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Guaita PR, Marzuoli R, Gerosa GA. A regional scale flux-based O 3 risk assessment for winter wheat in northern Italy, and effects of different spatio-temporal resolutions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121860. [PMID: 37268219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary atmospheric pollutant known to cause negative effects on vegetation in terms of physiological oxidative stress, growth rate reductions and yield losses. In recent years, dose-response relationships based on the O3 stomatal flux and effects on the biomass growth have been defined for several crop species. This study was aimed at developing a dual-sink big-leaf model for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to map the seasonal Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of 6nmolm-2s-1 (POD6) in a domain centered on the Lombardy region (Italy). The model runs on local measured data of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, global radiation and background O3 concentration provided by regional monitoring networks, and includes parameterizations for the crop's geometry and phenology, the light penetration within the canopy, the stomatal conductance, the atmospheric turbulence, and the soil water availability for the plants. For the 2017 an average POD6 of 2.03mmolm-2PLA (Projected Leaf Area) was found for the Lombardy regional domain, corresponding to an average relative yield loss of 7.5%, using the finest spatio-temporal resolution (1×1km2 and 1-h). An analysis of the model's response to different spatio-temporal resolutions (from 2×2 to 50×50km2 and from 1 to 6 h) suggests that coarser resolution maps underestimated the average POD6 regional value from 8to16%, and were unable to detect O3 hotspots. Nevertheless, resolutions of 5×5km2 1-h, and 1×1km2 3-h, can still be considered reliable for the estimation of the O3 risk at the regional level since they presented relatively low root mean squared error. Furthermore, although temperature was the main limiting factor for the wheat stomatal conductance in most of the domain, soil water availability emerged as the key factor for determining the spatial patterns of the POD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi R Guaita
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via Garzetta 48, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via Garzetta 48, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo A Gerosa
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via Garzetta 48, Brescia, Italy.
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2
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De Marco A, Garcia-Gomez H, Collalti A, Khaniabadi YO, Feng Z, Proietti C, Sicard P, Vitale M, Anav A, Paoletti E. Ozone modelling and mapping for risk assessment: An overview of different approaches for human and ecosystems health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113048. [PMID: 35257686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is one of the most concernedair pollutants dueto its widespread impacts on land vegetated ecosystems and human health. Ozone is also the third greenhouse gas for radiative forcing. Consequently, it should be carefully and continuously monitored to estimate its potential adverse impacts especially inthose regions where concentrations are high. Continuous large-scale O3 concentrations measurement is crucial but may be unfeasible because of economic and practical limitations; therefore, quantifying the real impact of O3over large areas is currently an open challenge. Thus, one of the final objectives of O3 modelling is to reproduce maps of continuous concentrations (both spatially and temporally) and risk assessment for human and ecosystem health. We here reviewedthe most relevant approaches used for O3 modelling and mapping starting from the simplest geo-statistical approaches andincreasing in complexity up to simulations embedded into the global/regional circulation models and pro and cons of each mode are highlighted. The analysis showed that a simpler approach (mostly statistical models) is suitable for mappingO3concentrationsat the local scale, where enough O3concentration data are available. The associated error in mapping can be reduced by using more complex methodologies, based on co-variables. The models available at the regional or global level are used depending on the needed resolution and the domain where they are applied to. Increasing the resolution corresponds to an increase in the prediction but only up to a certain limit. However, with any approach, the ensemble models should be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Lab., ISAFOM-CNR, Via Madonna Alta, Perugia, Italy
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Industrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | | | | | - Marcello Vitale
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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3
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Anav A, De Marco A, Collalti A, Emberson L, Feng Z, Lombardozzi D, Sicard P, Verbeke T, Viovy N, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for ozone risk assessment to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118690. [PMID: 34921939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a threat to forests by decreasing photosynthesis and, consequently, influencing the strength of land carbon sink. However, due to the lack of continuous surface O3 measurements, observational-based assessments of O3 impacts on forests are largely missing at hemispheric to global scales. Currently, some metrics are used for regulatory purposes by governments or national agencies to protect forests against the negative impacts of ozone: in particular, both Europe and United States (US) makes use of two different exposure-based metrics, i.e. AOT40 and W126, respectively. However, because of some limitations in these metrics, a new standard is under consideration by the European Union (EU) to replace the current exposure metric. We analyse here the different air quality standards set or proposed for use in Europe and in the US to protect forests from O3 and to evaluate their spatial and temporal consistency while assessing their effectiveness in protecting northern-hemisphere forests. Then, we compare their results with the information obtained from a complex land surface model (ORCHIDEE). We find that present O3 uptake decreases gross primary production (GPP) in 37.7% of the NH forested area of northern hemisphere with a mean loss of 2.4% year-1. We show how the proposed US (W126) and the currently used European (AOT40) air quality standards substantially overestimate the extension of potential vulnerable regions, predicting that 46% and 61% of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forested area are at risk of O3 pollution. Conversely, the new proposed European standard (POD1) identifies lower extension of vulnerability regions (39.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Laboratory. Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Verbeke
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology, ENS Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratory for Sciences of Climate and Environment (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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4
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Emberson L. Effects of ozone on agriculture, forests and grasslands. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190327. [PMID: 32981434 PMCID: PMC7536038 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The damage and injury that ground level ozone (O3) causes vegetation has become increasingly evident over the past half century with a large body of observational and experimental evidence demonstrating a variety of effects at ambient concentrations on crop, forest and grassland species and ecosystems. This paper explores the use of experimental data to develop exposure-response relationships for use in risk assessment studies. These studies have typically identified the USA mid-West, much of Europe, the Indo Gangetic Plain in South Asia and the Eastern coastal region of China as global regions where O3 is likely to threaten food supply and other ecosystems. Global risk assessment modelling estimates yield losses of staple crops between 3 to 16% causing economic losses of between US$14 to 26 billion in the year 2000. Changes in anthropogenic emissions of O3 precursors in recent decades have modified O3 concentration profiles (peaks versus background O3) and global distributions with the Northern Hemisphere seeing increases in O3 levels of between 1 and 5 ppb/decade since the 1950s and the emergence of Asia as the region with the highest O3 concentrations. In the future, O3 mitigation could focus on methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions; these will differentially influence global and local/regional O3 concentrations and influence daily and seasonal profiles. The consequent effects on vegetation will in part depend on how these changes in O3 profile alter the exceedance of detoxification thresholds for plant damage. Adaptation options may play an important role in enhancing food supply while mitigation strategies are being implemented. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which O3 affects plants, and how this might influence detoxification thresholds and interactions with other environmental variables such as water stress and nutrients, would help develop O3 deposition and impact models to support the development of crop, land-surface exchange and ultimately earth system models for holistic assessments of global change. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, Environment Building, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NG, UK
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Schneuwly J, Ammann C. Large regional differences of soil water limitation effect on ozone induced yield loss for wheat and potato in Switzerland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:135257. [PMID: 31848059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The accumulated stomatal ozone (O3) uptake over a threshold (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose POD6), calculated by an ozone deposition model, has been shown to be the most appropriate metric to quantify negative effects of O3 on food crops. In this study we used data of 13 sites in different regions of Switzerland with multiple years of O3 measurements to quantify the stomatal O3 uptake and the related yield loss of wheat and potato. Flux patterns for different years were calculated with the DO3SE model to disentangle the influence of contrasting seasonal environmental conditions. Regional and inter-annual differences in meteorological conditions led to considerable variations in soil water conditions and the POD6 values for wheat. Potato stomatal uptake was much less influenced by soil water and showed a more even distribution of POD6 values across sites and years. The estimated nationally and temporally average yield loss was 3.2 ± 1.2% for wheat and 2.4 ± 0.8% for potato, calculated based on an area weighting. It was found that soil water deficit, observed frequently in the western part of Switzerland, had a large attenuation effect on stomatal O3 uptake by wheat and on corresponding yield losses. This highlights the importance of including soil moisture limitation in O3 uptake modelling even in moist climatic regions. The comparison of modelled evapotranspiration with water flux measurements over a wheat field showed a reasonable agreement concerning the temporal pattern and the magnitude. But it is also concluded that the DO3SE soil moisture module will need further testing and adaptation to improve accuracy of the model in dryer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Schneuwly
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Ammann
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
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6
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Paoletti E, Alivernini A, Anav A, Badea O, Carrari E, Chivulescu S, Conte A, Ciriani ML, Dalstein-Richier L, De Marco A, Fares S, Fasano G, Giovannelli A, Lazzara M, Leca S, Materassi A, Moretti V, Pitar D, Popa I, Sabatini F, Salvati L, Sicard P, Sorgi T, Hoshika Y. Toward stomatal-flux based forest protection against ozone: The MOTTLES approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:516-527. [PMID: 31325852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
European standards for the protection of forests from ozone (O3) are based on atmospheric exposure (AOT40) that is not always representative of O3 effects since it is not a proxy of gas uptake through stomata (stomatal flux). MOTTLES "MOnitoring ozone injury for seTTing new critical LEvelS" is a LIFE project aimed at establishing a permanent network of forest sites based on active O3 monitoring at remote areas at high and medium risk of O3 injury, in order to define new standards based on stomatal flux, i.e. PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake). Based on the first year of data collected at MOTTLES sites, we describe the MOTTLES monitoring station, together with protocols and metric calculation methods. AOT40 and PODY, computed with different methods, are then compared and correlated with forest-health indicators (radial growth, crown defoliation, visible foliar O3 injury). For the year 2017, the average AOT40 calculated according to the European Directive was even 5 times (on average 1.7 times) the European legislative standard for the protection of forests. When the metrics were calculated according to the European protocols (EU Directive 2008/50/EC or Modelling and Mapping Manual LTRAP Convention), the values were well correlated to those obtained on the basis of the real duration of the growing season (i.e. MOTTLES method) and were thus representative of the actual exposure/flux. AOT40 showed opposite direction relative to PODY. Visible foliar O3 injury appeared as the best forest-health indicator for O3 under field conditions and was more frequently detected at forest edge than inside the forest. The present work may help the set-up of further long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, especially because flux-based assessments are recommended as part of monitoring air pollution impacts on ecosystems in the revised EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paoletti
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Alivernini
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Anav
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - O Badea
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - E Carrari
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - S Chivulescu
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Conte
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - M L Ciriani
- GIEFS, 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | | | - A De Marco
- ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - S Fares
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - G Fasano
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Lazzara
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Leca
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Materassi
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - V Moretti
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - D Pitar
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - I Popa
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - F Sabatini
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Salvati
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - P Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - T Sorgi
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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Anav A, De Marco A, Friedlingstein P, Savi F, Sicard P, Sitch S, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Growing season extension affects ozone uptake by European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:1043-1052. [PMID: 30970453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change significantly modifies terrestrial ecosystems and vegetation activity, yet little is known about how climate change and ozone pollution interact to affect forest health. Here we compared the trends of two metrics widely used to protect forests against negative impacts of ozone pollution, the AOT40 (Accumulated Ozone over Threshold of 40 ppb) which only depends on surface air ozone concentrations, and the POD (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose) which relies on the amount of ozone uptaken by plants through stomata. Using a chemistry transport model, driven by anthropogenic emission inventories, we found that European-averaged ground-level ozone concentrations significantly declined (-1.6%) over the time period 2000-2014, following successful control strategies to reduce the ozone precursors emission; as a consequence, the AOT40 metric declined (-22%). In contrast, climate change increased both growing season length (~7 days/decade) and stomatal conductance and thus enhanced the stomatal ozone uptake by forests (5.9%), leading to an overall increase of potential ozone damage on plants, despite the reduction in ozone concentrations. Our results suggest that stomatal-flux based strategies of forest protection against ozone in a changing climate require a proper consideration of the duration of the growing season with a better estimation of start and end of the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Climate Modeling Laboratory, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Climate Modeling Laboratory, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Flavia Savi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy
| | | | - Stephen Sitch
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Marcello Vitale
- University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
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8
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Hůnová I, Kurfürst P, Baláková L. Areas under high ozone and nitrogen loads are spatially disjunct in Czech forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:567-575. [PMID: 30529961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that excessive loads of nitrogen (N) deposition and ambient ozone (O3) endanger natural ecosystems and the environment. Despite substantial reductions in emissions since the early 1990s both in the Czech Republic and in neighbouring countries, neither O3 exposures nor N deposition have yet decreased to acceptable levels relative to the recommended thresholds. Based on long-term monitoring and high-quality data, we have indicated the areas of special risk due to high N deposition and O3 exposures in Czech forests in 2000-2015. The areas of potential risk denote those forests under the highest loads of N deposition and O3 exposure on a regular basis. The underlying classification approach is relativistic, i.e. based ultimately on quartiles of pollution intensities and not derived from critical limits or loads. The forest areas under the highest O3 exposures and N deposition are spatially disjunct. The highest O3 exposures are in the southern and the highest N deposition is in the northern Czech Republic. In contrast to our assumption, only 1322 km2, i.e. 4.6% of the total forested area (28,782 km2) are overlapping areas with a potential risk due both to high O3 exposures and to N deposition. Our results provide valuable input information for a more detailed environmental analysis, anticipated in the future, addressing to what extent the indicated areas at potential risk are associated with the actual negative impacts on forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Kurfürst
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lea Baláková
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Mills G, Sharps K, Simpson D, Pleijel H, Frei M, Burkey K, Emberson L, Uddling J, Broberg M, Feng Z, Kobayashi K, Agrawal M. Closing the global ozone yield gap: Quantification and cobenefits for multistress tolerance. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4869-4893. [PMID: 30084165 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing both crop productivity and the tolerance of crops to abiotic and biotic stresses is a major challenge for global food security in our rapidly changing climate. For the first time, we show how the spatial variation and severity of tropospheric ozone effects on yield compare with effects of other stresses on a global scale, and discuss mitigating actions against the negative effects of ozone. We show that the sensitivity to ozone declines in the order soybean > wheat > maize > rice, with genotypic variation in response being most pronounced for soybean and rice. Based on stomatal uptake, we estimate that ozone (mean of 2010-2012) reduces global yield annually by 12.4%, 7.1%, 4.4% and 6.1% for soybean, wheat, rice and maize, respectively (the "ozone yield gaps"), adding up to 227 Tg of lost yield. Our modelling shows that the highest ozone-induced production losses for soybean are in North and South America whilst for wheat they are in India and China, for rice in parts of India, Bangladesh, China and Indonesia, and for maize in China and the United States. Crucially, we also show that the same areas are often also at risk of high losses from pests and diseases, heat stress and to a lesser extent aridity and nutrient stress. In a solution-focussed analysis of these results, we provide a crop ideotype with tolerance of multiple stresses (including ozone) and describe how ozone effects could be included in crop breeding programmes. We also discuss altered crop management approaches that could be applied to reduce ozone impacts in the shorter term. Given the severity of ozone effects on staple food crops in areas of the world that are also challenged by other stresses, we recommend increased attention to the benefits that could be gained from addressing the ozone yield gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - David Simpson
- EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment Department, Stockholm Environment Institute at York, University of York, York, UK
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Broberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Chen X, Zhao P, Hu Y, Zhao X, Ouyang L, Zhu L, Ni G. The sap flow-based assessment of atmospheric trace gas uptake by three forest types in subtropical China on different timescales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28431-28444. [PMID: 30088244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the uptake of trace gases by forests contributes to understanding the mechanisms of gas exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere and to evaluating the potential risk of these pollutant gases to forests. In this study, the multi-timescale characteristics of the stomatal uptake of NO, NO2, SO2 and O3 by Schima superba, Eucalyptus citriodora and Acacia auriculiformis were investigated by continuous sap flow measurements for a 3-year period. The peak canopy stomatal conductance (GC) for these three species appeared between 9:00 and 12:00, which was jointly regulated by the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Additionally, annual and seasonal variations in the stomatal uptake of trace gases for these three tree species suggested that there was a combination effect between canopy stomatal conductance and ambient concentration on the uptake of trace gases. Furthermore, the result demonstrated that the trace gas absorption capacities among these three forest types followed the order of S. superba > E. citriodora > A. auriculiformis. The findings of this study have theoretical significance and application value in assessing air purification and the risk of harm to forests in Southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
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Mills G, Sharps K, Simpson D, Pleijel H, Broberg M, Uddling J, Jaramillo F, Davies WJ, Dentener F, Van den Berg M, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB, Ainsworth EA, Büker P, Emberson L, Feng Z, Harmens H, Hayes F, Kobayashi K, Paoletti E, Van Dingenen R. Ozone pollution will compromise efforts to increase global wheat production. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3560-3574. [PMID: 29604158 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of high-performing crop cultivars and crop/soil water management practices that increase the stomatal uptake of carbon dioxide and photosynthesis will be instrumental in realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of achieving food security. To date, however, global assessments of how to increase crop yield have failed to consider the negative effects of tropospheric ozone, a gaseous pollutant that enters the leaf stomatal pores of plants along with carbon dioxide, and is increasing in concentration globally, particularly in rapidly developing countries. Earlier studies have simply estimated that the largest effects are in the areas with the highest ozone concentrations. Using a modelling method that accounts for the effects of soil moisture deficit and meteorological factors on the stomatal uptake of ozone, we show for the first time that ozone impacts on wheat yield are particularly large in humid rain-fed and irrigated areas of major wheat-producing countries (e.g. United States, France, India, China and Russia). Averaged over 2010-2012, we estimate that ozone reduces wheat yields by a mean 9.9% in the northern hemisphere and 6.2% in the southern hemisphere, corresponding to some 85 Tg (million tonnes) of lost grain. Total production losses in developing countries receiving Official Development Assistance are 50% higher than those in developed countries, potentially reducing the possibility of achieving UN SDG2. Crucially, our analysis shows that ozone could reduce the potential yield benefits of increasing irrigation usage in response to climate change because added irrigation increases the uptake and subsequent negative effects of the pollutant. We show that mitigation of air pollution in a changing climate could play a vital role in achieving the above-mentioned UN SDG, while also contributing to other SDGs related to human health and well-being, ecosystems and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - David Simpson
- EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Broberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fernando Jaramillo
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William J Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Büker
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Anav A, Liu Q, De Marco A, Proietti C, Savi F, Paoletti E, Piao S. The role of plant phenology in stomatal ozone flux modeling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:235-248. [PMID: 28722275 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology plays a pivotal role in the climate system as it regulates the gas exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The uptake of ozone by forest is estimated through several meteorological variables and a specific function describing the beginning and the termination of plant growing season; actually, in many risk assessment studies, this function is based on a simple latitude and topography model. In this study, using two satellite datasets, we apply and compare six methods to estimate the start and the end dates of the growing season across a large region covering all Europe for the year 2011. Results show a large variability between the green-up and dormancy dates estimated using the six different methods, with differences greater than one month. However, interestingly, all the methods display a common spatial pattern in the uptake of ozone by forests with a marked change in the magnitude, up to 1.9 TgO3 /year, and corresponding to a difference of 25% in the amount of ozone that enters the leaves. Our results indicate that improved estimates of ozone fluxes require a better representation of plant phenology in the models used for O3 risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Qiang Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis (CREA) - Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Savi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis (CREA) - Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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de Vries W, Posch M, Simpson D, Reinds GJ. Modelling long-term impacts of changes in climate, nitrogen deposition and ozone exposure on carbon sequestration of European forest ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:1097-1116. [PMID: 28738517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We modelled the effects of past and expected future changes in climate (temperature, precipitation), CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition (N) and ozone (O3) exposure (phytotoxic ozone dose, POD) on carbon (C) sequestration by European forest ecosystems for the period 1900-2050. Tree C sequestration was assessed by using empirical response functions, while soil C sequestration was simulated with the process-based model VSD, combined with the RothC model. We evaluated two empirical growth responses to N deposition (linear and non-linear) and two O3 exposure relationships (linear function with total biomass or net annual increment). We further investigated an 'interactive model' with interactions between drivers and a 'multiplicative model', in which the combined effect is the product of individual drivers. A single deposition and climate scenario was used for the period 1900-2050. Contrary to expectations, growth observations at European level for the period 1950-2010 compared better with predictions by the multiplicative model than with the interactive model. This coincides with the fact that carbon responses in kgCha-1yr-1 per unit change in drivers, i.e. per °C, ppm CO2, kgNha-1yr-1 and mmolm-2yr-1 POD, are more in line with literature data when using the multiplicative model. Compared to 1900, the estimated European average total C sequestration in both forests and forest soils between 1950 and 2000 increased by 21% in the interactive model and by 41% in the multiplicative model, but observed changes were even higher. This growth increase is expected to decline between 2000 and 2050. The simulated changes between 1950 and 2000 were mainly due to the increase in both N deposition and CO2, while the predicted increases between 2000 and 2050 were mainly caused by the increase in CO2 and temperature, and to lesser extent a decrease in POD, counteracted by reduced N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim de Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE), RIVM, PO Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - David Simpson
- EMEP/MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, PO Box 43-Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway; Dept. Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gert Jan Reinds
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Simpson D. Comment on 'Anav et al. (2016) Comparing concentration-based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone risk assessment to European forests' Global Change Biology, 22(4), 1608-1627, doi:10.1111/gcb.13138. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3257-3258. [PMID: 27480222 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Simpson
- EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department Earth & Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Danh NT, Huy LN, Oanh NTK. Assessment of rice yield loss due to exposure to ozone pollution in Southern Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1069-1079. [PMID: 27265741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study domain covered the Eastern region of Southern of Vietnam that includes Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and five other provinces. Rice production in the domain accounted for 13% of the national total with three crop cycles per year. We assessed ozone (O3) induced rice production loss in the domain for 2010 using simulated hourly surface O3 concentrations (WRF/CAMx; 4km resolution). Simulated O3 was higher in January-February (largely overlaps the first crop) and September-December (third crop), and lower in March-June (second crop). Spatially, O3 was higher in downwind locations of HCMC and were comparable with observed data. Relative yield loss (RYL) was assessed for each crop over the respective growing period (105days) using three metrics: AOT40, M7 and flux-based O3 dose of POD10. Higher RYL was estimated for the downwind of HCMC. Overall, the rice production loss due to O3 exposure in the study domain in 2010 was the highest for the first crop (up to 25,800metrictons), the second highest for the third crop (up to 21,500tons) and the least for the second crop (up to 6800tons). The low RYL obtained for the second crop by POD10 may be due to the use of a high threshold value (Y=10nmolm(-2)s(-1)). Linear regression between non-null radiation POD0 and POD10 had similar slopes for the first and third crop when POD0 was higher and very low slope for the second crop when POD0 was low. The results of this study can be used for the rice crop planning to avoid the period of potential high RYL due to O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Thanh Danh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Lai Nguyen Huy
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Anav A, De Marco A, Proietti C, Alessandri A, Dell'Aquila A, Cionni I, Friedlingstein P, Khvorostyanov D, Menut L, Paoletti E, Sicard P, Sitch S, Vitale M. Comparing concentration-based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone risk assessment to European forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1608-1627. [PMID: 26492093 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) produces harmful effects to forests and crops, leading to a reduction of land carbon assimilation that, consequently, influences the land sink and the crop yield production. To assess the potential negative O3 impacts to vegetation, the European Union uses the Accumulated Ozone over Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40). This index has been chosen for its simplicity and flexibility in handling different ecosystems as well as for its linear relationships with yield or biomass loss. However, AOT40 does not give any information on the physiological O3 uptake into the leaves since it does not include any environmental constraints to O3 uptake through stomata. Therefore, an index based on stomatal O3 uptake (i.e. PODY), which describes the amount of O3 entering into the leaves, would be more appropriate. Specifically, the PODY metric considers the effects of multiple climatic factors, vegetation characteristics and local and phenological inputs rather than the only atmospheric O3 concentration. For this reason, the use of PODY in the O3 risk assessment for vegetation is becoming recommended. We compare different potential O3 risk assessments based on two methodologies (i.e. AOT40 and stomatal O3 uptake) using a framework of mesoscale models that produces hourly meteorological and O3 data at high spatial resolution (12 km) over Europe for the time period 2000-2005. Results indicate a remarkable spatial and temporal inconsistency between the two indices, suggesting that a new definition of European legislative standard is needed in the near future. Besides, our risk assessment based on AOT40 shows a good consistency compared to both in-situ data and other model-based datasets. Conversely, risk assessment based on stomatal O3 uptake shows different spatial patterns compared to other model-based datasets. This strong inconsistency can be likely related to a different vegetation cover and its associated parameterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Alessandri
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dell'Aquila
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Irene Cionni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Dmitry Khvorostyanov
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Laurent Menut
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Italy
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, 06904, France
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
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17
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Hayes F, Mills G, Jones L, Abbott J, Ashmore M, Barnes J, Neil Cape J, Coyle M, Peacock S, Rintoul N, Toet S, Wedlich K, Wyness K. Consistent ozone-induced decreases in pasture forage quality across several grassland types and consequences for UK lamb production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:336-346. [PMID: 26595401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have demonstrated that rising background ozone has the potential to reduce grassland forage quality and explored the implications for livestock production. We analysed pasture samples from seven ozone exposure experiments comprising mesotrophic, calcareous, haymeadow and sanddune unimproved grasslands conducted in open-top chambers, solardomes and a field release system. Across all grassland types, there were significant increases in acid detergent fibre, crude fibre and lignin content with increasing ozone concentration, resulting in decreased pasture quality in terms of the metabolisable energy content of the vegetation. We derived a dose-response function for metabolisable energy of the grassland with ozone concentration, applicable to a range of grassland types, and used this to predict effects on pasture quality of UK vegetation at 1 km resolution using modelled ozone data for 2007 and for predicted higher average ozone concentrations in 2020. This showed a potential total reduction in lamb production in the UK of approximately 4% in 2020 compared to 2007. The largest impacts were in geographical areas of modest ozone increases between the two years, but where large numbers of lambs were present. For an individual farmer working to a very small cost margin this could represent a large reduction in profit, both in regions where the impacts per lamb and those where the impacts per km(2) of grazing land are largest. In the short term farmers could adapt their lamb management in response to changed forage quality by additional supplementary feed of high metabolisable energy content. Nationally this increase in annual additional feed in 2020 compared to 2007 would be 2,166 tonnes (an increase of 0.7%). Of added concern are the longer-term consequences of continual deterioration of pasture quality and the implications for changes in farming practices to compensate for potential reductions in livestock production capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK..
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Laurence Jones
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - John Abbott
- Ricardo-AEA, The Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Mike Ashmore
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jeremy Barnes
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - J Neil Cape
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Mhairi Coyle
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Simon Peacock
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Naomi Rintoul
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Sylvia Toet
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Kerstin Wedlich
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Kirsten Wyness
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.; School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Mills G, Harmens H, Wagg S, Sharps K, Hayes F, Fowler D, Sutton M, Davies B. Ozone impacts on vegetation in a nitrogen enriched and changing climate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:898-908. [PMID: 26412200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a process-oriented perspective on the combined effects of ozone (O3), climate change and/or nitrogen (N) on vegetation. Whereas increasing CO2 in controlled environments or open-top chambers often ameliorates effects of O3 on leaf physiology, growth and C allocation, this is less likely in the field. Combined responses to elevated temperature and O3 have rarely been studied even though some critical growth stages such as seed initiation are sensitive to both. Under O3 exposure, many species have smaller roots, thereby enhancing drought sensitivity. Of the 68 species assessed for stomatal responses to ozone, 22.5% were unaffected, 33.5% had sluggish or increased opening and 44% stomatal closure. The beneficial effect of N on root development was lost at higher O3 treatments whilst the effects of increasing O3 on root biomass became more pronounced as N increased. Both responses to gradual changes in pollutants and climate and those under extreme weather events require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Serena Wagg
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Mark Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Bill Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Avnery S, Mauzerall DL, Fiore AM. Increasing global agricultural production by reducing ozone damages via methane emission controls and ozone-resistant cultivar selection. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:1285-99. [PMID: 23504903 PMCID: PMC3627305 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the projected 50% increase in global grain demand by 2030 without further environmental degradation poses a major challenge for agricultural production. Because surface ozone (O3 ) has a significant negative impact on crop yields, one way to increase future production is to reduce O3 -induced agricultural losses. We present two strategies whereby O3 damage to crops may be reduced. We first examine the potential benefits of an O3 mitigation strategy motivated by climate change goals: gradual emission reductions of methane (CH4 ), an important greenhouse gas and tropospheric O3 precursor that has not yet been targeted for O3 pollution abatement. Our second strategy focuses on adapting crops to O3 exposure by selecting cultivars with demonstrated O3 resistance. We find that the CH4 reductions considered would increase global production of soybean, maize, and wheat by 23-102 Mt in 2030 - the equivalent of a ~2-8% increase in year 2000 production worth $3.5-15 billion worldwide (USD2000 ), increasing the cost effectiveness of this CH4 mitigation policy. Choosing crop varieties with O3 resistance (relative to median-sensitivity cultivars) could improve global agricultural production in 2030 by over 140 Mt, the equivalent of a 12% increase in 2000 production worth ~$22 billion. Benefits are dominated by improvements for wheat in South Asia, where O3 -induced crop losses would otherwise be severe. Combining the two strategies generates benefits that are less than fully additive, given the nature of O3 effects on crops. Our results demonstrate the significant potential to sustainably improve global agricultural production by decreasing O3 -induced reductions in crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Avnery
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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20
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Tuovinen JP, Hakola H, Karlsson PE, Simpson D. Air Pollution Risks to Northern European Forests in a Changing Climate. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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de Andrés JM, Borge R, de la Paz D, Lumbreras J, Rodríguez E. Implementation of a module for risk of ozone impacts assessment to vegetation in the Integrated Assessment Modelling system for the Iberian Peninsula. Evaluation for wheat and Holm oak. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 165:25-37. [PMID: 22398018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A module to estimate risks of ozone damage to vegetation has been implemented in the Integrated Assessment Modelling system for the Iberian Peninsula. It was applied to compute three different indexes for wheat and Holm oak; daylight AOT40 (cumulative ozone concentration over 40 ppb), cumulative ozone exposure index according to the Directive 2008/50/EC (AOT40-D) and POD(Y) (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose over a given threshold of Y nmol m(-2) s(-1)). The use of these indexes led to remarkable differences in spatial patterns of relative ozone risks on vegetation. Ozone critical levels were exceeded in most of the modelling domain and soil moisture content was found to have a significant impact on the results. According to the outputs of the model, daylight AOT40 constitutes a more conservative index than the AOT40-D. Additionally, flux-based estimations indicate high risk areas in Portugal for both wheat and Holm oak that are not identified by AOT-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel de Andrés
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Wang H, Zhou W, Wang X, Gao F, Zheng H, Tong L, Ouyang Z. Ozone uptake by adult urban trees based on sap flow measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:275-286. [PMID: 22243875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The O(3) uptake in 17 adult trees of six urban species was evaluated by the sap flow-based approach under free atmospheric conditions. The results showed very large species differences in ground area scaled whole-tree ozone uptake (F(o)₃), with estimates ranging from 0.61 ± 0.07 nmol m(-2) s(-1) in Robinia pseudoacacia to 4.80 ± 1.04 nmol m(-2) s(-1) in Magnolia liliiflora. However, average F(o)₃by deciduous foliages was not significantly higher than that by evergreen ones (3.13 vs 2.21 nmol m(-2) s(-1), p = 0.160). Species of high canopy conductance for O(3) (G(o)₃) took up more O(3) than those of low G(o)₃, but that their sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit (D) were also higher, and their F(o)₃decreased faster with increasing D, regardless of species. The responses of F(o)₃to D and total radiation led to the relative high flux of O(3) uptake, indicating high ozone risk for urban tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Matyssek R, Wieser G, Calfapietra C, de Vries W, Dizengremel P, Ernst D, Jolivet Y, Mikkelsen TN, Mohren GMJ, Le Thiec D, Tuovinen JP, Weatherall A, Paoletti E. Forests under climate change and air pollution: gaps in understanding and future directions for research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:57-65. [PMID: 22035926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Forests in Europe face significant changes in climate, which in interaction with air quality changes, may significantly affect forest productivity, stand composition and carbon sequestration in both vegetation and soils. Identified knowledge gaps and research needs include: (i) interaction between changes in air quality (trace gas concentrations), climate and other site factors on forest ecosystem response, (ii) significance of biotic processes in system response, (iii) tools for mechanistic and diagnostic understanding and upscaling, and (iv) the need for unifying modelling and empirical research for synthesis. This position paper highlights the above focuses, including the global dimension of air pollution as part of climate change and the need for knowledge transfer to enable reliable risk assessment. A new type of research site in forest ecosystems ("supersites") will be conducive to addressing these gaps by enabling integration of experimentation and modelling within the soil-plant-atmosphere interface, as well as further model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, Ecophysiology of Plants, von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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24
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Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Sitch S, Collins WJ, Emberson LD. The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:637-61. [PMID: 22404461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is a global air pollutant that causes billions of dollars in lost plant productivity annually. It is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and as a secondary air pollutant, it is present at high concentrations in rural areas far from industrial sources. It also reduces plant productivity by entering leaves through the stomata, generating other reactive oxygen species and causing oxidative stress, which in turn decreases photosynthesis, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. The deposition of O(3) into vegetation through stomata is an important sink for tropospheric O(3), but this sink is modified by other aspects of environmental change, including rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, rising temperature, altered precipitation, and nitrogen availability. We review the atmospheric chemistry governing tropospheric O(3) mass balance, the effects of O(3) on stomatal conductance and net primary productivity, and implications for agriculture, carbon sequestration, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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25
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Nunn AJ, Cieslik S, Metzger U, Wieser G, Matyssek R. Combining sap flow and eddy covariance approaches to derive stomatal and non-stomatal O3 fluxes in a forest stand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2014-2022. [PMID: 20056523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal O3 fluxes to a mixed beech/spruce stand (Fagus sylvatica/Picea abies) in Central Europe were determined using two different approaches. The sap flow technique yielded the tree-level transpiration, whereas the eddy covariance method provided the stand-level evapotranspiration. Both data were then converted into stomatal ozone fluxes, exemplifying this novel concept for July 2007. Sap flow-based stomatal O3 flux was 33% of the total O3 flux, whereas derivation from evapotranspiration rates in combination with the Penman-Monteith algorithm amounted to 47%. In addition to this proportional difference, the sap flow-based assessment yielded lower levels of stomatal O3 flux and reflected stomatal regulation rather than O3 exposure, paralleling the daily courses of canopy conductance for water vapor and eddy covariance-based total stand-level O3 flux. The demonstrated combination of sap flow and eddy covariance approaches supports the development of O3 risk assessment in forests from O3 exposure towards flux-based concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nunn
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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26
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Cieslik S, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Why and how terrestrial plants exchange gases with air. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11 Suppl 1:24-34. [PMID: 19778365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work is intended as a review of gas exchange processes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial vegetation, which have been known for more than two centuries since the discovery of photosynthesis. The physical and biological mechanisms of exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapour, volatile organic compounds emitted by plants and air pollutants taken up by them, is critically reviewed. The role of stomatal physiology is emphasised, as it controls most of these processes. The techniques used for measurement of gas exchange fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cieslik
- Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
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27
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28
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Toet S, Subke JA, D'Haese D, Ashmore MR, Emberson LD, Crossman Z, Evershed RP, Barnes JD, Ineson P. A new stable isotope approach identifies the fate of ozone in plant-soil systems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:85-90. [PMID: 19226316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
* We show that the stable isotope (18)O can be used to trace ozone into different components of the plant-soil system at environmentally relevant concentrations. * We exposed plants and soils to (18)O-labelled ozone and used isotopic enrichment in plant dry matter, leaf water and leaf apoplast, as well as in soil dry matter and soil water, to identify sites of ozone-derived (18)O accumulation. * It was shown that isotopic accumulation rates in plants can be used to infer the location of primary ozone-reaction sites, and that those in bare soils are dependent on water content. However, the isotopic accumulation rates measured in leaf tissue were much lower than the modelled stomatal flux of ozone. * Our new approach has considerable potential to elucidate the fate and reactions of ozone within both plants and soils, at scales ranging from plant communities to cellular defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Toet
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jens-Arne Subke
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - David D'Haese
- School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mike R Ashmore
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Lisa D Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Zoe Crossman
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jeremy D Barnes
- School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Phil Ineson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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29
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Alonso R, Elvira S, Sanz MJ, Gerosa G, Emberson LD, Bermejo V, Gimeno BS. Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:473-480. [PMID: 18342418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Klingberg J, Danielsson H, Simpson D, Pleijel H. Comparison of modelled and measured ozone concentrations and meteorology for a site in south-west Sweden: implications for ozone uptake calculations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:99-111. [PMID: 18063256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of ground-level ozone concentrations and meteorology (temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation) at the monitoring site Ostad (south-west Sweden) were compared to data from the corresponding grid in the EMEP photo-oxidant model for 1997, 1999 and 2000. The influence of synoptic weather on the agreement between model and measurements was studied. Implications of differences between modelled and observed inputs for ozone flux calculations for wheat and potato were investigated. The EMEP model output of ozone, temperature and VPD correlated well with measurements during daytime. Deviations were larger during the night, especially in calm conditions, attributed to local climatological conditions at the monitoring site deviating from average conditions of the grid. These differences did not lead to significant differences in calculated ozone uptake, which was reproduced remarkably well. The uptake calculations were sensitive to errors in the ozone and temperature input data, especially when including a flux threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Klingberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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31
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Solberg S, Hov Ø, Søvde A, Isaksen ISA, Coddeville P, De Backer H, Forster C, Orsolini Y, Uhse K. European surface ozone in the extreme summer 2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Paoletti E, Manning WJ. Toward a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone that will also protect plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:85-95. [PMID: 17659818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone remains an important phytotoxic air pollutant and is also recognized as a significant greenhouse gas. In North America, Europe, and Asia, incidence of high concentrations is decreasing, but background levels are steadily rising. There is a need to develop a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of concentration-based, exposure-based and threshold-based indices, such as SUM60 and AOT40, and examine the O(3) flux concept. We also present major challenges to the development of an air quality standard for ozone that has both biological significance and practicality in usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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33
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Paoletti E, De Marco A, Racalbuto S. Why should we calculate complex indices of ozone exposure? Results from Mediterranean background sites. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 128:19-30. [PMID: 17106777 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
While moving towards a flux-based approach, exposure-based ozone metrics are still a practical measure for summarising ambient air quality. Ozone hourly concentrations for the period 2000-2004 from sites in the Mediterranean Italy (< or =600 m a.s.l.) were examined to define the O3 summary statistic in the area, and to determine how O3 exposure indices correlate to each other. Thirty-four of the most common O3 exposure metrics were calculated. The results show that background O3 pollution in Italy exceeds the European and North American standards. The exceedances of the target value, information and alert thresholds set by the 2002/3/CE Directive should encourage Italy to take the appropriate measures to reduce the risk. All the O3 exposure indices, except the maximum permissible ozone concentration (MPOC) for forests, point to the potential for negative effects on vegetation and human health across Italy. As indices evaluated significantly correlated with each other, we suggest use of the most biologically meaningful metric when summarizing air quality information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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34
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Tuovinen JP, Simpson D, Emberson L, Ashmore M, Gerosa G. Robustness of modelled ozone exposures and doses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 146:578-86. [PMID: 16725243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the robustness of the AOTX and AF(st)Y indices for assessing the ozone-induced risk to vegetation. These indices represent the accumulated concentration and stomatal flux, respectively, above a threshold value. The robustness is expressed as the sensitivity to changes in inputs and the uncertainty due to input errors. The input data are taken from a regional-scale chemical transport model. Both indices show increasing sensitivity with increasing threshold values. The sensitivity depends on the threshold and the characteristics of the frequency distribution for concentrations and stomatal fluxes. AF(st)Y appears less sensitive than AOTX for the thresholds adopted for critical levels. The couplings between concentration gradients and deposition algorithms complicate the assessment of the total uncertainty. For AF(st)Y, the uncertainty due to the modelled stomatal conductance may sometimes increase, but sometimes decrease, the overall uncertainty significantly. In particular, the maximum stomatal conductance plays an important role in determining the uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Tuovinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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Ashmore MR, Büker P, Emberson LD, Terry AC, Toet S. Modelling stomatal ozone flux and deposition to grassland communities across Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 146:659-70. [PMID: 16996181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regional scale modelling of both ozone deposition and the risk of ozone impacts is poorly developed for grassland communities. This paper presents new predictions of stomatal ozone flux to grasslands at five different locations in Europe, using a mechanistic model of canopy development for productive grasslands to generate time series of leaf area index and soil water potential as inputs to the stomatal component of the DO(3)SE ozone deposition model. The parameterisation of both models was based on Lolium perenne, a dominant species of productive pasture in Europe. The modelled seasonal time course of stomatal ozone flux to both the whole canopy and to upper leaves showed large differences between climatic zones, which depended on the timing of the start of the growing season, the effect of soil water potential, and the frequency of hay cuts. Values of modelled accumulated flux indices and the AOT40 index showed a five-fold difference between locations, but the locations with the highest flux differed depending on the index used; the period contributing to the accumulation of AOT40 did not always coincide with the modelled period of active ozone canopy uptake. Use of a fixed seasonal profile of leaf area index in the flux model produced very different estimates of annual accumulated total canopy and leaf ozone flux when compared with the flux model linked to a simulation of canopy growth. Regional scale model estimates of both the risks of ozone impacts and of total ozone deposition will be inaccurate unless the effects of climate and management in modifying grass canopy growth are incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ashmore
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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36
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Jones MLM, Hayes F, Mills G, Sparks TH, Fuhrer J. Predicting community sensitivity to ozone, using Ellenberg Indicator values. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 146:744-53. [PMID: 16815609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops a regression-based model for predicting changes in biomass of individual species exposed to ozone (RS(p)), based on their Ellenberg Indicator values. The equation (RS(p)=1.805-0.118Light-0.135 square root Salinity) underpredicts observed sensitivity but has the advantage of widespread applicability to almost 3000 European species. The model was applied to grassland communities to develop two further predictive tools. The first tool, percentage change in biomass (ORI%) was tested on data from a field-based ozone exposure experiment and predicted a 27% decrease in biomass over 5 years compared with an observed decrease of 23%. The second tool, an index of community sensitivity to ozone (CORI), was applied to 48 grassland communities and suggests that community sensitivity to ozone is primarily species-driven. A repeat-sampling routine showed that nine species were the minimum requirement to estimate CORI within 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laurence M Jones
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor, Orton Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UP, UK.
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