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Ullah A, Singla RK, Batool Z, Cao D, Shen B. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are the game-changers in childhood obesity-associated metabolic disorders (diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases). Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:783-803. [PMID: 38709387 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a chronic inflammatory epidemic that affects children worldwide. Obesity affects approximately 1 in 5 children worldwide. Obesity in children can worsen weight gain and raise the risk of obesity-related comorbidities like diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It can also negatively impact the quality of life for these children. Obesity disrupts immune system function, influencing cytokine (interleukins) balance and expression levels, adipokines, and innate and adaptive immune cells. The altered expression of immune system mediators, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-18 (IL-18), transforming growth factor (TGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and others, caused inflammation, progression, and the development of pediatric obesity and linked illnesses such as diabetes and NAFLD. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), have been shown to have anti-diabetes and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) anti-diabetic and pro-NAFLFD properties, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to have a dual role in managing diabetes and anti-NAFLD. In light of the substantial increase in childhood obesity-associated disorders such as diabetes and NAFLD and the absence of an effective pharmaceutical intervention to inhibit immune modulation factors, it is critical to consider the alteration of immune system components as a preventive and therapeutic approach. Thus, the current review focuses on the most recent information regarding the influence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) and their molecular mechanisms on pediatric obesity-associated disorders (diabetes and NAFLD). Furthermore, we discussed the current therapeutic clinical trials in childhood obesity-associated diseases, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Zahra Batool
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Ingegneri M, Braghini MR, Piccione M, De Stefanis C, Mandrone M, Chiocchio I, Poli F, Imbesi M, Alisi A, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D. Citrus Pomace as a Source of Plant Complexes to Be Used in the Nutraceutical Field of Intestinal Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:869. [PMID: 39061937 PMCID: PMC11274116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to recover the main by-product of Citrus fruits processing, the raw pomace, known also as pastazzo, to produce plant complexes to be used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Food-grade extracts from orange (OE) and lemon (LE) pomace were obtained by ultrasound-assisted maceration. After a preliminary phytochemical and biological screening by in vitro assays, primary and secondary metabolites were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS) analyses. The intestinal bioaccessibility and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated by in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion followed by treatments on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). The tight junctions-associated structural proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), reactive oxygen species (ROS)-levels, expression of some key antioxidant (CAT, NRF2 and SOD2) and inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8) genes, and pNFkB p65 nuclear translocation, were evaluated. The OE and LE digesta, which did not show any significant difference in terms of phytochemical profile, showed significant effects in protecting against the LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In conclusion, both OE and LE emerged as potential candidates for further preclinical studies on in vivo IBD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Ingegneri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.I.); (M.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Maria Rita Braghini
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michela Piccione
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Cristiano De Stefanis
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Ilaria Chiocchio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Martina Imbesi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.I.); (M.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.I.); (M.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.I.); (M.I.); (D.T.)
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Seidita A, Cusimano A, Giuliano A, Meli M, Carroccio A, Soresi M, Giannitrapani L. Oxidative Stress as a Target for Non-Pharmacological Intervention in MAFLD: Could There Be a Role for EVOO? Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:731. [PMID: 38929170 PMCID: PMC11201095 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a central role in most chronic liver diseases and, in particular, in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), the new definition of an old condition known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanisms leading to hepatocellular fat accumulation in genetically predisposed individuals who adopt a sedentary lifestyle and consume an obesogenic diet progress through mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, which amplifies reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and influence the release of chronic inflammation and liver damage biomarkers, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. This close pathogenetic link has been a key stimulus in the search for therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress to treat steatosis, and a number of clinical trials have been conducted to date on subjects with NAFLD using drugs as well as supplements or nutraceutical products. Vitamin E, Vitamin D, and Silybin are the most studied substances, but several non-pharmacological approaches have also been explored, especially lifestyle and diet modifications. Among the dietary approaches, the Mediterranean Diet (MD) seems to be the most reliable for affecting liver steatosis, probably with the added value of the presence of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a healthy food with a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, and variable concentrations of phenols (oleocanthal) and phenolic alcohols, such as hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (Tyr). In this review, we focus on non-pharmacological interventions in MAFLD treatment that target oxidative stress and, in particular, on the role of EVOO as one of the main antioxidant components of the MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Seidita
- Unit of Internal Medicine, “V. Cervello” Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti “Villa Sofia-Cervello”, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Giuliano
- Unit of Internal Medicine, “V. Cervello” Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti “Villa Sofia-Cervello”, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Meli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, “V. Cervello” Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti “Villa Sofia-Cervello”, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Carroccio
- Unit of Internal Medicine, “V. Cervello” Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti “Villa Sofia-Cervello”, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Unit of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Gabbia D, Sayaf K, Zanotto I, Colognesi M, Frion-Herrera Y, Carrara M, Russo FP, De Martin S. Tyrosol attenuates NASH features by reprogramming the hepatic immune milieu. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176453. [PMID: 38408597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, and no drugs have been approved for its therapy. Among plant-derived molecules, phenolic compounds of extra virgin olive oil like tyrosol (Tyr) had demonstrated multiple beneficial actions for liver health, including the modulation of inflammation in fibrosis. This study aims at assessing the protective effect and mechanism of Tyr in invitro and in vivo models of NASH, with a focus on the hepatic immune microenvironment and extrahepatic manifestations. The effect of Tyr was evaluated in cellular models of NASH, obtained by co-culturing palmitic and oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells with THP1-derived M1 macrophages and LX2 cells, and in a mouse model of NASH induced by a high fructose-high fat diet combined to CCl4 treatment. In vitro Tyr reduced fatty acid (FA) accumulation in HepG2 cells and displayed a beneficial effect on LX2 activation and macrophage differentiation. In vivo, beside reducing steatosis and fibrosis in NASH animals, Tyr prevented inflammation, as demonstrated by the reduction of hepatic inflammatory foci, and immune cells like CD86+ macrophages (p < 0.05), CD4+ (p < 0.05) and T helper effector CD4+ FoxP3- CD62L-lymphocytes (p < 0.05). Also, the prooxidant enzyme NOX1 and the mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and IL6 (p < 0.05) were reduced by Tyr. Notably, in Tyr-treated animals, a significant increase of CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells (p < 0.05) was observed, involved in regenerative pathways. Moreover, Tyr attenuated the fatigue and anxious behavior observed in NASH mice. In conclusion, Tyr effectively reduced NASH-related steatosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, displaying a beneficial effect on the hepatic immune infiltrate, indicating its possible development as a therapeutic agent for NASH due to its multifaceted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Sayaf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Colognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yahima Frion-Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Videla LA, Valenzuela R, Zúñiga-Hernández J, Del Campo A. Relevant Aspects of Combined Protocols for Prevention of N(M)AFLD and Other Non-Communicable Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2400062. [PMID: 38506156 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue characterized by the excessive fat accumulation, leading to an increased risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological protocols for prevention/treatment of MAFLD, and due the complexity lying beneath these mechanisms, monotherapies are unlikely to be efficacious. This review article analyzes the possibility that NCDs can be prevented or attenuated by the combination of bioactive substances, as they could promote higher response rates, maximum reaction results, additive or synergistic effects due to compounds having similar or different mechanisms of action and/or refraining possible side effects, related to the use of lower doses and exposures times than monotherapies. Accordingly, prevention of mouse MAFLD is observed with the combination of the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid with the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, whereas attenuation of mild cognitive impairment is attained by folic acid plus cobalamin in elderly patients. The existence of several drawbacks underlying published monotherapies or combined trials, opens space for adequate and stricter experimental and clinical tryouts to achieve meaningful outcomes with human applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, 3465548, Chile
| | - Andrea Del Campo
- Cellular Physiology and Bioenergetic Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
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Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wang D, Huang Z, Xiao X, Zheng Q, Li S, Long D, Feng L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolic Dysfunction Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17514. [PMID: 38139341 PMCID: PMC10743953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an increasingly common disease in Western countries and has become the major cause of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in addition to viral hepatitis in recent decades. Furthermore, studies have shown that NAFLD is inextricably linked to the development of extrahepatic diseases. However, there is currently no effective treatment to cure NAFLD. In addition, in 2020, NAFLD was renamed metabolic dysfunction fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to show that its pathogenesis is closely related to metabolic disorders. Recent studies have reported that the development of MAFLD is inextricably associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Simultaneously, mitochondrial stress caused by structural and functional disorders stimulates the occurrence and accumulation of fat and lipo-toxicity in hepatocytes and HSCs. In addition, the interaction between mitochondrial dysfunction and the liver-gut axis has also become a new point during the development of MAFLD. In this review, we summarize the effects of several potential treatment strategies for MAFLD, including antioxidants, reagents, and intestinal microorganisms and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanni Zhou
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing Zheng
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengfu Li
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Long
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Ziamanesh F, Mohammadi M, Ebrahimpour S, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Mosallanejad A, Larijani B. Unraveling the link between insulin resistance and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease): A Narrative Review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1083-1094. [PMID: 37975107 PMCID: PMC10638269 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming a significant global health concern, representing the leading cause of chronic liver disease and posing a substantial public health challenge. NAFLD is associated with higher insulin resistance (IR) levels, a key pathophysiological mechanism contributing to its development and progression. To counter this growing trend, it is crucial to raise awareness about NAFLD and promote healthy lifestyles to mitigate the impact of this disease. Methods Relevant studies regarding IR and NAFLD published until May 30, 2023, were extracted from Google PubMed, Scopus, and Web Of Science web databases. The following keywords were used: IR, diabetes mellitus, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. Results IR leads to an accumulation of fatty acids within liver cells, resulting from increased glycolysis and decreased apolipoprotein B-100. Furthermore, the manifestations of NAFLD extend beyond liver-related morbidity and mortality, affecting multiple organs and giving rise to various non-communicable disorders such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and cardiovascular disease. Although lifestyle modification remains the primary treatment approach for NAFLD, alternative therapies, including pharmacological, herbal, and surgical interventions, may be considered. By implementing early and simple measures, cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma can be prevented. Conclusions There is a clear association between NAFLD and elevated levels of IR. Several metabolic conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, are closely interrelated with NAFLD and IR. Raising awareness about NAFLD and promoting a healthy lifestyle are crucial steps to reverse the impact of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Ziamanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sholeh Ebrahimpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Farías C, Cisternas C, Gana JC, Alberti G, Echeverría F, Videla LA, Mercado L, Muñoz Y, Valenzuela R. Dietary and Nutritional Interventions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Pediatrics. Nutrients 2023; 15:4829. [PMID: 38004223 PMCID: PMC10674812 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is pediatrics' most common chronic liver disease. The incidence is high in children and adolescents with obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of disease progression. Currently, there is no effective drug therapy in pediatrics; therefore, lifestyle interventions remain the first line of treatment. This review aims to present an updated compilation of the scientific evidence for treating this pathology, including lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and dietary changes, highlighting specific nutritional strategies. The bibliographic review was carried out in different databases, including studies within the pediatric population where dietary and/or nutritional interventions were used to treat NAFLD. Main interventions include diets low in carbohydrates, free sugars, fructose, and lipids, in addition to healthy eating patterns and possible nutritional interventions with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA), amino acids (cysteine, L-carnitine), cysteamine, vitamins, and probiotics (one strain or multi-strain). Lifestyle changes remain the main recommendation for children with NAFLD. Nevertheless, more studies are required to elucidate the effectiveness of specific nutrients and bioactive compounds in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Farías
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Camila Cisternas
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Juan Cristobal Gana
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
| | - Gigliola Alberti
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Department of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Lorena Mercado
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Yasna Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360134, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
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Luo Y, Zeng Y, Peng J, Zhang K, Wang L, Feng T, Nhamdriel T, Fan G. Phytochemicals for the treatment of metabolic diseases: Evidence from clinical studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115274. [PMID: 37542856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous improvement of people's living standard, the incidence of metabolic diseases is gradually increasing in recent years. There is growing interest in finding drugs to treat metabolic diseases from natural compounds due to their good efficacy and limited side effects. Over the past few decades, many phytochemicals derived from natural plants, such as berberine, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, rutin, and hesperidin, have been shown to have good pharmacological activity against metabolic diseases in preclinical studies. More importantly, clinical trials using these phytochemicals to treat metabolic diseases have been increasing. This review comprehensively summarizes the clinical progress of phytochemicals derived from natural plants in the treatment of several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Accumulating clinical evidence shows that a total of 18 phytochemicals have good therapeutic effects on the three metabolic diseases by lowering blood glucose and lipid levels, reducing insulin resistance, enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing energy expenditure, improving liver function, and relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. The information will help us better understand the medicinal value of these phytochemicals and promote their clinical application in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yujiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiayan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tu Feng
- School of Ecological Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China.
| | - Tsedien Nhamdriel
- Department of Tibetan medicine, University of Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa 850000, China.
| | - Gang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan 620010, China.
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10
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Yao Y, Shen Y. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220699. [PMID: 37671098 PMCID: PMC10476486 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver steatosis is the most widespread chronic liver condition. Its global incidence is rising swiftly and is currently estimated to be 24%. Liver steatosis is strongly related with numerous metabolic syndrome characteristics, like obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The gastrointestinal tract contains about 100 trillion commensal organisms and more than 7,000 distinct bacterial strains. Fat deposition in the liver without secondary causes is known as liver steatosis. Dysregulation of the gut flora is one of the factors connected to the onset of fatty liver disease. Dietary choices may alter constitution of the microbiome and cause gut microbiome dysbiosis, particularly due to the intake of food high in fructose sugars, animal products, and saturated fats. Various gut bacteria cause nutrient metabolism in multiple ways, setting off different inflammatory cascades that encourage liver disease and pathways that help fat build up in the liver. Due to their relatively stable nature, genetic factors may not be responsible for the constant increase in liver steatosis incidence. Genetic factors set the stage for liver steatosis pathogenesis. This review will offer an overview of our present knowledge of the roles played by gut microbiota in regulating the development of liver steatosis, potential side effects, and potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yunfeng Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, China
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11
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Rivas-Garcia L, Navarro-Hortal MD, Romero-Marquez JM, Llopis J, Forbes-Hernández TY, Xiao J, Quiles JL, Sanchez-Gonzalez C. Valorization of Olea europaea and olive oil processing by-products/wastes. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 107:193-212. [PMID: 37898540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea) is a native species from the Mediterranean region and widely cultivated for its edible fruit, known as olives. Olives are a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and polyphenols, and have been shown to have various health benefits. They are commonly used for cooking and are also employed in cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry. The extract obtained from olive fruits and several subproducts of the olive industry has demonstrated several biological activities mainly associated with their antioxidant and inflammatory properties. Thus, olives, olive-derived products, and subproducts of the olive industry have gained popularity in recent years due to their potential health benefits and their use in traditional medicine. The present chapter summarizes the main applications of Olea europaea and olive oil processing by-products as therapeutic agents against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rivas-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Maria D Navarro-Hortal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose M Romero-Marquez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense E, Spain
| | - Jose L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
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12
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Djorgbenoo R, Wang W, Zhu Y, Sang S. Detoxification of the Lipid Peroxidation Aldehyde, 4-Hydroxynonenal, by Apple Phloretin In Vitro and in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37418694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a secondary cytotoxic product generated from lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The accumulation of 4-HNE can covalently modify biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins, leading to various pathological conditions. Apple phloretin has been shown to be able to trap 4-HNE in vitro, but the trapping mechanisms of 4-HNE by phloretin are not fully understood. Moreover, whether the in vitro trapping efficacy of phloretin toward 4-HNE could be transferred into in vivo environments has never been investigated. In the present study, we observed the formation of 4-HNE conjugates of phloretin increased as phloretin decreased during the in vitro incubation. We then purified and characterized three mono-4-HNE-conjugates of phloretin using NMR and LC-MS/MS techniques. We thereafter demonstrated that apple phloretin could scavenge in vivo 4-HNE via the formation of at least three mono-4-HNE-conjugates of phloretin in a dose-dependent manner in mice after oral administration of three doses of phloretin (25, 100, and 400 mg/kg). The findings from this study pave the way to understanding how dihydrochalcones could act as effective scavengers of 4-HNE by working as sacrificial nucleophiles in vivo, thereby preventing or reducing the risk of 4-HNE-associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richmond Djorgbenoo
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Weixin Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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13
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Zhang T, Sun Y, Wei J, Zhao G, Hao W, Lv Z, Chen X, Liu Y, Wei F. Shorter telomere length in children with autism spectrum disorder is associated with oxidative stress. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1209638. [PMID: 37333916 PMCID: PMC10272824 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1209638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. The balance between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress (OS) induced free radicals may be crucial during the pathophysiological development of ASD. Methods In this study, 96 children with ASD who met the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders were collected, and the number of children in the typical development (TD) group was matched by 1:1. Digital PCR (dPCR) for telomere length (TL) expression in ASD in peripheral blood leukocytes. Urine levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content were measured by tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and corrected by urinary creatinine levels. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and capacity (AOC) were detected by kits. Results The TL of the ASD group was shorter than the TD group (p < 0.01) and had some accurate predictive significance for the identification of ASD (AUC = 0.632, 95% CI: 0.533-0.710, p = 0.002). Both 8-OHdG content and SOD activity in the ASD group were significantly higher than those in the TD group (p < 0.05). Shortened TL (Monofactor: 2.20 (1.22, 3.96), p = 0.009; Multifactor: 2.22 (1.22, 4.00), p = 0.008) and reduced CAT activity (Monofactor: 2.31 (1.28, 4.17), p = 0.006; Multifactor: 2.31 (1.28, 4.18), p = 0.006) are risk factors for the development of ASD, while reduced 8-OHdG content (Monofactor: 0.29 (0.14, 0.60), p = 0.001; Multifactor: 0.27 (0.13, 0.57), p = 0.001) and reduced SOD activity (Monofactor: 0.55 (0.31, 0.98), p = 0.042; Multifactor: 0.54 (0.30, 0.98), p = 0.042) are protective factors for the development of ASD. Conclusion In this study, TL and OS were significantly different between the ASD group and the TD group. As guanine-rich telomere sequences were likely damaged by oxygen free radicals, creating OS, which is a factor in the incidence and progression of ASDs. In conclusion, oxidative damage occurs in the bodies of children with ASD, which may lead to sustained disease progression and severe clinical manifestations. We assume that timely supplementation of antioxidants is very likely to be a potential treatment for early intervention in children with ASD. Identification and detection of OS-related biomarkers may contribute to early diagnosis and timely interventions in young patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqi Hao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Zhihai Lv
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohang Chen
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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14
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Frankowski R, Kobierecki M, Wittczak A, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T, Sipowicz K, Kosmalski M. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Metabolic Repercussions: The Vicious Cycle and Its Interplay with Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119677. [PMID: 37298632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic-related disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), has been increasing. Therefore, developing improved methods for the prevention, treatment, and detection of these two conditions is also necessary. In this study, our primary focus was on examining the role of chronic inflammation as a potential link in the pathogenesis of these diseases and their interconnections. A comprehensive search of the PubMed database using keywords such as "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease", "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "chronic inflammation", "pathogenesis", and "progression" yielded 177 relevant papers for our analysis. The findings of our study revealed intricate relationships between the pathogenesis of NAFLD and DM2, emphasizing the crucial role of inflammatory processes. These connections involve various molecular functions, including altered signaling pathways, patterns of gene methylation, the expression of related peptides, and up- and downregulation of several genes. Our study is a foundational platform for future research into the intricate relationship between NAFLD and DM2, allowing for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the potential for introducing new treatment standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frankowski
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kobierecki
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wittczak
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kasper Sipowicz
- Department of Interdisciplinary Disability Studies, The Maria Grzegorzewska University in Warsaw, 02-353 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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15
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Spiezia C, Di Rosa C, Fintini D, Ferrara P, De Gara L, Khazrai YM. Nutritional Approaches in Children with Overweight or Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112435. [PMID: 37299398 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a global public health problem. Worldwide, 41 million children under 5 years and 340 million children and adolescents between 5 and 19 years are overweight. In addition, the recent COVID-19 epidemic has further amplified this social phenomenon. Obesity is a condition associated with various comorbidities, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The pathophysiology of NAFLD in obesity is intricate and involves the interaction and dysregulation of several mechanisms, such as insulin resistance, cytokine signaling, and alteration of the gut microbiota. NAFLD is defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes, evaluated by histological analysis. It can evolve from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver failure. Body weight reduction through lifestyle modification remains the first-line intervention for the management of pediatric NAFLD. Indeed, studies suggest that diets low in fat and sugar and conversely rich in dietary fibers promote the improvement of metabolic parameters. This review aims to evaluate the existing relationship between obesity and NAFLD in the pediatric population and to assess the dietary patterns and nutritional supplementations that can be recommended to prevent and manage obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spiezia
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Rosa
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Danilo Fintini
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS L.go S.Onofrio, 4-00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferrara
- Operative Research Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Yeganeh Manon Khazrai
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Nutrition and Prevention, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy
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16
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Yamanaka G, Hayashi K, Morishita N, Takeshita M, Ishii C, Suzuki S, Ishimine R, Kasuga A, Nakazawa H, Takamatsu T, Watanabe Y, Morichi S, Ishida Y, Yamazaki T, Go S. Experimental and Clinical Investigation of Cytokines in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098343. [PMID: 37176049 PMCID: PMC10178908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of migraines is increasingly being recognized, and cytokines, which are important endogenous substances involved in immune and inflammatory responses, have also received attention. This review examines the current literature on neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of migraine. Elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels have been identified in non-invasive mouse models with cortical spreading depolarization (CSD). Various mouse models to induce migraine attack-like symptoms also demonstrated elevated inflammatory cytokines and findings suggesting differences between episodic and chronic migraines and between males and females. While studies on human blood during migraine attacks have reported no change in TNF-α levels and often inconsistent results for IL-1β and IL-6 levels, serial analysis of cytokines in jugular venous blood during migraine attacks revealed consistently increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In a study on the interictal period, researchers reported higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 compared to controls and no change regarding IL-1β levels. Saliva-based tests suggest that IL-1β might be useful in discriminating against migraine. Patients with migraine may benefit from a cytokine perspective on the pathogenesis of migraine, as there have been several encouraging reports suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Yamanaka
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Natsumi Morishita
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Mika Takeshita
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Chiako Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinji Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Rie Ishimine
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Akiko Kasuga
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Haruka Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takamatsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morichi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yu Ishida
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Soken Go
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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17
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Sohouli MH, Rohani P, Hosseinzadeh M, Hekmatdoost A. Adherence to oxidative balance scores and lower odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6140. [PMID: 37061551 PMCID: PMC10105695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has also shown that oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, or in other words, disruption of the oxidant and antioxidant balance, can play an important role in the initiation or progression of NAFLD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between the oxidative balance scores (OBS) and the risk of NAFLD. 552 healthy and 340 patients adult over the age of 18 with NAFLD participated in this case-control research. A validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and indicators of physical activity, obesity, and smoking status were used to assess OBS score. The connection between OBS and NAFLD was discovered using binary logistic regression. The mean (± SD) age and (body mass index) BMI of the study population was 40.22 ± 9.79 years and 29.06 ± 3.92 kg/m2, respectively. The mean ± SD of OBS was 41.48 ± 5.23. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher scores of adherence to the OBS conferred a protection for the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.49; P for trend < 0.001). The findings of the present study indicate an approximately 80% reduction in the odds of developing NAFLD with higher OBS adherence in the overall population. However, prospective studies are needed to further investigate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 7, West Arghavan St, Farahzadi Blvd, PO Box 19395-4741, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran.
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18
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Binou P, Stergiou A, Kosta O, Tentolouris N, Karathanos VT. Positive contribution of hydroxytyrosol-enriched wheat bread to HbA 1c levels, lipid profile, markers of inflammation and body weight in subjects with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr 2023:10.1007/s00394-023-03133-9. [PMID: 37017765 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of the daily consumption of bread enriched with hydroxytyrosol on HbA1c and blood lipid levels, inflammatory markers and weight loss. METHODS Sixty adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (29 male, 31 female) participated in a 12-week dietary intervention based on the Mediterranean diet and consumed daily 60 g of conventional whole wheat bread (WWB) or whole wheat bread enriched with hydroxytyrosol (HTB). Anthropometric characteristics were measured and venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS Both groups experienced significant weight loss, body fat and waist circumference decrease (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, a greater body fat mass decrease was observed in the HTB group compared to the WWB group (14.4 ± 1.6 vs 10.2 ± 1.1%, p = 0.038). Significant reductions were also reported in fasting glucose, HbA1c and blood pressure in both groups (p < 0.05). Regarding glucose and HbA1c, greater decreases were observed in the intervention group (101.4 ± 19.9 vs. 123.2 ± 43.4 mg/dL, p = 0.015 and 6.0 ± 0.6 vs. 6.4 ± 0.9%, p = 0.093, respectively). At HTB group, significant reductions in blood lipid, insulin, TNF-αand adiponectin levels (p < 0.05) and a marginally significant reduction in leptin levels (p = 0.081) were also reported. CONCLUSION Enrichment of bread with HT resulted in significant body fat mass reduction and positive effects on fasting glucose, insulin and HbA1c levels. It also contributed to reductions in inflammatory markers and blood lipid levels. Incorporation of HT in staple foods, like bread, may improve their nutritional profile and, in terms of a balanced diet, may contribute to the management of chronic diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was prospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (24th May 2021). CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT04899791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Binou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Athena Stergiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Kosta
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaios T Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17671, Athens, Greece.
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Velotti F, Bernini R. Hydroxytyrosol Interference with Inflammaging via Modulation of Inflammation and Autophagy. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071774. [PMID: 37049611 PMCID: PMC10096543 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging refers to a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, driven by immune (mainly macrophages) and non-immune cells stimulated by endogenous/self, misplaced or altered molecules, belonging to physiological aging. This age-related inflammatory status is characterized by increased inflammation and decreased macroautophagy/autophagy (a degradation process that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cell components). Inflammaging predisposes to age-related diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as vulnerability to infectious diseases and vaccine failure, representing thus a major target for anti-aging strategies. Phenolic compounds-found in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO)-are well known for their beneficial effect on longevity. Among them, hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) appears to greatly contribute to healthy aging by its documented potent antioxidant activity. In addition, HTyr can modulate inflammation and autophagy, thus possibly counteracting and reducing inflammaging. In this review, we reference the literature on pure HTyr as a modulatory agent of inflammation and autophagy, in order to highlight its possible interference with inflammaging. This HTyr-mediated activity might contribute to healthy aging and delay the development or progression of diseases related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Bernini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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20
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Barania Adabi S, Daneghian S, Khalkhali H, Nejadrahim R, Shivappa N. The association between inflammatory and immune system biomarkers and the dietary inflammatory index in patients with COVID-19. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1075061. [PMID: 37063325 PMCID: PMC10103612 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1075061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInflammation and cytokine storm have been reported to be the main cause of acute symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Diet-induced inflammation may affect the condition of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between disease severity, inflammatory and immune system biomarkers, and the dietary inflammatory index (DII) in patients with COVID-19.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 adult patients with COVID-19. Patients were divided into mild, moderate, and severe conditions based on clinical and laboratory evidence. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to determine DII and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores. The serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level and blood cell count were measured for all patients. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association between DII and E-DII and CRP, blood cell counts, and hospitalization in patients with COVID-19.ResultsCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients with higher DII had higher consumption of fat and carbohydrate and lower intakes of protein, anti-inflammatory nutrients, garlic, caffeine, tea, onion, and fiber (P < 0.05). There was a positive association between DII and CRP (β = 1.024, P < 0.001), hospitalization (β = 1.062, P < 0.001), WBC count (β = 0.486, P < 0.009), neutrophil count (β = 0.565, P < 0.001), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (β = 0.538, P < 0.001) and a negative association between DII and the lymphocyte count (β = −0.569, P < 0.001). There was a positive association between E-DII and hospitalization (β = 1.645, P < 0.001), WBC count (β = 0.417, P < 0.02), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (β = 0.35, P < 0.03).ConclusionThere is a positive correlation between DII and inflammation, immune hyperactivation, and length of hospital stay in patients with COVID-19. Further longitudinal studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Barania Adabi
- Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sevana Daneghian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- *Correspondence: Sevana Daneghian
| | | | - Rahim Nejadrahim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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21
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Kosmalski M, Frankowski R, Ziółkowska S, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T. What's New in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051852. [PMID: 36902639 PMCID: PMC10003344 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health problem due to its high incidence and consequences. In view of the existing controversies, new therapeutic options for NAFLD are still being sought. Therefore, the aim of our review was to evaluate the recently published studies on the treatment of NAFLD patients. We searched for articles in the PubMed database using appropriate terms, including "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease", "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease", "NAFLD", "diet", "treatment", "physical activity", "supplementation", "surgery", "overture" and "guidelines". One hundred forty-eight randomized clinical trials published from January 2020 to November 2022 were used for the final analysis. The results show significant benefits of NAFLD therapy associated with the use of not only the Mediterranean but also other types of diet (including low-calorie ketogenic, high-protein, anti-inflammatory and whole-grain diets), as well as enrichment with selected food products or supplements. Significant benefits in this group of patients are also associated with moderate aerobic physical training. The available therapeutic options indicate, above all, the usefulness of drugs related to weight reduction, as well as the reduction in insulin resistance or lipids level and drugs with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant properties. The usefulness of therapy with dulaglutide and the combination of tofogliflozin with pioglitazone should be emphasized. Based on the results of the latest research, the authors of this article suggest a revision of the therapeutic recommendations for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-728-358-504
| | - Rafał Frankowski
- Students’ Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ziółkowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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22
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Di Renzo L, Smeriglio A, Ingegneri M, Gualtieri P, Trombetta D. The Pharmaceutical Formulation Plays a Pivotal Role in Hydroxytyrosol Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030743. [PMID: 36986604 PMCID: PMC10059125 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence supports the use of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and its minor components such as hydroxytyrosol or 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (DOPET), to improve cardiovascular and metabolic health. Nevertheless, more intervention studies in humans are needed because some gaps remain in its bioavailability and metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the DOPET pharmacokinetics on 20 healthy volunteers by administering a hard enteric-coated capsule containing 7.5 mg of bioactive compound conveyed in EVOO. The treatment was preceded by a washout period with a polyphenol and an alcohol-free diet. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and different time points, and free DOPET and metabolites, as well as sulfo- and glucuro-conjugates, were quantified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The plasma concentration versus time profiles of free DOPET was analyzed by a non-compartmental approach, and several pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, AUC0–440 min, AUC0–∞, AUCt–∞, AUCextrap_pred, Clast and Kel) were calculated. Results showed that DOPET Cmax (5.5 ng/mL) was reached after 123 min (Tmax), with a T1/2 of 150.53 min. Comparing the data obtained with the literature, the bioavailability of this bioactive compound is about 2.5 times higher, confirming the hypothesis that the pharmaceutical formulation plays a pivotal role in the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of hydroxytyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0906765630
| | - Mariarosaria Ingegneri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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23
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Vijakumaran U, Shanmugam J, Heng JW, Azman SS, Yazid MD, Haizum Abdullah NA, Sulaiman N. Effects of Hydroxytyrosol in Endothelial Functioning: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041861. [PMID: 36838850 PMCID: PMC9966213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologists have been emphasizing and applying plant and herbal-based treatments in vascular diseases for decades now. Olives, for example, are a traditional symbol of the Mediterranean diet. Hydroxytyrosol is an olive-derived compound known for its antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. Acknowledging the merit of antioxidants in maintaining endothelial function warrants the application of hydroxytyrosol in endothelial dysfunction salvage and recovery. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an impairment of endothelial cells that adversely affects vascular homeostasis. Disturbance in endothelial functioning is a known precursor for atherosclerosis and, subsequently, coronary and peripheral artery disease. However, the effects of hydroxytyrosol on endothelial functioning were not extensively studied, limiting its value either as a nutraceutical supplement or in clinical trials. The action of hydroxytyrosol in endothelial functioning at a cellular and molecular level is gathered and summarized in this review. The favorable effects of hydroxytyrosol in the improvement of endothelial functioning from in vitro and in vivo studies were scrutinized. We conclude that hydroxytyrosol is capable to counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular aging, and arterial stiffness; thus, it is beneficial to preserve endothelial function both in vitro and in vivo. Although not specifically for endothelial dysfunction, hydroxytyrosol safety and efficacy had been demonstrated via in vivo and clinical trials for cardiovascular-related studies.
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24
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Gabbia D, Carpi S, Sarcognato S, Zanotto I, Sayaf K, Colognesi M, Polini B, Digiacomo M, Macchia M, Nieri P, Carrara M, Cazzagon N, Russo FP, Guido M, De Martin S. The phenolic compounds tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol counteract liver fibrogenesis via the transcriptional modulation of NADPH oxidases and oxidative stress-related miRNAs. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114014. [PMID: 36379119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the result of a chronic pathological condition caused by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which induces the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Fibrogenesis is sustained by an exaggerated production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) by NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which are overactivated in hepatic inflammation. In this study, we investigated the antifibrotic properties of two phenolic compounds of natural origin, tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We assessed Tyr and HTyr antifibrotic and antioxidant activity both in vitro, by a co-culture of LX2, HepG2 and THP1-derived Mϕ macrophages, set up to simulate the hepatic microenvironment, and in vivo, in a mouse model of liver fibrosis obtained by carbon tetrachloride treatment. We evaluated the mRNA and protein expression of profibrotic and oxidative markers (α-SMA, COL1A1, NOX1/4) by qPCR and/or immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry. The expression of selected miRNAs in mouse livers were measured by qPCR. Tyr and HTyr reduces fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo, by downregulating all fibrotic markers. Notably, they also modulated oxidative stress by restoring the physiological levels of NOX1 and NOX4. In vivo, this effect was accompanied by a transcriptional regulation of inflammatory genes and of 2 miRNAs involved in the control of oxidative stress damage (miR-181-5p and miR-29b-3p). In conclusion, Tyr and HTyr exert antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models of liver fibrosis, by modulating hepatic oxidative stress, representing promising candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Sara Carpi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Ilaria Zanotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Katia Sayaf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Martina Colognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Polini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Nora Cazzagon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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25
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Dong Q, Bao H, Wang J, Shi W, Zou X, Sheng J, Gao J, Guan C, Xia H, Li J, Kang P, Xu Y, Cui Y, Zhong X. Liver fibrosis and MAFLD: the exploration of multi-drug combination therapy strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1120621. [PMID: 37153080 PMCID: PMC10157161 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has reached pandemic proportions as a leading cause of liver fibrosis worldwide. However, the stage of liver fibrosis is associated with an increased risk of severe liver-related and cardiovascular events and is the strongest predictor of mortality in MAFLD patients. More and more people believe that MAFLD is a multifactorial disease with multiple pathways are involved in promoting the progression of liver fibrosis. Numerous drug targets and drugs have been explored for various anti-fibrosis pathways. The treatment of single medicines is brutal to obtain satisfactory results, so the strategies of multi-drug combination therapies have attracted increasing attention. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of MAFLD-related liver fibrosis and its regression, summarize the current intervention and treatment methods for this disease, and focus on the analysis of drug combination strategies for MAFLD and its subsequent liver fibrosis in recent years to explore safer and more effective multi-drug combination therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Dong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haolin Bao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wujiang Shi
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinlei Zou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jialin Sheng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Canghai Guan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haoming Xia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pengcheng Kang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Tumor Targeted Nano Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Pharmacy and Individualized Therapy of Huzhou, Department of Pharmacy, Changxing People's Hospital, Changxing, Zhejiang, China
- Yi Xu
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Yunfu Cui
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyu Zhong
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Extraction and Identification of Antioxidant Ingredients from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8260379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja (LCP) leaves have been widely employed in food and traditional medicine for treating hyperlipidaemia and its complications, possibly owing to their antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study is to identify the chemical ingredients of antioxidant extracts from LCP by using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS-based molecular networking, a very recent and useful tool for annotation of chemical constituents in mixtures. The extraction conditions of antioxidant extracts from LCP were optimised by single-factor analysis and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimised conditions were a methanol concentration of 32%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.4 ml/mg, an extraction temperature of 25°C, and an extraction time of 32 min. Under these conditions, the antioxidant yield was 516.20 ± 28.52 μmol TE/ml. The main active ingredients in the antioxidants were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS-based molecular networking. In total, 42 compounds were identified, including 20 flavonoids, 16 quinic acid derivatives, 4 caffeoyl derivatives, and 2 coumaroyl derivatives. The findings of the present work suggest that LCP could be a suitable source of natural antioxidant compounds, which might be applicable in the development of potential pharmaceutical drugs targeting diseases related to oxidative stress.
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The Synergic Effect of a Nutraceutical Supplementation Associated to a Mediterranean Hypocaloric Diet in a Population of Overweight/Obese Adults with NAFLD. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224750. [PMID: 36432436 PMCID: PMC9694188 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight/obesity is often associated with a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The study aim was to investigate the effects of a nutraceutical supplementation associated to a Mediterranean-hypocaloric-diet (MHD) on ultrasound-liver-steatosis (ULS) grade improvement in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD. A total of 68 subjects (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) with NAFLD were recruited, randomized into 2 groups and treated for 3 months: the Nutraceutical group was treated with MHD plus nutraceutical supplementation (Vitamin E, L-glutathione, silymarin and hepato-active compounds); the Control-group only with a MHD. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical parameters and Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months; patients with HSI >36 underwent a liver ultrasound to determine liver steatosis grade (3 severe, 2 moderate, 1 mild). In all patients, a significant improvement in nutritional and biochemical parameters was observed after treatment. After treatment, the nutraceutical group showed a significant improvement in hepatic steatosis, either according to ULS-grade (11.1% and 5.6% of patients with mild and moderate liver steatosis, respectively, showed a complete NAFLD regression; 33.3% and 22.2% of patients with moderate and severe liver steatosis, respectively showed a regression to mild liver steatosis), or according to HSI (49.3 ± 10.1 vs. 43.3 ± 9.0, p = 0.01), suggesting that a healthy diet is still the best choice, although the use of specific supplements can enhance the efficacy of dietary intervention in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD.
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28
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Fu Y, Zhou Y, Shen L, Li X, Zhang H, Cui Y, Zhang K, Li W, Chen WD, Zhao S, Li Y, Ye W. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:973366. [PMID: 36408234 PMCID: PMC9666875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.973366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 25%. With the global increase in obesity and its associated metabolic syndromes, NAFLD has become an important cause of chronic liver disease in many countries. Despite recent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutics, there are still challenges in its treatment. In this review, we briefly describe diagnostic methods, therapeutic targets, and drugs related to NAFLD. In particular, we focus on evaluating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, lipotoxicity, cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis as potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD. We also summarized the clinical research progress in terms of drug development and combination therapy, thereby providing references for NAFLD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Linhu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yeqi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei-dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhen Zhao, ; Yunfu Li, ; Wenling Ye,
| | - Yunfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhen Zhao, ; Yunfu Li, ; Wenling Ye,
| | - Wenling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhen Zhao, ; Yunfu Li, ; Wenling Ye,
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Combination Treatment with Hydroxytyrosol and Vitamin E Improves NAFLD-Related Fibrosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183791. [PMID: 36145170 PMCID: PMC9505330 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related liver fibrosis results in the encapsulation of injured liver parenchyma by a collagenous scar mainly imputable to hepatic stellate cells’ activation. Approved pharmacological treatments against NAFLD-related fibrosis are still lacking, but natural compounds such as hydroxytyrosol (HXT) and vitamin E (VitE), are emerging as promising therapeutic opportunities. In this study, the potential anti-fibrotic effect of HXT + VitE combination therapy was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In particular, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β-activated LX-2 cells as an in vitro model, and carbon tetrachloride plus a Western diet as a mice model were employed. The effect of HXT + VitE on fibrosis was also investigated in children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Our results demonstrated that HXT + VitE caused a reduction of proliferation, migration, contractility, and expression of pro-fibrogenic genes in TGF-β-activated LX-2 cells. HXT + VitE treatment also antagonized TGF-β-dependent upregulation of pro-oxidant NOX2 by interfering with nuclear translocation/activation of SMAD2/3 transcription factors. The mouse model of NAFLD-related fibrosis treated with HXT + VitE showed a marked reduction of fibrosis pattern by histology and gene expression. Accordingly, in children with NAFLD, HXT + VitE treatment caused a decrease of circulating levels of PIIINP and NOX2 that was supported over time. Our study suggests that HXT + VitE supplementation may improve NAFLD-related fibrosis.
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Hydroxytyrosol Recovers SARS-CoV-2-PLpro-Dependent Impairment of Interferon Related Genes in Polarized Human Airway, Intestinal and Liver Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081466. [PMID: 36009185 PMCID: PMC9404978 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused approximately 6.3 million deaths, mainly due to the acute respiratory distress syndrome or multi-organ failure that characterizes COVID-19 acute disease. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, also known as long-COVID, is a condition characterized by a complex of symptoms that affects 10–20% of the individuals who have recovered from the infection. Scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that long-COVID can develop in both adults and children. It has been hypothesized that multi-organ effects of long-COVID could be associated with the persistence of virus RNA/proteins in host cells, but the real mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of the exogenous expression of the papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of the non-structural protein (NSP3) of SARS-CoV-2 in polarized human airway (Calu-3), intestinal (Caco-2), and liver (HepG2) epithelial cells, and to evaluate the ability of the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol (HXT) in neutralizing these effects. Our results demonstrated that PLpro was able to induce a cascade of inflammatory genes and proteins (mainly associated with the interferon pathway) and increase the apoptotic rate and expression of several oxidative stress markers in all evaluated epithelial cells. Noteably, the treatment with 10 μM HXT reverted PL-pro-dependent effects almost completely. This study provides the first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 PLpro remaining in host cells after viral clearance may contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms of long-COVID. These effects may be counteracted by natural antioxidants. Further clinical and experimental studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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Contreras MDM, Gómez-Cruz I, Feriani A, Alwasel S, Harrath AH, Romero I, Castro E, Tlili N. Hepatopreventive properties of hydroxytyrosol and mannitol-rich extracts obtained from exhausted olive pomace using green extraction methods. Food Funct 2022; 13:11915-11928. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol and mannitol rich extracts from exhausted olive pomace were obtained by green extraction methodologies. Supplementation of these extracts alleviated CCl4-induced hepatic damage and protected DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Contreras
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Cruz
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Anouar Feriani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems. Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inmaculada Romero
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Nizar Tlili
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Université de Carthage, Tunisia
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Sequential Extraction of Hydroxytyrosol, Mannitol and Triterpenic Acids Using a Green Optimized Procedure Based on Ultrasound. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111781. [PMID: 34829652 PMCID: PMC8614775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive-derived biomasses contain bioactive compounds with health promoting effects as well as antioxidant and sweet-tasting properties. However, their sequential extraction has not been attained. In the present study, firstly antioxidants and mannitol were extracted from exhausted olive pomace (EOP) by an eco-friendly method, ultrasound-assisted water extraction (UAWE). The amplitude (20-80%), extraction time (2-18 min) and solid loading (2-15%, w/v) were evaluated according to a Box-Behnken experimental design. Using the response surface methodology, the optimal conditions for extraction were obtained: 80% amplitude, 11.5% solid loading and 16 min. It enabled the multi-response optimization of the total phenolic content (TPC) (40.04 mg/g EOP), hydroxytyrosol content (6.42 mg/g EOP), mannitol content (50.92 mg/g EOP) and antioxidant activity (ferric reducing power or FRAP, 50.95 mg/g EOP; ABTS, 100.64 mg/g EOP). Moreover, the phenolic profile of the extracts was determined by liquid chromatography-UV and mass spectrometry, identifying hydroxytyrosol as the main phenolic compound and other minor derivatives could be characterized. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphological changes produced in the cellular structure of EOP after UAWE. In addition, the chemical composition of the extracted EOP solid was characterized for further valorization. Then, a second extraction step was performed in order to extract bioactive triterpenes from the latter solid. The triterpenes content in the extract was determined and the effect of the previous UAWE step on the triterpenes extraction was evaluated. In this case, the use of ultrasound enhanced the extraction of maslinic acid and oleanolic acid from pelletized EOP with no milling requirement. Overall, UAWE can be applied to obtain antioxidant compounds and mannitol as first extraction step from pelletized EOP while supporting the subsequent recovery of triterpenic acids.
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Finicelli M, Squillaro T, Galderisi U, Peluso G. Polyphenols, the Healthy Brand of Olive Oil: Insights and Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:3831. [PMID: 34836087 PMCID: PMC8624306 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their beneficial potential on human health, plant food bioactive molecules are important components influencing nutrition. Polyphenols have been widely acknowledged for their potentially protective role against several complex diseases. In particular, the polyphenols of olive oil (OOPs) emerge as the key components of many healthy diets and have been widely studied for their beneficial properties. The qualitative and quantitative profile defining the composition of olive oil phenolic molecules as well as their absorbance and metabolism once ingested are key aspects that need to be considered to fully understand the health potential of these molecules. In this review, we provide an overview of the key aspects influencing these variations by focusing on the factors influencing the biosynthesis of OOPs and the findings about their absorption and metabolism. Despite the encouraging evidence, the health potential of OOPs is still debated due to limitations in current studies. Clinical trials are necessary to fully understand and validate the beneficial effects of olive oil and OOPs on human health. We provide an update of the clinical trials based on olive oil and/or OOPs that aim to understand their beneficial effects. Tailored studies are needed to standardize the polyphenolic distribution and understand the variables associated with phenol-enriched OO. An in-depth knowledge of the steps that occur following polyphenol ingestion may reveal useful insights to be used in clinical settings for the prevention and treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Finicelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (T.S.); (U.G.)
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (T.S.); (U.G.)
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Komolafe O, Buzzetti E, Linden A, Best LM, Madden AM, Roberts D, Chase TJ, Fritche D, Freeman SC, Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Milne EJ, Wright K, Pavlov CS, Davidson BR, Tsochatzis E, Gurusamy KS. Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 7:CD013157. [PMID: 34280304 PMCID: PMC8406904 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013157.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) varies between 19% and 33% in different populations. NAFLD decreases life expectancy and increases risks of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the requirement for liver transplantation. Uncertainty surrounds relative benefits and harms of various nutritional supplements in NAFLD. Currently no nutritional supplement is recommended for people with NAFLD. OBJECTIVES • To assess the benefits and harms of different nutritional supplements for treatment of NAFLD through a network meta-analysis • To generate rankings of different nutritional supplements according to their safety and efficacy SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and trials registers until February 2021 to identify randomised clinical trials in people with NAFLD. SELECTION CRITERIA We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or status) for people with NAFLD, irrespective of method of diagnosis, age and diabetic status of participants, or presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We excluded randomised clinical trials in which participants had previously undergone liver transplantation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed a network meta-analysis with OpenBUGS using Bayesian methods whenever possible and calculated differences in treatments using hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and rate ratios with 95% credible intervals (CrIs) based on an available-case analysis, according to National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Decision Support Unit guidance. MAIN RESULTS We included in the review a total of 202 randomised clinical trials (14,200 participants). Nineteen trials were at low risk of bias. A total of 32 different interventions were compared in these trials. A total of 115 trials (7732 participants) were included in one or more comparisons. The remaining trials did not report any of the outcomes of interest for this review. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 28 months. The follow-up period in trials that reported clinical outcomes was 2 months to 28 months. During this follow-up period, clinical events related to NAFLD such as mortality, liver cirrhosis, liver decompensation, liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality were sparse. We did not calculate effect estimates for mortality because of sparse data (zero events for at least one of the groups in the trial). None of the trials reported that they measured overall health-related quality of life using a validated scale. The evidence is very uncertain about effects of interventions on serious adverse events (number of people or number of events). We are very uncertain about effects on adverse events of most of the supplements that we investigated, as the evidence is of very low certainty. However, people taking PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) may be more likely to experience an adverse event than those not receiving an active intervention (network meta-analysis results: OR 4.44, 95% CrI 2.40 to 8.48; low-certainty evidence; 4 trials, 203 participants; direct evidence: OR 4.43, 95% CrI 2.43 to 8.42). People who take other supplements (a category that includes nutritional supplements other than vitamins, fatty acids, phospholipids, and antioxidants) had higher numbers of adverse events than those not receiving an active intervention (network meta-analysis: rate ratio 1.73, 95% CrI 1.26 to 2.41; 6 trials, 291 participants; direct evidence: rate ratio 1.72, 95% CrI 1.25 to 2.40; low-certainty evidence). Data were sparse (zero events in all groups in the trial) for liver transplantation, liver decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. So, we did not perform formal analysis for these outcomes. The evidence is very uncertain about effects of other antioxidants (antioxidants other than vitamins) compared to no active intervention on liver cirrhosis (HR 1.68, 95% CrI 0.23 to 15.10; 1 trial, 99 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about effects of interventions in any of the remaining comparisons, or data were sparse (with zero events in at least one of the groups), precluding formal calculations of effect estimates. Data were probably because of the very short follow-up period (2 months to 28 months). It takes follow-up of 8 to 28 years to detect differences in mortality between people with NAFLD and the general population. Therefore, it is unlikely that differences in clinical outcomes are noted in trials providing less than 5 to 10 years of follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence indicates considerable uncertainty about effects of nutritional supplementation compared to no additional intervention on all clinical outcomes for people with non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Accordingly, high-quality randomised comparative clinical trials with adequate follow-up are needed. We propose registry-based randomised clinical trials or cohort multiple randomised clinical trials (study design in which multiple interventions are trialed within large longitudinal cohorts of patients to gain efficiencies and align trials more closely to standard clinical practice) comparing interventions such as vitamin E, prebiotics/probiotics/synbiotics, PUFAs, and no nutritional supplementation. The reason for the choice of interventions is the impact of these interventions on indirect outcomes, which may translate to clinical benefit. Outcomes in such trials should be mortality, health-related quality of life, decompensated liver cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and resource utilisation measures including costs of intervention and decreased healthcare utilisation after minimum follow-up of 8 years (to find meaningful differences in clinically important outcomes).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Buzzetti
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and the UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Audrey Linden
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lawrence Mj Best
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angela M Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Danielle Roberts
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Jg Chase
- Department of General Surgery, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Suzanne C Freeman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicola J Cooper
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alex J Sutton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Kathy Wright
- Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chavdar S Pavlov
- Department of Therapy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Tsochatzis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and the UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Therapy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Bucciantini M, Leri M, Nardiello P, Casamenti F, Stefani M. Olive Polyphenols: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071044. [PMID: 34209636 PMCID: PMC8300823 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by increased oxidative stress are the cause of many chronic diseases. The lack of anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects has stimulated the search for new active substances. Plant-derived compounds provide new potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules. Natural products are structurally optimized by evolution to serve particular biological functions, including the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms and interaction with other organisms. This property explains their relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, among the various natural substances, polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have aroused growing interest. Extensive studies have shown the potent therapeutic effects of these bioactive molecules against a series of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This review begins from the chemical structure, abundance and bioavailability of the main EVOO polyphenols to highlight the effects and the possible molecular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds against inflammation and oxidation, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the mechanisms of inhibition of molecular signaling pathways activated by oxidative stress by EVOO polyphenols are discussed, together with their possible roles in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders, also taking into account meta-analysis of population studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bucciantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuela Leri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; (P.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; (P.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.)
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Tokuhara D. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Regulating Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents. Front Nutr 2021; 8:700058. [PMID: 34250000 PMCID: PMC8267179 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents. Although obesity is the leading cause of NAFLD, the etiologies of NAFLD are multifactorial (e.g., high-fat diet, a lack of exercise, gender, maternal obesity, the antibiotic use), and each of these factors leads to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota community. The gut microbiota is a key player in the development and regulation of the gut mucosal immune system as well as the regulation of both NAFLD and obesity. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota promotes the development of NAFLD via alteration of gut-liver homeostasis, including disruption of the gut barrier, portal transport of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) to the liver, altered bile acid profiles, and decreased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids. In terms of prevention and treatment, conventional approaches (e.g., dietary and exercise interventions) against obesity and NAFLD have been confirmed to recover the dysbiosis and dysbiosis-mediated altered metabolism. In addition, increased understanding of the importance of gut microbiota-mediated homeostasis in the prevention of NAFLD suggests the potential effectiveness of gut microbiota-targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies (e.g., probiotics and fecal transplantation) against NAFLD in children and adolescents. This review comprehensively summarizes our current knowledge of the gut microbiota, focusing on its interaction with NAFLD and its potential therapeutic role in obese children and adolescents with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tokuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Industrial Exhausted Olive Pomace through Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060514. [PMID: 34200626 PMCID: PMC8229622 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Exhausted olive pomace (EOP) is the main residue of the pomace oil extraction industry, which is generated in large quantities and has limited applications. Thus, this study aimed to obtain bioactive compounds from EOP using ultrasound-assisted extraction as a potential first valorization step. Two types of devices were tested: bath- and probe-type UAE. The operational parameters were studied and optimized to maximize the antioxidant compounds. In particular, hydroxytyrosol was the main phenolic compound identified and its content was 5.16 mg/g EOP (bath-type UAE) and 4.96 mg/g EOP (probe-type UAE). Mannitol was also detected in the extract, 59.53 mg/g EOP (bath-type UAE) and 69.73 mg/g EOP (probe-type UAE). The results highlight the great potential EOP has as a source of bioactive compounds, with applicability in several sectors. Moreover, the probe-type UAE shows potential to be applied for obtaining these bioactive compounds in a continuous and faster manner. Abstract Exhausted olive pomace (EOP) is the main agro-industrial waste of the olive pomace extracting industries. It contains phenolic compounds and mannitol, so the extraction of these bioactive compounds should be considered as a first valorization step, especially if EOP is used as biofuel. Therefore, EOP was subjected to bath-type ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and the effects of the acetone concentration (20–80%, v/v), solid load (2–15%, w/v), and extraction time (10–60 min) on the extraction of antioxidant compounds were evaluated according to a Box–Behnken experimental design. By means of the response surface methodology, the optimum conditions were obtained: 40% acetone, 8.6% solids, and 43 min. For all the extracts, the total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were determined. With the aim of shortening the extraction time, a two-level factorial experiment design was also carried out using a probe-type UAE, keeping the solid load at 8.6% (w/v) and the acetone concentration at 40% (v/v), while the amplitude (30–70%) and the extraction time (2–12 min) were varied to maximize the aforementioned parameters. Finally, a maximum of phenolic compounds was reached (45.41 mg GAE/g EOP) at 12 min and 70% amplitude. It was comparable to that value obtained in the ultrasonic bath (42.05 mg GAE/g EOP), but, remarkably, the extraction time was shortened, which translates into lower costs at industrial scale. Moreover, the bioactive compound hydroxytyrosol was found to be the major phenolic compound in the extract, i.e., 5.16 mg/g EOP (bath-type UAE) and 4.96 mg/g EOP (probe-type UAE). Other minor phenolic compounds could be detected by capillary zone electrophoresis and liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry. The sugar alcohol mannitol, another bioactive compound, was also found in the extract, and its content was determined. Thus, the use of this technology can support the valorization of this waste to obtain bioactive compounds, including mannitol, hydroxytyrosol, and other derivatives, before being applied for other uses.
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Sangineto M, Bukke VN, Bellanti F, Tamborra R, Moola A, Duda L, Villani R, Romano AD, Serviddio G. A Novel Nutraceuticals Mixture Improves Liver Steatosis by Preventing Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a NAFLD Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020652. [PMID: 33671262 PMCID: PMC7923152 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of liver disease globally, and represents a health care burden as treatment options are very scarce. The reason behind the NAFLD progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is not completely understood. Recently, the deficiency of micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, minerals, and other elements) has been suggested as crucial in NAFLD progression, such that recent studies reported the potential hepatic antioxidant properties of micronutrients supplementation. However, very little is known. Here we have explored the potential beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with FLINAX, a novel mixture of nutraceuticals (i.e., vitamin E, vitamin D3, olive dry-extract, cinnamon dry-extract and fish oil) in a NAFLD model characterized by oxidative stress and mitochondrial function impairment. Steatosis was firstly induced in Wistar rats by feeding with a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks, and following this the rats were divided into two groups. One group (n = 8) was treated for 2 weeks with a normal chow-diet, while a second group (n = 8) was fed with a chow-diet supplemented with 2% FLINAX. Along with the entire experiment (6 weeks), a third group of rats was fed with a chow-diet only as control. Statistical analysis was performed with Student's T test or one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test when appropriate. Steatosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) complexes activity were analyzed in liver tissues. The dietary supplementation with FLINAX significantly improved hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation compared to untreated rats. The mRNA and protein levels analysis showed that CPT1A and CPT2 were up-regulated by FLINAX, suggesting the enhancement of fatty acids oxidation (FAO). Important lipoperoxidation markers (i.e., HNE- and MDA-protein adducts) and the quantity of total mitochondrial oxidized proteins were significantly lower in FLINAX-treated rats. Intriguingly, FLINAX restored the mitochondrial function, stimulating the activity of mitochondrial RC complexes (i.e., I, II, III and ATP-synthase) and counteracting the peroxide production from pyruvate/malate (complex I) and succinate (complex II). Therefore, the supplementation with FLINAX reprogrammed the cellular energy homeostasis by restoring the efficiency of mitochondrial function, with a consequent improvement in steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moris Sangineto
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Archana Moola
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Loren Duda
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. (University Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment), Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (V.N.B.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0881-736007
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Contreras MDM, Gómez-Cruz I, Romero I, Castro E. Olive Pomace-Derived Biomasses Fractionation through a Two-Step Extraction Based on the Use of Ultrasounds: Chemical Characteristics. Foods 2021; 10:111. [PMID: 33430320 PMCID: PMC7825784 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive-derived biomass is not only a renewable bioenergy resource but also it can be a source of bioproducts, including antioxidants. In this study, the antioxidant composition of extracted olive pomace (EOP) and a new byproduct, the residual fraction from olive pit cleaning (RFOPC or residual pulp) was characterized and compared to olive leafy biomass, which have been extensively studied as a source of antioxidants and other bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties. The chemical characterization showed that these byproducts contain a high amount of extractives; in the case of EOP, it was even higher (52.9%) than in olive leaves (OL) and olive mill leaves (OML) (35.8-45.1%). Then, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to recover antioxidants from the extractive fraction of these biomasses. The solubilization of antioxidants was much higher for EOP, correlating well with the extractives content and the total extraction yield. Accordingly, this also affected the phenolic richness of the extracts and the differences between all biomasses were diminished. In any case, the phenolic profile and the hydroxytyrosol cluster were different. While OL, OML, and EOP contained mainly hydroxytyrosol derivatives and flavones, RFOPC presented novel trilignols. Other compounds were also characterized, including secoiridoids, hydroxylated fatty acids, triterpenoids, among others, depending on the bioresource. Moreover, after the UAE extraction step, alkaline extraction was applied recovering a liquid and a solid fraction. While the solid fraction could of interest for further valorization as a biofuel, the liquid fraction contained proteins, sugars, and soluble lignin, which conferred antioxidant properties to these extracts, and whose content depended on the biomass and conditions applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Contreras
- Campus Las Lagunillas, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.C.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Cruz
- Campus Las Lagunillas, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.C.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Romero
- Campus Las Lagunillas, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.C.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Campus Las Lagunillas, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.C.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Al-Baiaty FDR, Ismail A, Abdul Latiff Z, Muhammad Nawawi KN, Raja Ali RA, Mokhtar NM. Possible Hepatoprotective Effect of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Vitamin E in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Children and Adolescents. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:667247. [PMID: 34307250 PMCID: PMC8295474 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.667247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide health concern among the pediatric population. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is growing rapidly, alongside the high prevalence of obesity. NAFLD refers to a multifactorial disorder that includes simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with or devoid of fibrosis. NAFLD is regarded as a systemic disorder that influences glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism with hepatic manifestations. A sedentary lifestyle and poor choice of food remain the major contributors to the disease. Prompt and timely diagnosis of NAFLD among overweight children is crucial to prevent the progression of the condition. Yet, there has been no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD in adults or children. As indicated by clinical evidence, lifestyle modification plays a vital role as a primary form of therapy for managing and treating NAFLD. Emphasis is on the significance of caloric restriction, particularly macronutrients (fats, carbohydrates, and proteins) in altering the disease consequences. A growing number of studies are now focusing on establishing a link between vitamins and NAFLD. Different types of vitamin supplements have been shown to be effective in treating NAFLD. In this review, we elaborate on the potential role of vitamin E with a high content of tocotrienol as a therapeutic alternative in treating NAFLD in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah D R Al-Baiaty
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aziana Ismail
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Abdul Latiff
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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