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Attar AG, Paturej J, Banigan EJ, Erbaş A. Chromatin phase separation and nuclear shape fluctuations are correlated in a polymer model of the nucleus. Nucleus 2024; 15:2351957. [PMID: 38753956 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2351957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cell nuclear shapes are hallmarks of diseases, including progeria, muscular dystrophy, and many cancers. Experiments have shown that disruption of heterochromatin and increases in euchromatin lead to nuclear deformations, such as blebs and ruptures. However, the physical mechanisms through which chromatin governs nuclear shape are poorly understood. To investigate how heterochromatin and euchromatin might govern nuclear morphology, we studied chromatin microphase separation in a composite coarse-grained polymer and elastic shell simulation model. By varying chromatin density, heterochromatin composition, and heterochromatin-lamina interactions, we show how the chromatin phase organization may perturb nuclear shape. Increasing chromatin density stabilizes the lamina against large fluctuations. However, increasing heterochromatin levels or heterochromatin-lamina interactions enhances nuclear shape fluctuations by a "wetting"-like interaction. In contrast, fluctuations are insensitive to heterochromatin's internal structure. Our simulations suggest that peripheral heterochromatin accumulation could perturb nuclear morphology, while nuclear shape stabilization likely occurs through mechanisms other than chromatin microphase organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Goktug Attar
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Edward J Banigan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aykut Erbaş
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Chorzów, Poland
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2
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Li Y, Chen M, Chang W. Roles of the nucleus in leukocyte migration. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:771-783. [PMID: 35916042 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0622-473rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes patrol our bodies in search of pathogens and migrate to sites of injury in response to various stimuli. Rapid and directed leukocyte motility is therefore crucial to our immunity. The nucleus is the largest and stiffest cellular organelle and a mechanical obstacle for migration through constrictions. However, the nucleus is also essential for 3D cell migration. Here, we review the roles of the nucleus in leukocyte migration, focusing on how cells deform their nuclei to aid cell motility and the contributions of the nucleus to cell migration. We discuss the regulation of the nuclear biomechanics by the nuclear lamina and how it, together with the cytoskeleton, modulates the shapes of leukocyte nuclei. We then summarize the functions of nesprins and SUN proteins in leukocytes and discuss how forces are exerted on the nucleus. Finally, we examine the mechanical roles of the nucleus in cell migration, including its roles in regulating the direction of migration and path selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Mengqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wakam Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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3
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Christodoulou A, Maimaris G, Makrigiorgi A, Charidemou E, Lüchtenborg C, Ververis A, Georgiou R, Lederer CW, Haffner C, Brügger B, Santama N. TMEM147 interacts with lamin B receptor, regulates its localization and levels, and affects cholesterol homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245357. [PMID: 32694168 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The structurally and functionally complex endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hosts critical processes including lipid synthesis. Here, we focus on the functional characterization of transmembrane protein TMEM147, and report that it localizes at the ER and nuclear envelope in HeLa cells. Silencing of TMEM147 drastically reduces the level of lamin B receptor (LBR) at the inner nuclear membrane and results in mistargeting of LBR to the ER. LBR possesses a modular structure and corresponding bifunctionality, acting in heterochromatin organization via its N-terminus and in cholesterol biosynthesis via its sterol-reductase C-terminal domain. We show that TMEM147 physically interacts with LBR, and that the C-terminus of LBR is essential for their functional interaction. We find that TMEM147 also physically interacts with the key sterol reductase DHCR7, which is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Similar to what was seen for LBR, TMEM147 downregulation results in a sharp decline of DHCR protein levels and co-ordinate transcriptional decreases of LBR and DHCR7 expression. Consistent with this, lipidomic analysis upon TMEM147 silencing identified changes in cellular cholesterol levels, cholesteryl ester levels and profile, and in cellular cholesterol uptake, raising the possibility that TMEM147 is an important new regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in cells.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Christodoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giannis Maimaris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andri Makrigiorgi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evelina Charidemou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antonis Ververis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Renos Georgiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christof Haffner
- Institute of Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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4
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Ishii H, Park WY, So J, Kuhn S, Koparde VN, Pang Y, Greten TF, Hollander MC, Yang L. Loss of myeloid-specific lamin A/C drives lung metastasis through Gfi-1 and C/EBPε-mediated granulocytic differentiation. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:679-690. [PMID: 31912614 PMCID: PMC7282947 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment promotes metastatic spread and outgrowth. One of the major contributors is tumor-associated myeloid cells. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating their differentiation and function are not well understood. Here we report lamin A/C, a nuclear lamina protein associated with chromatin remodeling, was one of the critical regulators in cellular reprogramming of tumor-associated myeloid cells. Using myeloid-specific lamin A/C knockout mice and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse models, we discovered that the loss of lamin A/C drives CD11b+ Ly6G+ granulocytic lineage differentiation, alters the production of inflammatory chemokines, decreases host antitumor immunity, and increases metastasis. The underlying mechanisms involve an increased H3K4me3 leading to the upregulation of transcription factors (TFs) Gfi-1 and C/EBPε. Decreased lamin A/C and increased Gfi-1 and C/EBPε were also found in the granulocytic subset in the peripheral blood of human cancer patients. Our data provide a mechanistic understanding of myeloid lineage differentiation and function in the immune-suppressive microenvironment in TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishii
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Woo-Yong Park
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jaeyoung So
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Skyler Kuhn
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Vishal N Koparde
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Yanli Pang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tim F Greten
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M Christine Hollander
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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5
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Dutta S, Bhattacharyya M, Sengupta K. Changes in the Nuclear Envelope in Laminopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1112:31-38. [PMID: 30637688 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Double-membrane-bound nucleus is the major organelle of every metazoan cell, which controls various nuclear processes like chromatin maintenance, DNA replication, transcription and nucleoskeleton-cytoskeleton coupling. Nuclear homeostasis depends on the integrity of nuclear membrane and associated proteins. Lamins, underlying the inner nuclear membrane (INM), play a crucial role in maintaining nuclear homeostasis. In this review, we have focussed on the disruption of nuclear homeostasis due to lamin A/C mutation which produces a plethora of diseases, termed as laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Dutta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Salvermoser M, Begandt D, Alon R, Walzog B. Nuclear Deformation During Neutrophil Migration at Sites of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2680. [PMID: 30505310 PMCID: PMC6250837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is indispensable for various biological processes including angiogenesis, wound healing, and immunity. In general, there are two different migration modes described, the mesenchymal migration mode and the amoeboid migration mode. Neutrophils rapidly migrate toward the sites of injury, infection, and inflammation using the amoeboid migration mode which is characterized by cell polarization and a high migration velocity. During site-directed trafficking of neutrophils from the blood stream into the inflamed tissue, neutrophils must first withstand shear stress while migrating on the 2-dimensional endothelial surface. Subsequently, they have to cross different physical barriers during the extravasation process including the squeezing through the compact endothelial monolayer that comprises the blood vessel, the underlining basement membrane and then the 3-dimensional meshwork of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the tissue. Therefore, neutrophils have to rapidly switch between distinct migration modes such as intraluminal crawling, transmigration, and interstitial migration to pass these different confinements and mechanical barriers. The nucleus is the largest and stiffest organelle in every cell and is therefore the key cellular element involved in cellular migration through variable confinements. This review highlights the importance of nuclear deformation during neutrophil crossing of such confinements, with a focus on transendothelial migration and interstitial migration. We discuss the key molecular components involved in the nuclear shape changes that underlie neutrophil motility and squeezing through cellular and ECM barriers. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms that orchestrate these distinct neutrophil migration modes introduces an opportunity to develop new therapeutic concepts for controlling pathological neutrophil-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Salvermoser
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniela Begandt
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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7
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Buxboim A, Irianto J, Swift J, Athirasala A, Shin JW, Rehfeldt F, Discher DE. Coordinated increase of nuclear tension and lamin-A with matrix stiffness outcompetes lamin-B receptor that favors soft tissue phenotypes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3333-3348. [PMID: 28931598 PMCID: PMC5687034 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix stiffness that is sensed by a cell or measured by a purely physical probe reflects the intrinsic elasticity of the matrix and also how thick or thin the matrix is. Here, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their nuclei spread in response to thickness-corrected matrix microelasticity, with increases in nuclear tension and nuclear stiffness resulting from increases in myosin-II and lamin-A,C. Linearity between the widely varying projected area of a cell and its nucleus across many matrices, timescales, and myosin-II activity levels indicates a constant ratio of nucleus-to-cell volume, despite MSCs' lineage plasticity. Nuclear envelope fluctuations are suppressed on the stiffest matrices, and fluctuation spectra reveal a high nuclear tension that matches trends from traction force microscopy and from increased lamin-A,C. Transcriptomes of many diverse tissues and MSCs further show that lamin-A,C's increase with tissue or matrix stiffness anti-correlates with lamin-B receptor (LBR), which contributes to lipid/sterol biosynthesis. Adipogenesis (a soft lineage) indeed increases LBR:lamin-A,C protein stoichiometry in MSCs versus osteogenesis (stiff). The two factors compete for lamin-B in response to matrix elasticity, knockdown, myosin-II inhibition, and even constricted migration that disrupts and segregates lamins in situ. Matrix stiffness-driven contractility thus tenses the nucleus to favor lamin-A,C accumulation and suppress soft tissue phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Buxboim
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department/Graduate Group of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joe Swift
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Florian Rehfeldt
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department/Graduate Group of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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8
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Lukášová E, Kovarˇík A, Bacˇíková A, Falk M, Kozubek S. Loss of lamin B receptor is necessary to induce cellular senescence. Biochem J 2017; 474:281-300. [PMID: 27760841 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transition to senescence is associated with extensive chromatin reorganization and changes in gene expression. Recent studies appear to imply an association of lamin B1 (LB1) reduction with chromatin rearrangement in human fibroblasts promoted to senescence, while the mechanisms and structural features of these relationships have not yet been clarified. In this work, we examined the functions of LB1 and the lamin B receptor (LBR) in human cancer cells. We found that both LB1 and LBR tend to deplete during cancer cell transfer to senescence by γ-irradiation. A functional study employing silencing of LBR by small hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) constructs revealed reduced LB1 levels suggesting that the regulation of both proteins is interrelated. The reduced expression of LBR resulted in the relocation of centromeric heterochromatin (CSH) from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) to the nucleoplasm and is associated with its unfolding. This indicates that LBR tethers heterochromatin to INM in cycling cancer cells and that LB1 is an integral part of this tethering. Down-regulation of LBR and LB1 at the onset of senescence are thus necessary for the release of heterochromatin binding to lamina, resulting in changes in chromatin architecture and gene expression. However, the senescence phenotype was not manifested in cell lines with reduced LBR and LB1 expression suggesting that other factors, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, are needed to trigger senescence. We conclude that the primary response of cells to various stresses leading to senescence consists of the down-regulation of LBR and LB1 to attain reversal of the chromatin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lukášová
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Kovarˇík
- Department of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bacˇíková
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Falk
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kozubek
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
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9
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Malu K, Garhwal R, Pelletier MGH, Gotur D, Halene S, Zwerger M, Yang ZF, Rosmarin AG, Gaines P. Cooperative Activity of GABP with PU.1 or C/EBPε Regulates Lamin B Receptor Gene Expression, Implicating Their Roles in Granulocyte Nuclear Maturation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:910-22. [PMID: 27342846 PMCID: PMC5022553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear segmentation is a hallmark feature of mammalian neutrophil differentiation, but the mechanisms that control this process are poorly understood. Gene expression in maturing neutrophils requires combinatorial actions of lineage-restricted and more widely expressed transcriptional regulators. Examples include interactions of the widely expressed ETS transcription factor, GA-binding protein (GABP), with the relatively lineage-restricted E-twenty-six (ETS) factor, PU.1, and with CCAAT enhancer binding proteins, C/EBPα and C/EBPε. Whether such cooperative interactions between these transcription factors also regulate the expression of genes encoding proteins that control nuclear segmentation is unclear. We investigated the roles of ETS and C/EBP family transcription factors in regulating the gene encoding the lamin B receptor (LBR), an inner nuclear membrane protein whose expression is required for neutrophil nuclear segmentation. Although C/EBPε was previously shown to bind the Lbr promoter, surprisingly, we found that neutrophils derived from Cebpe null mice exhibited normal Lbr gene and protein expression. Instead, GABP provided transcriptional activation through the Lbr promoter in the absence of C/EBPε, and activities supported by GABP were greatly enhanced by either C/EBPε or PU.1. Both GABP and PU.1 bound Ets sites in the Lbr promoter in vitro, and in vivo within both early myeloid progenitors and differentiating neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that GABP, PU.1, and C/EBPε cooperate to control transcription of the gene encoding LBR, a nuclear envelope protein that is required for the characteristic lobulated morphology of mature neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Malu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Rahul Garhwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Margery G H Pelletier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Deepali Gotur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Monika Zwerger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Zhong-Fa Yang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Alan G Rosmarin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Peter Gaines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854;
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10
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Carvalho LO, Aquino EN, Neves ACD, Fontes W. The Neutrophil Nucleus and Its Role in Neutrophilic Function. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1831-6. [PMID: 25727365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell nucleus plays a key role in differentiation processes in eukaryotic cells. It is not the nucleus in particular, but the organization of the genes and their remodeling that provides the data for the adjustments to be made according to the medium. The neutrophil nucleus has a different morphology. It is a multi-lobed nucleus where some researchers argue no longer function. However, studies indicate that it is very probable the occurrence of chromatin remodeling during activation steps. It may be that the human neutrophil nucleus also contributes to the mobility of neutrophils through thin tissue spaces. Questions like these will be discussed in this small review. The topics include morphology of human neutrophil nucleus, maturation process and modifications of the neutrophil nucleus, neutrophil activation and chromatin modifications, causes and consequences of multi-lobulated segmented morphology, and importance of the nucleus in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Olivieri Carvalho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry (Proteomics Research), University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elaine Nascimento Aquino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry (Proteomics Research), University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Dias Neves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry (Proteomics Research), University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry (Proteomics Research), University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasília, Brazil
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11
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Way M. 2015 Winner: Monika Zwerger. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1083-4. [PMID: 27442112 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Sola Carvajal A, McKenna T, Wallén Arzt E, Eriksson M. Overexpression of Lamin B Receptor Results in Impaired Skin Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128917. [PMID: 26053873 PMCID: PMC4459694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare segmental progeroid disorder commonly caused by a point mutation in the LMNA gene that results in the increased activation of an intra-exonic splice site and the production of a truncated lamin A protein, named progerin. In our previous work, induced murine epidermal expression of this specific HGPS LMNA mutation showed impaired keratinocyte differentiation and upregulated lamin B receptor (LBR) expression in suprabasal keratinocytes. Here, we have developed a novel transgenic animal model with induced overexpression of LBR in the interfollicular epidermis. LBR overexpression resulted in epidermal hypoplasia, along with the downregulation and mislocalization of keratin 10, suggesting impaired keratinocyte differentiation. Increased LBR expression in basal and suprabasal cells did not coincide with increased proliferation. Similar to our previous report of HGPS mice, analyses of γH2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, revealed an increased number of keratinocytes with multiple foci in LBR-overexpressing mice compared with wild-type mice. In addition, suprabasal LBR-positive cells showed densely condensed and peripherally localized chromatin. Our results show a moderate skin differentiation phenotype, which indicates that upregulation of LBR is not the sole contributor to the HGPS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Sola Carvajal
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Tomás McKenna
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Emelie Wallén Arzt
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
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13
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Gravemann S, Schnipper N, Meyer H, Vaya A, Nowaczyk MJ, Rajab A, Hofmann WK, Salewsky B, Tönnies H, Neitzel H, Stassen HH, Sperling K, Hoffmann K. Dosage effect of zero to three functionalLBR-genes in vivo and in vitro. Nucleus 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/nucl.11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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14
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Wong X, Luperchio TR, Reddy KL. NET gains and losses: the role of changing nuclear envelope proteomes in genome regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 28:105-20. [PMID: 24886773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, our view of the nucleus has changed considerably with an increased awareness of the roles dynamic higher order chromatin structure and nuclear organization play in nuclear function. More recently, proteomics approaches have identified differential expression of nuclear lamina and nuclear envelope transmembrane (NET) proteins. Many NETs have been implicated in a range of developmental disorders as well as cell-type specific biological processes, including genome organization and nuclear morphology. While further studies are needed, it is clear that the differential nuclear envelope proteome contributes to cell-type specific nuclear identity and functions. This review discusses the importance of proteome diversity at the nuclear periphery and highlights the putative roles of NET proteins, with a focus on nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Wong
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics, 855N. Wolfe St., Rangos 574, Baltimore, MD 21044, United States
| | - Teresa R Luperchio
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics, 855N. Wolfe St., Rangos 574, Baltimore, MD 21044, United States
| | - Karen L Reddy
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics, 855N. Wolfe St., Rangos 574, Baltimore, MD 21044, United States.
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15
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Genome regulation at the peripheral zone: lamina associated domains in development and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 25:50-61. [PMID: 24556270 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear periphery has been implicated in gene regulation and it has been proposed that proximity to the nuclear lamina and inner nuclear membrane (INM) leads to gene repression. More recently, it appears that there is a correlation and interdependence between lamina associated domains (LADs), the epigenome and overall three-dimensional architecture of the genome. However, the mechanisms of such organization at the 'peripheral zone' and the functional significance of these associations are poorly understood. The role these domains play in development and disease is an active and exciting area of research, expanding our knowledge of how the three-dimensional (3D) genome is regulated.
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16
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Lamins regulate cell trafficking and lineage maturation of adult human hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18892-7. [PMID: 24191023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304996110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, as well as nucleated erythroblasts and megakaryocytes, reside preferentially in adult marrow microenvironments whereas other blood cells readily cross the endothelial barrier into the circulation. Because the nucleus is the largest organelle in blood cells, we hypothesized that (i) cell sorting across microporous barriers is regulated by nuclear deformability as controlled by lamin-A and -B, and (ii) lamin levels directly modulate hematopoietic programs. Mass spectrometry-calibrated intracellular flow cytometry indeed reveals a lamin expression map that partitions human blood lineages between marrow and circulating compartments (P = 0.00006). B-type lamins are highly variable and predominate only in CD34(+) cells, but migration through micropores and nuclear flexibility in micropipette aspiration both appear limited by lamin-A:B stoichiometry across hematopoietic lineages. Differentiation is also modulated by overexpression or knockdown of lamins as well as retinoic acid addition, which regulates lamin-A transcription. In particular, erythroid differentiation is promoted by high lamin-A and low lamin-B1 expression whereas megakaryocytes of high ploidy are inhibited by lamin suppression. Lamins thus contribute to both trafficking and differentiation.
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17
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Hirano Y, Hizume K, Kimura H, Takeyasu K, Haraguchi T, Hiraoka Y. Lamin B receptor recognizes specific modifications of histone H4 in heterochromatin formation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42654-63. [PMID: 23100253 PMCID: PMC3522266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.397950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner nuclear membrane proteins provide a structural framework for chromatin, modulating transcription beneath the nuclear envelope. Lamin B receptor (LBR) is a classical inner nuclear membrane protein that associates with heterochromatin, and its mutations are known to cause Pelger-Huët anomaly in humans. However, the mechanisms by which LBR organizes heterochromatin remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that LBR represses transcription by binding to chromatin regions that are marked by specific histone modifications. The tudor domain (residues 1-62) of LBR primarily recognizes histone H4 lysine 20 dimethylation and is essential for chromatin compaction, whereas the whole nucleoplasmic region (residues 1-211) is required for transcriptional repression. We propose a model in which the nucleoplasmic domain of LBR tethers epigenetically marked chromatin to the nuclear envelope and transcriptional repressors are loaded onto the chromatin through their interaction with LBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hirano
- From the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohji Hizume
- the Division of Microbial Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- From the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunio Takeyasu
- the Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- From the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- the Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- From the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- the Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the biomechanical properties of cells have emerged as key players in a broad range of cellular functions, including migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Although much of the attention has focused on the cytoskeletal networks and the cell's microenvironment, relatively little is known about the contribution of the cell nucleus. Here, we present an overview of the structural elements that determine the physical properties of the nucleus and discuss how changes in the expression of nuclear components or mutations in nuclear proteins can not only affect nuclear mechanics but also modulate cytoskeletal organization and diverse cellular functions. These findings illustrate that the nucleus is tightly integrated into the surrounding cellular structure. Consequently, changes in nuclear structure and composition are highly relevant to normal development and physiology and can contribute to many human diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, (premature) aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zwerger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Subramanian G, Chaudhury P, Malu K, Fowler S, Manmode R, Gotur D, Zwerger M, Ryan D, Roberti R, Gaines P. Lamin B receptor regulates the growth and maturation of myeloid progenitors via its sterol reductase domain: implications for cholesterol biosynthesis in regulating myelopoiesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:85-102. [PMID: 22140257 PMCID: PMC3244548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is a bifunctional nuclear membrane protein with N-terminal lamin B and chromatin-binding domains plus a C-terminal sterol Δ(14) reductase domain. LBR expression increases during neutrophil differentiation, and deficient expression disrupts neutrophil nuclear lobulation characteristic of Pelger-Huët anomaly. Thus, LBR plays a critical role in regulating myeloid differentiation, but how the two functional domains of LBR support this role is currently unclear. We previously identified abnormal proliferation and deficient functional maturation of promyelocytes (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid [EML]-derived promyelocytes) derived from EML-ic/ic cells, a myeloid model of ichthyosis (ic) bone marrow that lacks Lbr expression. In this study, we provide new evidence that cholesterol biosynthesis is important to myeloid cell growth and is supported by the sterol reductase domain of Lbr. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors caused growth inhibition of EML cells that increased in EML-derived promyelocytes, whereas cells lacking Lbr exhibited complete growth arrest at both stages. Lipid production increased during wild-type neutrophil maturation, but ic/ic cells exhibited deficient levels of lipid and cholesterol production. Ectopic expression of a full-length Lbr in EML-ic/ic cells rescued both nuclear lobulation and growth arrest in cholesterol starvation conditions. Lipid production also was rescued, and a deficient respiratory burst was corrected. Expression of just the C-terminal sterol reductase domain of Lbr in ic/ic cells also improved each of these phenotypes. Our data support the conclusion that the sterol Δ(14) reductase domain of LBR plays a critical role in cholesterol biosynthesis and that this process is essential to both myeloid cell growth and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Subramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Pulkit Chaudhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Malu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Rahul Manmode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Deepali Gotur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Monika Zwerger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Rita Roberti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Gaines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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20
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Niedoszytko M, Oude Elberink JNG, Bruinenberg M, Nedoszytko B, de Monchy JGR, te Meerman GJ, Weersma RK, Mulder AB, Jassem E, van Doormaal JJ. Gene expression profile, pathways, and transcriptional system regulation in indolent systemic mastocytosis. Allergy 2011; 66:229-37. [PMID: 21208217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastocytosis is an uncommon disease resulting from proliferation of abnormal mast cells infiltrating skin, bone marrow, liver, and other tissues. The aim of this study was to find differences in gene expression in peripheral blood cells of patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis compared to healthy controls. The second aim was to define a specific gene expression profile in patients with mastocytosis. METHODS Twenty-two patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis and 43 healthy controls were studied. Whole genome gene expression analysis was performed on RNA samples isolated from the peripheral blood. For amplification and labelling of the RNA, the Illumina TotalPrep 96 RNA Amplification Kit was used. Human HT-12_V3_expression arrays were processed. Data analysis was performed using GeneSpring, Genecodis, and Transcriptional System Regulators. RESULTS Comparison of gene expression between patients and controls revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05 corrected for multiple testing) and the fold change difference >2 in gene expression in 2303 of the 48.794 analysed transcripts. Functional annotation indicated that the main pathways in which the differently expressed genes were involved are ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, MAPK signalling pathway, pathways in cancer, and Jak-STAT signalling. The expression distributions for both groups did not overlap at all, indicating that many genes are highly differentially expressed in both groups. CONCLUSION We were able to find abnormalities in gene expression in peripheral blood cells of patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis and to construct a gene expression profile which may be useful in clinical practice to predict the presence of mastocytosis and in further research of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, Gdansk, Poland.
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21
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Mahmoodi Nesheli H, Nakhjavani N, Galini Moghaddam T. Severe generalized muscular atrophia, nerve optic atrophia, ear problem and disability with Pelger-Huet anomaly. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 2:245-248. [PMID: 24024025 PMCID: PMC3766944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pelger-Huet anomaly dominantly is a rare and benign inherited defect of terminal neutrophil differentiation. Although neutrophil migration may be minimally impaired, granulocytes function is otherwise normal association abnormalities such as ocular, musculoskeletal are reported very rare. Case Presentation : An eight year-old boy with good consciousness but severe muscular atrophia and difficulty in respiration was admitted in Amirkola Hospital at Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol, Iran. The patient was febrile at presentation. The chest x-ray was normal and other causes of respiratory problem were ruled out. The patient and his mother have 30% to 40% band and Pelger-Huet cells in peripheral blood smear. He gradually has gotten hearing loss and decreased visual acuity for three years. He has optic nerve atrophia. CONCLUSION The patient is an unusual type of Pelger-Huet anomaly with multiple organ dysfunctions probably due to simultaneous muscular degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoodi Nesheli
- Non-Communicable Pediatrics Disease Research center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Naimeh Nakhjavani
- Non-Communicable Pediatrics Disease Research center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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22
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Olins AL, Langhans M, Monestier M, Schlotterer A, Robinson DG, Viotti C, Zentgraf H, Zwerger M, Olins DE. An epichromatin epitope: persistence in the cell cycle and conservation in evolution. Nucleus 2011; 2:47-60. [PMID: 21647299 PMCID: PMC3104809 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.1.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interphase nuclear architecture is disrupted and rapidly reformed with each cell division cycle. Successive cell generations exhibit a "memory" of this nuclear architecture, as well as for gene expression. Furthermore, many features of nuclear and mitotic chromosome structure are recognizably species and tissue specific. We wish to know what properties of the underlying chromatin structure may determine these conserved features of nuclear architecture. Employing a particular mouse autoimmune anti-nucleosome monoclonal antibody (PL2-6), combined with deconvolution immunofluorescence microscopy, we present evidence for a unique epitope (involving a ternary complex of histones H2A and H2B and DNA) which is localized only at the exterior chromatin surface of interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes in mammalian, invertebrate and plant systems. As only the surface chromatin region is identified with antibody PL2-6, we have assigned it the name "epichromatin". We describe an "epichromatin hypothesis", suggesting that epichromatin may have a unique evolutionary conserved conformation which facilitates interaction with the reforming post-mitotic nuclear envelope and a rapid return of interphase nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, ME USA. ted proteins (ARPs), a
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23
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Olins AL, Ernst A, Zwerger M, Herrmann H, Olins DE. An in vitro model for Pelger-Huët anomaly: stable knockdown of lamin B receptor in HL-60 cells. Nucleus 2010; 1:506-12. [PMID: 21327094 PMCID: PMC3027054 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.6.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal human blood granulocyte (neutrophil) possesses a lobulated and deformable nucleus, important to facilitate rapid egress from blood vessels as these cells migrate to sites of bacterial or fungal infection. This unusual nuclear shape is a product of elevated levels of an integral membrane protein of the nuclear envelope lamin B receptor (LBR) and of decreased amounts of lamin A/C. In humans, a genetic deficiency of LBR produces Pelger-Huët anomaly, resulting in blood neutrophils that exhibit hypolobulated nuclei with redistributed heterochromatin. Structural changes in nuclear architecture occur during granulopoiesis within bone marrow. The exact mechanisms of this nuclear shape change and of heterochromatin redistribution remain largely unknown. As a tool to facilitate analysis of these mechanisms, a stable LBR knockdown subline of HL-60 cells was established. During in vitro granulopoiesis induced with retinoic acid, the LBR knockdown cells retain an ovoid shaped nucleus with reduced levels of lamin A/C; while, the parent cells develop highly lobulated nuclei. In contrast, macrophage forms induced in LBR knockdown cells by in vitro treatment with phorbol ester were indistinguishable from the parent cells, judged by both nuclear shape and attached cell morphology. The capability of differentiation of LBR knockdown HL-60 cells should facilitate a detailed analysis of the molecular relationship between LBR levels, granulocyte nuclear shape and heterochromatin distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
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24
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Lu X, Shi Y, Lu Q, Ma Y, Luo J, Wang Q, Ji J, Jiang Q, Zhang C. Requirement for lamin B receptor and its regulation by importin {beta} and phosphorylation in nuclear envelope assembly during mitotic exit. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33281-33293. [PMID: 20576617 PMCID: PMC2963407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR), a chromatin and lamin B-binding protein in the inner nuclear membrane, has been proposed to target the membrane precursor vesicles to chromatin mediated by importin β during the nuclear envelope (NE) assembly. However, the mechanisms for the binding of LBR with importin β and the membrane targeting by LBR in NE assembly remain largely unknown. In this report, we show that the amino acids (aa) 69-90 of LBR sequences are required to bind with importin β at aa 45-462, and the binding is essential for the NE membrane precursor vesicle targeting to the chromatin during the NE assembly at the end of mitosis. We also show that this binding is cell cycle-regulated and dependent on the phosphorylation of LBR Ser-71 by p34(cdc2) kinase. RNAi knockdown of LBR causes the NE assembly failure and abnormal chromatin decondensation of the daughter cell nuclei, leading to the daughter cell death at early G(1) phase by apoptosis. Perturbation of the interaction of LBR with importin β by deleting the LBR N-terminal spanning region or aa 69-73 also induces the NE assembly failure, the abnormal chromatin decondensation, and the daughter cell death. The first transmembrane domain of LBR promotes the NE production and expansion, because overexpressing this domain is sufficient to induce membrane overproduction of the NE. Thus, these results demonstrate that LBR targets the membrane precursor vesicles to chromatin by interacting with importin β in a LBR phosphorylation-dependent manner during the NE assembly at the end of mitosis and that the first transmembrane domain of LBR promotes the LBR-bearing membrane production and the NE expansion in interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Lu
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Shi
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Quanlong Lu
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Ma
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia Luo
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- State Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- State Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- From the The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, Beijing 100871, China.
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25
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Gravemann S, Schnipper N, Meyer H, Vaya A, Nowaczyk MJM, Rajab A, Hofmann WK, Salewsky B, Tönnies H, Neitzel H, Stassen HH, Sperling K, Hoffmann K. Dosage effect of zero to three functional LBR-genes in vivo and in vitro. Nucleus 2010; 1:179-89. [PMID: 21326950 PMCID: PMC3030694 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.2.11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lamin B receptor (LBR) is a pivotal architectural protein in the nuclear envelope. Mutations in the Lamin B receptor lead to nuclear hyposegmentation (Pelger-Huët anomaly). We have exactly quantified the nuclear lobulation in neutrophils from individuals with 0, 1, 2 and 3 functional copies of the lamin B receptor gene and analyzed the effect of different mutation types. Our data demonstrate that there is a highly significant gene-dosage effect between the gene copy number and the nuclear segmentation index of neutrophils. This finding is paralleled by a dose-dependent increase in LBR protein and staining intensity of the nuclear membrane in corresponding lymphoblastoid cell lines, which demonstrates a significant correlation on the protein level as well. We further show that LBR expression continually increases during granulopoiesis in vitro from human precursor cells with ovoid nuclei to multi-segmented neutrophil nuclei 11 days later, indicating relevance for regular human granulopoiesis. Altogether, LBR is a unique model that will allow the systematic study of gene-dosage effects and of modifying endogeneous and exogeneous factors on granulopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Gravemann
- Institute of Medical Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Nele Schnipper
- Institute of Medical Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Meyer
- Institute of Medical Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Amparo Vaya
- Department of Clinical Pathology; La Fe University Hospital; Valencia, Spain
| | - Malgorzata JM Nowaczyk
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Anna Rajab
- Genetic Unit; Ministry of Health; Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Salewsky
- Institute for Human Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Tönnies
- Institute of Human Genetics; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein; Campus Kiel; Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Human Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidemarie Neitzel
- Institute for Human Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans H Stassen
- Research Group ‘Psychiatric Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology’ Psychiatric University Hospital; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Sperling
- Institute for Human Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
- AG Development and Disease; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin, Germany
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26
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Zwerger M, Kolb T, Richter K, Karakesisoglou I, Herrmann H. Induction of a massive endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space expansion by expression of lamin B receptor mutants and the related sterol reductases TM7SF2 and DHCR7. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:354-68. [PMID: 19940018 PMCID: PMC2808238 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-08-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an inner nuclear membrane protein involved in tethering the nuclear lamina and the underlying chromatin to the nuclear envelope. In addition, LBR exhibits sterol reductase activity. Mutations in the LBR gene cause two different human diseases: Pelger-Huët anomaly and Greenberg skeletal dysplasia, a severe chrondrodystrophy causing embryonic death. Our study aimed at investigating the effect of five LBR disease mutants on human cultured cells. Three of the tested LBR mutants caused a massive compaction of chromatin coincidental with the formation of a large nucleus-associated vacuole (NAV) in several human cultured cell lines. Live cell imaging and electron microscopy revealed that this structure was generated by the separation of the inner and outer nuclear membrane. During NAV formation, nuclear pore complexes and components of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex were lost in areas of membrane separation. Concomitantly, a large number of smaller vacuoles formed throughout the cytoplasm. Notably, forced expression of the two structurally related sterol reductases transmembrane 7 superfamily member 2 and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase caused, even in their wild-type form, a comparable phenotype in susceptible cell lines. Hence, LBR mutant variants and sterol reductases can severely interfere with the regular organization of the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zwerger
- *Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thorsten Kolb
- *Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Karsten Richter
- *Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Iakowos Karakesisoglou
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Herrmann
- *Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
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27
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Olins AL, Rhodes G, Welch DBM, Zwerger M, Olins DE. Lamin B receptor: multi-tasking at the nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2010; 1:53-70. [PMID: 21327105 PMCID: PMC3035127 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.1.10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an integral membrane protein of the interphase nuclear envelope (NE). The N-terminal end resides in the nucleoplasm, binding to lamin B and heterochromatin, with the interactions disrupted during mitosis. The C-terminal end resides within the inner nuclear membrane, retreating with the ER away from condensing chromosomes during mitotic NE breakdown. Some of these properties are interpretable in terms of our current structural knowledge of LBR, but many of the structural features remain unknown. LBR apparently has an evolutionary history which brought together at least two ancient conserved structural domains (i.e., Tudor and sterol reductase). This convergence may have occurred with the emergence of the chordates and echinoderms. It is not clear what survival values have maintained LBR structure during evolution. But it seems likely that roles in post-mitotic nuclear reformation, interphase NE growth and compartmentalization of nuclear architecture might have provided some evolutionary advantage to preservation of the LBR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
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28
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Olins DE, Olins AL. Nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS) and heterochromatin higher order structure. Chromosoma 2009; 118:537-48. [PMID: 19521714 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interphase nucleus and nuclear envelope can acquire a myriad of shapes in normal or pathological cell states. There exist a wide variety of indentations and invaginations, of protrusions and evaginations. It has been difficult to classify and name all of these nuclear shapes and, consequently, a barrier to understanding the biochemical and biophysical causes. This review focuses upon one type of nuclear envelope shape change, named "nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets" (ELCS), which appears to involve exaggerated nuclear envelope growth, carrying with it one or more layers of approximately 30 nm diameter heterochromatin. A hypothesis on the formation of ELCS is proposed, relating higher order heterochromatin structure in an interphase nucleus, nuclear envelope growth, and nuclear envelope-heterochromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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Olins AL, Hoang TV, Zwerger M, Herrmann H, Zentgraf H, Noegel AA, Karakesisoglou I, Hodzic D, Olins DE. The LINC-less granulocyte nucleus. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 88:203-14. [PMID: 19019491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The major blood granulocyte (neutrophil) is rapidly recruited to sites of bacterial and fungal infections. It is a highly malleable cell, allowing it to squeeze out of blood vessels and migrate through tight tissue spaces. The human granulocyte nucleus is lobulated and exhibits a paucity of nuclear lamins, increasing its capability for deformation. The present study examined the existence of protein connections between the nuclear envelope and cytoskeletal elements (the LINC complex) in differentiated cell states (i.e. granulocytic, monocytic and macrophage) of the human leukemic cell line HL-60, as well as in human blood leukocytes. HL-60 granulocytes exhibited a deficiency of several LINC complex proteins (i.e. nesprin 1 giant, nesprin 2 giant, SUN1, plectin and vimentin); whereas, the macrophage state revealed nesprin 1 giant, plectin and vimentin. Both states possessed SUN2 in the nuclear envelope. Parallel differences were observed with some of the LINC complex proteins in isolated human blood leukocytes, including macrophage cells derived from blood monocytes. The present study documenting the paucity of LINC complex proteins in granulocytic forms, in combination with previous data on granulocyte nuclear shape and nuclear envelope composition, suggest the hypothesis that these adaptations evolved to facilitate granulocyte cellular malleability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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Bennati AM, Schiavoni G, Franken S, Piobbico D, Della Fazia MA, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Benedetti L, Cusella De Angelis MG, Gieselmann V, Servillo G, Beccari T, Roberti R. Disruption of the gene encoding 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta-reductase (Tm7sf2) in mice does not impair cholesterol biosynthesis. FEBS J 2008; 275:5034-47. [PMID: 18785926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tm7sf2 gene encodes 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductase (C14SR, DHCR14), an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme acting on Delta(14)-unsaturated sterol intermediates during the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. The C-terminal domain of lamin B receptor, a protein of the inner nuclear membrane mainly involved in heterochromatin organization, also possesses sterol Delta(14)-reductase activity. The subcellular localization suggests a primary role of C14SR in cholesterol biosynthesis. To investigate the role of C14SR and lamin B receptor as 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductases, Tm7sf2 knockout mice were generated and their biochemical characterization was performed. No Tm7sf2 mRNA was detected in the liver of knockout mice. Neither C14SR protein nor 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductase activity were detectable in liver microsomes of Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice, confirming the effectiveness of gene inactivation. C14SR protein and its enzymatic activity were about half of control levels in the liver of heterozygous mice. Normal cholesterol levels in liver membranes and in plasma indicated that, despite the lack of C14SR, Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice are able to perform cholesterol biosynthesis. Lamin B receptor 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductase activity determined in liver nuclei showed comparable values in wild-type and knockout mice. These results suggest that lamin B receptor, although residing in nuclear membranes, may contribute to cholesterol biosynthesis in Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice. Affymetrix microarray analysis of gene expression revealed that several genes involved in cell-cycle progression are downregulated in the liver of Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice, whereas genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Bennati
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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Gaines P, Tien CW, Olins AL, Olins DE, Shultz LD, Carney L, Berliner N. Mouse neutrophils lacking lamin B-receptor expression exhibit aberrant development and lack critical functional responses. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:965-76. [PMID: 18550262 PMCID: PMC2543941 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The capacity of neutrophils to eradicate bacterial infections is dependent on normal development and activation of functional responses, which include chemotaxis and generation of oxygen radicals during the respiratory burst. A unique feature of the neutrophil is its highly lobulated nucleus, which is thought to facilitate chemotaxis, but may also play a role in other critical neutrophil functions. Nuclear lobulation is dependent on expression of the inner nuclear envelope protein, the lamin B receptor (LBR), mutations of which cause hypolobulated neutrophil nuclei in human Pelger-Huët anomaly and the "ichthyosis" (ic) phenotype in mice. In this study, we have investigated roles for LBR in mediating neutrophil development and activation of multiple neutrophil functions, including chemotaxis and the respiratory burst. MATERIALS AND METHODS A progenitor EML cell line was generated from an ic/ic mouse, and derived cells that lacked LBR expression were induced to mature neutrophils and then examined for abnormal morphology and functional responses. RESULTS Neutrophils derived from EML-ic/ic cells exhibited nuclear hypolobulation identical to that observed in ichthyosis mice. The ic/ic neutrophils also displayed abnormal chemotaxis, supporting the notion that nuclear segmentation augments neutrophil extravasation. Furthermore, promyelocytic forms of ic/ic cells displayed decreased proliferative responses and produced a deficient respiratory burst upon terminal maturation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies of promyelocytes that lack LBR expression have identified roles for LBR in regulating not only the morphologic maturation of the neutrophil nucleus, but also proliferative and functional responses that are critical to innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gaines
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biological Sciences, Lowell, MA
| | - Chiung W. Tien
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biological Sciences, Lowell, MA
| | - Ada L. Olins
- Bowdoin College, Biology Department, Brunswick, ME
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