD3100 for mobilization even after transfer into wild type mice. MIM-/- mice had also a higher level of SDF-1 in the circulation. Our data highlighted an unprecedented role of MIM in the homoeostasis of BM cells, including HSPCs, through modulation of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and interactions of BM leukocytes with their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Cao
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,China Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - N Gu
- China Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - C I Civin
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - X Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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49
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Milanos L, Brox R, Frank T, Poklukar G, Palmisano R, Waibel R, Einsiedel J, Dürr M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Larsen O, Hjortø GM, Rosenkilde MM, Tschammer N. Discovery and Characterization of Biased Allosteric Agonists of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2222-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Milanos
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Frank
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gašper Poklukar
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Optical
Imaging Center Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Hartmannstraße
14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Waibel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dürr
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olav Larsen
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Skovdahl HK, Granlund AVB, Østvik AE, Bruland T, Bakke I, Torp SH, Damås JK, Sandvik AK. Expression of CCL20 and Its Corresponding Receptor CCR6 Is Enhanced in Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and TLR3 Mediates CCL20 Expression in Colonic Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141710. [PMID: 26536229 PMCID: PMC4633243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 are putative drug targets in inflammatory bowel disease, and CCL20 is a novel IBD predilection gene. Previous findings on the CCL20 response in these diseases are divergent. This study was undertaken to examine CCL20 and CCR6 during active and inactive disease, and mechanisms for CCL20 regulation by the innate immune system. As TLR3 has recently emerged as a possible mediator of CCL20 production, we hypothesised that this TLR plays an important role in enterocytic CCL20 production. Methods A large microarray study on colonic pinch biopsies from active and inactive ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease provided background information. CCL20 and CCR6 were localized and their expression levels assessed in biopsies using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Regulation of CCL20 was studied in the HT29 cell line using a panel of pattern recognition receptor ligands followed by a TLR3 siRNA assay. Results CCL20 and CCR6 mRNA abundances were increased during active inflammation (CCL20 5.4-fold in ulcerative colitis and 4.2-fold in Crohn’s disease; CCR6 1.8 and 2.0, respectively). CCL20 and CCR6 mRNA positive immune cells in lamina propria were more numerous, and CCL20 immunoreactivity increased massively in the epithelial cells during active inflammation for both diseases. TLR3 stimulation potently induced upregulation and release of CCL20 from HT29 cells, and TLR3 silencing reduced CCL20 mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions The CCL20-CCR6 axis is involved during active inflammation in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The epithelial cells seem particularly involved in the CCL20 response, and results from this study strongly suggest that the innate immune system is important for activation of the epithelium, especially through TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Kolstad Skovdahl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann Elisabet Østvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre Helge Torp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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