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Mogensen H, Erdmann F, Mader L, Vrelits Sørensen G, Talbäck M, Tjørnelund Nielsen T, Hasle H, Heyman M, Winther JF, Feychting M, Tettamanti G, Kenborg L. Early mortality in children with cancer in Denmark and Sweden: The role of social background in a setting with universal healthcare. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1719-1730. [PMID: 38259167 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Socioeconomic differences in overall survival from childhood cancer have been shown previously, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate if social inequalities were seen already for early mortality in settings with universal healthcare. From national registers, all children diagnosed with cancer at ages 0-19 years, during 1991-2014, in Sweden and Denmark, were identified, and information on parental social characteristics was collected. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of early mortality (death within 90 days after cancer diagnosis) by parental education, income, employment, cohabitation, and country of birth using logistic regression. For children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), clinical characteristics were obtained. Among 13,926 included children, 355 (2.5%) died within 90 days after diagnosis. Indications of higher early mortality were seen among the disadvantaged groups, with the most pronounced associations observed for maternal education (ORadj_Low_vs_High 1.65 [95% CI 1.22-2.23]) and income (ORadj_Q1(lowest)_vs_Q4(highest) 1.77 [1.25-2.49]). We found attenuated or null associations between social characteristics and later mortality (deaths occurring 1-5 years after cancer diagnosis). In children with ALL, the associations between social factors and early mortality remained unchanged when adjusting for potential mediation by clinical characteristics. In conclusion, this population-based cohort study indicated differences in early mortality after childhood cancer by social background, also in countries with universal healthcare. Social differences occurring this early in the disease course requires further investigation, also regarding the timing of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mogensen
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Luzius Mader
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Registry Bern-Solothurn, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gitte Vrelits Sørensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mats Talbäck
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mats Heyman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Falck Winther
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Tettamanti
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line Kenborg
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Roman E, Kane E, Smith A, Howell D, Sheridan R, Simpson J, Bonaventure A, Kinsey S. Cohort profile: the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS) - a UK-wide population-based study examining the health of cancer survivors. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073712. [PMID: 37977872 PMCID: PMC10660444 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study's (UKCCS's) matched cohort was established to examine the longer term morbidity and mortality of individuals previously diagnosed with cancer before 15 years of age, comparing future healthcare patterns in 5-year cancer survivors to baseline activity seen in age- and sex-matched individuals from the general population. PARTICIPANTS Predicated on a national childhood cancer case-control study conducted in the early 1990s (4430 cases, 9753 controls) in England, Scotland and Wales, the case population comprises 3125 cancer survivors (>5 years), and the control population 7156 age- and sex-matched individuals from the general population who did not have cancer as a child. Participants are now being followed up via linkage to national administrative healthcare databases (deaths, cancers and secondary care hospital activity). FINDINGS TO DATE Enabling the creation of cohorts with minimal selection bias and loss to follow-up, the original case-control study registered all newly diagnosed cases of childhood cancer and their corresponding controls, regardless of their family's participation. Early findings based on the registered case population found marked survival variations with age and sex across subtypes and differences with deprivation among acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) survivors. More recently, comparing the health-activity patterns of the case and control populations revealed that survivors of childhood ALL experienced excess outpatient and inpatient activity across their teenage/young adult years. Adding to increased risks of cancer and death and involving most clinical specialties, excesses were not related to routine follow-up monitoring and showed no signs of diminishing over time. FUTURE PLANS With annual linkage updates, the UKCCS's maturing population-based matched cohorts provide the foundation for tracking the health of individuals through their lifetime. Comparing the experience of childhood cancer survivors to that of unaffected general-population counterparts, this will include examining subsequent morbidity and mortality, secondary care hospital activity and the impact of deprivation on longer term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Eleanor Kane
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Alexandra Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Debra Howell
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Sheridan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jill Simpson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Audrey Bonaventure
- INSERM, Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sally Kinsey
- Paediatric Haematology, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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3
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Leary SES, Onar-Thomas A, Fangusaro J, Gottardo NG, Cohen K, Smith A, Huang A, Haas-Kogan D, Fouladi M. Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Central nervous system tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70 Suppl 6:e30600. [PMID: 37534382 PMCID: PMC10569820 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Molecular characterization in the last decade has redefined CNS tumor diagnoses and risk stratification; confirmed the unique biology of pediatric tumors as distinct entities from tumors that occur in adulthood; and led to the first novel targeted therapies receiving Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for children with CNS tumors. There remain significant challenges to overcome: children with unresectable low-grade glioma may require multiple prolonged courses of therapy affecting quality of life; children with high-grade glioma have a dismal long-term prognosis; children with medulloblastoma may suffer significant short- and long-term morbidity from multimodal cytotoxic therapy, and approaches to improve survival in ependymoma remain elusive. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) is uniquely positioned to conduct the next generation of practice-changing clinical trials through rapid prospective molecular characterization and therapy evaluation in well-defined clinical and molecular groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. S. Leary
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Kenneth Cohen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John’s Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy Smith
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Orlando Health-Arnold Palmer Hospital, Orlando, FL
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daphne Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH
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Socio-economic and ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival, Yorkshire, UK. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1710-1722. [PMID: 36828871 PMCID: PMC10133387 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing the existence of health inequalities remains a high research and policy agenda item in the United Kingdom. We describe ethnic and socio-economic differences in paediatric cancer survival, focusing specifically on the extent to which disparities have changed over a 20-year period. METHODS Cancer registration data for 2674 children (0-14 years) in Yorkshire were analysed. Five-year survival estimates by ethnic group (south Asian/non-south Asian) and Townsend deprivation fifths (I-V) were compared over time (1997-2016) for leukaemia, lymphoma, central nervous system (CNS) and other solid tumours. Hazard ratios (HR: 95% CI) from adjusted Cox models quantified the joint effect of ethnicity and deprivation on mortality risk over time, framed through causal interpretation of the deprivation coefficient. RESULTS Increasing deprivation was associated with significantly higher risk of death for children with leukaemia (1.11 (1.03-1.20)) and all cancers between 1997 and 2001. While we observed a trend towards reducing differences in survival over time in this group, a contrasting trend was observed for CNS tumours whereby sizeable variation in outcome remained for cases diagnosed until 2012. South Asian children with lymphoma had a 15% reduced chance of surviving at least 5 years compared to non-south Asian, across the study period. DISCUSSION Even in the United Kingdom, with a universally accessible healthcare system, socio-economic and ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival exist. Findings should inform where resources should be directed to provide all children with an equitable survival outcome following a cancer diagnosis.
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Zhu B, Wu X, An W, Yao B, Liu Y. The systematic analysis and 10-year prediction on disease burden of childhood cancer in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:908955. [PMID: 36148350 PMCID: PMC9486072 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.908955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of in-depth analysis regarding the disease burden of childhood cancer in China. Indeed, this is the first time the topic has been addressed in detail. Drawing on population-based data for the past 30 years, this study systematically analyzes the composition and long-term trend of this disease burden in China. Methods GBD 2019 contained population-based data from 1990 to 2019 and was prepared using Microsoft Excel 2016. We used AAPC and ARIMA models for trend analysis and prediction formulation. Results In 2019, there were 45,601 new cases, 9,156 cancer deaths, and 782,530 DALYs in China. From 1990 to 2019, leukemia, together with brain and CNS cancer, invariably ranked highest in terms of new cases, cancer deaths, and DALYs. Leukemia accounted for more than 50%, but decreased over time. By contrast, the proportions for brain and CNS cancer increased. There were significant decreases in the overall incidence, mortality, and DALY rates in China, but these were still higher than the corresponding global average levels. Considering all types of childhood cancer, the incidence rate of testicular cancer showed the biggest increase, and the mortality and DALY rates of leukemia showed the largest decrease. In terms of different age groups, the overall incidence rate of childhood cancers increased in 0 to 4 age group, but it decreased in 5 to 14 age groups. The overall mortality and DALY rates of childhood cancers decreased in all four age groups. Over the next 10 years, the overall incidence rate of childhood cancer will increase, but the overall mortality and DALY rates will decrease. The increase in malignant skin melanoma will comprise the largest rise in the incidence, while the decrease for leukemia will be the largest fall in the incidence, cancer deaths, and DALYs. Conclusion The disease burden of all childhood cancers in China remains highly serious, especially for certain types of cancer and certain age groups. China should focus more emphatically on the incidence of childhood cancer in future, and it must consistently strengthen investment in the relevant research and medical resources to reduce the disease burden in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Center of Evidence Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenxiu An
- Department of Medical Management, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Yefu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
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Survival in Children Below the Age of 15 Years With Leukemia: Temporal Patterns in Eastern and Western Germany Since German Reunification. Hemasphere 2022; 6:e755. [PMID: 35935611 PMCID: PMC9351893 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Pedersen LH, Østergaard A, Bank V, Nersting J, Tuckuviene R, Wehner PS, Albertsen BK, Degn M, Als-Nielsen BET, Larsen HB, Schmiegelow K, Dalton SO. Socioeconomic position and maintenance therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A national cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29508. [PMID: 34931732 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic differences in survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been reported in high-income countries and there is an unmet need for strategies to identify vulnerable patient subgroups. Reported differences in survival for children from families with different socioeconomic positions seem to arise when starting maintenance therapy. This could reflect reduced physician's compliance or family adherence to maintenance therapy. METHODS This nationwide cohort study with extensive monitoring of systemic methotrexate (MTX)/6-mercaptopurine (6MP) dosing and metabolite levels, retrospectively investigated 173 Danish children treated according to The Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology ALL2008 protocol from 2008 to 2016. RESULTS Significantly lower prescribed doses of MTX and 6MP were seen in the children in families with short parental education (short vs. medium vs. higher education: mMTX: 13.8, 16.2, and 18.6 mg/m2 /week; p < .01; m6MP: 47.4, 64.9, and 66.1 mg/m2 /day; p = .03) or parents unemployed/not in workforce (unemployed/not in workforce vs. mixed vs. at work: mMTX: 15.0, 19.9, and 17.2 mg/m2 /week; p < .01; m6MP: 54.8, 72.0, and 65.1 mg/m2 /day; p < .01). When assessing family adherence by analyzing MTX and 6MP metabolite levels, including per prescribed dose of MTX and 6MP, we found no significant differences by levels of parental education, affiliation to work market, or income (p > .05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that inferior physician compliance to protocol recommendations on drug dosage rather than families' adherence to therapy may contribute to the association between socioeconomic position and cure rates in childhood ALL, although precise mechanisms remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hjøllund Pedersen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Østergaard
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victoria Bank
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Nersting
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruta Tuckuviene
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peder Skov Wehner
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klug Albertsen
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne Baekgaard Larsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Oncology & Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
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Beltrami A, Hilliard A, Green AL. Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in pediatric cancer in the United States: Current knowledge, deepening understanding, and expanding intervention. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 76:102082. [PMID: 34923289 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While survival of pediatric cancer has improved greatly over the past 40 years, demographic and socioeconomic disparities have meant that some groups have not benefitted as much from these advances. We conducted a rapid review to summarize literature on demographic and socioeconomic disparities in outcomes of childhood cancer, starting in 2000. We find that unequal outcomes have been noted for many of these groups across hematologic malignancies, central nervous system tumors, and other solid tumors, although occasional studies have noted absence of disparities for particular at-risk groups and diseases, and gaps in understanding of disparities for some cancer subtypes and groups still exist. These include disparities in duration of overall survival, risk of death, more extensive disease at presentation, and differences/delays in treatment. Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, lack of private insurance, and adolescent/young adult age are most often associated with these poorer outcomes. We then delve into documented and theorized causes of these disparities, including impaired access to care and clinical trials, differences in cancer biology, treatment non-adherence, language barriers, and implicit racial bias. Here, it is clear that socioeconomic factors account for a large proportion of disparities seen, although not all, and that the causes of disparities are complex and interconnected and still need to be better understood. Finally, in an effort to shift emphasis to addressing disparities, we review interventions against disparities that have been studied in childhood cancer patients and other populations, including improving clinical trial representation, communication, health literacy, and family navigation. We suggest ways forward in disparity mitigation toward a goal of achieving equitable cancer outcomes for all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Beltrami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Alexandra Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Adam L Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Residence in a Hispanic Enclave Is Associated with Inferior Overall Survival among Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179273. [PMID: 34501862 PMCID: PMC8430860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hispanic children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) experience poorer overall survival (OS) than non-Hispanic White children; however, few studies have investigated the social determinants of this disparity. In Texas, many Hispanic individuals reside in ethnic enclaves—areas with high concentrations of immigrants, ethnic-specific businesses, and language isolation, which are often socioeconomically deprived. We determined whether enclave residence was associated with ALL survival, overall and among Hispanic children. We computed Hispanic enclave index scores for Texas census tracts, and classified children (N = 4083) as residing in enclaves if their residential tracts scored in the highest statewide quintile. We used Cox regression to evaluate the association between enclave residence and OS. Five-year OS was 78.6% for children in enclaves, and 77.8% for Hispanic children in enclaves, both significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the 85.8% observed among children not in enclaves. Children in enclaves had increased risk of death (hazard ratio (HR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.49) after adjustment for sex, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, metropolitan residence and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and after further adjustment for child race/ethnicity (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.97–1.45). We observed increased risk of death when analyses were restricted to Hispanic children specifically (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03–1.65). Observations suggest that children with ALL residing in Hispanic enclaves experience inferior OS.
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Poulalhon C, Goujon S, Marquant F, Faure L, Guissou S, Bonaventure A, Désandes E, Rios P, Lacour B, Clavel J. Factors associated with 5- and 10-year survival among a recent cohort of childhood cancer survivors (France, 2000-2015). Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 73:101950. [PMID: 34214767 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer survival currently exceeds 80 % five years after diagnosis in high-income countries. In this study, we aimed to describe long-term trends and to investigate socioeconomic and spatial disparities in childhood cancer survival. METHODS The study included 28,073 cases recorded in the French National Registry of Childhood Cancers from 2000 to 2015. Contextual census data (deprivation indices, population density, spatial accessibility to general practitioners) were allocated to each case based on the residence at diagnosis. Overall survival (OS) and conditional 10-year OS for 5-year survivors were estimated for all cancers combined and by diagnostic group and subgroup. Comparisons were conducted by sex, age at diagnosis, period of diagnosis, and contextual indicators. Hazard ratios for death were estimated using Cox models. RESULTS All cancers combined, the OS reached 82.8 % [95 % CI: 82.4-83.3] at 5 years and 80.8 % [95 % CI: 80.3-81.3] at 10 years. Conditional 10-year OS of 5-year survivors reached 97.5 % [95 % CI: 97.3-97.7] and was higher than 95 % for all subgroups except osteosarcomas and most subgroups of the central nervous system. In addition to disparities by sex, age at diagnosis, and period of diagnosis, we observed a slight decrease in survival for cases living in the most deprived areas at diagnosis, not consistent across diagnostic groups. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the high 5-year survival for childhood cancer and show an excellent 10-year conditional survival of 5-year survivors. Additional individual data are needed to clarify the factors underlying the slight decrease in childhood cancer survival observed in the most deprived areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Poulalhon
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Stéphanie Goujon
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Fabienne Marquant
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laure Faure
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sandra Guissou
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Audrey Bonaventure
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Désandes
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Paula Rios
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Lacour
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Epidémiologie des Cancers des Enfants et des Adolescents (EPICEA), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Université de Paris, France; Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Villejuif, and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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11
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Mogensen H, Modig K, Talbäck M, Erdmann F, Heyman M, Feychting M, Tettamanti G. Number of siblings and survival from childhood leukaemia: a national register-based cohort study from Sweden. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:112-118. [PMID: 33854211 PMCID: PMC8257570 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest worse leukaemia survival for children with siblings, but the evidence is sparse, inconsistent and does not consider clinical factors. We explored the associations between number of siblings in the household, birth order and survival from childhood acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). METHODS In this nationwide register-based study we included all children aged 1-14, diagnosed with ALL and AML between 1991-mid-2015 in Sweden (n = 1692). Using Cox regression models, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to number of siblings and birth order, adjusting for known prognostic and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS A tendency towards better ALL survival among children with one, or ≥2, siblings was observed, adjHRs (95% CI): 0.73 (0.49-1.10) and 0.63 (0.40-1.00), respectively. However, this was mainly limited to children with low risk profiles. An indication of better AML survival among children with siblings was seen, adjHRs (95% CI) 0.68 (0.36-1.29) and 0.71 (0.34-1.48) but diminished after adjusting for birth order. CONCLUSION Our results do not support previous findings that a larger number of siblings is associated with poorer survival. Inconsistencies might be explained by underlying mechanisms that differ between settings, but chance cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mogensen
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Modig
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Talbäck
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Mats Heyman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Tettamanti
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Childhood cancer in high resource settings. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 71:101838. [PMID: 33495096 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of childhood cancer in High income countries (HIC) has been a success story of the 20th century with data demonstrating ever increasing survival. Some countries (for example, the UK) have national and regional registries providing high quality data, whilst in other countries the lack of population based data makes comparison impossible. In middle and low income countries (MIC and LIC) the incidence of childhood cancer appears to be lower than in HIC, almost certainly due to the lack of diagnosing and reporting of cases. There may be poor understanding and recognition of symptoms, presentation to traditional healers, poor access to healthcare facilities in rural areas and lack of diagnostic testing. Once on treatment, abandonment of further care can be multifactorial in underlying cause but subsequent relapse and death may add to suspicion of "western" medicine. Additionally, the presenting symptoms of childhood cancer can mimic common infectious diseases such as malaria so that cases remain undiagnosed. By reflecting on some common examples of childhood cancer it can be helpful to identify the points on the pathway to diagnosis and treatment which demonstrate the differences between HIC and MIC/LIC. Some interventions, such as funding for travel to treatment centres, accommodation and treatment, can make the difference between some treatment and no treatment. Highlighting these opportunities for change will improve outcomes in childhood cancer and raise standards of care for paediatrics in general. We have described the pathway to diagnosis and management of childhood cancers in HIC and presented the pathways for common malignancies in HIC and comparators for MIC/LIC to encourage supportive dialogue to improve measures to widen global access to diagnosis and management for children with these conditions. A longer term goal would be to support registries for population-based data collection as part of wider understanding of cancer on a global scale.
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13
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Vercasson C, Auquier P, Michel G, Bertrand Y, Ansoborlo S, Tabone MD, Leverger G, Gandemer V, Baruchel A, Contet A, Dalle JH, Paillard C, Poirée M, Thouvenin-Doulet S, Sirvent N, Kanold J, Freycon C, Hamidou Z, Berbis J. Quality of life in parents of childhood leukemia survivors. A French Childhood Cancer Survivor Study for Leukemia study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28419. [PMID: 32798263 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objectives were to assess the quality of life (QoL) of parents of childhood leukemia survivors compared with population norms and to identify the determinants of parents' long-term QoL. METHODS Parents of minors who had survived childhood leukemia participating in the French LEA cohort (Leucémie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent-French Childhood Cancer Survivor Study for Leukemia) were asked to complete the French version of the WHOQOL-BREF. Results were compared with age- and sex-matched values from a French reference population. Parents' and survivors' characteristics likely to be associated with QoL, long after the child's leukemia diagnosis, were explored using multivariate analysis. RESULTS We included 487 parents (mean age 42.9 ± 6.0 years, mean follow-up time from diagnosis 7.3 ± 3.3 years). Compared with the reference population, scores for physical health and social relationships for parents of childhood leukemia survivors were significantly lower (P < 0.001, effect size = 0.24 and P < 0.001, effect size = 0.29, respectively) contrary to scores for psychological health which were significantly higher (P < 0.001, effect size = 0.29). Even if health- and cancer-related characteristics were associated with parents' QoL in some dimensions, the only factor associated with each of the three dimensions (social relationships, physical health, and psychological) in the multivariate analysis was the parent's financial situation. CONCLUSIONS Long after leukemia diagnosis, the parents reported lower scores in the physical health and social relationship domains. Despite the difficulties of actually influencing socioeconomic characteristics, it is important to consider the social situation of each family in the long-term care of survivors and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Vercasson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, EA 3279: CERESS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, EA 3279: CERESS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Michel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, EA 3279: CERESS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Timone Enfants Hospital and Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Ansoborlo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Tabone
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, A. Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Guy Leverger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, A. Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - André Baruchel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Contet
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Haematology, Children's Hospital of Brabois, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Hugues Dalle
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Paillard
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maryline Poirée
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital L'Archet, Nice, France
| | | | - Nicolas Sirvent
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Justyna Kanold
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, CIC Inserm 501, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claire Freycon
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Zeinab Hamidou
- Aix-Marseille Univ, EA 3279: CERESS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France.,National Clinical Research Quality of Life in Oncology Platform, Nancy, France
| | - Julie Berbis
- Aix-Marseille Univ, EA 3279: CERESS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France
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14
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Schraw JM, Peckham-Gregory EC, Rabin KR, Scheurer ME, Lupo PJ, Oluyomi A. Area deprivation is associated with poorer overall survival in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28525. [PMID: 32573920 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated social determinants of outcomes disparities for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We investigated the association of area deprivation index (ADI), a measure of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, with overall survival (OS) among children and adolescents with ALL. PROCEDURE We obtained demographic and clinical data, geocoded addresses at diagnosis, and vital status on all Texas children diagnosed with ALL from 1995 to 2011 (N = 4104). Using the US Census Bureau 2010 geography, we computed ADI scores for all census tracts in Texas and grouped the tracts into quartiles: least, third-most, second-most, and most disadvantaged. We mapped children to ADI quartiles based on residence at diagnosis, and estimated OS using Cox regression adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan residence. RESULTS Five-year OS ranged from 89% (95% confidence interval [CI] 87-91%) for children in the least disadvantaged tracts to 79% (95% CI 76-81%) for children in the most disadvantaged tracts (P = 4E-7). An elevated hazard ratio (HR) for death was observed for children in the most disadvantaged tracts (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.23-2.00), and trends toward increased mortality were observed in the third-most and second-most disadvantaged tracts (HR 1.23, 95% CI 0.97-1.57 and HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.99-1.62, respectively). In stratified analyses, area disadvantage was more strongly associated with OS in males than females. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with inferior OS in this analysis of over 4100 children with ALL, highlighting the substantial contributions of social-environmental factors to childhood cancer survival. This association was stronger in males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Schraw
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Erin C Peckham-Gregory
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen R Rabin
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Abiodun Oluyomi
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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15
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Childhood cancer mortality trends in Europe, 1990-2017, with focus on geographic differences. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 67:101768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Sexual Dimorphism in Children and Adolescents With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Influence on Incidence and Survival. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2020; 42:e293-e298. [PMID: 31725540 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) incidence and poor prognosis are higher in male individuals. There is a lack of studies assessing the influence of sex in ALL. We documented this influence in a homogenous cohort. Three hundred three ALL Hispanic patients 1 to 20 years of age diagnosed over 10 years at a university hospital were evaluated. Patients were divided by sex and stratified by age. Survival rates were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. The median age for female individuals was 6 years versus 9 years for male individuals (P=0.002). In the whole cohort, there was a male preponderance (P=0.025), with a 1.3 male-to-female ratio. For male individuals, the 5-year relapse-free survival was 46%; for female individuals, it reached 58.7%, (P=0.009). Male individuals 1-9 years of age had a lower 5-year relapse-free survival than female individuals, 51.5% versus 66.7% (95% confidence interval, 65.35-68.01; P=0.020); this was not the case for overall survival (P=0.660). The male-to-female ratio in the 10 to 15 years' group was 1.59, and 2.35 in the 16 to 20 years' group. Incidence and relapse of ALL were higher in male individuals. A skewed distribution in the 10 to 20 years' age group disproportionately affected male individuals, suggesting a hormonal influence.
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17
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Gianino MM, Lenzi J, Bonaudo M, Fantini MP, Siliquini R, Ricciardi W, Damiani G. Patterns of amenable child mortality over time in 34 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): evidence from a 15-year time trend analysis (2001-2015). BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027909. [PMID: 31122996 PMCID: PMC6538061 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the trends of amenable mortality rates (AMRs) in children over the period 2001-2015. DESIGN Time trend analysis. SETTING Thirty-four member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). PARTICIPANTS Midyear estimates of the resident population aged ≤14 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Using data from the WHO Mortality Database and Nolte and McKee's list, AMRs were calculated as the annual number of deaths over the population/100 000 inhabitants. The rates were stratified by age groups (<1, 1-4, 5-9 and 10-14 years). All data were summarised by presenting the average rates for the years 2001/2005, 2006/2010 and 2011/2015. RESULTS There was a significant decline in children's AMRs in the <1 year group in all 34 OECD countries from 2001/2005 to 2006/2010 (332.78 to 295.17/100 000; %Δ -11.30%; 95% CI -18.75% to -3.85%) and from 2006/2010 to 2011/2015 (295.17 to 240.22/100 000; %Δ -18.62%; 95% CI -26.53% to -10.70%) and a slow decline in the other age classes. The only cause of death that was significantly reduced was conditions originating in the early neonatal period for the <1 year group. The age-specific distribution of causes of death did not vary significantly over the study period. CONCLUSIONS The low decline in amenable mortality rates for children aged ≥1 year, the large variation in amenable mortality rates across countries and the insufficient success in reducing mortality from all causes suggest that the heath system should increase its efforts to enhance child survival. Promoting models of comanagement between primary care and subspecialty services, encouraging high-quality healthcare and knowledge, financing universal access to healthcare and adopting best practice guidelines might help reduce amenable child mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Gianino
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lenzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bonaudo
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Fantini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Siliquini
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Sede di Roma, Roma, Lazio, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Damiani
- Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Sede di Roma, Roma, Lazio, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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18
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Hentea C, Downs SM, Tucker Edmonds B, Vik T, Wiehe SE, Cheng ER. Impact of socioeconomic markers on parents' retention of pediatric oncology home care education: A pilot study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27624. [PMID: 30693652 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the extent to which parents retain the education on how to manage home medical emergencies. We sought to describe retention of pediatric oncology home care education (POHCE) in a cohort of 24 parents of newly diagnosed children with cancer and investigate sociodemographic disparities in this retention. We measured retention using a vignette-based survey instrument. The mean score was 4 (range 0-6, SD = 1.6) and parents with high school only education and those with limited cancer health literacy scored lowest (2.5 and 2.8, respectively). Future POHCE interventions can focus on parents' literacy and education levels as predictors to tailor alternative education strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Hentea
- Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Section of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephen M Downs
- Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brownsyne Tucker Edmonds
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Comparative Effectiveness Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Terry Vik
- Section of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sarah E Wiehe
- Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erika R Cheng
- Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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19
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Molcho M, D'Eath M, Alforque Thomas A, Sharp L. Educational attainment of childhood cancer survivors: A systematic review. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3182-3195. [PMID: 31007000 PMCID: PMC6558589 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in treatment mean that most children diagnosed with cancer during childhood survive. Therefore, it is increasingly important to examine the long‐term consequences of childhood cancer, including educational attainment. This systematic review investigated whether the educational attainment of childhood cancer survivors differ from the cancer‐free population. Design/methods We searched seven databases for articles published from January 2005 to August 2018. We identified full papers in English, reporting primary data on academic attainment of adult survivors of childhood cancer, compared to a control group. Quality appraisal was conducted using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Results Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine papers included patients with various types of cancers, four focused on a single type of cancer, and one on patients who underwent stem cell transplantation. Of the 14 papers, 2 studies were considered good quality, 10 were considered adequate quality, and 2 were considered poor quality. Four studies reported more favorable educational attainment among survivors while six did not report significant differences. Less favorable attainment was consistently reported for CNS survivors in four studies. Conclusion The literature does not provide a clear pattern of the long‐term consequences of childhood cancer on education attainment. While this may suggest that there is no consistent difference between the education attainment of cancer survivors and controls, it may also be the result of limitations in the existing research. To better assess the education attainment of survivors, there is a need for high‐quality studies, with appropriate comparators, and standardized measures of education attainment across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda Sharp
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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20
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Erdmann F, Feychting M, Mogensen H, Schmiegelow K, Zeeb H. Social Inequalities Along the Childhood Cancer Continuum: An Overview of Evidence and a Conceptual Framework to Identify Underlying Mechanisms and Pathways. Front Public Health 2019; 7:84. [PMID: 31106186 PMCID: PMC6492628 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inequalities in health according to social conditions are regarded as unnecessary and unjust. There is a large body of evidence on inequalities in adult cancer, observable throughout the societies on a national level as well as on a global scale. Socioeconomic influences on health matter at all ages including childhood, for which childhood cancer is the leading cause of disease related death in high-income countries (HICs). Substantial differences in the reported incidence of childhood cancers have been observed globally by socioeconomic development of a population. This is reflected in the higher incidence rates reported for HICs, particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and for cancer in infants (below 1 year), compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Considerable inequalities between populations and degree of socioeconomic development are also noted for survival from childhood cancer, with substantially lower survival rates seen in most LMICs compared to HICs. With respect to inequalities by socioeconomic position (SEP) within countries, findings of an association between SEP and childhood cancer risk are diverse and limited to studies from HICs. On the contrary, observations on social inequalities in survival within countries are accumulating and indicate that survival inequalities do not only concern resource-poor countries but also high-income populations including European countries. In turn, a childhood cancer diagnosis in itself may have implications on the parents' socioeconomic situation as well as on the later socioeconomic life after having survived the disease. The underlying mechanisms and causal pathways of these empirically demonstrated social inequalities are poorly understood, although it is of significant public health relevance for any actions or strategies to reduce childhood cancer-related inequity. We propose a conceptual framework on potential underlying mechanism and pathways specifically addressing social inequalities in childhood cancer and after childhood cancer to (i) illustrate potential pathways by which social determinants may create health inequities at different points of the childhood cancer continuum; (ii) illustrate potential pathways by which a childhood cancer diagnosis may impact the socioeconomic situation of the concerned family or the later life of a childhood survivor; and (iii) point out how major determinants may relate to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz - Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Mogensen
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz - Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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21
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Castro-Ríos A, Reyes-Morales H, Pelcastre BE, Rendón-Macías ME, Fajardo-Gutiérrez A. Socioeconomic inequalities in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia insured by social security in Mexico: a study of the 2007-2009 cohorts. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:40. [PMID: 30832668 PMCID: PMC6399870 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-0940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 5 years survival in minors has reached 90%, socioeconomic differences have been reported among and within countries. Within countries, the difference has been related to the socioeconomic status of the parents, even in the context of public health services with universal coverage. In Mexico, differences in the mortality of children with cancer have been reported among sociodemographic zones. The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), the country's main social security institution, has reported socioeconomic differences in life expectancy within its affiliated population. Here, the socioeconomic inequalities in the survival of children (< 15 years old) enrolled in the IMSS were analyzed. METHODS Five-year survival data were analyzed in cohorts of patients diagnosed with ALL during the period 2007-2009 in the two IMSS networks of medical services that serve 7 states of the central region of Mexico. A Cox proportional risk model was developed and adjusted for the socioeconomic characteristics of family, community of residence and for the clinical characteristics of the children. The slope of socioeconomic inequality of the probability of dying within five years after the diagnosis of ALL was estimated. RESULTS For the 294 patients studied, the 5 years survival rate was 53.7%; the median survival was 4.06 years (4.9 years for standard-risk diagnosis; 2.5 years for high-risk diagnosis). The attrition rate was 12%. The Cox model showed that children who had been IMSS-insured for less than half their lives had more than double the risk of dying than those who had been insured for their entire lives. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in the survival of children with ALL associated with family income, educational and occupational level of parents. However, we found a relevant gradient related social security protection: the longer children's life insured by social security, the higher their probability of surviving ALL was. These results add evidence of the effectiveness of social security, as a mechanism of wealth redistribution and a promoter of social mobility. Extending these social security benefits to the entire Mexican population could promote better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Castro-Ríos
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hortensia Reyes-Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - Blanca E. Pelcastre
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - Mario E. Rendón-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Public Health Department, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo Fajardo-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Mogensen H, Modig K, Tettamanti G, Erdmann F, Heyman M, Feychting M. Survival After Childhood Cancer-Social Inequalities in High-Income Countries. Front Oncol 2018; 8:485. [PMID: 30474007 PMCID: PMC6238081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial improvements in survival from childhood cancer during the last decades, there are indications that survival rates for several cancer types are no longer improving. Moreover, evidence accumulates suggesting that socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors may have an impact on survival also in high-income countries. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings from studies on social factors and survival in childhood cancer. Several types of cancer and social factors are included in order to shed light on potential mechanisms and identify particularly affected groups. A literature search conducted in PubMed identified 333 articles published from December 2012 until June 2018, of which 24 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The findings are diverse; some studies found no associations but several indicated a social gradient with higher mortality among children from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES). There were no clear suggestions of particularly vulnerable subgroups, but hematological malignancies were most commonly investigated. A wide range of social factors have been examined and seem to be of different importance and varying between studies. However, potential underlying mechanisms linking a specific social factor to childhood cancer survival was seldom described. This review provides some support for a relationship between lower parental SES and worse survival after childhood cancer, which is a finding that needs further attention. Studies investigating predefined hypotheses involving specific social factors within homogenous cancer types are lacking and would increase the understanding of mechanisms involved, and allow targeted interventions to reduce health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mogensen
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Modig
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Tettamanti
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats Heyman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe pediatric palliative care (PPC) in pediatric oncology, the importance of PPC for pediatric oncology patients, disparities within pediatric palliative oncology, innovative strategies for improving PPC access in underserved populations, and implications for oncology nursing practice. DATA SOURCES Published pediatric oncology and palliative peer-reviewed articles and guidance documents. CONCLUSION Disparities exist within pediatric palliative oncology. There is much work needed to improve the reach and quality of PPC for pediatric oncology patients, especially those from underserved populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses serve a critical role in advocating for PPC for seriously ill pediatric cancer patients and their families.
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Jibb L, Croal L, Wang J, Yuan C, Foster J, Cheung V, Gladstone B, Stinson J. Children’s Experiences of Cancer Care: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies. Oncol Nurs Forum 2018; 45:527-544. [DOI: 10.1188/18.onf.527-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Scheurer ME, Lupo PJ, Schüz J, Spector LG, Wiemels JL, Aplenc R, Gramatges MM, Schiffman JD, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Yang JJ, Heck JE, Metayer C, Orjuela-Grimm MA, Bona K, Aristizabal P, Austin MT, Rabin KR, Russell HV, Poplack DG. An overview of disparities in childhood cancer: Report on the Inaugural Symposium on Childhood Cancer Health Disparities, Houston, Texas, 2016. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 35:95-110. [PMID: 29737912 PMCID: PMC6685736 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2018.1464088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Inaugural Symposium on Childhood Cancer Health Disparities was held in Houston, Texas, on November 2, 2016. The symposium was attended by 109 scientists and clinicians from diverse disciplinary backgrounds with interests in pediatric cancer disparities and focused on reviewing our current knowledge of disparities in cancer risk and outcomes for select childhood cancers. Following a full day of topical sessions, everyone participated in a brainstorming session to develop a working strategy for the continued expansion of research in this area. This meeting was designed to serve as a springboard for examination of childhood cancer disparities from a more unified and systematic approach and to enhance awareness of this area of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Scheurer
- a Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
- b Cancer and Hematology Centers , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- a Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
- b Cancer and Hematology Centers , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Joachim Schüz
- c Section of Environment and Radiation , International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon , France
| | - Logan G Spector
- d Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- e Department of Preventative Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Richard Aplenc
- f Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - M Monica Gramatges
- a Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
- b Cancer and Hematology Centers , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- g Department of Pediatrics and Department of Oncological Sciences , Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- h Programa de Hematologia-Oncologia Pediátrico , Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Jun J Yang
- i Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Julia E Heck
- j Department of Epidemiology , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- k Department of Epidemiology , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Manuela A Orjuela-Grimm
- l Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics (Oncology) , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Kira Bona
- m Department of Pediatrics , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA
- n Department of Pediatric Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Paula Aristizabal
- o Department of Pediatrics , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
- p Rady Children's Hospital , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Mary T Austin
- q Department of Pediatric Surgery , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA
- r Departments of Surgical Oncology and Pediatrics Patient Care , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Karen R Rabin
- a Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
- b Cancer and Hematology Centers , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Heidi V Russell
- a Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
- b Cancer and Hematology Centers , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - David G Poplack
- a Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
- b Cancer and Hematology Centers , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
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Erdmann F, Winther JF, Dalton SO, Zeeb H, Krøyer A, Bautz A, Schmiegelow K, Schüz J. Survival from tumours of the central nervous system in Danish children: Is survival related to family circumstances? Int J Cancer 2018; 142:671-680. [PMID: 28971474 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about social inequalities in childhood cancer survival. We investigated the impact of family circumstances on survival from paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours in a nationwide, register-based cohort of Danish children. All children born between 1973 and 2006 and diagnosed with a CNS tumour before the age of 20 years (N = 1,261) were followed until 10 years from diagnosis. Using Cox proportional hazards models, the impact of various family characteristics on overall survival was estimated. Hazard ratios (HRs) for all CNS tumours combined did not show strong associations between survival and any family characteristic. Analyses by CNS tumour subtypes showed reduced survival for children with glioma when living outside of Copenhagen (HR 1.55; CI 1.03; 2.35). For embryonal CNS tumours, the number of full siblings was associated with worse survival (HR for having 3+ siblings 3.60; CI 1.52; 8.53) and a trend of better survival was observed for children with parents of younger age at child's diagnosis and poorer survival of children with parents of older age. Despite free and uniform access to health care services, some family circumstances appear to affect survival from specific CNS tumour types in Danish children. Further research is warranted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of family factors on childhood cancer survival in other populations and to elaborate underlying mechanisms and pathways of those survival inequalities observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, 69372, France
- Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | | | | | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz - Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Achterstraße 30, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Human and Health Science, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Anja Krøyer
- Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Andrea Bautz
- Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, 69372, France
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Maheswaran R, Morley N. Incidence, socioeconomic deprivation, volume-outcome and survival in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in England. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:25. [PMID: 29301507 PMCID: PMC5755332 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined incidence and survival in relation to age, gender, socioeconomic deprivation, rurality and trends over time. We also examined the association between volume of patients treated by hospitals and survival. Methods Incident cases (2001–12) were identified using comprehensive National Health Service admissions data for England, with follow-up to March 2013. Socioeconomic deprivation was based on census area of residence. Volume was assessed in a three-year subset of the data with consistent hospital provider codes. Results There were 2921 adults aged 18 or more years diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in the 12-year time span, giving a crude annual incidence of 0.61/100,000 population. Five-year survival was 32% (1870 deaths). Compared with patients living in least deprived areas, survival was worse for patients living in intermediate and most deprived areas, with mortality hazard ratios 21% (95% CI 8–35%) and 16% (95% CI 3–30%) higher respectively. Hospitals treating low volumes of adults with ALL were associated with poorer survival. The adjusted mortality hazard ratio in this subset of 465 patients was 33% (95% CI 3–73%) higher in low volume hospitals. There was no evidence of association between socioeconomic deprivation and incidence. Rurality did not appear to be associated with incidence or survival. Incidence was higher in men but there was no evidence of a gender difference in survival. Survival improved over time. Conclusion The associations between socioeconomic deprivation and survival and between volume and outcome for adults with ALL, if confirmed, are likely to have significant implications for the organisation of services for adults with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Maheswaran
- Public Health GIS Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK.
| | - Nick Morley
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
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28
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Trends and territorial inequalities of incidence and survival of childhood leukaemia and their relations to socioeconomic status in Hungary, 1971–2015. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017; 26 Joining forces for better cancer registration in Europe:S183-S190. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Offor UT, Basta NO, James PW, McNally RJQ. Is there a socioeconomic variation in survival from renal tumours in children and young people resident in northern England (1968-2012)? Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 50:92-98. [PMID: 28843177 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite strong evidence of a social gradient in cancer survival among UK adults, studies in children and young people remain inconclusive and have not included renal tumours. This study investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status and survival from renal tumours among children and young people. PROCEDURE Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox regression were used to analyse survival for all 209 renal tumours in children and young people (0-24 years) diagnosed 1968-2012 and registered by a specialist population-based registry. Sociodemographic and clinicopathologic variables, including paternal occupation at birth, were also analysed. RESULTS No significant disparity in overall renal tumour and Wilms tumour (WT) survival was observed according to paternal social class [p=0.988 and 0.808, respectively]. The strongest predictor of survival was stage, with late stage (III-IV) disease having a 4-fold higher risk of death compared to early stage (I-II) disease [p<0.001]. Similarly, high mortality-risk was seen for late stage WT in children aged 0-14 years (Hazard Ratio=6.37; 95% CI=2.60-15.59). CONCLUSIONS This study did not detect a significant social gradient in renal tumour survival. The identification of tumour stage as a strong predictor of survival irrespective of age, necessitates the development of appropriate public health interventions that target early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugonna T Offor
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Nermine O Basta
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Peter W James
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Richard J Q McNally
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
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Gage-Bouchard EA. Culture, Styles of Institutional Interactions, and Inequalities in Healthcare Experiences. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 58:147-165. [PMID: 28661778 DOI: 10.1177/0022146517693051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, I examine how parents' cultural knowledge shapes experiences navigating the healthcare system after a child is diagnosed with cancer and the extent to which differential styles of health-related advocacy contribute to inequalities in healthcare experiences. I combine data from parents' perspectives, physicians' perspectives, and direct observation of clinical interactions and find three overarching styles of health-related advocacy. Findings show that cultural dispositions and competencies shape parents' abilities to effectively navigate the healthcare system, and physicians differentially reward each style of health-related advocacy. Parents' styles of advocacy shape relationships with clinicians, physicians' perceptions of families, and physicians' strategies for interacting with families. These findings refine understanding of the mechanisms through which social class manifests in clinical interactions, shapes patient-physician relationships, and contributes to unequal healthcare experiences.
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Dumas A, Berger C, Auquier P, Michel G, Fresneau B, Allodji RS, Haddy N, Rubino C, Vassal G, Valteau-Couanet D, Thouvenin-Doulet S, Casagranda L, Pacquement H, El-Fayech C, Oberlin O, Guibout C, de Vathaire F. Educational and occupational outcomes of childhood cancer survivors 30 years after diagnosis: a French cohort study. Br J Cancer 2017; 114:1060-8. [PMID: 27115571 PMCID: PMC4984908 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although survival from childhood cancer has increased, little is known on the long-term impact of treatment late effects on occupational attainment or work ability. Methods: A total of 3512 five-year survivors treated before the age of 19 years in 10 French cancer centres between 1948 and 2000 were identified. Educational level, employment status and occupational class of survivors were assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. These outcome measures were compared with sex–age rates recorded in the French population, using indirect standardisation. Paternal occupational class was also considered to control for the role of survivors' socioeconomic background on their achievement. Multivariable analyses were conducted to explore clinical characteristics associated with the outcomes. Results: A total of 2406 survivors responded to the questionnaire and survivors aged below 25 years were included in the current analysis. Compared with national statistics adjusted on age and sex, male survivors were more likely to be college graduates (39.2% vs 30.9% expected; P<0.001). This higher achievement was not observed either for leukaemia or central nervous system (CNS) tumour survivors. Health-related unemployment was higher for survivors of CNS tumour (28.1% vs 4.3% P<0.001) but not for survivors of other diagnoses. Survivors of non-CNS childhood cancer had a similar or a higher occupational class than expected. Conclusions: Survivors treated for CNS tumour or leukaemia, especially when treatment included cranial irradiation, might need support throughout their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dumas
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Social and Human Sciences Research Unit, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Claire Berger
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.,Rhône-Alpes Childhood Cancer Registry, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France.,Laboratory SNA-EPIS EA4607, Jean Monnet University), 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Quality of Life Research Unit (EA3279), APHM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Michel
- Quality of Life Research Unit (EA3279), APHM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France.,Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, La Timone, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Brice Fresneau
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Rodrigue Sètchéou Allodji
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Paris XI University
| | - Nadia Haddy
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Paris XI University
| | - Carole Rubino
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Paris XI University
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Sandrine Thouvenin-Doulet
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Léonie Casagranda
- Rhône-Alpes Childhood Cancer Registry, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France.,Laboratory SNA-EPIS EA4607, Jean Monnet University), 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Hélène Pacquement
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chiraz El-Fayech
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Odile Oberlin
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Guibout
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Paris XI University
| | - Florent de Vathaire
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health) U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Paris XI University
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Askari A, Nachiappan S, Currie A, Latchford A, Stebbing J, Bottle A, Athanasiou T, Faiz O. The relationship between ethnicity, social deprivation and late presentation of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 47:88-93. [PMID: 28167416 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumour staging at time of presentation is an important factor in determining survival in colorectal cancer. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and deprivation in late (Stage IV) presentation of colorectal cancer. METHODS Data from the Thames Cancer Registry comprising 77,057 colorectal cancer patients between the years 2000 and 2012 were analysed. RESULTS A total of 17,348 patients were identified with complete data, of which 53.9% were male. Patients from a Black Afro/Caribbean background were diagnosed with CRC at a much younger age than the White British group (median age 67 compared with 72, p<0.001). In multiple regression, ethnicity, deprivation and age were positive predictors of presenting with advanced tumour stage at time of diagnosis. Black patients were more likely to present with Stage IV tumours than white patients (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.18-1.59, p<0.001). Social deprivation was also a predictor of Stage IV cancer presentation, with the most deprived group (Quintile 5) 1.26 times more likely to be diagnosed with Stage IV cancer compared with the most affluent group (CI 1.13-1.40, p<0.001). Sub-group analyses demonstrated that Black & Affluent patients were still at greater risk of Stage IV CRC than their White & Affluent counterparts (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.45, p=0.023). Patients with rectal cancer were less likely to present with Stage IV CRC (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.61-0.71, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Racial and age related disparities exist in tumour presentation in the United Kingdom. Patients from black and socially deprived backgrounds as well as the elderly are more likely to present with advanced tumours at time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Askari
- Surgical Epidemiology, Trials and Outcome Centre (SETOC), St Mark's Hospital & Academic Institute, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Subramanian Nachiappan
- Surgical Epidemiology, Trials and Outcome Centre (SETOC), St Mark's Hospital & Academic Institute, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Currie
- Surgical Epidemiology, Trials and Outcome Centre (SETOC), St Mark's Hospital & Academic Institute, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Latchford
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex Bottle
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Dr Foster Unit, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Omar Faiz
- Surgical Epidemiology, Trials and Outcome Centre (SETOC), St Mark's Hospital & Academic Institute, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, United Kingdom.
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Hosseini Teshnizi S, Taghi Ayatollahi SM. Comparison of Cox Regression and Parametric Models: Application for Assessment of Survival of Pediatric Cases of Acute Leukemia in Southern Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:981-985. [PMID: 28545196 PMCID: PMC5494248 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.4.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Finding the most appropriate regression model for survival data in cancer casesin order to determine prognosis is an important issue in medical research. Here we compare Cox and parametric regression models regarding survival of children with acute leukemia in southern Iran. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, information for 197 children with acute leukemia over 6 years was collected through observation and interviews. In order to identify factors affecting their survival, the Cox and parametric (exponential, Weibull, log-logistic, log-normal, Gompertz and generalized gamma) models were fitted to the data. To find the best predictor model, the Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and the Coxsnell residual were employed. Results: Out of 197 children, 164 (83.3%) had ALL and 33 (16.7%) AML; the mean (± standard deviation) survival time was 52.1±8.10 months. According to both the AIC and the Coxsnell residual, the Cox regression model was the weakest and the log-normal and Weibull models were the best for fitting to data. Based on the log-normal model, age (HR=1.01, p=0.004), residence area (HR=1.60, p=0.038) and WBC (White Blood Cell) (HR=1.57, p=0.014) had significant effects on patient survival. Conclusion: Parametric regression models demonstrate better performance as compared to the Cox model for identifying risk factors for prognosis with acute leukemia data. Just because the assumption of PH (Proportional Hazards) is held for the Cox regression model, we should not ignore parameter models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi
- Clinical Research Development Center of Children Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Erdmann F, Winther JF, Dalton SO, Lightfoot T, Zeeb H, Simony SB, Deltour I, Ferro G, Bautz A, Schmiegelow K, Schüz J. Survival From Childhood Hematological Malignancies in Denmark: Is Survival Related to Family Characteristics? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1096-104. [PMID: 26937602 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to diverse findings as to the role of family factors for childhood cancer survival even within Europe, we explored a nationwide, register-based cohort of Danish children with hematological malignancies. METHODS All children born between 1973 and 2006 and diagnosed with a hematological malignancy before the age of 20 years (N = 1,819) were followed until 10 years from diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models estimating hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the impact of family characteristics on overall survival in children with hematological malignancies. RESULTS Having siblings and increasing birth order were associated with reduced survival from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Associations with AML were strongest and statistically significant. HRs of 1.62 (CI 0.85; 3.09) and 5.76 (CI 2.01; 16.51) were observed for the fourth or later born children with ALL (N = 41) and AML (N = 9), respectively. Children with older parents showed a tendency toward inferior ALL survival, while for AML young maternal age was related to poorer survival. Based on small numbers, a trend toward poorer survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma was observed for children having siblings and for children of younger parents. CONCLUSIONS Further research is warranted to gain further knowledge on the impact of family factors on childhood cancer survival in other populations and to elaborate potential underlying mechanisms and pathways of those survival inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology & Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sofie Bay Simony
- Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Deltour
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Ferro
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Bautz
- Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Simony SB, Lund LW, Erdmann F, Andersen KK, Winther JF, Schüz J, Johansen C, Schmiegelow K, Dalton SO. Effect of socioeconomic position on survival after childhood cancer in Denmark. Acta Oncol 2016; 55:742-50. [PMID: 26935257 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2016.1144933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background One fifth of all deaths among children in Europe are accounted for by cancer. If this is to be reduced there is a need for studies on not only biology and treatment approaches but also on how social factors influence cure rates. We investigated how various socioeconomic characteristics were associated with survival after childhood cancer. Material and methods In a nationwide cohort of 3797 children diagnosed with cancer [hematological cancer, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, non-CNS solid tumors] before age 20 between 1990 and 2009 we identified parents and siblings and obtained individual level parental socioeconomic variables and vital status through 2012 by linkage to population-based registries. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dying were estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results For all children with cancer combined, survival was slightly but not statistically significantly better the higher the education of the mother or the father, and with maternal income. Significantly better survival was observed when parents were living together compared to living alone and worse survival when the child had siblings compared to none. Young (<20) or older (≥40) maternal age showed non-significant associations, but based on small numbers. For hematological cancers, no significant associations were observed. For CNS tumors, better survival was seen with parents living together (HR 0.70, CI 0.51-0.97). For non-CNS solid tumors, survival was better with high education of the mother (HR 0.66, CI 0.44-0.99) compared to basic and worse for children with one (HR 1.45, CI 1.11-1.89) or two or more siblings (HR 1.29, CI 0.93-1.79) (p for trend 0.02) compared to none. Conclusion The impact of socioeconomic characteristics on childhood cancer survival, despite equal access to protocolled and free-of-charge treatment, warrants further and more direct studies of underlying mechanisms in order to target these as a means to improve survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie B Simony
- a Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lasse W Lund
- a Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen , Denmark
- b Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- c Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) , Lyon Cedex , France
| | - Klaus K Andersen
- d Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jeanette F Winther
- a Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Joachim Schüz
- c Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) , Lyon Cedex , France
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- a Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen , Denmark
- e The Department of Oncology , University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- b Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
- f Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Susanne O Dalton
- a Survivorship Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Bona K, Blonquist TM, Neuberg DS, Silverman LB, Wolfe J. Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Timing of Relapse and Overall Survival for Children Treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocols (2000-2010). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1012-8. [PMID: 26913850 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based evidence suggests that lower socioeconomic status (SES) negatively impacts the overall survival (OS) of children with leukemia; however, the relationships between SES and treatment-related mortality, relapse, and timing of relapse remain unclear. PROCEDURE We examined OS, event-free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence (CI) and timing of relapse by community-level poverty for 575 children aged 1-18 years with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated on consecutive phase III multicenter Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocols between 2000 and 2010. Children were categorized into high- and low-poverty areas for the analysis using aggregate U.S. Census data linked to zip code. RESULTS Children living in high-poverty areas experienced a 5-year OS of 85% as compared with 92% for those in low-poverty areas (P = 0.02); poverty remained marginally significant (P = 0.07) after adjustment for immunophenotype, age, and white blood cell count. There were no differences detected in EFS or CI relapse by poverty area. However, 92% of the relapses observed in children from high-poverty areas occurred <36 months from complete remission, compared to 48% of those in children from low-poverty areas (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS U.S. children with ALL living in high-poverty areas have a higher risk of early relapse when compared with those living in low-poverty areas despite uniform treatment. This may in part explain decreased OS observed in these children. This finding highlights disparities in childhood cancer outcomes by SES despite uniform treatment. Further investigations of the mechanistic pathways underlying this finding are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bona
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Traci M Blonquist
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanne Wolfe
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Employment in French young adult survivors of childhood leukemia: an LEA study (for Leucemies de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent-childhood and adolescent leukemia). J Cancer Surviv 2016; 10:1058-1066. [PMID: 27185246 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-016-0549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our principal aim was to assess the occupational outcomes of French survivors of childhood leukemia, compared to national population. The secondary objective was to identify determinants linked with employment stability after childhood leukemia. METHODS All survivors aged 15 and over enrolled in the French LEA Cohort (Childhood and Adolescent Leukemia) were included. Occupational data were self-reported. The occupational distributions expected in the cohort for each age range were established based on the distribution in France as reference, and comparisons between observed and expected distributions were performed. Logistic regression model was used to explore determinants of stability of survivors' employment. RESULTS The questionnaire was completed by 845 eligible survivors (response rate 87.8 %), with a mean age of 22.3 ± 5.4 years and a mean follow-up duration of 14.3 ± 6.3 years. Among the 361 survivors currently in the labor market, 36 (10.0 %) were seeking a job, which is significantly lower than expected (19.3 %) compared to French population. Conversely, among those currently employed, the number of survivors in unstable employment (43.9 %) was significantly higher than expected (33.5 %). Younger age and higher number of late effects were risk factors for unstable employment. CONCLUSIONS While the employment rate of the young French adult population of childhood leukemia survivors seems rather positive, access to a steady job appears to be compromised for some survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS A strategy to better identify particular subgroups of survivors at greatest risk for difficulties in their professional achievement will help ensure the development of specific intervention strategies and support procedures.
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Mastaglio F, Bedair K, Papaemmanuil E, Groves MJ, Hyslop A, Keenan N, Hothersall EJ, Campbell PJ, Bowen DT, Tauro S. Impact of socioeconomic status on disease phenotype, genomic landscape and outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:227-34. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mastaglio
- Dundee Cancer Centre; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Khaled Bedair
- Division of Population Health Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
- Photobiology Unit; Department of Dermatology; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | | | - Michael J. Groves
- Dundee Cancer Centre; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Ann Hyslop
- Department of Haematology; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Norene Keenan
- Department of Haematology; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | | | | | | | - Sudhir Tauro
- Dundee Cancer Centre; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
- Department of Haematology; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
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Adam M, Rueegg CS, Schmidlin K, Spoerri A, Niggli F, Grotzer M, von der Weid NX, Egger M, Probst-Hensch N, Zwahlen M, Kuehni CE. Socioeconomic disparities in childhood cancer survival in Switzerland. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2856-66. [PMID: 26840758 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether childhood cancer survival in Switzerland is influenced by socioeconomic status (SES), and if disparities vary by type of cancer and definition of SES (parental education, living condition, area-based SES). Using Cox proportional hazards models, we analyzed 5-year cumulative mortality in all patients registered in the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry diagnosed 1991-2006 below 16 years. Information on SES was extracted from the Swiss census by probabilistic record linkage. The study included 1602 children (33% with leukemia, 20% with lymphoma, 22% with central nervous system (CNS) tumors); with an overall 5-year survival of 77% (95%CI 75-79%). Higher SES, particularly parents' education, was associated with a lower 5-year cumulative mortality. Results varied by type of cancer with no association for leukemia and particularly strong effects for CNS tumor patients, where mortality hazard ratios for the different SES indicators, comparing the highest with the lowest group, ranged from 0.48 (95%CI: 0.28-0.81) to 0.71 (95%CI: 0.44-1.15). We conclude that even in Switzerland with a high quality health care system and mandatory health insurance, socioeconomic differences in childhood cancer survival persist. Factors causing these survival differences have to be further explored, to facilitate universal access to optimal treatment and finally eliminate social inequalities in childhood cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Adam
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina S Rueegg
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne, 6002, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Schmidlin
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Spoerri
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Felix Niggli
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grotzer
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas X von der Weid
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Socioeconomic differences in cancer survival among Swedish children. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:118-24. [PMID: 26730576 PMCID: PMC4716549 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier evidence, also from high-income countries, suggests that parental socioeconomic status might influence survival from childhood cancer. This nationwide cohort study aimed to determine whether survival from childhood cancer in Sweden varies according to parental educational level and household income at the time of the child's diagnosis. METHODS All children aged 1-14 years with a first primary diagnosis of cancer during 1991 to 2010 identified from the Swedish Cancer Register were included. Using Cox regression, the effects of parental educational level and household income on childhood cancer survival were estimated. RESULTS For all diagnoses combined (n=4700), children of parents with compulsory or less education and upper-secondary education had poorer survival compared with children with parents who had the highest educational level, adjusted hazard ratios 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.59) and 1.17 (1.00-1.38). Results for leukaemia and nervous system tumours showed a similar pattern but were not statistically significant in adjusted analyses. The observed differences began within the first year after diagnosis. Household income was not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Also in Sweden, with universal health care, there are indications of inequalities in survival after childhood cancer diagnosis. Further studies are needed to determine which mechanisms explain the association.
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Bona K, London WB, Guo D, Frank DA, Wolfe J. Trajectory of Material Hardship and Income Poverty in Families of Children Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:105-11. [PMID: 26398865 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poverty is correlated with negative health outcomes in pediatric primary care, and is emerging as a negative prognostic indicator in pediatric oncology. However, measures of poverty amenable to targeted intervention, such as household material hardship (HMH)--including food, energy, and housing insecurity--have not been described in pediatric oncology. We describe the trajectory of family reported HMH and income poverty at a pediatric oncology referral center in New England with high psychosocial supports. PROCEDURE Single site, prospective cohort study including 99 English-speaking families of children receiving chemotherapy for primary cancer. Families completed face-to-face surveys at two time-points: (1) Within 30 days of child's diagnosis (T1) (N = 99, response rate 88%); (2) 6-months following diagnosis (T2) (N = 93, response rate 94%). HMH was assessed in three domains: food, energy, and housing insecurity. RESULTS Twenty percent of families reported low-income (≤200% Federal Poverty Level) and at least one HMH prior to their child's diagnosis. At T2, 25% of families lost >40% annual household income secondary to treatment-related work disruptions, and 29% of families reported HMH despite utilization of psychosocial supports. CONCLUSIONS Low-income and HMH are prevalent in a significant proportion of newly diagnosed pediatric oncology families at a large referral center. Despite psychosocial supports, the proportion of families experiencing unmet basic needs increases during chemotherapy to nearly one in three families. HMH provides a quantifiable and remediable measure of poverty in pediatric oncology. Interventions to ameliorate this concrete component of poverty could benefit a significant proportion of pediatric oncology families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bona
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Outcomes and Population Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy B London
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dongjing Guo
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Frank
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanne Wolfe
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Outcomes and Population Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pelletier W, Bona K. Assessment of Financial Burden as a Standard of Care in Pediatric Oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 Suppl 5:S619-31. [PMID: 26700920 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Family financial hardship has emerged as a burden of pediatric cancer treatment with negative implications for family well-being. As part of an extensive project to create evidence-based standards for the psychosocial care of children with cancer, we performed a literature review of pediatric cancer-associated financial hardship utilizing six databases, and identified 24 publications for incorporation into this review. Financial hardship during childhood cancer was found to affect a significant proportion of the population and to negatively impact family well-being. Existing literature supports a strong recommendation for assessment of financial hardship as a component of comprehensive psychosocial care in pediatric oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Pelletier
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Transplant Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kira Bona
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Outcomes and Population Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Rego MNF, Metze K, Lorand-Metze I. Low educational level but not low income impairs the achievement of cytogenetic remission in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:322-5. [PMID: 26039947 PMCID: PMC4449460 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(05)03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Brazil, imatinib mesylate is supplied as the first-line therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase through the public universal healthcare program, Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). We studied the socio-demographic factors that influenced therapy success in a population in the northeast region of Brazil. METHODS Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia from the state of Piauí were treated in only one reference center. Diagnosis was based on WHO 2008 criteria. Risk was assessed by Sokal, Hasford and EUTOS scores. Patients received 400 mg imatinib daily. We studied the influence of the following factors on the achievement of complete cytogenetic response within one year of treatment: age, clinical risk category, time interval between diagnosis and the start of imatinib treatment, geographic distance from the patient's home to the hospital, years of formal education and monthly income. RESULTS Among 103 patients studied, the median age was 42 years; 65% of the patients had 2-9 years of formal education, and the median monthly income was approximately 100 US$. Imatinib was started in the first year after diagnosis (early chronic phase) in 69 patients. After 12 months of treatment, 68 patients had a complete cytogenetic response. The Hasford score, delay to start imatinib and years of formal education influenced the attainment of a complete cytogenetic response, whereas income and the distance from the home to the healthcare facility did not. CONCLUSION Patients require additional healthcare information to better understand the importance of long-term oral anticancer treatment and to improve their compliance with the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene Lorand-Metze
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil
- *Corresponding author: Irene Konradin Metze, E-mail:
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Erdmann F, Kaatsch P, Schüz J. Family circumstances and survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in West Germany. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39:209-15. [PMID: 25698214 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between family characteristics and survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which we studied for the first time in German children. METHODS ALL cases were diagnosed between 1992 and 1994 and information on family characteristics was collected during a previously conducted nationwide case-control study. Children were followed for 10 years after diagnosis, as few disease-related events occur afterwards. Cox proportional hazards models estimating hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using overall as well as event-free survival methods. RESULTS Second born children showed statistically significant better survival compared to first or later born children, with HRs ranging between 0.54 and 0.64 compared to firstborns. Somewhat poorer survival was observed for children having 3 or more siblings. A relationship was found for parental age at child's diagnosis, with poorer survival for children with younger parents (≤25 years of age at child's diagnosis), or with older fathers. The HR was statistically significant for fathers being ≥41years of age (HR of 2.1). No relationship between degree of urbanization of the place of residence at diagnosis and ALL survival was observed. CONCLUSION Family circumstances may have an impact on survival from childhood ALL in Germany. Further research is warranted to elaborate the relationship of specific family characteristics and ALL survival and to investigate possible differential adherence to therapy and interactions with physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Peter Kaatsch
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
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Petridou ET, Sergentanis TN, Perlepe C, Papathoma P, Tsilimidos G, Kontogeorgi E, Kourti M, Baka M, Moschovi M, Polychronopoulou S, Sidi V, Hatzipantelis E, Stiakaki E, Iliadou AN, La Vecchia C, Skalkidou A, Adami HO. Socioeconomic disparities in survival from childhood leukemia in the United States and globally: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:589-597. [PMID: 25527416 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in the treatment of childhood leukemia, socioeconomic status (SES) may potentially affect disease prognosis. This study aims to evaluate whether SES is associated with survival from childhood leukemia. METHODS The US National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) 1973-2010 data were analyzed; thereafter, results were meta-analyzed along with those from survival (cohort) studies examining the association between SES indices and survival from childhood leukemia (end-of-search date: 31 March 2014). Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled effect estimates (relative risks, RRs); meta-regression was also used. RESULTS We included 29 studies yielding 28 804 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3208 acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and 27 650 'any' leukemia (denoting joint reporting of all subtypes) cases. According to individual-level composite SES indices, children from low SES suffered from nearly twofold higher death rates from ALL (pooled RR: 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.00-3.34, based on four study arms); likewise, death RRs derived from an array of lower area-level SES indices ranged between 1.17 and 1.33 (based on 11 study arms). Importantly, the survival gap between higher and lower SES seemed wider in the United States, with considerably (by 20%-82%) increased RRs for death from ALL in lower SES. Regarding AML, poorer survival was evident only when area-level SES indices were used. Lastly, remoteness indices were not associated with survival from childhood leukemia. CONCLUSION Children with lower SES suffering childhood leukemia do not seem to equally enjoy the impressive recent survival gains. Special health policy strategies and increased awareness of health providers might minimize the effects of socioeconomic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Athens
| | - T N Sergentanis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Athens
| | - C Perlepe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Athens
| | - P Papathoma
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Athens
| | - G Tsilimidos
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Athens
| | - E Kontogeorgi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, Athens
| | - M Kourti
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - M Baka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, 'Pan. & Agl. Kyriakou' Children's Hospital, Athens
| | - M Moschovi
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School
| | - S Polychronopoulou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, 'Aghia Sophia' General Children's Hospital, Athens
| | - V Sidi
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - E Hatzipantelis
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotelion University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - E Stiakaki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A N Iliadou
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - A Skalkidou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H O Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Comparison of long-term outcome between white and Vietnamese children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia according to the FRALLE 2000 protocol. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 36:534-40. [PMID: 24322500 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY To compare the relapse-free survival (RFS) in Vietnamese (n=141) and white (n=94) children living in Vietnam and Belgium, respectively, and treated in their own country for acute lymphoblastic leukemia according to the same FRALLE 2000 protocol. RESULTS RFS was significantly worse in Vietnamese children (hazards ratio=4.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16-9.3; P<0.01). The 5-year RFS was 83.8% (95% CI, 76.3%-92.0%) and 47.8% (95% CI, 35.6%-64.2%) for white and Vietnamese children, respectively. In the latter group, relapses occurred in bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid at a much earlier stage. The outcome was compared at first relapse only because of different treatments afterward, according to the country. Both series were similar for sex, age at diagnosis, initial white blood cell count, cytogenetic abnormalities, and corticosensitivity at day 8. Higher frequency of L2-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P<0.001) but lower frequency of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P=0.004) were observed in Vietnamese children. CONCLUSIONS Several factors may contribute to the poor RFS in Vietnamese children, which include the time interval before the first intrathecal therapy and differences in the management of drug-related toxicity. However, additional contribution of socioeconomic factors and/or variations in pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in Vietnamese patients cannot currently be ruled out.
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Sidebotham P, Fraser J, Covington T, Freemantle J, Petrou S, Pulikottil-Jacob R, Cutler T, Ellis C. Understanding why children die in high-income countries. Lancet 2014; 384:915-27. [PMID: 25209491 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many factors affect child and adolescent mortality in high-income countries. These factors can be conceptualised within four domains-intrinsic (biological and psychological) factors, the physical environment, the social environment, and service delivery. The most prominent factors are socioeconomic gradients, although the mechanisms through which they exert their effects are complex, affect all four domains, and are often poorly understood. Although some contributing factors are relatively fixed--including a child's sex, age, ethnic origin, and genetics, some parental characteristics, and environmental conditions--others might be amenable to interventions that could lessen risks and help to prevent future child deaths. We give several examples of health service features that could affect child survival, along with interventions, such as changes to the physical or social environment, which could affect upstream (distal) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sidebotham
- Division of Mental Health and Well Being, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - James Fraser
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Teresa Covington
- National Center for the Review and Prevention of Child Deaths, Michigan Public Health Institute, Okemos, MI, USA
| | - Jane Freemantle
- Centre for Health and Society, The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Tessa Cutler
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Ellis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Gupta S, Sutradhar R, Guttmann A, Sung L, Pole JD. Socioeconomic status and event free survival in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based cohort study. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1407-12. [PMID: 25224660 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of socioeconomic status (SES) upon childhood cancer outcomes has not been extensively examined. Our objective was to determine the association between SES and event-free survival (EFS) among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosed in Ontario, Canada from 1995-2011 (N=1541) using Cox proportional hazards. Neither neighborhood-level median income quintile, distance from tertiary center, or rural residence significantly predicted EFS in the context of a universal healthcare system. Immigrant children experienced significantly superior EFS; confounding by ethnicity could not be ruled out. Confirmatory studies using additional individual-level SES variables are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gupta
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics and Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8.
| | - Rinku Sutradhar
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, G1 06, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Canada M4N 3M5; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 6th floor, 155 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5T 3M7
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, G1 06, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Canada M4N 3M5; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Suite 425, 155 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5T 3M6
| | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics and Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Suite 425, 155 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5T 3M6
| | - Jason D Pole
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Suite 1014, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada M5G 1V2
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Erdmann F, Kaatsch P, Zeeb H, Roman E, Lightfoot T, Schüz J. Survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in West Germany: does socio-demographic background matter? Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1345-53. [PMID: 24582913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex, age, immunophenotype and white blood cell count at diagnosis are well accepted predictors of survival from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children. Less is known about the relationship between socio-economic determinants and survival from paediatric ALL, studied here for the first time in German children. METHODS ALL cases were diagnosed between 1992 and 1994 and their parents interviewed during a previous nationwide case-control study. Children were followed-up for 10 years after diagnosis by the German Childhood Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards models estimating hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated to assess the impact of selected socio-demographic characteristics on overall and event-free survival. RESULTS Overall survival was 82.5%, with a higher proportion of girls than boys surviving (85% versus 81%). We found a non-linear relationship between age at diagnosis and survival, with poorer survival in infants and children aged >5 years. There was no association between socio-economic factors and survival or risk of relapse. For five levels of increasing family income, all HRs were close to one. No relationship was seen with parental educational level. CONCLUSION Socio-economic determinants did not affect ALL survival in West German children, in contrast to studies from some other countries. Dissimilarities in social welfare systems, including access to health care, lifestyle and differences in treatment may contribute to these differences in findings. Our observation of no social inequalities in paediatric ALL survival is reassuring, but needs continued monitoring to assess the potential impact of evolvement of treatment options and changes in paediatric health service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Peter Kaatsch
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Achterstraße 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, Epidemiology & Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Department of Health Sciences, Epidemiology & Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
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Gupta S, Wilejto M, Pole JD, Guttmann A, Sung L. Low socioeconomic status is associated with worse survival in children with cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89482. [PMID: 24586813 PMCID: PMC3935876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While low socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with inferior cancer outcome among adults, its impact in pediatric oncology is unclear. Our objective was therefore to conduct a systematic review to determine the impact of SES upon outcome in children with cancer. METHODS We searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL from inception to December 2012. Studies for which survival-related outcomes were reported by socioeconomic subgroups were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed articles and extracted data. Given anticipated heterogeneity, no quantitative meta-analyses were planned a priori. RESULTS Of 7,737 publications, 527 in ten languages met criteria for full review; 36 studies met final inclusion criteria. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), lower SES was uniformly associated with inferior survival, regardless of the measure chosen. The majority of associations were statistically significant. Of 52 associations between socioeconomic variables and outcome among high-income country (HIC) children, 38 (73.1%) found low SES to be associated with worse survival, 15 of which were statistically significant. Of the remaining 14 (no association or high SES associated with worse survival), only one was statistically significant. Both HIC studies examining the effect of insurance found uninsured status to be statistically associated with inferior survival. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic gradients in which low SES is associated with inferior childhood cancer survival are ubiquitous in LMIC and common in HIC. Future studies should elucidate mechanisms underlying these gradients, allowing the design of interventions mediating socioeconomic effects. Targeting the effect of low SES will allow for further improvements in childhood cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gupta
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Health, Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marta Wilejto
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason D. Pole
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Health, Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Health, Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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