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Rasmussen SL, Pertoldi C, Roslev P, Vorkamp K, Nielsen JL. A Review of the Occurrence of Metals and Xenobiotics in European Hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:232. [PMID: 38254401 PMCID: PMC10812797 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring data from several European countries indicate that European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) populations are declining, and research exploring the causes of the decline, including exposure to potentially harmful xenobiotics and metals, may inform conservation initiatives to protect this species in the wild. Hedgehogs are ground-dwelling mammals, feeding on a range of insects, slugs, snails, and earthworms, as well as eggs, live vertebrates, and carrion, including carcasses of apex predator species representing higher levels of the food chain. Consequently, hedgehogs come into close contact with contaminants present in their habitats and prey. This review investigated the studies available on the subject of the occurrence of metals and organic xenobiotics in hedgehogs. This study found that a vast range of different pesticides; persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine compounds and brominated flame retardants (BFRs); as well as toxic heavy metals could be detected. Some compounds occurred in lethal concentrations, and some were associated with a potential adverse effect on hedgehog health and survival. Due to their ecology, combined with the opportunity to apply non-invasive sampling techniques using spines as sampling material, we suggest that the European hedgehog is a relevant bioindicator species for monitoring the exposure of terrestrial wildlife to potential toxicants in urban and rural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lund Rasmussen
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (P.R.); (J.L.N.)
- Linacre College, University of Oxford, St. Cross Road, Oxford OX1 3JA, UK
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (P.R.); (J.L.N.)
- Aalborg Zoo, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Roslev
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (P.R.); (J.L.N.)
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (P.R.); (J.L.N.)
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Hematology, Biochemistry, and Protein Electrophoresis Reference Intervals of Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) from a Rehabilitation Center in Northern Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061009. [PMID: 36978550 PMCID: PMC10044010 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) can work as a bioindicator of environmental pollution and be a host for multiple zoonotic agents, making it relevant in terms of One Health studies. It is essential to deepen the knowledge on this species and calculate reference intervals (RIs) for the usual hematological and biochemical parameters. For this retrospective study (2017–2022), the archives of the Clinical Pathology Laboratory (LPC) of University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Veterinary Teaching Hospital were analyzed. Data of hematology, clinical biochemistry, and protein electrophoresis from 37 healthy hedgehogs of the Wild Animal Rehabilitation Center at UTAD, Northern Portugal, were included. It was possible to calculate RIs for almost all of the variables in the study, using Reference Value Advisor V2.1. Moreover, sex and age effects were investigated: alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.012, higher in males); total proteins (p = 0.034, higher in adults); mean cell volume (p = 0.007) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p = 0.010) (both higher in juveniles); and red blood cell distribution width (p = 0.021, higher in adults). Our study allowed for the first time to define RIs for a population of hedgehogs in Portugal, having a potentially relevant impact on species conservation and in the human–animal health interface.
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Wang R, Yue S, Huang C, Shen Z, Qiao Y, Charles S, Yu J, Cao Z, Li Z, Li Z. Uptake, distribution, and elimination of selenite in earthworm Eisenia fetida at sublethal concentrations based on toxicokinetic model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159632. [PMID: 36283532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic causes have promoted the rapid increase in environmental selenium (Se) levels, and the complex Se metabolism and dynamic in organisms make it challenging to evaluate the toxicity and ecological risks. In this study, the kinetics of selenite in earthworm Eisenia fetida were investigated based on toxicokinetic (TK) model (uptake-elimination phases: 14-14 days). The results showed the highest sub-tissue Se concentrations in pre-clitellum (PC), post-clitellum (PoC) parts, and total earthworms were 95.71, 70.40, and 79.94 mg/kg, respectively, which indicates the distinctive Se uptake capacities of E. fetida. Se kinetic rates in PCs were faster than that of the total E. fetida for both uptake (Kus = 0.30-0.80 mg/kg/day) and elimination phases (Kee = 0.024-0.056 mg/kg/day). Longer half-life times (LT1/2) were observed in the total earthworms (17.85-47.15 d) than PCs (12.28-29.22 d), while non-significant difference was found for the kinetic Se bioaccumulation factor (BAFk) in PC and total earthworms (12-19), which demonstrates that Se can be efficiently bioaccumulated and eliminated in earthworm PC part. Besides, the significant increase Se concentration in PoC with rapid elimination in PC also illustrates that earthworms can alleviate the Se stress by the transformation strategy of Se from the head to tail tissues. In conclusion, the investigation of Se kinetic accumulation and elimination characteristics in this study is helpful for understanding the metabolism and detoxification processes of Se in earthworms, and also providing a theoretical basis for further Se risk assessment using TK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Shizhong Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China.
| | - Caide Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuhui Qiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sandrine Charles
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Zanxia Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
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Su Q, Li C, Dong M, Liu X, Zhong D, Zhou S. Soil to earthworm bioaccumulation of polyhalogenated carbazoles and related compounds: Lab and field tests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120475. [PMID: 36272614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are an emerging group of organic contaminants that have attracted attention because of their ubiquity, resistance to biodegradation, and toxicities. However, studies on the bioaccumulation of PHCZs in terrestrial organisms are limited. In the present study, bioaccumulation of 11 PHCZs and two related compounds, carbazole (CZ) and benzocarbazole (BZCZ), from soil to earthworms was investigated by paired soil-earthworm samples from Hangzhou, China and a laboratory bioaccumulation test. The sum of the concentrations of the 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles (Σ11PHCZs), CZ and BZCZ in soils from Hangzhou were 1.78-67.27 ng/g dry weight, 1.11-57.90 ng/g dry weight, and 22.87-171.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively, while those in the earthworms were 179.49-892.90 ng/g lipid weight, 42.90-2140.42 ng/g lipid weight, and not detectable-2514.76 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The average in situ biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 0.38 to 13.23, comparable to those in some reports for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenlethers. Site-independence of BSAFs and no correlation between log Cworm and log Csoil together support the hypothesis that distribution of PHCZs between soil and worms in Hangzhou didn't reach equilibrium. In the laboratory test, the accumulation trends of CZ, BZCZ, 3-bromocarbazole, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, and 2,7-dibromocarbazole well fit to the first-order kinetics, with r2 ranging from 0.796 to 0.997. The BSAFs under two exposure concentration groups at steady-state conditions were 38.8-56.0 and 2.1-4.4, respectively, suggesting the capacity of bioaccumulation for these compounds. Enhancement of concentrations and resident time of the chemicals in soil would reduce the BSAF values, which may be related to the change of uptake process of the compound or redistribution of compound between soil and earthworm. A comparison of the theoretical steady-state concentrations with the nonlinear regression-based concentrations indicates that increasing the exposure time beyond 28 days is beneficial for studying the bioaccumulation of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chaojie Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Minfeng Dong
- Eco-Environmental Science & Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Chen T, Zheng X, He X, You Y, Huang G, Cao Y, He L, Wu Y. Comprehensive characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles utilizing GC × GC-ToF-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155127. [PMID: 35421477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of diesel vehicle emitted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions is yet to achieve due to the limitation of analytical methods. Therefore, we herein developed a two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToF-MS) method and quantified the total PAHs from diesel vehicles based on their characteristic fragments and mass spectral patterns. Overall, the emission factors (EFs) of total PAHs (gas + particle) are observed to range from 4.1 ± 2.5 mg km-1 to 51.4 ± 22.2 mg km-1 under cold-start and hot-start conditions for one China IV and two China VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), of which the un-speciated PAHs account for more than 97%. Gaseous PAHs (g-PAHs) are dominated by three-ring PAHs, whereas particulate PAHs (p-PAHs) are dominated by two-ring PAHs. The total PAHs partition significantly into the gas phase for whole fleets and cycles, except that five-ring PAHs partition almost completely into the particle phase. The aftertreatment technologies (e.g., diesel particulate filter, DPF) significantly reduce the total PAH emissions by 49.8 ± 33.2%. The minimum toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) are deployed to estimate the toxicity of the total PAHs. Much higher toxicity is obtained than those in previous studies, indicating that the PAH toxicity of diesel vehicle emissions might be largely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiao He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yan You
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Guanghan Huang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihuan Cao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liqiang He
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Fernandes G, Roques O, Lassabatère L, Sarles L, Venisseau A, Marchand P, Bedell JP. Influence of edaphic conditions and persistent organic pollutants on earthworms in an infiltration basin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119192. [PMID: 35318068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, stormwater management has developed to allow stormwater to infiltrate directly into the soils instead of being collected and routed to sewer systems. However, during infiltration, stormwater creates a sediment deposit at the soil surface as the result of high loads of suspended particles (including pollutants), leading to the settlement of sedimentary layers prone to colonization by plants and earthworms. This study aims to investigate the earthworm communities of a peculiar infiltration basin and investigate the influence of edaphic conditions (water content, organic matter content, pH, height of sediment) and of persistent organic pollutants (POPs: PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs) on these earthworms. Attention was paid to their age (juveniles or adults) and their functional group (epigeic, endogeic, anecic). We found that the earthworm abundance was mostly driven by edaphic conditions, with only a slight impact of POPs, with a significant negative impact of PCBDLno for juveniles and endogeic, and PCDDs for epigeic. On the contrary, the height of the sediment and the water content are beneficial for their presence and reproduction. Furthermore, POPs contents are also linked to physicochemical parameters of the sediment. Bioaccumulation was clearly revealed in the studied site but does not differ between juveniles and adults, except for PCDDs. Conversely, BAF values seemed to vary between functional groups, except for PCBDL non-ortho. It strongly varies with the family types (PCBs versus PCCD/Fs) and between congeners within the same family, with specific strong bioaccumulation for a few congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fernandes
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - O Roques
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - L Lassabatère
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - L Sarles
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - A Venisseau
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - P Marchand
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - J-P Bedell
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
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7
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Palladini J, Bagnati R, Passoni A, Davoli E, Lanno A, Terzaghi E, Falakdin P, Di Guardo A. Bioaccumulation of PCBs and their hydroxy and sulfonated metabolites in earthworms: Comparing lab and field results. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118507. [PMID: 34800589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonated and hydroxy-sulfonated PCBs were recently discovered by our group as new PCB soil contaminants, constituting about 1% of their parent compounds in soil. Here we investigate for the first time the bioaccumulation of these metabolites as well as hydroxy-PCBs and native PCBs in earthworms. A sequence of three experiments, at increasing complexity and ecological realism, were performed with four different earthworm species (Eisenia foetida Savigny, Lumbricus terrestris L, Allolobophora chlorotica Savigny and Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny) exposed to contaminated soils. The first experiment confirmed that when exposing earthworms to soil contaminated with a single hexa-chlorinated congener (PCB 155), no formation of polar metabolites in earthworms could be detected. This allowed to plan the following two experiments, using a soil from a PCB contaminated site and rich in relatively high levels (10-130 μg kg-1) of hydroxy-, sulfonated-, and hydroxy-sulfonated-PCBs. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were then obtained in the second and third experiments, to compare the accumulation behavior of these chemicals in laboratory and natural conditions. Regressions between BAF/BCF and Log Kow/Log D, produced a variety of results, being generally significant between BCF and PCBs and not significant in the other cases. In general, the metabolites accumulated in earthworms with detectable concentrations in their tissues (8-115 μg kg-1), although sulfonated and hydroxy-sulfonated PCBs showed BAF and BCF values lower (up to two orders of magnitude) than those calculated for the parent PCBs, given their lower lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Palladini
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 21100, Como, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lanno
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Terzaghi
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 21100, Como, Italy
| | - Parisa Falakdin
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 21100, Como, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 21100, Como, Italy.
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Kesic R, Elliott JE, Fremlin KM, Gauthier L, Drouillard KG, Bishop CA. Continuing Persistence and Biomagnification of DDT and Metabolites in Northern Temperate Fruit Orchard Avian Food Chains. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3379-3391. [PMID: 34559907 PMCID: PMC9299171 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyldichlorethane (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) (DDT) is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used from the late 1940s to the 1970s in fruit orchards in the Okanagan valley, British Columbia, Canada, and in the process, contaminated American robin (Turdus migratorius) food chains with the parent compound and metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene) (p,p'-DDE). In the present study, we examined the biological fate of these DDT-related (DDT-r) compounds at the same sites/region 26 years after a previous study by: (1) collecting soil, earthworms, and American robin eggs from apple, cherry, and pear orchards; (2) characterizing the diet and trophic positions of our biota using stable isotope analyses of δ13 C and δ15 N; and (3) estimating fugacity, biota-soil-accumulation factors (BSAFs), and biomagnification factors (BMFs). Mean p,p'-DDE concentrations (soil: 16.1 µg/g organic carbon-lipid equivalent; earthworms: 96.5 µg/g lipid equivalent; eggs: 568 µg/g lipid equivalent) revealed that contamination is present at elevated levels similar to the 1990s and our average soil DDE:DDT ratio of 1.42 confirmed that DDT is slowly degrading. American robins appeared to feed at similar trophic levels, but on different earthworms as indicated by egg stable isotope values (mean δ15 N = 8.51‰ ± 0.25; δ13 C = -26.32‰ ± 0.12). Lumbricidae and Aporrectodea worms shared a roughly similar δ15 N value; however, Lumbricus terrestris showed a markedly enriched δ13 C isotope, suggesting differences in organic matter consumption and physiological bioavailability. Biota-soil-accumulation factors and BMFs ranged over several orders of magnitude and were generally >1 and our fugacity analyses suggested that p,p'-DDE is still thermodynamically biomagnifying in American robin food chains. Our results demonstrate that DDT-r in fruit orchards remains bioavailable to free-living terrestrial passerines and may pose a potential toxicological risk. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3379-3391. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kesic
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wildlife Research DivisionDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John E. Elliott
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wildlife Research DivisionDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Kate M. Fremlin
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Lewis Gauthier
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Kenneth G. Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental ResearchUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
| | - Christine A. Bishop
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wildlife Research DivisionDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Šmídová K, Svobodová M, Hofman J. Toxicokinetics of hydrophobic organic compounds in oligochaeta: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117743. [PMID: 34392100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetic studies appertain to the fundamental research of soil bioavailability. However, the research outcomes of aspects influencing uptake and elimination of hydrophobic organic compounds have not been summarized so far. In our review, a recapitulation of available toxicokinetic data (i.e. experimental conditions, if the steady state was reached, uptake and elimination rate constants, and bioaccumulation factors) is presented in well-arranged tables. Further, toxicokinetic models are overviewed in the schematic form. In the review, the required information could be quickly found and/or the experimental gaps easily identified. Generally a little is known about the effects of soil properties other than soil organic matter. Limited or no data are available about soil treatment, food supply during laboratory exposure, and metabolization in oligochaeta. The impact of these factors might be important especially for arable soils with typically low organic matter content but high consequences on humans. Besides these circumstances, other uncertainties between published studies have been found. Firstly, the scientific results are provided in heterogenous units: bioaccumulation factors as well as the rate constants are reported in dry or wet weight of soil and earthworms. The steady state is another critical factor because the time to reach the equilibrium is influenced not only by soil and compound characteristics but for example also by aging. Nevertheless, toxicokinetic studies bring irreplaceable information about the real situation in soil and our review help to define missing knowledge and estimate the scientific priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Šmídová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Svobodová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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Shen MW, Chen HC, Chen ST. A Pest or Otherwise? Encounter of Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with Persistent Organic Pollutants. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090818. [PMID: 34564258 PMCID: PMC8467767 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A native, widely spread beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, in Southeast Asia may clean up some of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for us if guarded in a controlled manner. Some xenobiotics persisting in our environment may cause harmful effects to the living creatures within their food web via a so-called “bioaccumulation effect”. The encounter of wild creatures with the POPs appears inevitable. Luckily, this study revealed that the proper breeding of the commonly seen beetle could degrade more than 95% of some studied POPs simply by ingestion. The beetle larvae tolerated different POPs at various extents, yet through an acclimation operation, the beetle’s mortality rate could be greatly reduced. Even though O. rhinoceros is considered a pest for some valuable corps, its removal of POPs in a natural, efficient and passive (i.e., fewer energy inputs) manner makes this alternative promising and deserving of further explorations. Abstract The potential use of invertebrates as bioreactors to treat environmental pollutants is promising and of great interest. Three types of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely pentachlorophenol (PCP), PAHs (naphthalene and phenanthrene) and dieldrin (DLN), were spiked in soil and treated by using Oryctes rhinoceros larvae, a known pest of coconut trees in southeast Asia, and also the indicators of POP toxicity and the fate and degradability of the ingested POPs were assessed. The larvae were tested at various levels of the POPs and went through an acclimation process. Without acclimation, the tolerance limits of the larvae toward PCP, PAHs and DLN were 200, 100 and 0.1 mg/kg-soil, respectively, yet with acclimation, the tolerance levels increased to 800, 400 and 0.5 mg/kg-soil, respectively. Biodegradation rates of all the tested POPs were >90% by week 2, with <5% and nearly 0% remaining in the feces and body of the larvae, respectively. The results suggest that the use of the beetle larvae in soil POP decontamination is doable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wei Shen
- Ph.D. Program in Engineering Science and Technology, College of Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chuan Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Shyi-Tien Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-601-1000 (ext. 32327); Fax: +886-7-601-1061
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11
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Abstract
Erinaceus europaeus is a cosmopolitan mammalian species broadly distributed in Europe, from natural to suburban areas. Due to its ecological role and susceptibility to distinct zoonotic agents, E. europaeus could be a suitable sentinel candidate for many global problems that negatively affect human and animal health. Hedgehogs can work as bioindicators to environmental contamination and can be hosts for multiple tickborne zoonotic agents. Thus, people who directly or indirectly make physical contact with this species are exposed to a variety of threats. Moreover, it has also been studied as an indicator for antibiotic resistance, which was already confirmed for tetracyclines. Additionally, it was also reported as a reservoir for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). More recently, hedgehogs have been recently recognised as potential reservoirs of MERS-CoV-like strains. Among other animals, this species can possibly represent an intermediate reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to briefly expose the scientific attainments about hedgehog health, namely agents, diseases, and threats that significantly affect general health concerns and that contribute to achieve One Health principles.
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Decline in Distribution and Abundance: Urban Hedgehogs under Pressure. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091606. [PMID: 32916892 PMCID: PMC7552246 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hedgehogs have been found in higher densities in urban compared to rural areas. Recent dramatic declines in rural hedgehog numbers lead us to pose the question: how are hedgehogs faring in urban areas? In this study, we examined how hedgehog numbers have changed in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, in the last 25 years. We compared data collected through citizen science projects conducted in 1992 and 2016–2018, including: observations of hedgehogs, data from footprint tunnels, and capture-mark recapture studies. We found that hedgehog numbers have declined by 41%, from the former average of more than 30 individuals per km2, in the last 25 years. In the same time span, hedgehogs have lost 18% of their former urban distribution. The reasons for this decline are still unknown. Intensification of urban buildup, reduction of green space quality, the use of pesticides, parasites, or diseases, as well as increasing numbers of badgers, which are hedgehog predators, in urban areas are discussed as potential causes. Worryingly, these results suggest that hedgehogs are now under increasing pressure not only in rural but also in urban areas, their former refuges. Abstract Increasing urbanization and densification are two of the largest global threats to biodiversity. However, certain species thrive in urban spaces. Hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus have been found in higher densities in green areas of settlements as compared to rural spaces. With recent studies pointing to dramatically declining hedgehog numbers in rural areas, we pose the question: how do hedgehogs fare in urban spaces, and do these spaces act as refuges? In this study, recent (2016–2018) and past (1992) hedgehog abundance and distribution were compared across the city of Zurich, Switzerland using citizen science methods, including: footprint tunnels, capture-mark recapture, and incidental sightings. Our analyses revealed consistent negative trends: Overall hedgehog distribution decreased by 17.6% ± 4.7%, whereas abundance declined by 40.6% (mean abundance 32 vs. 19 hedgehogs/km2, in past and recent time, respectively), with one study plot even showing a 91% decline in this period (78 vs. 7 hedgehogs/km2, respectively). We discuss possible causes of this rapid decline: increased urban densification, reduction of insect biomass, and pesticide use, as well as the role of increasing populations of badgers (a hedgehog predator) and parasites or diseases. Our results suggest that hedgehogs are now under increasing pressure not only in rural but also in urban areas, their former refuges.
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Svobodová M, Hofman J, Bielská L, Šmídová K. Uptake kinetics of four hydrophobic organic pollutants in the earthworm Eisenia andrei in aged laboratory-contaminated natural soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110317. [PMID: 32061977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of pollutant uptake kinetics commonly start shortly after experimental soil contamination when it is not clear if the processes between soil and chemicals are equilibrated and stabilized. For instance, when the concentration in soil quickly decreases due to initial biodegradation, bioaccumulation may show a peak-shape accumulation curve instead of conventional first order kinetics with a plateau at the end. The results of such experiments with soil freshly contaminated in the laboratory are then hardly comparable to bioaccumulation observed in soils from historically contaminated sites. Therefore, our study focused on the uptake kinetics of four hydrophobic organic compounds (pyrene, lindane, p,p'-DDT and PCB 153) in two laboratory-contaminated natural soils with different soil properties (e.g. total organic carbon content of 1.6 and 9.3%) aged for 203 days to mimic long-term contamination. For pyrene, the results surprisingly showed peak-shape accumulation curves despite long aging. It seems compound biodegradation might be significant in aged soils when the conditions change (e.g. by distribution to the experimental vessels) and this should be also considered when testing historically contaminated soils. For lindane, longer aging seems to guarantee stability of the soil-compound-earthworm system and the steady state was reached after 5 days of exposure. Furthermore, although concentrations of p,p'-DDT and PCB 153 in earthworms after 11-15-day exposure did not statistically differ, which is a commonly-used indicator that a steady state was reached, they continuously increased until the end of the exposure. Therefore, despite the aging, longer exposure was probably needed to reach the true equilibrium between concentrations in earthworms and soil. In summary, aging does not warranty the conventional first order kinetic curve with the equilibrium at the end of the exposure but may have diverse effects for compounds with different environmental properties and should be taken into account in the bioaccumulation factor calculation and the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Svobodová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Šmídová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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Hu M, Liu K, Qiu J, Zhang H, Li X, Zeng D, Tan H. Behavior of imidazolinone herbicide enantiomers in earthworm-soil microcosms: Degradation and bioaccumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135476. [PMID: 31771851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolinone herbicides are a group of chiral herbicides that are widely used to control weeds in crops. Despite their wide use, few studies on the behavior of enantiomers in terrestrial systems have been reported. In this study, the bioaccumulation of imazamox, imazapic, and imazethapyr enantiomers in earthworm and their degradation in soils were assessed using earthworm-soil microcosms. The bioaccumulation of the three herbicides in earthworm was not significantly enantioselective. Imazamox and imazethapyr did not significant stereoselective degradation in soil (p > 0.05), while the enantioselectivity of the degradation of imazapic was significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, biota to soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were also calculated for three herbicides. Relationships between BSAF values and organic matter content of soil and log KOW of herbicides were investigated. The BSAFs values were negatively correlated with the log KOW of herbicides, and were positively correlated with organic matter content of soil in earthworm-soil microcosms. These relationships indicated that chemical hydrophobicity (Kow) and organic matter content of soil were good predictors to estimate the bioavailability of imidazolinone herbicides to earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Hu
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunfeng Liu
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsi Qiu
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihua Tan
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Aerts R, Van Overmeire I, Colles A, Andjelković M, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Den Hond E, Van de Mieroop E, Dewolf MC, Charlet F, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Van Loco J, Covaci A. Determinants of persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in human breast milk of a cross-sectional sample of primiparous mothers in Belgium. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104979. [PMID: 31387080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bio-accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment and in the food chain can lead to high pollutant concentrations in human fat-containing tissues and breast milk. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the maternal characteristics that determined POP concentrations in breast milk of primiparous mothers in Belgium. METHODS Breast milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 206 primiparous mothers in 2014. POP concentrations in breast milk samples were determined by GC-ECNI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS depending on the analytes' sensitivity. Associations between POP concentrations in breast milk and potential determinants were investigated using two-way contingency tables and multivariable generalized linear models. RESULTS Fifteen of the 23 screened POPs were detected in the breast milk samples. Four organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB and β-HCH) and two brominated flame retardant congeners (BDE-47, BDE-153) were detected at concentrations above the limit of quantification in >50% of the breast milk samples. Maternal age and BMI were usually associated with higher POP concentrations. Rural residency and consumption of home-produced eggs, fatty fish and fish oil supplements were associated with higher concentrations of DDT and DDE. Consumption of fatty fish and being breastfed during childhood were associated with higher concentrations of HCB and β-HCH. Fish oil supplements and home-produced eggs were associated with higher concentrations of BDEs, but for BDE congeners exposure routes other than diet require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Dietary and non-dietary determinants predict individual POP concentrations in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Aerts
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium; University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200E-2411, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Van Overmeire
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Colles
- VITO-HEALTH, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Mirjana Andjelković
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Els Van de Mieroop
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - François Charlet
- Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire, Boulevard Sainctelette 55, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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16
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Needham TP, Ghosh U. Four decades since the ban, old urban wastewater treatment plant remains a dominant source of PCBs to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:390-397. [PMID: 30577007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ban on new manufacture and commercial use of PCBs, municipal sewer systems continue to serve as ongoing secondary sources for contamination in receiving water bodies. Ongoing PCB sources have made it difficult to achieve desired recovery after implementation of sediment cleanup efforts. We report on a 16-month surveillance to determine the inputs, fate, and export of PCBs within a municipal waste collection/treatment system by strategic sampling of the freely-dissolved and biosolids-associated PCBs. The total PCBs entering the treatment plant was found to be 170 g/day of which 100 g/day exited the plant associated with the biosolids and 5.2 g/day was discharged in the form of freely-dissolved PCBs in the effluent. A net loss of 68 g/day was calculated for the plant, attributable to volatilization and biodegradation. Freely dissolved PCBs in the treated effluent was an order of magnitude higher than the water quality criteria for the protection of human health through fish consumption and found to be a major contributor to the dissolved concentration in the receiving river. Predicted bioaccumulation in fish from dissolved PCBs in the effluent exceeded the threshold for human consumption. The biosolids, currently land-applied as fertilizer, contained an average PCB concentration of 760 μg/kg. The sludge produced in this treatment plant is processed in large anaerobic digesters and changes to the homolog distribution point to some microbial dechlorination. Application of biosolids to clean agricultural soil resulted in a 6-fold increase in PCB levels in the earthworm E. fetida which could be eliminated by the amendment of 1% by weight of activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Needham
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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17
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Espinosa-Reyes G, Costilla-Salazar R, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, González-Mille DJ, Flores-Ramírez R, Del Carmen Cuevas-Díaz M, Medellin-Garibay SE, Ilizaliturri-Hernández CA. DNA damage in earthworms by exposure of Persistent Organic Pollutants in low basin of Coatzacoalcos River, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1236-1242. [PMID: 30360255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are stable organic chemicals that represent a potential risk for ecosystems due to their high toxicity, persistence and biomagnification through food chains. Bioindicators in ecosystems have emerged to assess the effect of environmental pollutants. Earthworms are some of the most common bioindicator organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the geontoxicity of POP exposure in wild earthworms captured at different levels of urbanization throughout the lower basin of the Coatzacoalcos River (industrial, urban and rural areas). POP soil and earthworm tissue concentrations were measured via Gas-Mass Chromatography, and earthworm DNA damage was evaluated through the comet assay. The greatest concentrations of ΣPOPs, DDT and HCH were found in soil from industrial sites, followed by urban and rural areas (504.68, 383.10, 298.16; 22.6, 4.6, 2.6 and 433.7, 364, 255.6 mg/kg, respectively). Unlike other pollutants, mean ΣPCBs values were highest for industrial soil samples, followed by those from rural and urban areas (41.10, 33.97 and 12.44 mg/kg respectively). For all earthworm tissue POP analyses, the highest concentrations were found in individuals from industrial sites, followed by the urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the highest levels of DNA damage were registered in the industrial area, followed by the urban and rural areas. These assays suggest a strong links among regional soil contamination, POPs bioavailability and the potential risk of detrimental health effects for organisms that inhabit surface soil (soil life). Earthworms contribute vital ecosystem services that could be affected by these results. This work provides evidence of the potential ecological risk that exists in the Lower Basin of the Coatzacoalcos River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Espinosa-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | | | - Francisco J Pérez-Vázquez
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Donaji J González-Mille
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Susana E Medellin-Garibay
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Cesar A Ilizaliturri-Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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18
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Sun J, Wu Y, Jiang P, Zheng L, Zhang A, Qi H. Concentration, uptake and human dietary intake of novel brominated flame retardants in greenhouse and conventional vegetables. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:436-443. [PMID: 30622068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The possible adverse effects of organic pollutants entering vegetables have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, research on the behavior of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in soil-vegetable systems is still limited. This work was initiated to investigate the uptake of seven representative NBFRs by vegetables from bulk soil and suspended soil particles under greenhouse and conventional conditions. The mean concentrations of the sum of seven NBFRs (Σ7 NBFRs) were 2.8 and 3.8 ng g-1 dw in greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively, and 1.1 and 1.7 ng g-1 dw in conventional tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively. Greenhouse vegetables had higher concentrations of Σ7 NBFRs than conventional vegetables. The root bioaccumulation factors (RBCFs) of tomatoes and cucumbers in response to NBFRs ranged from 0.6 to 6.3. The range of fruit bioaccumulation factors (FBCFs) was 0.3-7.0. The bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) in greenhouse vegetables were significantly higher than those in conventional vegetables, indicating that greenhouses increased the uptake of NBFRs by vegetables. To address human dietary exposure to NBFRs, the estimated dietary intake (EDI) and the amounts available for human absorption (EDIba) were calculated using vegetable consumption and gastrointestinal absorption, respectively. The mean EDI values of NBFRs from greenhouse and conventional tomato consumption were 344 ng d-1 and 109 ng d-1, respectively. The mean EDI values of NBFRs from greenhouse and conventional cucumber consumption were 445 ng d-1 and 217 ng d-1, respectively. The higher EDI values of NBFRs implied that consuming greenhouse vegetables was associated with higher health risks than consuming conventional vegetables. The mean EDIba values of the DBDPEs were 68 ng d-1 and 46 ng d-1 for tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively, and were significantly different from the EDI values due to lower bioaccessibility. Gastrointestinal absorption should not be neglected during risk assessments of human exposure to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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19
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Arıkan K, Arıkan ZY, Turan SL. Persistent Organochlorine Contaminant Residues in Tissues of Hedgehogs from Turkey. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:361-368. [PMID: 29333580 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The residues of persistent organochlorinated pollutants (POPs), namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (HCHs, CHLs, HCCPs, DDTs, and dicofol congeners) were investigated in the hair and muscle of road-killed Erinaceus roumanicus and E. concolor in Turkey. Mean residue levels were as follows: in hair, PCBs = 7.43 ± 4.88 ng/g and OCPs = 9.21 ± 1.27 ng/g; in muscle, PCBs = 30.73 ± 2.51 ng/g and OCPs = 145.04 ± 16.59 ng/g. There was no significant difference between species and sex, while there was significant difference between habitats and regions in terms of either total PCB and OCP levels, or POP levels (p < 0.05). Age was a determinative factor for the bio-accumulation of POPs. The contaminant levels were high in the species, sample areas, and habitats. The data also showed that tissues of hedgehogs are suitable for monitoring and evaluating the bioaccumulation of POP levels in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalender Arıkan
- Pesticide Research and References Laboratory, Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Yaşar Arıkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan Campus, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Levent Turan
- Pesticide Research and References Laboratory, Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Šmídová K, Kim S, Hofman J. Bioavailability of five hydrophobic organic compounds to earthworms from sterile and non-sterile artificial soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:222-231. [PMID: 28371706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of organic pollutants to soil biota, often required by risk assessment, are mostly obtained in non-sterile laboratory-contaminated artificial soils. However, microbial degradation has been indicated by many authors to influence the fate of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils. A question arises if the microbial community of peat which is used for artificial soil preparation affects the measured values of BAFs. In this study the effect of soil microorganisms on bioavailability of HOCs was studied and a portion of each soil was sterilized by gamma irradiation. Results indicated that the sterilization process significantly affected the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; phenanthrene and pyrene) and increased bioavailability of these compounds to earthworms with BAFs several times higher in the sterile soils compared to their non-sterile variants. This suggests that sterilization of soils can be used as the "worst-case scenario" for laboratory tests of toxicity or bioaccumulation of biodegradable HOCs such as PAHs. It represents a situation of limited microbial degradation resulting in higher bioavailable fractions to other organisms (e.g. invertebrates). This may be the case in soils where microbial communities face stresses caused by contamination or land management. The bioavailability of chlorinated HOCs (lindane, 4,4'-DDT and PCB 153) was not affected by sterilization, as their BAFs were similar in the sterile and non-sterile soils during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Šmídová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sooyeon Kim
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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21
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Saengtienchai A, Ikenaka Y, Bortey-Sam N, Jermnark U, Mizukawa H, Kawai YK, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M. The African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris): Low phase I and phase II metabolism activities. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 190:38-47. [PMID: 27544300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The African hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris, is a spiny mammal that has become popular as an exotic pet in many countries. To elucidate the ability of hedgehogs to metabolize xenobiotics, the animals were exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pyrene. The in vivo exposure study indicated that pyrene was biotransformed to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, such as pyrene-1-glucuronide, pyrene-1-sulfate, and pyrenediol-sulfate, and excreted in the urine. Pyrene-1-glucuronide was the main metabolite, and limited sulfate conjugate excretion was observed. The main products excreted in feces were 1-hydroxypyrene and pyrene. Based on the results of the in vivo exposure study, in vitro enzymatic kinetic experiments were performed using various substrates and compared to rats and pigs. The enzyme efficiencies of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and warfarin 4'-, 6-, and 8-hydroxylation activity in hedgehogs were lower than those of rats. Furthermore, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in hedgehogs also had a lower Km value than that in pigs. Interestingly, the enzyme efficiencies of sulfation activity toward 1-hydroxypyrene and β-estradiol in hedgehogs were significantly lower than those in pigs. These observations suggested that phenol and estrogen sulfotransferases may have limited roles in xenobiotic metabolism in hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksorn Saengtienchai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Latyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Usuma Jermnark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Latyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, ,Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Wang T, Yu J, Wang P, Zhang Q. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the aquatic and terrestrial environment around a wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16440-7. [PMID: 27164882 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a riparian ecosystem nearby a wastewater treatment plant effluent were investigated. Different aqueous and terrestrial samples such as soil, sediment, plants, and invertebrates were collected and analyzed for tri- to heptabrominated PBDEs. Furthermore, the food web structure was elucidated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. The highest PBDE levels were found for sediment- and soil-dwelling invertebrates, such as earthworms (Σ13 PBDEs 144 ng/g lipid weight), Tubifex tubifex (77 ng/g lw), and scarab larvae (49 ng/g lw). Differences in congener composition profiles among the different matrices show that the environmental distribution and fate of PBDEs in ecosystems can be very complex. Among the analyzed PBDEs in this ecosystem, the tetra-brominated BDE-47 was the dominant PBDE congener and followed by the penta-brominated BDE-99. A potential trend of increasing BDE-47/99 ratio with the increase of δ(15)N was observed for species with similar energy sources (δ(13)C), indicating a higher bioaccumulation potential for BDE-47 in this ecosystem. A significant correlation was also found between PBDEs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), indicating similar sources and fate between the two compound groups in this area. The biota-soil or biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were somewhat different among the PBDE congeners and species, but were generally highest for those with log Kow values around 6.5-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Junchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Yoon Y, Kim S, Chae Y, Kang Y, Lee Y, Jeong SW, An YJ. Use of Tunable Whole-Cell Bioreporters to Assess Bioavailable Cadmium and Remediation Performance in Soils. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154506. [PMID: 27171374 PMCID: PMC4865175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to have tools to measure the bioavailability to assess the risks of pollutants because the bioavailability is defined as the portions of pollutants showing the biological effects on living organisms. This study described the construction of tunable Escherichia coli whole-cell bioreporter (WCB) using the promoter region of zinc-inducible operon and its application on contaminated soils. It was verified that this WCB system showed specific and sensitive responses to cadmium rather than zinc in the experimental conditions. It was inferred that Cd(II) associates stronger with ZntR, a regulatory protein of zinc-inducible operon, than other metal ions. Moreover, the expression of reporter genes, egfp and mcherry, were proportional to the concentration of cadmium, thereby being a quantitative sensor to monitor bioavailable cadmium. The capability to determine bioavailable cadmium was verified with Cd(II) amended LUFA soils, and then the applicability on environmental systems was investigated with field soils collected from smelter area in Korea before and after soil-washing. The total amount of cadmium was decreased after soil washing, while the bioavailability was increased. Consequently, it would be valuable to have tools to assess bioavailability and the effectiveness of soil remediation should be evaluated in the aspect of bioavailability as well as removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdae Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yooeun Chae
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yerin Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngshim Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- * E-mail:
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24
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Centofanti T, McConnell LL, Chaney RL, Beyer WN, Andrade NA, Hapeman CJ, Torrents A, Nguyen A, Anderson MO, Novak JM, Jackson D. Organic amendments for risk mitigation of organochlorine pesticide residues in old orchard soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:182-191. [PMID: 26716732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Performance of compost and biochar amendments for in situ risk mitigation of aged DDT, DDE and dieldrin residues in an old orchard soil was examined. The change in bioavailability of pesticide residues to Lumbricus terrestris L. relative to the unamended control soil was assessed using 4-L soil microcosms with and without plant cover in a 48-day experiment. The use of aged dairy manure compost and biosolids compost was found to be effective, especially in the planted treatments, at lowering the bioavailability factor (BAF) by 18-39%; however, BAF results for DDT in the unplanted soil treatments were unaffected or increased. The pine chip biochar utilized in this experiment was ineffective at lower the BAF of pesticides in the soil. The US EPA Soil Screening Level approach was used with our measured values. Addition of 10% of the aged dairy manure compost reduced the average hazard quotient values to below 1.0 for DDT + DDE and dieldrin. Results indicate this sustainable approach is appropriate to minimize risks to wildlife in areas of marginal organochlorine pesticide contamination. Application of this remediation approach has potential for use internationally in areas where historical pesticide contamination of soils remains a threat to wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Centofanti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Laura L McConnell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Rufus L Chaney
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - W Nelson Beyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 308, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Natasha A Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Marya O Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Novak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC, USA
| | - Dana Jackson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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25
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Šmídová K, Šerá J, Bielská L, Hofman J. Influence of feeding and earthworm density on compound bioaccumulation in earthworms Eisenia andrei. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:168-175. [PMID: 26378968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Earthworm density and feeding during exposure to contaminated soil have been used inconsistently in bioaccumulation studies, which may lead to possible errors in risk assessment and modeling. Hydrophobic organic pollutants with a wide range of environmental properties (phenanthrene, pyrene, lindane, p,p'-DDT, and PCB 153) were used to study the effect of different earthworm densities in combination with the presence or absence of feeding on bioaccumulation factors (BAFs). Similar BAFs were found at various soil-to-worm ratios, with the exception of phenanthrene. We recommend using at least 15 gsoil dw per earthworm. The absence of feeding doubled the BAFs and, thus, using no food ration can be considered as "the worst case scenario". Whenever food is to be applied (i.e. to ensure the validity of the test in earthworm mass loss), we suggest feeding depending on the organic carbon content of the studied soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Šmídová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Šerá
- FT TBU, Dep. of Environmental Protection Engineering, 76001, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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He Z, Wang L, Peng Y, Luo M, Wang W, Liu X. Determination of selected polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworm (Eisenia fetida
) using a QuEChERS-based method and gas chromatography with tandem MS. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3766-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeying He
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Yi Peng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | | | - Xiaowei Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
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27
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Gaylor MO, Harvey E, Hale RC. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) accumulation by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to biosolids-, polyurethane foam microparticle-, and Penta-BDE-amended soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13831-13839. [PMID: 24160918 DOI: 10.1021/es403750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been used in consumer polymers at up to percent levels. While long viewed as biologically inaccessible therein, PBDEs may become bioaccessible following volatilization or polymer deterioration. PBDEs may then enter soils via polymer fragmentation or following land application of sewage sludge-derived biosolids. Studies of direct PBDE uptake from these materials by soil organisms are scarce. We thus exposed earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) to artificial soil amended with a Class B anaerobically digested biosolid (ADB), an exceptional quality composted biosolid (CB), PBDE-containing polyurethane foam (PUF) microparticles, and Penta-BDE-spiked artificial soil (SAS). Worms accumulated mg/kg (lipid) ∑Penta-PBDE burdens from all substrates. Biota-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) for worms exposed to ADB- and CB-amended soils were comparable after 28 d. BSAFs generally decreased with increasing congener KOW and substrate dosage. Biosolids-associated PBDE bioavailability was lower than spiked PBDEs. BSAFs for worms exposed to PUF microparticles ranged from 3.9 to 33.4, with ∑Penta-PBDE tissue burdens reaching 3740 mg/kg lipid. Congener accumulation patterns were similar in worms and polyethylene passive sampling devices immersed in ADB-amended soil coincident with exposed worms. However, passive sampler accumulation factors were lower than BSAFs. Our results demonstrate that PBDEs may accumulate in organisms ingesting soils containing biosolids or waste plastics. Such organisms may then transfer their burdens to predators or translocate them from the site of application/disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Gaylor
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), College of William and Mary , P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States
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28
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Kinney CA, Campbell BR, Thompson R, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Burkhardt MR, Zaugg SD, Werner SL, Hay AG. Earthworm bioassays and seedling emergence for monitoring toxicity, aging and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic waste indicator compounds in biosolids-amended soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:507-15. [PMID: 22832088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Land application of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) can be an important route for introducing xenobiotic compounds into terrestrial environments. There is a paucity of available information on the effects of biosolids amendment on terrestrial organisms. In this study, the influence of biosolids and biosolids aging on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) reproduction and survival and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedling emergence was investigated. Earthworms were exposed to soils amended with varying quantities of biosolids (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% dry mass). To investigate the influence of biosolids aging, the biosolids used in the study were aged for differing lengths of time (2 or 8 weeks) prior to exposure. All of the adult earthworms survived in the biosolids-amended soils at all concentrations that were aged for 2 weeks; however, only 20% of the adults survived in the soil amended with the highest concentration of biosolids and aged for 8 weeks. Reproduction as measured by mean number of juveniles and unhatched cocoons produced per treatment correlated inversely with biosolids concentration, although the effects were generally more pronounced in the 8-week aged biosolids-soil samples. Latent seedling emergence and reduced seedling fitness correlated inversely with biosolids concentration, but these effects were tempered in the 8-week aged versus the 2-week aged soil-biosolids mixtures. Anthropogenic waste indicator compounds (AWIs) were measured in the biosolids, biosolids-soil mixtures, and earthworm samples. Where possible, bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated or estimated. A wide variety of AWIs were detected in the biosolids (51 AWIs) and earthworm samples (≤19 AWI). The earthworms exposed to the 8-week aged biosolids-soil mixtures tended to accumulate greater quantities of AWIs compared to the 2-week aged mixture, suggesting that the bioavailability of some AWIs was enhanced with aging. The BAFs for a given AWI varied with treatment. Notably large BAFs were determined for some AWIs. For example, the maximum BAF determined for para-cresol, methyl salicylate, bisphenol-A, and cholesterol was greater than 100 in some treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Kinney
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Blvd, Pueblo, CO 81001, United States.
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Isleyen M, Sevim P, White JC. Accumulation of weathered p,p'-DDTs in hybridized Cucurbita pepo cultivars. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:1699-1704. [PMID: 22610730 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbita pepo spp pepo (zucchini) is known as an exceptional weathered dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) accumulator, whereas Cucurbita pepo ssp ovifera (squash) is termed a nonaccumulator. Experiments were conducted with hybridized zucchini and squash to assess the inheritance pattern of DDX (the sum of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [p,p'-DDT], p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [p,p'-DDD], and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p'-DDE]) accumulation potential in xylem sap and tissues of parental, F1 hybrids, and F1 backcross (BC) generations of plants. Plants were grown in pots containing soil with weathered DDX at 732 to 1,130 ng/g soil or under field conditions in soil with 322 to 2,700 ng/g. The DDX stem bioconcentration factors and xylem sap values showed differences between parental and hybridized plants of squash and zucchini. For squash grown in greenhouse conditions, the DDX flow rate in the xylem sap was 17.3, 121, and 40.8 ng/h in parental, F1 hybrids, and F1 BC plants, respectively. Similarly, the stem DDX content of parental, F1, and F1 BC squash was 11, 253, and 96 ng/g (dry wt), respectively. A similar inheritance pattern for squash was observed when the plants were grown under field conditions. The DDX flow rates in the xylem sap of pot-grown parental, F1, and F1 BC zucchini cultivars were 100, 8.5, and 26 ng/hr, respectively, and the stem DDX content was 191, 102, and 142 ng/g, respectively. Again, similar trends in accumulation potential were observed for hybridized zucchini grown under field conditions. The DDX concentrations in parental plants matched the expected pattern, with hybrids midway between the two species, and the backcross being more like the parent again for both species. This inheritance pattern of contaminant accumulation and translocation ability follows classical Mendelian segregation and suggests single-gene or single-locus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Isleyen
- Sakarya University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey.
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30
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Tlili K, Labadie P, Bourges C, Desportes A, Chevreuil M. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by the freshwater benthic amphipod Gammarus pulex. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:69-76. [PMID: 22367498 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the relationship between polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in water, sediment, and the benthic macroinvertebrate Gammarus pulex, which plays a major ecological role in freshwater ecosystems. Samples were taken in a periurban watershed (near Paris, France), and PBDEs were systematically detected in sediment (≤727 ng g(-1) OC) and G. pulex (≤264 ng g(-1) lipids). PBDEs were also occasionally detected in the water column at low levels (∑ PBDEs < 1.5 ng L(-1)). The log values of bioaccumulation factors were in the range 7.8 ± 0.1-8.3 ± 0.4 L kg(-1) for tetra- and penta-BDEs, which were the only ones quantified in the dissolved phase of river water. Meanwhile, levels of individual tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners in G. pulex generally positively correlated with sediment levels, suggesting an equilibrium situation. Biota-to-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of tri-hepta BDEs were congener specific and were in the range 0.5 ± 0.3-2.6 ± 1.2. For several PBDEs, BSAF values deviated from the expected range, likely because of in vivo metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Tlili
- UMR Sisyphe, CNRS/UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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31
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Belmeskine H, Haddad S, Vandelac L, Sauvé S, Fournier M. Toxic effects of PCDD/Fs mixtures on Eisenia andrei earthworms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 80:54-59. [PMID: 22401954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The earthworms Eisenia andrei were used to study the toxicity of PCDD/Fs mixtures to earthworms during 28 day of exposure. The experiments were performed on artificial soils contaminated with dioxins at levels of C1 (0.1 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil), C2 (1 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil) and C3 (1.5 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil). Effects of PCDD/Fs on survival, growth rate and immune responses; phagocytosis and NK-like cell activity, were determined. No mortality was observed at the lowest concentration (C1), while mortalities of 10 and 100% were noted at the highest concentrations tested C2 and C3, respectively. A significant reduction in growth rate was obtained at C2 and no effects at C1. Additionally, an inhibition of phagocytic activity and efficiency was observed at higher concentrations. In contrast, an enhancement of NK-like cell activity was shown at lower concentrations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that the PCDD/Fs mixtures tested at levels equal or higher to C2 (1 ng 2378-TCDD/g soil), lead to adverse effects on biotic potential and immune functions in E. andrei earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayet Belmeskine
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V1B7.
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Van Praet N, Covaci A, Teuchies J, De Bruyn L, Van Gossum H, Stoks R, Bervoets L. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in larvae of the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) from different ponds in Flanders, Belgium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 423:162-167. [PMID: 22421089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in damselfly larvae (Ischnura elegans) in sixteen ponds in Flanders (Belgium), widely differing in the surrounding land use. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured. From all targeted PBDE-congeners, only three congeners (IUPAC nos. 47, 99, 100) were above the limit of quantification (LOQ). The ∑PBDE concentrations ranged from <LOQ up to 0.51 ngg(-1) ww. From the targeted PCB-congeners, thirteen were detectable (IUPAC nos. 95, 99, 101, 105, 118, 138, 149, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183, and 187). A high variation in ∑PCB concentrations was observed between the ponds, ranging from <LOQ (0.67 ngg(-1) ww) up to 9.91 ngg(-1) ww in the damselflies from the pond at Sijsele. In all investigated Flemish ponds, p,p'-DDE concentrations were >LOQ (0.20 ngg(-1) ww) with values up to 3.30 ngg(-1) ww in the pond at Hamme. In fifteen ponds, the HCB concentrations were >LOQ (0.05 ngg(-1) ww) with values up to 0.24 ngg(-1) ww. For the available data in the literature a comparison with different species was done for some of the sampled ponds. The monitored ponds can be separated in three groups based on their contamination. The first group is characterised by a relative low POP content (∑PBDEs, ∑PCBs, HCB). Group 2 contained more HCB and p,p'-DDE than the overall mean while this was the case for PBDEs and PCBs in group 3. The vectors of both contaminated groups are situated nearly perpendicular which is suggesting a different pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nander Van Praet
- Department of Biology, Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Lin Z, Li XM, Li YT, Huang DY, Dong J, Li FB. Enhancement effect of two ecological earthworm species (Eisenia foetida and Amynthas robustus E. Perrier) on removal and degradation processes of soil DDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1551-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Paul P, Ghosh U. Influence of activated carbon amendment on the accumulation and elimination of PCBs in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3763-3768. [PMID: 21840094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the use of activated carbon (AC) as a soil amendment for reducing bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Artificial soil was contaminated with PCBs and used in bioaccumulation experiments fresh or after aging for 19 months. PCB bioaccumulation in earthworms was reduced by 68% when AC was placed as a layer without mixing and by 94% when AC was manually mixed into the soil. Aging of the same AC mixed soil for 19 months resulted in an overall reduction of 99% in PCB biouptake. AC-treated aged soil also showed two orders of magnitude lower equilibrium aqueous concentrations of PCBs compared to untreated aged soils. The findings from this study indicate that application of engineered sorbents like AC to PCB impacted soils may greatly reduce PCB uptake at the base of the terrestrial food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piuly Paul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MA 21250, USA
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De la Torre A, Alonso E, Concejero MA, Sanz P, Martínez MA. Sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Spanish sewage sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:1277-1284. [PMID: 21333518 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Presence, sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were evaluated in Spanish sewage sludge. A total of 120 samples were seasonally collected from October 2005 to September 2006 at 31 urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Concentrations of PBDEs (ranging between 57.5 and 2606 ng/g dry weight) were two to three orders of magnitude higher than those obtained for PCDDs (0.17-5.03 ng/g d.w.) and PCDFs (0.05-3.07 ng/g d.w.). All the samples presented International Toxicity Equivalents (I-TEQ) levels (ranging between 2.06 and 44.4 ng/kg d.w.) below the limit values proposed by European Union for land application. Congener patterns evaluation revealed that the use of Deca-BDE commercial mixture seems to be the major source of PBDEs in the sludge. Nevertheless, origin of PCDD/Fs should be related to atmospheric deposition, faeces and presence of PCDD/Fs precursors such as pentachlorophenol in the sludge. No correlations (p>0.05) were found between pollutant concentrations (PBDEs and PCDD/Fs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (capacity nor sludge rate). Lower levels of PBDEs and PCDFs were found in WWTPs using biological nitrogen and phosphorous elimination, suggesting that these compounds are susceptible of microbial elimination. According to our knowledge, this is the first work comparing together both PBDEs and PCDD/Fs sludge patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De la Torre
- Persistent Organic Pollutants Group, Environmental Department, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 22, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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