1
|
Ghosh A, Dutta M, Das SK, Sharma M, Chatterjee A. Acidity and oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols over a remote mangrove ecosystem during the advection of anthropogenic plumes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141316. [PMID: 38296213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the acidity and the water-soluble oxidative potential of PM10, during the continental biomass-burning plume transport, a three-year (2018-2020) winter-time campaign was conducted over a pristine island (21.35°N, 88.32°E) of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem situated at the shore of Bay of Bengal. The average PM10 concentration over Sundarban was found to be 98.3 ± 22.2 μg m-3 for the entire study period with a high fraction of non-sea-salt- SO42- and water-soluble organic carbons (WSOC) that originated from the regional solid fuel burning. The thermodynamic E-AIM(IV) model had estimated that the winter-time aerosols over Sundarban were acidic (pH:2.4 ± 0.6) and mainly governed by non-sea-salt-SO42-. The volume and mass normalized oxidative potential of PM10 was found to be 1.81 ± 0.40 nmol DTT min-1 m-3 and 18.4 ± 6.1 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 respectively which are surprisingly higher than several urban atmospheres across the world including IGP. The acid-digested water-soluble transition metals (Cu, Mn) show higher influences in the oxidative potential (under high aerosol acidity) compared to the WSOC. The study revealed that the advection of regional solid fuel burning plume and associated non-sea-salt-SO42- is enhancing aerosol acidity and oxidative stress that in turn alters the intrinsic properties of aerosols over such marine ecosystems rich in ecology and bio-geochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Sanat K Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ebrahimifakhar A, Poursadegh M, Hu Y, Yuill DP, Luo Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of field studies of portable air cleaners: Performance, user behavior, and by-product emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168786. [PMID: 38008326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is important for the health of building occupants, and public interest in controlling indoor airborne pathogens increased dramatically with the COVID-19 pandemic. Pollutant concentrations can be controlled locally using portable air cleaners (sometimes called air purifiers), which allow occupants to apply air cleaning technology to meet their needs in the location and times that they find appropriate. This paper provides a systematic review of scientific literature that describes field studies of the effectiveness of portable air cleaners. Over 500 papers were considered, and 148 were reviewed in detail, to extract 35 specific research results (e.g., particulate removal performance) or characteristics (e.g., type of building). These were aggregated to provide an overview of results and approaches to this type of research, and to provide meta-analyses of the results. The review includes: descriptions of the geographical location of the research; rate of publications over time; types of buildings and occupants in the field study; types of air cleaner technology being tested; pollutants being measured; resulting pollutant removal effectiveness; patterns of usage and potential barriers to usage by occupants; and the potential for by-product emissions in some air cleaner technologies. An example result is that 83 of the 148 papers measured reductions in fine particulates (PM2.5) and found a mean reduction of 49 % with standard deviation of 20 %. The aggregated results were approximately normally distributed, ranging from finding no significant reduction up to a maximum above 90 % reduction. Sixteen of the 148 papers considered gaseous pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone; 36 papers considered biological pollutants, such as bacteria, viruses, pollen, fungi, etc. An important challenge, common to several studies, is that occupants run the air cleaners for shorter periods and on low airflow rate settings, because of concerns about noise, drafts, and electricity cost, which significantly reduces air cleaning effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ebrahimifakhar
- Delos Labs, Delos, New York, NY 10014, USA; Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Mehrdad Poursadegh
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - David P Yuill
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Q, Black MS. Exposure hazards of particles and volatile organic compounds emitted from material extrusion 3D printing: Consolidation of chamber study data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108316. [PMID: 37952412 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected from material extrusion 3D printing, which is widely used in non-industrial environments. This study consolidates data of 447 particle emission and 58 VOC emission evaluations from a chamber study using a standardized testing method with various 3D printing scenarios. The interquartile ranges of the observed emission rates were 109-1011 #/h for particles and 0.2-1.0 mg/h for total VOC. Print material contributed largely to the variations of particle and total VOC emissions and determined the most abundantly emitted VOCs. Printing conditions and filament specifications, included printer brand, print temperature and speed, build plate heating setup, filament brand, color and composite, also affected emissions and resulted in large variations observed in emission profiles. Multiple regression showed that particle emissions were more impacted by various print conditions than VOC emissions. According to indoor exposure modeling, personal and residential exposure scenarios were more likely to result in high exposure levels, often exceeding recommended exposure limits. Hazardous VOCs commonly emitted from 3D printing included aromatics, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters and siloxanes, among which were various carcinogens, irritants and developmental and reproductive toxins. Therefore, 3D printing emits a complex mixture of ultrafine particles and various hazardous chemicals, exposure to which may exceed recommended exposure limits and potentially induce acute, chronic, or developmental health effects for users depending on exposure scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA.
| | - Marilyn S Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou L, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ding Z, Jin H, Zhang T, Zhu B. The interactive effects of extreme temperatures and PM 2.5 pollution on mortalities in Jiangsu Province, China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9479. [PMID: 37301905 PMCID: PMC10257702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to extreme temperatures or fine particles is associated with adverse health outcomes but their interactive effects remain unclear. We aimed to explore the interactions of extreme temperatures and PM2.5 pollution on mortalities. Based on the daily mortality data collected during 2015-2019 in Jiangsu Province, China, we conducted generalized linear models with distributed lag non-linear model to estimate the regional-level effects of cold/hot extremes and PM2.5 pollution. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was evaluated to represent the interaction. The relative risks (RRs) and cumulative relative risks (CRRs) of total and cause-specific mortalities associated with hot extremes were significantly stronger (p < 0.05) than those related to cold extremes across Jiangsu. We identified significantly higher interactions between hot extremes and PM2.5 pollution, with the RERI range of 0.00-1.15. The interactions peaked on ischaemic heart disease (RERI = 1.13 [95%CI: 0.85, 1.41]) in middle Jiangsu. For respiratory mortality, RERIs were higher in females and the less educated. The interaction pattern remained consistent when defining the extremes/pollution with different thresholds. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the interactions between extreme temperatures and PM2.5 pollution on total and cause-specific mortalities. The projected interactions call for public health actions to face the twin challenges, especially the co-appearance of hot extremes and PM pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjia Bridge, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjia Bridge, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borlaza LJS, Uzu G, Ouidir M, Lyon-Caen S, Marsal A, Weber S, Siroux V, Lepeule J, Boudier A, Jaffrezo JL, Slama R. Personal exposure to PM 2.5 oxidative potential and its association to birth outcomes. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:416-426. [PMID: 36369373 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) assessed through its mass concentration has been associated with foetal growth restriction in studies based on outdoor levels. Oxidative potential of PM2.5 (OP) is an emerging metric a priori relevant to mechanisms of action of PM on health, with very limited evidence to indicate its role on birth outcomes. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of OP with birth outcomes and compared it with that of PM2.5 mass concentration. METHODS 405 pregnant women from SEPAGES cohort (Grenoble area) carried PM2.5 personal dosimeters for one or two one-week periods. OP was measured using dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays from the collected filters. Associations of each exposure metric with offspring weight, height, and head circumference at birth were estimated adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The correlation between PM2.5 mass concentration and [Formula: see text] was 0.7. An interquartile range increase in .. was associated with reduced weight (adjusted change, -64 g, -166 to -11, p = 0.02) and height (-4 mm, -6 to -1, p = 0.01) at birth. PM2.5 mass concentration showed similar associations with weight (-53 g, -99 to -8, p = 0.02) and height (-2 mm, -5 to 0, p = 0.05). In birth height models mutually adjusted for the two exposure metrics, the association with [Formula: see text] was less attenuated than that with mass concentration, while for weight both effect sizes attenuated similarly. There was no clear evidence of associations with head circumference for any metric, nor for [Formula: see text] with any growth parameter. IMPACT PM2.5 pregnancy exposure assessed from personal dosimeters was associated with altered foetal growth. Personal OP exposure was associated with foetal growth restrictions, specifically decreased weight and height at birth, possibly to a larger extent than PM2.5 mass concentration alone. These results support OP assessed from DTT as being a health-relevant metric. Larger scale cohort studies are recommended to support our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marion Ouidir
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Anouk Marsal
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuël Weber
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Siroux
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Boudier
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
- Pediatrics, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Q, Weber RJ, Luxton TP, Peloquin DM, Baumann EJ, Black MS. Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160512. [PMID: 36442638 PMCID: PMC10259682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion 3D printing has been widely used in industrial, educational and residential environments, while its exposure health impacts have not been well understood. High levels of ultrafine particles are found being emitted from 3D printing and could pose a hazard when inhaled. However, metals that potentially transfer from filament additives to emitted particles could also add to the exposure hazard, which have not been well characterized for their emissions. This study analyzed metal (and metalloid) compositions of raw filaments and in the emitted particles during printing; studied filaments included pure polymer filaments with metal additives and composite filaments with and without metal powder. Our chamber study found that crustal metals tended to have higher partitioning factors from filaments to emitted particles; silicon was the most abundant element in emitted particles and had the highest yield per filament mass. However, bronze and stainless-steel powder added in composite filaments were less likely to transfer from filament to particle. For some cases, boron, arsenic, manganese, and lead were only detected in particles, which indicated external sources, such as the printers themselves. Heavy metals with health concerns were also detected in emitted particles, while their estimated exposure concentrations in indoor air were below air quality standards and occupational regulations. However, total particle exposure concentrations estimated for indoor environments could exceed ambient air fine particulate standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, GA 30067, USA.
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd P Luxton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Derek M Peloquin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric J Baumann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Marilyn S Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sripada K, Lager AM. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04089. [DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Sripada
- Centre for Digital Life Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Madsen Lager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cecinato A, Bacaloni A, Romagnoli P, Perilli M, Balducci C. Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65904-65923. [PMID: 35876994 PMCID: PMC9492597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signature of airborne particulates and deposition dusts is subject of study since decades. Usually, three complementary composition markers are investigated, namely, (i) specific organic compounds; (ii) concentration ratios between congeners, and (iii) percent distributions of homologs. Due to its intrinsic limits (e.g., variability depending on decomposition and gas/particle equilibrium), the identification of pollution sources based on molecular signatures results overall restricted to qualitative purposes. Nevertheless, chemical fingerprints allow drawing preliminary information, suitable for successfully approaching multivariate analysis and valuing the relative importance of sources. Here, the state-of-the-art is presented about the molecular fingerprints of non-polar aliphatic, polyaromatic (PAHs, nitro-PAHs), and polar (fatty acids, organic halides, polysaccharides) compounds in emissions. Special concern was addressed to alkenes and alkanes with carbon numbers ranging from 12 to 23 and ≥ 24, which displayed distinct relative abundances in petrol-derived spills and exhausts, emissions from microorganisms, high vegetation, and sediments. Long-chain alkanes associated with tobacco smoke were characterized by a peculiar iso/anteiso/normal homolog fingerprint and by n-hentriacontane percentages higher than elsewhere. Several concentration ratios of PAHs were identified as diagnostic of the type of emission, and the sources of uncertainty were elucidated. Despite extensive investigations conducted so far, the origin of uncommon molecular fingerprints, e.g., alkane/alkene relationships in deposition dusts and airborne particles, remains quite unclear. Polar organics resulted scarcely investigated for pollution apportioning purposes, though they looked as indicative of the nature of sources. Finally, the role of humans and living organisms as actual emitters of chemicals seems to need concern in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University Roma-1 “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lim S, Bassey E, Bos B, Makacha L, Varaden D, Arku RE, Baumgartner J, Brauer M, Ezzati M, Kelly FJ, Barratt B. Comparing human exposure to fine particulate matter in low and high-income countries: A systematic review of studies measuring personal PM 2.5 exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155207. [PMID: 35421472 PMCID: PMC7615091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the adverse health effects of air pollution, researchers have advocated for personal exposure measurements whereby individuals carry portable monitors in order to better characterise and understand the sources of people's pollution exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to assess the differences in the magnitude and sources of personal PM2.5 exposures experienced between countries at contrasting levels of income. METHODS This review summarised studies that measured participants personal exposure by carrying a PM2.5 monitor throughout their typical day. Personal PM2.5 exposures were summarised to indicate the distribution of exposures measured within each country income category (based on low (LIC), lower-middle (LMIC), upper-middle (UMIC), and high (HIC) income countries) and between different groups (i.e. gender, age, urban or rural residents). RESULTS From the 2259 search results, there were 140 studies that met our criteria. Overall, personal PM2.5 exposures in HICs were lower compared to other countries, with UMICs exposures being slightly lower than exposures measured in LMICs or LICs. 34% of measured groups in HICs reported below the ambient World Health Organisation 24-h PM2.5 guideline of 15 μg/m3, compared to only 1% of UMICs and 0% of LMICs and LICs. There was no difference between rural and urban participant exposures in HICs, but there were noticeably higher exposures recorded in rural areas compared to urban areas in non-HICs, due to significant household sources of PM2.5 in rural locations. In HICs, studies reported that secondhand smoke, ambient pollution infiltrating indoors, and traffic emissions were the dominant contributors to personal exposures. While, in non-HICs, household cooking and heating with biomass and coal were reported as the most important sources. CONCLUSION This review revealed a growing literature of personal PM2.5 exposure studies, which highlighted a large variability in exposures recorded and severe inequalities in geographical and social population subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Eridiong Bassey
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Brendan Bos
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liberty Makacha
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Place Alert Labs, Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe; Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Diana Varaden
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, UK; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He L, Norris C, Cui X, Li Z, Barkjohn KK, Teng Y, Fang L, Lin L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Hong J, Li F, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Black M, Bergin MH, Zhang JJ. Oral cavity response to air pollutant exposure and association with pulmonary inflammation and symptoms in asthmatic children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112275. [PMID: 34710437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) may lead to inflammation and oxidative damage in the oral cavity, which is hypothesized to contribute to the worsening of airway inflammation and asthma symptoms. In this panel study of 43 asthmatic children aged 5-13 years old, each child had 4 clinic visits with a 2-week interval between two consecutive visits. At each visit, saliva samples were collected and subsequently analyzed for interleukin 6 (IL-6) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) as biomarkers of inflammation and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress in the oral cavity. At each visit, children were measured for fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a marker of pulmonary inflammation. Asthma symptoms of these children were measured using the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT). We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 24-h average personal exposure to PM2.5 measured 1 and 2 days prior was associated with increased salivary IL-6 concentration by 3.0% (95%CI: 0.2%-6.0%) and 4.2% (0.7%-8.0%), respectively. However, we did not find a clear association between personal O3 exposure and any of the salivary biomarkers, except for a negative association between salivary MDA and O3 exposure measured 1 day prior. An IQR increase in salivary IL-6 concentration was associated with significantly increased FeNO by 28.8% (4.3%-53.4%). In addition, we found that increasing salivary IL-6 concentrations were associated with decreased individual and total C-ACT scores, indicating the worsening of asthma symptoms. We estimated that 13.2%-22.2% of the associations of PM2.5 exposure measured 1 day prior with FeNO and C-ACT scores were mediated by salivary IL-6. These findings suggest that the induction of inflammation in the oral cavity may have played a role in linking air pollution exposure with the worsening of airway inflammation and asthma symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Christina Norris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Karoline K Barkjohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yanbo Teng
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianguo Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Li J, Wang G, Ho KF, Han J, Dai W, Wu C, Cao C, Liu L. In-vitro oxidative potential and inflammatory response of ambient PM 2.5 in a rural region of Northwest China: Association with chemical compositions and source contribution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112466. [PMID: 34863982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by atmospheric particles and subsequent inflammatory responses are considered as one of the most important pathological mechanisms with regard to the adverse effects of air pollution exposure. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at a rural site in Guanzhong Basin, Northwest China, in both summer (August 3-23, 2016) and winter (January 5-February 1, 2017). Then, human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to the PM2.5, cultured for 24 h, and then assayed for particle-induced ROS and three inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) in vitro. The oxidative potential (OP) induced by winter PM2.5 samples was higher than that induced by summertime samples, whereas inflammatory values showed contrasting seasonal variations. Both OP and inflammatory factors were significantly correlated with most chemical compounds in winter, but not in summer, which was thought to be related mainly to the higher contribution from secondary aerosols formed during the warm season. Source apportionment results showed secondary aerosols formation have significant contribution to OP of PM2.5 in both seasons, but the dominant oxidation processes is different. Secondary nitrates-related process was the major contributors regulating the OP in winter; however, secondary sulfates formation were mainly responsible for the ROS responses in summer. For primary emission, biomass burning, rather than coal emission or vehicle exhaust, was the significant source for OP of PM2.5 in winter. In most cases, the source contribution of each inflammatory factor was similar to that of the ROS. Our results highlighted the significant health risk of atmospheric aerosols from biomass burning in the rural regions of Guanzhong Basin, Northwest China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lang Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Puthussery JV, Yu H, Liu Y, Salana S, Verma V. Sources of cellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the Midwestern United States. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127777. [PMID: 34838366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and sources of cellular oxidative potential (OP) in the Midwest US. Weekly samples were collected from three urban [Chicago (IL), Indianapolis (IN), and St. Louis (MO)], one rural [Bondville (IL], and one roadside site [Champaign (IL)] for a year (May 2018 to May 2019), and analyzed for water-soluble cellular OP using a macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. Chemical composition of the samples including several carbonaceous components, inorganic ions, and water-soluble elementals, were also analyzed. The emission sources contributing to water-soluble cellular OP and PM2.5 mass were analyzed using positive matrix factorization. The secondary organic aerosols contributed substantially (≥54%) to PM2.5 cellular OP at urban sites, while the roadside and rural OP were dominated by road dust (54%) and agricultural activities (62%), respectively. However, none of these sources contributed substantially to the PM2.5 mass (≤21%). Other sources contributing significantly to the PM2.5 mass, i.e., secondary sulfate and nitrate, biomass burning and coal combustion (14-26%) contributed minimally to the cellular OP (≤13%). Such divergent profiles of the emission sources contributing to cellular OP vs. PM2.5 mass demonstrate the need of considering more health-relevant metrics such as OP in the design of air pollution control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yicen Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stojić A, Jovanović G, Stanišić S, Romanić SH, Šoštarić A, Udovičić V, Perišić M, Milićević T. The PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon behavior in indoor and outdoor environments, part II: Explainable prediction of benzo[a]pyrene levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133154. [PMID: 34871609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) has been considered more relevant than other species when estimating the potential exposure-related health effects and has been recognized as a marker of carcinogenic potency of air pollutant mixture. The current understanding of the factors which govern non-linear behavior of B[a]P and associated pollutants and environmental processes is insufficient and further research has to rely on the advanced analytical approach which averts the assumptions and avoids simplifications required by linear modeling methods. For the purpose of this study, we employed eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) attribution method, and SHAP value fuzzy clustering to investigate the concentrations of inorganic gaseous pollutants, radon, PM2.5 and particle constituents including trace metals, ions, 16 US EPA priority PM2.5-bound PAHs and 31 meteorological variables, as key factors which shape indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound B[a]P distribution in a university building located in the urban area of Belgrade (Serbia). According to the results, the indoor and outdoor B[a]P levels were shown to be highly correlated and mostly influenced by the concentrations of Chry, B[b]F, CO, B[a]A, I[cd]P, B[k]F, Flt, D[ah]A, Pyr, B[ghi]P, Cr, As, and PM2.5 in both indoor and outdoor environments. Besides, high B[a]P concentration events were recorded during the periods of low ambient temperature (<12 °C), unstable weather conditions with precipitation and increased soil humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Stojić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Stanišić
- Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 2 Ksaverska Cesta Street, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrej Šoštarić
- Institute of Public Health Belgrade, 54 Despota Stefana Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Udovičić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Perišić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Milićević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu Y, Song X, Wu R, Fang J, Liu L, Wang T, Liu S, Xu H, Huang W. A review on reducing indoor particulate matter concentrations from personal-level air filtration intervention under real-world exposure situations. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1707-1721. [PMID: 34374125 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Improving air quality in indoor environments where people live is of importance to protect human health. In this systematic review, we assessed the effectiveness of personal-level use of air filtration units in reducing indoor particulate matters (PM) concentrations under real-world situations following systematic review guidelines. A total of 54 articles were included in the review, in which 20 randomized controlled/crossover trials that reported the changes in indoor fine PM (PM2.5 ) concentrations were quantitatively assessed in meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for changes in indoor PM concentrations following air filtration interventions. Moderate-to-large reductions of 11%-82% in indoor PM2.5 concentrations were observed with SMD of -1.19 (95% CI: -1.50, -0.88). The reductions in indoor PM concentrations varied by geographical locations, filtration technology employed, indoor environmental characteristics, and air pollution sources. Most studies were graded with low-to-moderate risk of bias; however, the overall certainty of evidence for indoor PM concentration reductions was graded at very low level. Considering the effectiveness of indoor air filtration under practical uses, socio-economic disparities across study populations, and costs of air filter replacement over time, our results highlight the importance of reducing air pollution exposure at the sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Varaden D, Leidland E, Lim S, Barratt B. "I am an air quality scientist"- Using citizen science to characterise school children's exposure to air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111536. [PMID: 34166662 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. To tackle this issue and implement effective strategies to reduce child exposure, it is important to understand how children are exposed to this risk. This study followed a citizen science approach to air pollution monitoring, aiming to characterise school children's exposure to air pollution and to analyse how a citizen science approach to data collection could contribute to and enhance the research process. 258 children across five London primary schools attended air pollution education sessions and measured air pollution for a week using backpacks with built-in air quality sensors. Children received a summary of the results, advice and information on how to reduce exposure to air pollution. Data on the impact of the approach on the school community were collected using surveys and focus groups with children and their parents and interviews with the teachers involved. The unique data set obtained permitted us to map different routes and modes of transport used by the children and quantify different exposure levels. We identified that, on average, children were exposed to higher levels of air pollution when travelling to and from school, particularly during the morning journey where air pollution levels were on average 52% higher than exposures at school. Children who walked to and from school through busy main roads were exposed to 33% higher levels of air pollution than those who travelled through back streets. The findings from this study showed that using a citizen science approach to data collection, where children are actively involved in the research process, not only facilitated the gathering of a large data set by encouraging participation and stimulating adherence with the study protocol, but also increased children's awareness of air pollution, encouraging them to adopt positive behaviour changes to reduce their exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Varaden
- NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ , UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; School of Public Health, Imperial College London Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering HubWhite City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK; School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, FWB Room 4.189, (Corridor B) 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Einar Leidland
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, FWB Room 4.189, (Corridor B) 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Shanon Lim
- NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ , UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, FWB Room 4.189, (Corridor B) 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ , UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; School of Public Health, Imperial College London Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering HubWhite City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK; School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, FWB Room 4.189, (Corridor B) 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lai A, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ, Rudich Y, Pardo M. Cytotoxicity and chemical composition of women's personal PM 2.5 exposures from rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2021; 1:359-371. [PMID: 34604754 PMCID: PMC8459644 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Personal exposure PM samples aid in determining the sources and chemical composition of real-world exposures, particularly in settings with household air pollution. However, their use in toxicological research is limited, despite uncertainty regarding health effects in these settings and evidence of differential toxicity among PM2.5 sources and components. This study used women's PM2.5 exposure samples collected using personal exposure monitoring in rural villages in three Chinese provinces (Beijing, Shanxi, and Sichuan) during summer and winter. Water-soluble organic carbon, ions, elements, and organic tracers (e.g. levoglucosan and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) were quantified in water and organic PM2.5 extracts. Human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to the extracts. Cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and gene expression were measured. Biomass burning contributions were higher in Sichuan samples than in Beijing or Shanxi. Some PM characteristics (total PAHs and coal combustion source contributions) and biological effects of organic extract exposures (cell death, ROS, and cytokine gene expression) shared a common trend of higher levels and effects in winter than in summer for Shanxi and Beijing but no seasonal differences in Sichuan. Modulation of phase I/AhR-related genes (cyp1a1 and cyp1b1) and phase II/oxidative stress-related genes (HO-1, SOD1/2, NQO-1, and catalase) was either low or insignificant, without clear trends between samples. No significant cell death or ROS production was observed for water extract treatments among all sites and seasons, even at possible higher concentrations tested. These results support organic components, particularly PAHs, as essential drivers of biological effects, which is consistent with some other evidence from ambient PM2.5. Direct measurement with personal samplers captures the chemical complexity of PM2.5 exposures better than fixed monitors. To investigate biological effects, lung cells were exposed to extracts of exposure PM2.5 samples.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Implications of Nonstationary Effect on Geographically Weighted Total Least Squares Regression for PM 2.5 Estimation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137115. [PMID: 34281053 PMCID: PMC8297035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Land use regression (LUR) models are used for high-resolution air pollution assessment. These models use independent parameters based on an assumption that these parameters are accurate and invariable; however, they are observational parameters derived from measurements or modeling. Therefore, the parameters are commonly inaccurate, with nonstationary effects and variable characteristics. In this study, we propose a geographically weighted total least squares regression (GWTLSR) to model air pollution under various traffic, land use, and meteorological parameters. To improve performance, the proposed model considers the dependent and independent variables as observational parameters. The GWTLSR applies weighted total least squares in order to take into account the variable characteristics and inaccuracies of observational parameters. Moreover, the proposed model considers the nonstationary effects of parameters through geographically weighted regression (GWR). We examine the proposed model’s capabilities for predicting daily PM2.5 concentration in Isfahan, Iran. Isfahan is a city with severe air pollution that suffers from insufficient data for modeling air pollution with conventional LUR techniques. The advantages of the model features, including consideration of the variable characteristics and inaccuracies of predictors, are precisely evaluated by comparing the GWTLSR model with ordinary least squares (OLS) and GWR models. The R2 values estimated by the GWTLSR model during the spring and autumn are 0.84 and 0.91, respectively. The corresponding average R2 values estimated by the OLS model during the spring and autumn are 0.74 and 0.69, respectively, and the R2 values estimated by the GWR model are 0.76 and 0.70, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed functional model efficiently described the physical nature of the relationships among air pollutants and independent variables.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang B, Zeng H, Zhang L, Wang H, Liu J, Hao K, Zheng G, Wang M, Wang Q, Yang W. Toxic metals in outdoor/indoor airborne PM 2.5 in port city of Northern, China: Characteristics, sources, and personal exposure risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116937. [PMID: 33756243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor and indoor PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected over four seasons (2017-2018) in Caofeidian, China, and analyzed for 15 elements to investigate the characteristics, sources, and health risks of PM2.5-bound metals. Source-specific PM2.5-bound metals were analyzed using positive matrix factorization, combined with the conditional probability function and potential source contribution function model. The health risks were evaluated using the health risk assessment model, which included the exposure parameters of indoor and outdoor activities of Chinese residents. The annual median of PM2.5 concentrations (89.68 μg/m3) and total metals (2.67 μg/m3) from the outdoor samples significantly surpassed that of the indoor samples (51.56 μg/m3) and total metals (1.51 μg/m3) (P < 0.05). In addition, the indoor/outdoor concentration ratios indicated that most indoor metals mainly originated from outdoor emission sources. In the annual analysis of PM2.5-bound metal sources, this study identified five metal sources: coal combustion, resuspended dust, traffic emissions, fuel combustion sources, and industrial sources, among which industry sources (36.6%) contributed the most. The non-carcinogenic risks of metals for adults (2.81) and children (2.80) all exceed the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level (1). The non-carcinogenic risk of Mn (1.46 for children, 1.48 for adults) was a key factor in the total non-carcinogenic risk. The total carcinogenic risk of metals for children (3.75 × 10-5) was above the acceptable level (1.0 × 10-6) but within the tolerant limit (1.0 × 10-4), and that for adults (1.48 × 10-4) was above the tolerant limit. The lifetime carcinogenic risk of Cr6+ had the highest proportion of the total carcinogenic risk for children (87.5%) and adults (87.8%). Our results revealed that both adults and children suffered carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from the PM2.5-bound metals in Caofeidian. The corresponding emission control measures of metals in atmosphere should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Kelu Hao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Guoying Zheng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China.
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He L, Norris C, Cui X, Li Z, Barkjohn KK, Teng Y, Fang L, Lin L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Hong J, Li F, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Black M, Bergin MH, Zhang JJ. Role of endogenous melatonin in pathophysiologic and oxidative stress responses to personal air pollutant exposures in asthmatic children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145709. [PMID: 33940766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightening oxidative stress and inflammation is an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying air pollution health effects in people with asthma. Melatonin can suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in pulmonary and circulatory systems. However, the role of melatonin in the oxidative stress and physiological responses to air pollution exposure has not been examined in children with asthma. METHODS In this panel study of 43 asthmatic children (5-13 years old), each child had 4 clinic visits with a 2-week interval between two consecutive visits. At each visit, urine samples were collected and subsequently analyzed for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) as a surrogate of circulating melatonin and for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as two biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress. At each clinic visit, children were measured for pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO, a marker of pulmonary inflammation). None of the children reported to have taking melatonin supplementation. Concentrations of indoor and ambient PM2.5 and ozone (O3) were combined with individual time-activity data to calculate personal air pollutant exposures. RESULTS We found that interquartile range increases in urinary MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations were associated with significantly increased urinary aMT6s concentrations by 73.4% (95% CI: 52.6% to 97.0%) and 41.7% (22.8% to 63.4%), respectively. Increases in daily personal exposure to O3 and to PM2.5 were each associated with increased urinary aMT6s concentrations. Increasing urinary aMT6s concentrations were associated with decreased FeNO and resonant frequency, indicating improved airway inflammation and lung elasticity, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggest that systemic oxidative stress heightened by air pollution exposure may stimulate melatonin excretion as a defense mechanism to alleviate the adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina Norris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Karoline K Barkjohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yanbo Teng
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheek E, Guercio V, Shrubsole C, Dimitroulopoulou S. Portable air purification: Review of impacts on indoor air quality and health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142585. [PMID: 33121763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature review was carried out to examine the impact of portable air purifiers (PAPs) on indoor air quality (PM2.5) and health, focussing on adults and children in indoor environments (homes, schools and offices). Analysed studies all showed reductions in PM2.5 of between 22.6 and 92.0% with the use of PAPs when compared to the control. Associations with health impacts found included those on blood pressure, respiratory parameters and pregnancy outcomes. Changes in clinical biochemical markers were also identified. However, evidence for such associations was limited and inconsistent. Health benefits from a reduction in PM2.5 would be expected as the cumulative body of scientific evidence from various cohort studies shows positive impacts of long-term reduction in PM2.5 concentrations. The current evidence demonstrates that using a PAP results in short-term reductions in PM2.5 in the indoor environment, which has the potential to offer health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cheek
- Air Quality and Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Guercio
- Air Quality and Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Shrubsole
- Air Quality and Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Air Quality and Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
He L, Norris C, Cui X, Li Z, Barkjohn KK, Brehmer C, Teng Y, Fang L, Lin L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Hong J, Li F, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Black M, Bergin MH, Zhang JJ. Personal Exposure to PM 2.5 Oxidative Potential in Association with Pulmonary Pathophysiologic Outcomes in Children with Asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3101-3111. [PMID: 33555874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with a higher oxidative potential has been thought to be more detrimental to pulmonary health. We aim to investigate the associations between personal exposure to PM2.5 oxidative potential and pulmonary outcomes in asthmatic children. We measured each of the 43 asthmatic children 4 times for airway mechanics, lung function, airway inflammation, and asthma symptom scores. Coupling measured indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 mass, constituents, and oxidative potential with individual time-activity data, we calculated 24 h average personal exposures 0-3 days prior to a health outcome measurement. We found that increases in daily personal exposure to PM2.5 oxidative potential were significantly associated with increased small, large, and total airway resistance, increased airway impedance, decreased lung function, and worsened scores of individual asthma symptoms and the total symptom score. Among the PM2.5 constituents, organic matters largely of indoor origin contributed the greatest to PM2.5 oxidative potential. Given that the variability in PM2.5 oxidative potential was a stronger driver than PM2.5 mass for the variability in the respiratory health outcomes, it is suggested to reduce PM2.5 oxidative potential, particularly by reducing the organic matter constituent of indoor PM2.5, as a targeted source control strategy in asthma management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christina Norris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Karoline K Barkjohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Collin Brehmer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,United States
| | - Yanbo Teng
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,United States
| | - Marilyn Black
- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc, Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stanišić S, Perišić M, Jovanović G, Milićević T, Romanić SH, Jovanović A, Šoštarić A, Udovičić V, Stojić A. The PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon behavior in indoor and outdoor environments, part I: Emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110520. [PMID: 33259787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The previous research, aimed at exploring the relationships between the indoor and outdoor air quality, has evidenced that outdoor PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) levels exhibit significant daily and seasonal variations which does not necessary corresponds with PAH indoor dynamics. For the purpose of this study, a three-month measurement campaign was performed simultaneously at indoor and outdoor sampling sites of a university building in an urban area of Belgrade (Serbia), during which the concentrations of O3, CO, SO2, NOx, radon, PM2.5 and particle constituents including trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb), ions (Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) and 16 US EPA priority PAHs were determined. Additionally, the analysis included 31 meteorological parameters, out of which 24 were obtained from Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS1) database. The Unmix and PAH diagnostic ratios analysis resolved the source profiles for both indoor and outdoor environment, which are comparable in terms of their apportionments and pollutant shares, although it should be emphasized that ratio-implied solutions should be taken with caution since these values do not reflect emission sources only. The highest contributions to air quality were attributed to sources identified as coal combustion and related pyrogenic processes. Noticeable correlations were observed between 5- and 6-ring high molecular weight PAHs, but, except for CO, no significant linear dependencies with other investigated variables were identified. The PAH level predictions in the indoor and outdoor environment was performed by using machine learning XGBoost method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Stanišić
- Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Mirjana Perišić
- Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tijana Milićević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 2 Ksaverska Cesta Street, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Aleksandar Jovanović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Andrej Šoštarić
- Institute of Public Health Belgrade, 54 Despota Stefana Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Udovičić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Andreja Stojić
- Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kogianni E, Samara C, Lialiaris T. Genotoxicity induced in vitro by water-soluble indoor PM 2.5 fractions in relation to heavy metal concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:82. [PMID: 33486539 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the genotoxicity induced by water-soluble fractions of particulate matter (PM) and its potential relation with heavy metals. For this purpose, the genotoxicity induced on human peripheral lymphocytes by water-soluble PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) collected from the indoor air of various workplaces in Greece (n = 20), was examined by the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) induction assay and assessed in relation to the concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, and Cd. The number of SCEs per metaphase (SCEs/metaphase), as an indicator of genotoxicity, the proliferation rate index (PRI), as an indicator of cytostaticity, and the mitotic index (MI), as an indicator of cytotoxicity, were measured and assessed in three water-soluble fractions of PM2.5: the total water-soluble fraction WSA (filtered through 0.45 μm), the dissolved fraction WSB (filtered through 0.22 μm), and the non-chelexed dissolved fraction WSC (filtered through Chelex-100 resin). Results showed statistically significant number of SCEs/metaphase in all water-soluble PM2.5 fractions in relation to the control with large variabilities across the workplaces as a result of variations in indoor conditions, sources, and/or activities. The concentrations of genotoxicity were evaluated in terms of mass-normalized genotoxicity (SCEs/mg PM2.5), that represents the genotoxic potency of particles, and air volume-normalized genotoxicity (SCEs/m3 air), that reflects the inhalation risk for people working or spending much time in these microenvironments. Correlation and linear regression analyses were further employed in order to investigate the potential relationships between genotoxicity and the water-soluble concentrations of PM2.5-bounded heavy metals. According to the results, the highest mass-normalized genotoxicity values were found for PM2.5 from the photocopying center, whereas the highest air volume-normalized genotoxicity was found in tavern-2. Significant positive correlations between the genotoxicity and water-soluble metals were derived, highlighting the role that heavy metals play in the genotoxicity of indoor PM2.5. Among the targeted metals, Zn and Pb were found to be good predictors of the genotoxicity of water-soluble PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kogianni
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - C Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Th Lialiaris
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Barkjohn KK, Norris C, Cui X, Fang L, Zheng T, Schauer JJ, Li Z, Zhang Y, Black M, Zhang JJ, Bergin MH. Real-time measurements of PM 2.5 and ozone to assess the effectiveness of residential indoor air filtration in Shanghai homes. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:74-87. [PMID: 32649780 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Portable air cleaners are increasingly used in polluted areas in an attempt to reduce human exposure; however, there has been limited work characterizing their effectiveness at reducing exposure. With this in mind, we recruited forty-three children with asthma from suburban Shanghai and deployed air cleaners (with HEPA and activated carbon filters) in their bedrooms. During both 2-week filtration and non-filtration periods, low-cost PM2.5 and O3 air monitors were used to measure pollutants indoors, outdoors, and for personal exposure. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were reduced substantially with the use of air cleaners, from 34 ± 17 to 10 ± 8 µg/m3 , with roughly 80% of indoor PM2.5 estimated to come from outdoor sources. Personal exposure to PM2.5 was reduced from 40 ± 17 to 25 ± 14 µg/m3 . The more modest reductions in personal exposure and high contribution of outdoor PM2.5 to indoor concentrations highlight the need to reduce outdoor PM2.5 and/or to clean indoor air in multiple locations. Indoor O3 concentrations were generally low (mean = 8±4 ppb), and no significant difference was seen by filtration status. The concentrations of pollutants and the air cleaner effectiveness were highly variable over time and across homes, highlighting the usefulness of real-time air monitors for understanding individual exposure reduction strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Norris
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lin Fang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongshu Zheng
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Shi, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barkjohn KK, Norris C, Cui X, Fang L, He L, Schauer JJ, Zhang Y, Black M, Zhang J, Bergin MH. Children's microenvironmental exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone and the impact of indoor air filtration. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:971-980. [PMID: 32963288 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In highly polluted urban areas, personal exposure to PM2.5 and O3 occur daily in various microenvironments. Identifying which microenvironments contribute most to exposure can pinpoint effective exposure reduction strategies and mitigate adverse health impacts. METHODS This work uses real-time sensors to assess the exposures of children with asthma (N = 39) in Shanghai, quantifying microenvironmental exposure to PM2.5 and O3. An air cleaner was deployed in participants' bedrooms where we hypothesized exposure could be most efficiently reduced. Monitoring occurred for two 48-h periods: one with bedroom filtration (portable air cleaner with HEPA and activated carbon filters) and the other without. RESULTS Children spent 91% of their time indoors with the majority spent in their bedroom (47%). Without filtration, the bedroom and classroom environments were the largest contributors to PM2.5 exposure. With filtration, bedroom PM2.5 exposure was reduced by 75% (45% of total exposure). Although filtration status did not impact O3, the largest contribution of O3 exposure also came from the bedroom. CONCLUSIONS Actions taken to reduce bedroom PM2.5 and O3 concentrations can most efficiently reduce total exposure. As real-time pollutant monitors become more accessible, similar analyses can be used to evaluate new interventions and optimize exposure reductions for a variety of populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline K Barkjohn
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Christina Norris
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lin Fang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linchen He
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin at Madison, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Marilyn Black
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 2211 Newmarket Parkway, Marietta, GA, 30067, USA
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
He L, Cui X, Li Z, Teng Y, Barkjohn KK, Norris C, Fang L, Lin L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Hong J, Li F, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Black M, Bergin MH, Zhang JJ. Malondialdehyde in Nasal Fluid: A Biomarker for Monitoring Asthma Control in Relation to Air Pollution Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11405-11413. [PMID: 32822160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) may exert oxidative damage in the nose, which is hypothesized to be associated with worsened asthma symptoms. This study, hence, is to explore whether an oxidative stress biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA) in the nasal fluid, has the potential to aid personalized asthma control. In a panel study of 43 asthmatic children, 5-13 years old, each child was measured 4 times with a 2-week interval between consecutive clinic visits. At each visit, nasal fluid and urine samples were collected, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured as a biomarker of pulmonary inflammation. In addition to nasal MDA, urinary MDA and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured as biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress. We also assessed asthma symptoms using the Childhood Asthma-Control Test (C-ACT). We found that interquartile range (IQR) increases in 24 h average personal PM2.5 exposure (22.2-33.5 μg/m3), estimated 0 to 5 days prior to a clinic visit, were associated with increased nasal MDA concentrations by 38.6-54.9%. Similarly, IQR increases in 24 h average personal O3 exposure (7.7-8.2 ppb) estimated 2 to 4 days prior were associated with increased nasal MDA by 22.1-69.4%. Only increased PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased FeNO. Increased nasal MDA concentration was associated with decreased total and individual C-ACT scores, indicating worsening of asthma symptoms. However, no significant associations were observed between urinary MDA or 8-OHdG and C-ACT scores. The results confirm that oxidative stress plays an important role in linking air pollution exposure and adverse respiratory health effects. These findings support that MDA in the nasal fluid may serve as a useful biomarker for monitoring asthma status, especially in relation to PM2.5 and O3 exposures, two known risk factors of asthma exacerbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanbo Teng
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, China
| | - Karoline K Barkjohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christina Norris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianguo Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marilyn Black
- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc, Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.
Collapse
|