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The promise of the TGF-β superfamily as a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105805. [PMID: 35764291 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence underscore the regulatory role of TGF-β superfamily in the central nervous system. Components of the TGF-β superfamily modulate key events during embryonic brain development and adult brain tissue injury repair. With respect to Parkinson's disease (PD), TGF-ß signaling pathways are implicated in the differentiation, maintenance and synaptic function of the dopaminergic neurons, as well as in processes related to the activation state of astrocytes and microglia. In vitro and in vivo studies using toxin models, have interrogated on the dopaminotrophic and protective role of the TGF-β superfamily members. The evolution of genetic and animal models of PD that more closely recapitulate the disease condition has made possible the dissection of intracellular pathways in response to TGF-ß treatment. Although the first clinical trials using GDNF did not meet their primary endpoints, substantial work has been carried out to reappraise the TGF-β superfamily's clinical benefit.
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Goulding SR, Anantha J, Collins LM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Growth differentiation factor 5: a neurotrophic factor with neuroprotective potential in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:38-44. [PMID: 34100424 PMCID: PMC8451580 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most common movement disorder worldwide, affecting over 6 million people. It is an age-related disease, occurring in 1% of people over the age of 60, and 3% of the population over 80 years. The disease is characterized by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra, and their axons, which innervate the striatum, resulting in the characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This is paralleled by the intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein in several regions of the nervous system. Current therapies are solely symptomatic and do not stop or slow disease progression. One promising disease-modifying strategy to arrest the loss of dopaminergic neurons is the targeted delivery of neurotrophic factors to the substantia nigra or striatum, to protect the remaining dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. However, clinical trials of two well-established neurotrophic factors, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin, have failed to meet their primary end-points. This failure is thought to be at least partly due to the downregulation by α-synuclein of Ret, the common co-receptor of glial cell line-derived neurorophic factor and neurturin. Growth/differentiation factor 5 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family of neurotrophic factors, that signals through the Ret-independent canonical Smad signaling pathway. Here, we review the evidence for the neurotrophic potential of growth/differentiation factor 5 in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. We discuss new work on growth/differentiation factor 5's mechanisms of action, as well as data showing that viral delivery of growth/differentiation factor 5 to the substantia nigra is neuroprotective in the α-synuclein rat model of Parkinson's disease. These data highlight the potential for growth/differentiation factor 5 as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Goulding
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jayanth Anantha
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise M. Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M. Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Anantha J, Goulding SR, Tuboly E, O'Mahony AG, Moloney GM, Lomansey G, McCarthy CM, Collins LM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. NME1 Protects Against Neurotoxin-, α-Synuclein- and LRRK2-Induced Neurite Degeneration in Cell Models of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:61-76. [PMID: 34623600 PMCID: PMC8786793 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, coupled with the intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein. Axonal degeneration is a central part of the pathology of PD. While the majority of PD cases are sporadic, some are genetic; the G2019S mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic form. The application of neurotrophic factors to protect dopaminergic neurons is a proposed experimental therapy. One such neurotrophic factor is growth differentiation factor (GDF)5. GDF5 is a dopaminergic neurotrophic factor that has been shown to upregulate the expression of a protein called nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NME1). However, whether NME1 is neuroprotective in cell models of axonal degeneration of relevance to PD is unknown. Here we show that treatment with NME1 can promote neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells, and in cultured dopaminergic neurons treated with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Similar effects of NME1 were found in SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons overexpressing human wild-type α-synuclein, and in stable SH-SY5Y cell lines carrying the G2019S LRRK2 mutation. We found that the effects of NME1 require the RORα/ROR2 receptors. Furthermore, increased NF-κB-dependent transcription was partially required for the neurite growth-promoting effects of NME1. Finally, a combined bioinformatics and biochemical analysis of the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate revealed that NME1 enhanced mitochondrial function, which is known to be impaired in PD. These data show that recombinant NME1 is worthy of further study as a potential therapeutic agent for axonal protection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Anantha
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan R Goulding
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eszter Tuboly
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Adam G O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gareth Lomansey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cathal M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise M Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Parkinson's Disease Research Cluster (PDRC), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Parkinson's Disease Research Cluster (PDRC), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Parkinson's Disease Research Cluster (PDRC), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Kim MG, Lee GM. Blockage of undesirable endocytosis of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures requires heparin analogs with specific chain lengths. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100227. [PMID: 34347378 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-mediated endocytosis lowers the yield of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs), such as rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-4, from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. Exogenous recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5), a member of the BMP family, bound to cell surface HSPGs and was actively internalized into CHO cells. Knockdown of heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis enzymes in CHO cells revealed that the chain length and N-sulfation of HS affected the binding of rhGDF-5 to HSPGs and subsequent rhGDF-5 internalization. To increase product yield by minimizing rhGDF-5 internalization in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell cultures, heparin, and dextran sulfate (DS) of various polysaccharide chain lengths, which are structural analogs of HS, were examined for blockage of rhGDF-5 internalization. Heparin fragments of four monosaccharides (MW of 1.2 kDa) and DS (MW of 15 kDa) did not inhibit rhGDF-5 internalization whereas unfractionated heparin and DS of 200 kDa could significantly inhibit it. Compared to the control cultures, supplementation with unfractionated heparin or DS of 200 kDa at 1 g L-1 resulted in more than a 10-fold increase in the maximum rhGDF-5 concentration. Taken together, the supplementation of structural HS analogs improved rhGDF-5 production in rCHO cell cultures by inhibiting rhGDF-5 internalization. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND LAY SUMMARY: Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-mediated endocytosis lowers the yield of rhGDF-5 from CHO cell cultures. In this study, the authors found that the length and N-sulfation of HS chain determine the binding of rhGDF-5 to HSPGs and subsequent rhGDF-5 internalization. Based on this finding, the authors successfully used heparin analogs with specific chain lengths to enhance the rhGDF-5 yield by blocking rhGDF-5 internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Anantha J, Goulding SR, Wyatt SL, Concannon RM, Collins LM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. STRAP and NME1 Mediate the Neurite Growth-Promoting Effects of the Neurotrophic Factor GDF5. iScience 2020; 23:101457. [PMID: 32853992 PMCID: PMC7452236 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and their axons is central to Parkinson's disease (PD). Growth differentiation factor (GDF)5 is a potential neurotrophic factor for PD therapy. However, the molecular mediators of its neurotrophic action are unknown. Our proteomics analysis shows that GDF5 increases the expression of serine threonine receptor-associated protein kinase (STRAP) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NME)1 in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. GDF5 overexpression increased NME1 expression in adult rat brain in vivo. NME and STRAP mRNAs are expressed in developing and adult rodent midbrain. Expression of both STRAP and NME1 is necessary and sufficient for the promotion of neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells by GDF5. NME1 treatment increased neurite growth in both SH-SY5Y cells and cultured mDA neurons. Expression patterns of NME and STRAP are altered in PD midbrain. NME1 and STRAP are thus key mediators of GDF5's neurotrophic effects, rationalizing their future study as therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Anantha
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan R. Goulding
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean L. Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ruth M. Concannon
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise M. Collins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M. Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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Malinauskas T, Peer TV, Bishop B, Mueller TD, Siebold C. Repulsive guidance molecules lock growth differentiation factor 5 in an inhibitory complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15620-15631. [PMID: 32576689 PMCID: PMC7354924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000561117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) are cell surface proteins that regulate the development and homeostasis of many tissues and organs, including the nervous, skeletal, and immune systems. They control fundamental biological processes, such as migration and differentiation by direct interaction with the Neogenin (NEO1) receptor and function as coreceptors for the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/growth differentiation factor (GDF) family. We determined crystal structures of all three human RGM family members in complex with GDF5, as well as the ternary NEO1-RGMB-GDF5 assembly. Surprisingly, we show that all three RGMs inhibit GDF5 signaling, which is in stark contrast to RGM-mediated enhancement of signaling observed for other BMPs, like BMP2. Despite their opposite effect on GDF5 signaling, RGMs occupy the BMP type 1 receptor binding site similar to the observed interactions in RGM-BMP2 complexes. In the NEO1-RGMB-GDF5 complex, RGMB physically bridges NEO1 and GDF5, suggesting cross-talk between the GDF5 and NEO1 signaling pathways. Our crystal structures, combined with structure-guided mutagenesis of RGMs and BMP ligands, binding studies, and cellular assays suggest that RGMs inhibit GDF5 signaling by competing with GDF5 type 1 receptors. While our crystal structure analysis and in vitro binding data initially pointed towards a simple competition mechanism between RGMs and type 1 receptors as a possible basis for RGM-mediated GDF5 inhibition, further experiments utilizing BMP2-mimicking GDF5 variants clearly indicate a more complex mechanism that explains how RGMs can act as a functionality-changing switch for two structurally and biochemically similar signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN Oxford, United Kingdom;
| | - Tina V Peer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bishop
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN Oxford, United Kingdom;
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Targeting bone morphogenetic protein signalling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons as a therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20170027. [PMID: 32714578 PMCID: PMC7373244 DOI: 10.1042/ns20170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and their axons, and aggregation of α-synuclein, which leads to motor and late-stage cognitive impairments. As the motor symptoms of PD are caused by the degeneration of a specific population of mDA neurons, PD lends itself to neurotrophic factor therapy. The goal of this therapy is to apply a neurotrophic factor that can slow down, halt or even reverse the progressive degeneration of mDA neurons. While the best known neurotrophic factors are members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, their lack of clinical efficacy to date means that it is important to continue to study other neurotrophic factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are naturally secreted proteins that play critical roles during nervous system development and in the adult brain. In this review, we provide an overview of the BMP ligands, BMP receptors (BMPRs) and their intracellular signalling effectors, the Smad proteins. We review the available evidence that BMP-Smad signalling pathways play an endogenous role in mDA neuronal survival in vivo, before outlining how exogenous application of BMPs exerts potent effects on mDA neuron survival and axon growth in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects, before highlighting the potential of targeting the downstream effectors of BMP-Smad signalling as a novel neuroprotective approach to slow or stop the degeneration of mDA neurons in PD.
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Aly AEE, Waszczak BL. Intranasal gene delivery for treating Parkinson's disease: overcoming the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1923-41. [PMID: 26289676 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1069815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing a disease-modifying gene therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been a high priority for over a decade. However, due to the inability of large biomolecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the only means of delivery to the brain has been intracerebral infusion. Intranasal administration offers a non-surgical means of bypassing the BBB to deliver neurotrophic factors, and the genes encoding them, directly to the brain. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes: i) evidence demonstrating intranasal delivery to the brain of a number of biomolecules having therapeutic potential for various CNS disorders; and ii) evidence demonstrating neuroprotective efficacy of a subset of biomolecules specifically for PD. The intersection of these two spheres represents the area of opportunity for development of new intranasal gene therapies for PD. To that end, our laboratory showed that intranasal administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or plasmid DNA nanoparticles encoding GDNF, provides neuroprotection in a rat model of PD, and that the cells transfected by the nanoparticle vector are likely to be pericytes. EXPERT OPINION A number of genes encoding neurotrophic factors have therapeutic potential for PD, but few have been tested by the intranasal route and shown to be neuroprotective in a model of PD. Intranasal delivery provides a largely unexplored, promising approach for development of a non-invasive gene therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah E-E Aly
- a 1 Northeastern University, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara L Waszczak
- b 2 Northeastern University, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Boston, MA 02115, USA +1 617 373 3312 ; +1 617 373 8886 ;
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9
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Viral vector delivery of neurotrophic factors for Parkinson's disease therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e8. [DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which causes motor impairments. Current treatments involve dopamine replacement to address the disease symptoms rather than its cause. Factors that promote the survival of dopaminergic neurons have been proposed as novel therapies for PD. Several dopaminergic neurotrophic factors (NTFs) have been examined for their ability to protect and/or restore degenerating dopaminergic neurons, both in animal models and in clinical trials. These include glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and growth/differentiation factor 5. Delivery of these NTFs via injection or infusion to the brain raises several practical problems. A new delivery approach for NTFs involves the use of recombinant viral vectors to enable long-term expression of these factors in brain cells. Vectors used include those based on adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses. Here we review progress to date on the potential of each of these four NTFs as novel therapeutic strategies for PD, as well as the challenges that have arisen, from pre-clinical analysis to clinical trials. We conclude by discussing recently-developed approaches to optimise the delivery of NTF-carrying viral vectors to the brain.
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10
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Nakagawasai O, Yamada K, Nemoto W, Sato S, Ogata Y, Miya K, Sakurai H, Tan-No K. Liver hydrolysate attenuates the sickness behavior induced by concanavalin A in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:489-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Hegarty SV, O'Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM. Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1708-11. [PMID: 25422631 PMCID: PMC4238158 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration are two of the most promising disease-modifying therapies for the incurable and widespread Parkinson's disease. In Parkinson's disease, progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons causes debilitating motor symptoms. Neurotrophic factors play important regulatory roles in the development, survival and maintenance of specific neuronal populations. These factors have the potential to slow down, halt or reverse the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Several neurotrophic factors have been investigated in this regard. This review article discusses the neurodevelopmental roles and therapeutic potential of three dopaminergic neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin and growth/differentiation factor 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Han B, Jin HJ, Song MY, Wang T, Zhao H. A potential target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: effect of lateral habenula lesions. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:1191-5. [PMID: 25219971 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that is caused predominantly by the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Lateral habenula (LHb) has efferent projections that terminate in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and electrical stimulation of the LHb effectively suppresses the activity of dopamine-containing neurons in the SNpc. This study was aimed to investigate whether LHb lesions can ameliorate the syndromes of PD via affecting the activities of SNpc neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model rats. METHODS Concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum, which is the area projected by the SNpc dopaminergic neurons were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection. The immunohistochemical method was applied to detect the numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the substantia nigra. RESULTS The results showed that LHb lesions induced a significant reduction in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. The DA, DOPAC and HVA levels in the striatum of PD model rats were increased by the LHb lesions. CONCLUSION Therefore, we speculate that the LHb lesions induced a significant amelioration in motor disorders via increasing the DA levels in the striatum, which may lead to a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hui Juan Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Mei Ying Song
- Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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13
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Jaumotte JD, Zigmond MJ. Comparison of GDF5 and GDNF as neuroprotective factors for postnatal dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalic cultures. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1425-33. [PMID: 24916473 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Loss of dopamine neurons is associated with the motor deficits that occur in Parkinson's disease. Although many drugs have proven to be useful in the treatment of the symptoms of this disease, none has been shown to have a significant impact on the development of the disease. However, we believe that several neurotrophic factors have the potential to reduce its progression. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily of neurotrophic factors, has been extensively studied in this regard. Less attention has been paid to growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), another member of the same superfamily. This study compares GDNF and GDF5 in dissociated cultures prepared from ventral mesencephalon and in organotypic co-cultures containing substantia nigra, striatum, and neocortex. We report that both GDNF (10-500 ng/ml) and GDF5 (100-500 ng/ml) promoted the survival of dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra of postnatal rats, although GDNF was considerably more potent than GDF5. In contrast, neither factor had any significant effect on the survival of dopamine neurons from the rat ventral tegmental area. Using organotypic co-cultures, we also compared GDF5 with GDNF as chemoattractants for the innervation of the striatum and the neocortex by dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra. The addition of either GDF5 or GDNF (100-500 ng/ml) caused innervation by dopamine neurons into the cortex as well as the striatum, which did not occur in untreated cultures. Our results are consistent with similar findings suggesting that GDF5, like GDNF, deserves attention as a possible therapeutic intervention for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann D Jaumotte
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Ji ES, Kim CJ, Park JH, Bahn GH. Duration-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:75-80. [PMID: 24877041 PMCID: PMC4025553 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder, and its symptoms are hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory. Physical exercise increases dopamine synthesis and neuronal activity in various brain regions. In the present study, we investigate the duration-dependence of the treadmill exercise on hyperactivity in relation with dopamine expression in ADHD. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were used for the ADHD rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used for the control rats. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min once daily for 28 consecutive days. For this experiment, open field test and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase were conducted. The present results revealed that ADHD rats showed hyperactivity, and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the striatum and substantia nigra were decreased in ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise alleviated hyperactivity and also increased TH expression in ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day showed most potent suppressing effect on hyperactivity, and this dose of treadmill exercise also most potently inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase expression. The present study suggests that treadmill exercise for 30 min once a day is the most effective therapeutic intervention for ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sang Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Heon Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Walsh S, Gavin A, Wyatt S, O'Connor C, Keeshan K, Nolan YM, O'Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM. Knockdown of interleukin-1 receptor 1 is not neuroprotective in the 6-hydroxydopamine striatal lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:70-7. [PMID: 24628580 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.904304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that neuroinflammation is associated with the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated microglia and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) have been found in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients, suggesting that IL-1β may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. This study aimed to knock down the expression of the interleukin-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) to evaluate any potential therapeutic effect of limiting the action of IL-1β in the substantia nigra following a unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion in rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats received intranigral injections of shRNA specific for IL-1R1, followed 2 weeks later by intrastriatal 6-OHDA. Injection of IL-1R1 shRNA did not prevent 6-OHDA-induced loss of motor function or loss of nigral dopamine neurons. IL-1R1 expression was increased in the midbrain following 6-OHDA injection; this effect was attenuated in 6-OHDA-treated animals that had received IL-1R1 shRNA. These data suggest that while IL-1R1 was increased in 6-OHDA-treated animals and reduced following shRNA injection, the neurodegeneration induced by 6-OHDA was not mediated through IL-1R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Walsh
- 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
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16
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Hegarty SV, Collins LM, Gavin AM, Roche SL, Wyatt SL, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Canonical BMP-Smad signalling promotes neurite growth in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:473-89. [PMID: 24682653 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neurons project to the dorsal striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway to regulate voluntary movements, and their loss leads to the motor dysfunction seen in Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite recent progress in the understanding of VM DA neurogenesis, the factors regulating nigrostriatal pathway development remain largely unknown. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family regulates neurite growth in the developing nervous system and may contribute to nigrostriatal pathway development. Two related members of this family, BMP2 and growth differentiation factor (GDF)5, have neurotrophic effects, including promotion of neurite growth, on cultured VM DA neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating their effects on DA neurons are unknown. By characterising the temporal expression profiles of endogenous BMP receptors (BMPRs) in the developing and adult rat VM and striatum, this study identified BMP2 and GDF5 as potential regulators of nigrostriatal pathway development. Furthermore, through the use of noggin, dorsomorphin and BMPR/Smad plasmids, this study demonstrated that GDF5- and BMP2-induced neurite outgrowth from cultured VM DA neurons is dependent on BMP type I receptor activation of the Smad 1/5/8 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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DuVal MG, Gilbert MJH, Watson DE, Zerulla TC, Tierney KB, Allison WT. Growth differentiation factor 6 as a putative risk factor in neuromuscular degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89183. [PMID: 24586579 PMCID: PMC3938462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of Glass bottom boat, the Drosophila homologue of the bone morphogenetic protein or growth/differentiation factor (BMP/GDF) family of genes in vertebrates, has been shown to disrupt development of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Here we tested whether this same conclusion can be broadened to vertebrate BMP/GDF genes. This analysis was also extended to consider whether such genes are required for NMJ maintenance in post-larval stages, as this would argue that BMP genes are viable candidates for analysis in progressive neuromuscular disease. Zebrafish mutants harboring homozygous null mutations in the BMP-family gene gdf6a were raised to adulthood and assessed for neuromuscular deficits. Fish lacking gdf6a exhibited decreased endurance (∼50%, p = 0.005) compared to wild type, and this deficit progressively worsened with age. These fish also presented with significantly disrupted NMJ morphology (p = 0.009), and a lower abundance of spinal motor neurons (∼50%, p<0.001) compared to wild type. Noting the similarity of these symptoms to those of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) model mice and fish, we asked if mutations in gdf6a would enhance the phenotypes observed in the latter, i.e. in zebrafish over-expressing mutant Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1). Amongst younger adult fish only bigenic fish harboring both the SOD1 transgene and gdf6a mutations, but not siblings with other combinations of these gene modifications, displayed significantly reduced endurance (75%, p<0.05) and strength/power (75%, p<0.05), as well as disrupted NMJ morphology (p<0.001) compared to wild type siblings. Bigenic fish also had lower survival rates compared to other genotypes. Thus conclusions regarding a role for BMP ligands in effecting NMJ can be extended to vertebrates, supporting conservation of mechanisms relevant to neuromuscular degenerative diseases. These conclusions synergize with past findings to argue for further analysis of GDF6 and other BMP genes as modifier loci, potentially affecting susceptibility to ALS and perhaps a broader suite of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle G. DuVal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | | | - D. Ezekiel Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Tanja C. Zerulla
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Keith B. Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - W. Ted Allison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Roles for the TGFβ superfamily in the development and survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:559-73. [PMID: 24504901 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The adult midbrain contains 75% of all dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. Within the midbrain, these neurons are divided into three anatomically and functionally distinct clusters termed A8, A9 and A10. The A9 group plays a functionally non-redundant role in the control of voluntary movement, which is highlighted by the motor syndrome that results from their progressive degeneration in the neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease. Despite 50 years of investigation, treatment for Parkinson's disease remains symptomatic, but an intensive research effort has proposed delivering neurotrophic factors to the brain to protect the remaining dopaminergic neurons, or using these neurotrophic factors to differentiate dopaminergic neurons from stem cell sources for cell transplantation. Most neurotrophic factors studied in this context have been members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. In recent years, an intensive research effort has focused on understanding the function of these proteins in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development and their role in the molecular architecture that regulates the development of this brain region, with the goal of applying this knowledge to develop novel therapies for Parkinson's disease. In this review, the current evidence showing that TGFβ superfamily members play critical roles in the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron induction, differentiation, target innervation and survival during embryonic and postnatal development is analysed, and the implications of these findings are discussed.
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6-Hydroxydopamine induces distinct alterations in GDF5 and GDNF mRNA expression in the rat nigrostriatal system in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2013; 561:176-81. [PMID: 24373993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor (GDF)5 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are neurotrophic factors that promote the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo. Both factors have potent neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in rat models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and represent promising new therapies for PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GDF5, GDNF and their receptors in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in rat models of PD. It found that endogenous GDF5, GDNF and their receptors are differentially expressed in two 6-hydroxydopamine lesion models of PD. In both striatal and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) lesion models, striatal levels of GDF5 mRNA increased at 10 days post-lesion, while GDNF mRNA levels in the nigrostriatal system decreased after 10 and 28 days. Midbrain mRNA levels for both GDF5 receptors transiently increased after striatal lesion, whereas those of two GDNF receptors decreased at later time-points in both models. Despite the fact that exogenous GDF5 and GDNF have comparable effects on dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo, their endogenous responses to neurotoxic injury are different. This highlights the importance of studying neurotrophic factor expression at distinct disease stages and in various animal models of PD.
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20
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BMP2 and GDF5 induce neuronal differentiation through a Smad dependant pathway in a model of human midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:263-71. [PMID: 23831389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and is characterised by the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) system. Current treatments are symptomatic, and do not protect against the DA neuronal loss. One of the most promising treatment approaches is the application of neurotrophic factors to rescue the remaining population of nigrostriatal DA neurons. Therefore, the identification of new neurotrophic factors for midbrain DA neurons, and the subsequent elucidation of the molecular bases of their effects, are important. Two related members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, BMP2 and growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), have been shown to have neurotrophic effects on midbrain DA neurons both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular (signalling pathway(s)) and cellular (direct neuronal or indirect via glial cells) mechanisms of their effects remain to be elucidated. Using the SH-SH5Y human neuronal cell line, as a model of human midbrain DA neurons, we have shown that GDF5 and BMP2 induce neurite outgrowth via a direct mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these effects are dependent on BMP type I receptor activation of canonical Smad 1/5/8 signalling.
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21
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Ko IG, Kim SE, Kim TW, Ji ES, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Hong MH, Bahn GH. Swimming exercise alleviates the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:393-400. [PMID: 23779147 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of swimming exercise on the symptoms of ADHD in correlation with the expression levels of dopamine and the dopamine D2 receptor. Adult male spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used as animal models of ADHD and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as controls. The activity, impulsivity and levels of non-aggressive and aggressive behaviors in rats were measured. The short-term memory in the animal models of ADHD was assessed using an open-field test. The social interaction test, elevated plus maze test and step-through avoidance test were additionally performed. The expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which catalyzes the rate‑limiting step of dopamine synthesis, and the dopamine D2 receptor in the prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra and striatum were evaluated. The expression levels of TH and the dopamine D2 receptor were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. In ADHD rats, the activity, impulsivity and levels of non-aggressive and aggressive behaviors were higher than that in control rats. By contrast, short-term memory in ADHD rats deteriorated. Swimming exercise suppressed hyperactivity, impulsivity and non-aggressive and aggressive behaviors, and alleviated the short-term memory impairment observed in ADHD rats. The expression levels of TH and the dopamine D2 receptor were decreased and increased in ADHD rats, respectively, when compared with control rats. Swimming exercise enhanced the expression of TH and suppressed the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor in ADHD rats. In the present study, swimming exercise improved the symptoms of ADHD by upregulating the expression of dopamine and downregulating the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Midbrain dopaminergic neurons: a review of the molecular circuitry that regulates their development. Dev Biol 2013; 379:123-38. [PMID: 23603197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral midbrain (VM) play vital roles in the regulation of voluntary movement, emotion and reward. They are divided into the A8, A9 and A10 subgroups. The development of the A9 group of DA neurons is an area of intense investigation to aid the generation of these neurons from stem cell sources for cell transplantation approaches to Parkinson's disease (PD). This review discusses the molecular processes that are involved in the identity, specification, maturation, target innervation and survival of VM DA neurons during development. The complex molecular interactions of a number of genetic pathways are outlined, as well as recent advances in the mechanisms that regulate subset identity within the VM DA neuronal pool. A thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of VM DA neurons will greatly facilitate the use of cell replacement therapy for the treatment of PD.
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23
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Costello DJ, O'Keeffe GW, Hurley FM, Sullivan AM. Transplantation of novel human GDF5-expressing CHO cells is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2451-60. [PMID: 22436046 PMCID: PMC3823439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo and as such is potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study shows that a continuous supply of GDF5, produced by transplanted GDF5-overexpressing CHO cells in vivo, has neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects on midbrain dopaminergic neurons following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of the adult rat nigrostriatal pathway. It also increases the survival and improves the function of transplanted embryonic dopaminergic neurons in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. This study provides the first proof-of-principle that sustained delivery of GDF5 in vivo may be useful in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Costello
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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24
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Hanson LR, Fine JM, Hoekman JD, Nguyen TM, Burns RB, Martinez PM, Pohl J, Frey WH. Intranasal delivery of growth differentiation factor 5 to the central nervous system. Drug Deliv 2012; 19:149-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.657720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Ko IG, Cho H, Kim SE, Kim JE, Sung YH, Kim BK, Shin MS, Cho S, Pak YK, Kim CJ. Hypothermia alleviates hypoxic ischemia-induced dopamine dysfunction and memory impairment in rats. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2011.607514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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26
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Kim H, Heo HI, Kim DH, Ko IG, Lee SS, Kim SE, Kim BK, Kim TW, Ji ES, Kim JD, Shin MS, Choi YW, Kim CJ. Treadmill exercise and methylphenidate ameliorate symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through enhancing dopamine synthesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:35-9. [PMID: 21907264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Toulouse A, Collins GC, Sullivan AM. Neurotrophic effects of growth/differentiation factor 5 in a neuronal cell line. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:256-65. [PMID: 21858606 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophin growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is studied as a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease as it is believed to play a role in the development and maintenance of the nigrostriatal system. Progress in understanding the effects of GDF5 on dopaminergic neurones has been hindered by the use of mixed cell populations derived from primary cultures or in vivo experiments, making it difficult to differentiate between direct and indirect effects of GDF5 treatment on neurones. In an attempt to establish an useful model to study the direct neuronal influence of GDF5, we have characterised the effects of GDF5 on a human neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y. Our results show that GDF5 has the capability to promote neuronal but not dopaminergic differentiation. We also show that it promotes neuronal survival in vitro following a 6-hydroxydopamine insult. Our results show that application of GDF5 to SH-SY5Y cultures induces the SMAD pathway which could potentially be implicated in the intracellular transmission of GDF5's neurotrophic effects. Overall, our study shows that the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line provides an excellent neuronal model to study the neurotrophic effects of GDF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Toulouse
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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28
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Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Bae N, Ahn T, Chung S, Oh MS, Ko H, Oh H, Park G, Yang HO. The neuroprotective effect of modified Yeoldahanso-tang via autophagy enhancement in models of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:313-322. [PMID: 21172413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF STUDY Modified Yeoldahanso-tang (MYH) is a Korean herbal formula, containing 10 herbs: Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Angelica tenuissima Nakai, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq), Angelicae Dahurica, Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom, Raphanus sativa L., Polygala tenuifolia (Willd.), Acorus gramineus Soland. and Dimocarpus longan Lour. The constitutive ratio of the ten herbs is at 6:4:2:1:2:2:2:4:6:6 in dry weight. MYH has been used to treat amnesia, hypochondria and dementia in Korea. In this study, we explored the possibility of using MYH in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Specifically, we made an effort to demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of MYH using experimental methods similar to those used in a recent study of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) (400μM) was used to induce cytotoxicity in NGF (nerve growth factor)-differentiated PC12 cells. Cell viability was measured using a MTT assay. Induction of autophagy by MYH in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells was measured using an immunoblotting assay with LC3 and beclin 1 antibodies. The proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin (10μM) was used to cause UPS dysfunction in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Clearance of aggregated proteins by MYH was measured using an immunoblotting assay with an ubiquitin antibody. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophenylpyridine (MPTP) (20mg/kg, 4 times i.p.) caused substantia nigra injuries in C57BL/6 mice. Dopamine (DA) neurons were identified using a tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry (TH-IHC) assay with a rabbit anti-TH antibody. RESULTS Our findings indicate that MYH provides protection against MPP+-induced injury in NGF-differentiated PC12 cell. And MYH provides neuroprotection against lactacystin-induced NGF-differentiated PC12 cell death, which effect is partially mediated by autophagy enhancement through enhanced degradation of aggregated proteins. Additionally, in a C57BL/6 mice model with MPTP-induced substantia nigra injuries, MYH inhibits both the loss of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the reduction of the optical density of TH-IR fibers in the striatum (ST). CONCLUSIONS All of our results indicate that MYH treatment has neuroprotective effects that are partially mediated by autophagy enhancement. MYH may be a promising herbal formula for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Bae
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute, 290 Daejeon-dong, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, South Korea
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30
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O’Sullivan DB, Harrison PT, Sullivan AM. Effects of GDF5 overexpression on embryonic rat dopaminergic neurones in vitro and in vivo. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:559-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Han B, Zhao H. Effects of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in the Attenuation of MPTP Neurotoxicity in Mice. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:107-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Progress in Parkinson's disease—Where do we stand? Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:376-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Spitere K, Toulouse A, O'Sullivan DB, Sullivan AM. TAT-PAX6 protein transduction in neural progenitor cells: A novel approach for generation of dopaminergic neurones in vitro. Brain Res 2008; 1208:25-34. [PMID: 18387597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Spitere
- Department of Neuroscience/Anatomy, Biosciences Research Institute, National University of Ireland Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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34
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Plöger F, Seemann P, Schmidt-von Kegler M, Lehmann K, Seidel J, Kjaer KW, Pohl J, Mundlos S. Brachydactyly type A2 associated with a defect in proGDF5 processing. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1222-33. [PMID: 18203755 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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López de Maturana R, Martin B, Millar RP, Brown P, Davidson L, Pawson AJ, Nicol MR, Mason JI, Barran P, Naor Z, Maudsley S. GnRH-mediated DAN production regulates the transcription of the GnRH receptor in gonadotrope cells. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 9:230-48. [PMID: 17914181 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-007-8004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the regulation of pituitary gonadotropin hormone gene transcription, biosynthesis and release. These effects are mediated through intracellular mobilization of Ca2+ and activation of PKC isoforms and MAP kinases. We show here that DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) which is a secreted bone morphogenic protein (BMP) antagonist belonging to the TGFbeta protein superfamily, is controlled by GnRH in murine gonadotrope cells. Acute GnRH stimulation induced a rapid, 27-fold, elevation of DAN mRNA, accompanied by an approximate 3-fold increase in the amount of mature DAN glycoprotein in the cell cytoplasm and in DAN secretion into the culture medium. Incubation of L beta T2 cells in DAN-containing medium altered the levels of a number of cellular proteins. Two of these were identified as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and the actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunits 2 (p34-ARC) which are primarily involved in steroidogenesis and cytoskeleton remodelling, respectively. DAN caused an approximate 2-fold specific elevation in the cytoplasmic levels of both these proteins in L beta T2 cells. We further tested the effects of DAN on classical GnRH effects viz. gonadotropin and GnRH receptor gene expression. Co-transfection of L beta T2 cells with DAN and gonadotropin subunit promoter luciferase reporter genes had no effect on GnRH stimulation of alpha GSU and LH beta or on the additive GnRH and activin induction of FSH beta subunit transcription. However, co-transfection of DAN markedly inhibited the synergistic activation of GnRH and activin on GnRH receptor gene expression thus implicating DAN as a novel autocrine/paracrine factor that modulates GnRH function in pituitary gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel López de Maturana
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Human Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Clayton KB, Sullivan AM. Differential effects of GDF5 on the medial and lateral rat ventral mesencephalon. Neurosci Lett 2007; 427:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. The role of growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) in the induction and survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurones: relevance to Parkinson's disease treatment. J Anat 2006; 207:219-26. [PMID: 16185246 PMCID: PMC1571542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily which has potent effects on dopaminergic neurones in vitro and in vivo. GDF5 is under investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease (PD), which is caused by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurones projecting from the substantia nigra (SN) to the striatum. In the rat ventral mesencephalon (VM; the developing SN), GDF5 expression peaks at embryonic day 14, the time at which dopaminergic neurones undergo terminal differentiation. Addition of GDF5 protein to cultures of embryonic rat VM increases the survival and improves the morphology of dopaminergic neurones in these cultures. GDF5 treatment also increases the number of cells which adopt a dopaminergic phenotype in cultures of VM progenitor cells. Intracerebral administration of GDF5 has potent neuroprotective and restorative effects on the nigrostriatal pathway in animal models of PD. Furthermore, addition of GDF5 protein to embryonic rat dopaminergic neuronal transplants improves their survival and function in a rat model of PD. Thus, GDF5 has potential applications to PD therapy as a dopaminergic neuroprotective agent and as a factor that may induce a dopaminergic neuronal fate in unrestricted progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience/Anatomy, Biosciences Research Institute, National University of Ireland Cork (NUIC), College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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Niere M, Braun B, Gass R, Sturany S, Volkmer H. Combination of engineered neural cell adhesion molecules and GDF-5 for improved neurite extension in nerve guide concepts. Biomaterials 2006; 27:3432-40. [PMID: 16497371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutical approaches for the treatment of severe lesions in the peripheral nervous system rely on the use of autologous tissue or the body's own Schwann cells. However, these approaches are limited and alternative strategies for peripheral nerve regeneration are required. Here we evaluate combinations of a variety of neuronal regeneration factors including engineered cell adhesion molecules and growth factors in embryonic model neurons to test the possible improvement of artificial nerve guides by cooperative mechanisms. Cell adhesion molecules L1 and neurofascin synergistically promote neurite elongation. The outgrowth promoting properties of both proteins can be combined and further increased within one chimeric protein. Addition of growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) further enhances neurite outgrowth in a substrate-independent manner. This effect is not due to a protective mode of action of GDF-5 against pro-apoptotic stimuli. Consequently, the study supports the idea that different modes of action of pro-regenerative factors may contribute synergistically to neurite outgrowth and emphasizes the applicability of combinations of proteins specifically involved in development of the nervous system for therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Niere
- Naturwissenschaftliches und Medizinisches Institut an der Universität Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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Kim YK, Lim HH, Song YK, Lee HH, Lim S, Han SM, Kim CJ. Effect of acupuncture on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostratal dopaminergic neuronal cell death in rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 384:133-8. [PMID: 15893426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of acupuncture at the Zusanli acupoint (ST36) on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal cell death in the rats with Parkinson's disease. Two weeks after unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum, an apomorphine-induced rotational behavior test showed significant rotational asymmetry in the rats with Parkinson's disease. Immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase demonstrated a dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fiber loss in the striatum. Acupuncture at the ST36 for 14 days significantly inhibited rotational asymmetry in the rats with Parkinson's disease, and also protected against 6-OHDA-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss. These effects of acupuncture were not observed for the non-acupoint (hip) acupuncture. The present study shows that acupuncture at the ST36 acupoint can be used as a useful strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung-Kee Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Oriental Medical Hospital, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyungwon University, #20-8 Songpa-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-170, Republic of Korea
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40
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O'Keeffe GW, Dockery P, Sullivan AM. Effects of growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 33:479-88. [PMID: 15906156 DOI: 10.1007/s11068-004-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that is expressed in the developing CNS, including the ventral mesencephalon (VM). GDF5 has been shown to increase the survival of dopaminergic neurones in animal models of Parkinson's disease. This study was aimed at characterising the effects of GDF5 on dopaminergic neurones in vitro. Treatment with GDF5 induced a three-fold increase in the number of dopaminergic neurones in embryonic day 14 rat VM cultures after six days in vitro. A significant increase was also observed in the numbers of astrocytes in GDF5-treated cultures. GDF5 treatment also had significant effects on the morphology of dopaminergic neurones in these cultures; total neurite length, number of branch points and somal area were all significantly increased after six days in vitro. Analysis of neurite length and numbers of branch points at each level of the neuritic field revealed that the most pronounced effects of GDF5 were on the secondary and tertiary levels of the neuritic field. The specific type I receptor for GDF5, bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)-Ib, was found to be strongly expressed in freshly-dissected E14 VM tissue, but its expression was lost with increasing time in culture. Accordingly, treatment with GDF5 for 24 h from the time of plating induced increases in the numbers of dopaminergic neurones, while treatment with GDF5 for 24 h after six days in vitro did not. This study shows that GDF5 can promote both the survival and morphological differentiation of VM dopaminergic neurones in vitro, lending support to its potential as a candidate dopaminergic neurotrophin for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Neuroscience/Anatomy, Biosciences Research Institute, National University of Ireland Cork (NUIC), Cork, Ireland
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O'Keeffe GW, Hanke M, Pohl J, Sullivan AM. Expression of growth differentiation factor-5 in the developing and adult rat brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 151:199-202. [PMID: 15246706 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the dopaminergic neurotrophin GDF-5 in developing rat ventral mesencephalon (VM) was found to begin at embryonic day (E) 12 and peak on E14, when dopaminergic neurones undergo terminal differentiation. In the adult rat, GDF-5 was found to be restricted to heart and brain, being expressed in many areas of the brain, including striatum and midbrain. This indicates a role for GDF-5 in the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Neuroscience/Anatomy, Biosciences Research Institute, National University of Ireland Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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