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Yin Y, Sun W, Wang X, Chen J, Zeng H, Hao S, Ren L, Yong L, Luo C, Zou X. The screening method for 39 phytotoxins and mycotoxins in blood and urine with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1241:124173. [PMID: 38821004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poisonings caused by plant toxins and mycotoxins occur frequently, which do great harm to human health and social public health safety. When a poisoning incident occurs, biological samples are commonly be used to conduct the detection of toxic substances and their metabolites for targeted clinical treatment and incident analysis. OBJECTIVE To establish an efficient and accurate analysis method of 39 phytotoxins and mycotoxins in blood and urine by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry (HPLC-Orbitrap MS). METHOD After 3 mL of methanol being added to 1 mL blood and urine respectively for extraction and protein precipitation, the supernatant was injected into HPLC-Orbitrap MS for analysis. The phytotoxins and mycotoxins were separated by Hypersil GOLD PFP column with gradient elution using methanol-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase. The data were collected in ESI positive ion mode using Full MS/dd-MS2 for mass spectrometry detection. RESULT The mass database of 39 phytotoxins and mycotoxins was developed, and accurate qualitative analysis can be obtained by matching with the database using the proposed identification criteria. Limit of detections (LODs) were 1.34 × 10-4 ∼ 1.92 ng/mL and 1.92 × 10-4 ∼ 9.80 ng/mL for blood and urine samples, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) of toxins in blood and urine ranged from 4.47 × 10-4 ∼ 6.32 ng/mL and 6.39 × 10-4 ∼ 32.67 ng/mL, respectively. Intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.79 % ∼ 10.90 %, and inter-day RSDs were 1.08 % ∼ 18.93 %. The recoveries can reach 90 % ∼ 110 % with matrix matching calibration curves. CONCLUSION The established method is simple and rapid to operate, which can complete the sample analysis within 30 min, providing technical support for clinical poisoning treatment and public health poisoning analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yin
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Chen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zeng
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Hao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ren
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yong
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunying Luo
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610047, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Deng K, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Hou Y, Xu Q, Li Y, Kong W, Ma L. Nafion-Immobilized Functionalized MWCNT-based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Aflatoxin B 1 Detection. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8754-8762. [PMID: 38434854 PMCID: PMC10905739 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in foods and other complex matrices has brought great challenges for onsite monitoring. In this study, an ultrasensitive Nafion-immobilized functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based electrochemical (EC) immunosensor was developed for trace AFB1 detection. The introduced Nafion film could steadily stabilize functionalized MWCNTs with uniform distribution and tiling on the surface of a Au electrode. Functionalized MWCNTs with a large specific surface area, numerous active sites to couple with abundant anti-AFB1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and high conductivity served as the signal amplifier for remarkably enhancing the sensing performance of the immunosensor. In the presence of AFB1, it was specifically captured by mAbs to reduce the amplified current signals, which were recorded by differential pulse voltammetry for the accurate quantitation of AFB1. Because of the synergistic effects of Nafion on the stabilization of functionalized MWCNTs as signal enhancers, the developed EC immunosensor exhibited an extremely high selectivity, excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection as low as 0.021 ng/mL, and a wide dynamic range of 0.05-100 ng/mL, besides fascinating merits of easy construction, low cost, good stability in 7 days, and good reusability. The anti-interference ability of the immunosensor was verified against three other mycotoxins, and the practicability and accuracy were confirmed by measuring AFB1 in fortified malt, lotus seed, and hirudo samples with a satisfactory recovery of 92.08-104.62%. This novel immunosensing platform could be extended to detect more mycotoxins in complex matrices to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital
Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Laboratory
for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital
Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Laboratory
for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital
Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yujiao Hou
- Institute
of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingbin Xu
- Institute
of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute
of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital
Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Laboratory
for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Ma
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital
Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Badmos FO, Muhammad HL, Dabara A, Adefolalu F, Salubuyi S, Abdulkadir A, Oyetunji VT, Apeh DO, Muhammad HK, Mwanza M, Monjerezi M, Matumba L, Makun HA. Assessment of dietary exposure and levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State of Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:74-90. [PMID: 38109413 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2293998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This study reports levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State, Nigeria, and provides a comprehensive assessment of their potential health risks by combining mycotoxin levels and dietary exposure assessment. A total of 240 samples of red and white sorghum were collected from both stores and markets across four microclimatic zones. Fungal species were identified using a dilution plate method. Aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and ochratoxin (OTA) were quantified using HPLC, whereas cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins (FUMs) and zearalenone were quantified using ELISA. A. flavus and A. fumigatus were dominant fungal species followed by F. verticilloides, A. oryzae and P. verrucosum. Aflatoxins (mean: 29.97 µg/kg) were detected in all samples, whereas OTA (mean: 37.5 µg/kg) and FUMs (mean: 3269.8 µg/kg) were detected in 72% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Mycotoxins frequently co-occurred in binary mixtures of AFs + OTA and AFs + FUMs. Dietary exposure estimates were highest for FUMs at 230% of TDI and margin of exposures (MOEs) for both AFs and OTA (<10,000) indicating a potential risk associated with combined exposure to AFs and OTA. The Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma cases (HCC/year) attributable to AFs and OTA exposure from sorghum was estimated to be 5.99 × 105 and 0.24 × 105 cases for HBsAg + individuals based on 13.6% HBV incidence. Similarly, the HCC/year for AFs and OTA were assessed to be 3.59 × 105 and 0.14 × 105 at an 8.1% prevalence rate. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the high prevalence and dietary exposure to mycotoxins through sorghum consumption, raising public health and trade concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Omolola Badmos
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Lami Muhammad
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Achi Dabara
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola Adefolalu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Susan Salubuyi
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Abdulkadir
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Victor Tope Oyetunji
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Ojochenemi Apeh
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Kudu Muhammad
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Maurice Monjerezi
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Centre for Resilient Agri-Food Systems (CRAFS), University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group-NRC, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Hussaini Anthony Makun
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
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Nejad BG, Mostafaei Z, Rezaabad AB, Mehravar F, Zarei M, Dehghani A, Estabragh MAR, Karami-Mohajeri S, Alizadeh H. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the relation of aflatoxin B1 to growth impairment in infants/children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:614. [PMID: 38053136 PMCID: PMC10696779 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are regarded as the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic type of mycotoxins. This meta-analysis was performed to investigate a the relation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to growth measurements of infants/children, including wasting, underweight, stunting, as well as weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores. METHODS Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify related publications. Effect sizes for associations were pooled using the random effects analysis. Subgroup analysis by study design, method used to assess AFB1, and adjustment for covariateswas performed to detect possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Pooled analysis of available data showed that AFB1 exposure was negatively associated growth z-scores, including WHZ (β = -0.02, 95%CI = -0.07 to 0.03), with WAZ (β = -0.18, 95%CI = -0.33 to -0.02), and HAZ (β = -0.17, 95%CI = -0.30 to -0.03) in infants/children. There was a remarkable heterogeneity among studies on WAZ and HAZ (P ≤ 0.001). In prospective cohort studies, AFB1 exposure was found to be significantly associated with the elevated risk of underweight (OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.03 to 1.40) and stunting (OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.11 to 1.33). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis highlighted the importance of AFB1 exposure as a potential risk factor for growth impairment in infants/children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Ghorbani Nejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Mostafaei
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Balouchi Rezaabad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehravar
- Department of Psychiatry and Community Health Nursing School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GOUMS), Golestan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Dehghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamzeh Alizadeh
- Genetics Research Center, Department of Genetics and Breeding, The University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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5
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Adedara IA, Atanda OE, Sant'Anna Monteiro C, Rosemberg DB, Aschner M, Farombi EO, Rocha JBT, Furian AF, Emanuelli T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B 1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116869. [PMID: 37567382 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a dietary toxin from the mold Aspergillus species, is well acknowledged to elicit extra-hepatic toxicity in both animals and humans. The neurotoxicity of AFB1 has become a global public health concern. Contemporary research on how AFB1 enters the brain to elicit neuronal dysregulation leading to noxious neurological outcomes has increased greatly in recent years. The current review discusses several neurotoxic outcomes and susceptible targets of AFB1 toxicity at cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Specifically, neurotoxicity studies involving the use of brain homogenates, neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32, human brain microvascular endothelial cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes, as well as mammalian and non-mammalian models to unravel the mechanisms associated with AFB1 exposure are highlighted. Further, some naturally occurring bioactive compounds with compelling therapeutic effects on AFB1-induced neurotoxicity are reviewed. In conclusion, available data from literature highlight AFB1 as a neurotoxin and its possible pathological contribution to neurological disorders. Further mechanistic studies aimed at discovering and developing effective therapeutics for AFB1 neurotoxicity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwadarasimi E Atanda
- Human Toxicology Program, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Camila Sant'Anna Monteiro
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209; 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Chen YC, Hsu JF, Chang CW, Li SW, Yang YC, Chao MR, Chen HJC, Liao PC. Connecting chemical exposome to human health using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based biomonitoring: Recent advances and future perspectives. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2466-2486. [PMID: 36062854 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the rapid advances in genomics leading to broad understanding of human disease, the linkage between chemical exposome and diseases is still under investigation. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is expected to accelerate the process via relatively accurate and precise biomonitoring of human exposome. This review covers recent advancements in biomonitoring of exposed environmental chemicals (chemical exposome) using HRMS described in the 124 articles that resulted from a systematic literature search on Medline and Web of Science databases. The analytical strategic aspects, including the selection of specimens, sample preparation, instrumentation, untargeted versus targeted analysis, and workflows for MS-based biomonitoring to explore the environmental chemical space of human exposome, are deliberated. Applications of HRMS in human exposome investigation are presented by biomonitoring (1) exposed chemical compounds and their biotransformation products; (2) DNA/protein adducts; and (3) endogenous compound perturbations. Challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Fang Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wen Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hauh-Jyun C Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wang J, Chen Q, Yan P, Dong C, Shao Z. Isolation and Optimization of Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Uniform Design and Complete Genome Sequencing of Novel Deep-Sea Kocuria rosea Strain 13. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:520. [PMID: 37755946 PMCID: PMC10534749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a natural carcinogenic mycotoxin. The biological detoxification of aflatoxin could result in less environmental pollution, more moderate conditions, and less impact on food and feed, and be more convenient than physical and chemical methods. In this study, strain 13 with aflatoxin B1 degradation activity (67.47 ± 1.44%) was isolated and identified as Kocuria rosea. A uniform design was applied to optimize the degradation activity using a software Data Processing System, and a quadratic polynomial stepwise regression model was selected to investigate the relationships between the degradation rate and five independent variables. Furthermore, the optimal degradation conditions (culture temperature of 30 °C, culture time of 4.2 days, seawater ratio of 100%, pH of 7.11, and inoculation dosage of 0.09%) were verified with a degradation rate of 88 ± 0.03%, which was well matched with the predicted value (92.97%) of the model. Complete genome sequencing of Kocuria rosea, conducted with a combination of Illumina and single-molecule real-time sequencing, was used to analyze the genomic features and functions of the strain, which were predicted by the annotation based on seven databases, and may provide insights into the potential of Kocuria rosea, as well as providing a reference for degradation gene and protein mining. These results indicate that Kocuria rosea strain 13 has the ability to degrade aflatoxin B1 efficiently, and it also has the potential to provide aflatoxin-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (J.W.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (J.W.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peisheng Yan
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (J.W.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chunming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of PR China, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 350002, China
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of PR China, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 350002, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
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8
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Kinyenje E, Kishimba R, Mohamed M, Mwafulango A, Eliakimu E, Kwesigabo G. Aflatoxicosis outbreak and its associated factors in Kiteto, Chemba and Kondoa Districts, Tanzania. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002191. [PMID: 37552664 PMCID: PMC10409262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Tanzania had experienced hundreds of cases of aflatoxicosis in the districts of Kiteto, Chemba, and Kondoa for the three consecutive years since 2016. Cases may end up with liver cancer. Aflatoxin-induced liver cancer had resulted in the demise of roughly three persons per 100,000 in the country during the same year, 2016. We investigated to characterize the latest outbreak of 2019 and identify its risk factors. This case-control study enrolled all patients presented with acute jaundice of unknown origin and laboratory test results confirmed an acute liver injury with or without abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, or fever during the period of June to November 2019 and had epidemiological link with cases confirmed with Aflatoxin-B1-Lysine. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to identify independent factors associated with aflatoxicosis. We analyzed 62 cases with median age of 7 years (0.58-50 years) and 186 controls with median age of 24 years (range 0.42-55) with onset of symptoms ranging from 1st June 2019 to 16th July 2019. Case-parents had higher serum aflatoxin-B1-lysine adduct concentrations than did controls; 208.80 ng/mg (n = 45) vs. 32.2 ng/mg (n = 26); p<0.01. Storing foods at poor conditions (AOR 5.49; 95% CI 2.30-13.1), age <15 years (AOR 4.48; 95% CI 1.63-12.3), chronic illness (AOR 3.05; 95% CI 1.19-7.83) and being male (AOR 2.31; 95% CI 1.01-5.30) were significantly associated with the disease, whereas cleaning foods before milling decreased the risk of getting the disease by 88% (AOR 0.12; 95% CI 0.05-0.29). According to the results, the outbreak resulted from a globally highest-ever recorded aflatoxin-B1-lysine that originated from a common source. To prevent future outbreaks, it is crucial to store and clean food crops safely before milling. We recommend strict regulations and enforcement around aflatoxin levels in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Kinyenje
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (TFELTP), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Health Quality Assurance Unit, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Rogath Kishimba
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (TFELTP), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (TFELTP), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Eliudi Eliakimu
- Health Quality Assurance Unit, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Gideon Kwesigabo
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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9
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Fan Y, Li J, Amin K, Yu H, Yang H, Guo Z, Liu J. Advances in aptamers, and application of mycotoxins detection: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113022. [PMID: 37316026 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in food products can easily cause serious health hazards and economic losses to human beings. How to accurately detect and effectively control mycotoxin contamination has become a global concern. Mycotoxins conventional detection techniques e.g; ELISA, HPLC, have limitations like, low sensitivity, high cost and time-consuming. Aptamer-based biosensing technology has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, wide linear range, high feasibility, and non-destructiveness, which overcomes the shortcomings of conventional analysis techniques. This review summarizes the sequences of mycotoxin aptamers that have been reported so far. Based on the application of four classic POST-SELEX strategies, it also discusses the bioinformatics-assisted POST-SELEX technology in obtaining optimal aptamers. Furthermore, trends in the study of aptamer sequences and their binding mechanisms to targets is also discussed. The latest examples of aptasensor detection of mycotoxins are classified and summarized in detail. Newly developed dual-signal detection, dual-channel detection, multi-target detection and some types of single-signal detection combined with unique strategies or novel materials in recent years are focused. Finally, the challenges and prospects of aptamer sensors in the detection of mycotoxins are discussed. The development of aptamer biosensing technology provides a new approach with multiple advantages for on-site detection of mycotoxins. Although aptamer biosensing shows great development potential, still some challenges and difficulties are there in practical applications. Future research need high focus on the practical applications of aptasensors and the development of convenient and highly automated aptamers. This may lead to the transition of aptamer biosensing technology from laboratory to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Khalid Amin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China; College of Life Science Chang Chun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China.
| | - Zhijun Guo
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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10
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Stoev SD. Foodborne Diseases Due to Underestimated Hazard of Joint Mycotoxin Exposure at Low Levels and Possible Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 37505733 PMCID: PMC10467111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The subject of this review paper is to evaluate the underestimated hazard of multiple mycotoxin exposure of animals/humans for the appearance of foodborne ailments and diseases. The significance of joint mycotoxin interaction in the development of foodborne diseases is discussed, and appropriate conclusions are made. The importance of low feed/food levels of some target mycotoxins co-contaminations in food and feedstuffs for induction of target foodborne mycotoxicoses is also studied in the available literature. The appropriate hygiene control and the necessary risk assessment in regard to possible hazards for animals and humans are also discussed, and appropriate suggestions are made. Some internationally recognized prophylactic measures, management of the risk, and the necessity of elaboration of new international regulations in regard to the maximum permitted levels are also carefully discussed and analysed in the cases of multiple mycotoxin contaminations. The necessity of harmonization of mycotoxin regulations and control measures at international levels is also discussed in order to facilitate food trade between the countries and to ensure global food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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11
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Chen C, Patil CL, Mduma ER, Groopman JD, Riley RT, Wu F. Mycotoxins were not associated with environmental enteropathy in a cohort of Tanzanian children. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:860-866. [PMID: 35618664 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathy is a pathophysiological condition characterized by decreased intestinal barrier function and absorption. Past studies have hypothesized that mycotoxins might impair children's growth by causing intestinal enteropathy, including interactions between mycotoxins and pathogens. We investigated the association of two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) and fumonisin B1 (FB1 ), independently and in conjunction with microbial pathogens, with fecal biomarkers of environmental enteropathy in children. As part of a larger MAL-ED study, 196 children were recruited in Haydom, Tanzania, and followed for the first 36 months of life. The gut inflammation biomarkers myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) were analyzed in stool samples at 24 months; with mean concentrations 5332.5 ng/L MPO, 807.2 nmol/L NEO, and 0.18 mg/g A1AT. Forty-eight children were measured for AFB1 -lys, with a mean of 5.30 (95% CI: 3.93-6.66) pg/mg albumin; and 87 were measured for FB1 , with a mean of 1.25 (95% CI: 0.72-1.76) ng/ml urine. Although the pathogens adenovirus and Campylobacter were associated with A1AT (p = 0.049) and NEO (p = 0.004), respectively, no association was observed between aflatoxin (MPO, p = 0.30; NEO, p = 0.08; A1AT, p = 0.24) or fumonisin (MPO, p = 0.38; NEO, p = 0.65; A1AT, p = 0.20) exposure and any gut inflammation biomarkers; nor were interactive effects found between mycotoxins and pathogens in contributing to intestinal enteropathy in this cohort. Although further studies are needed to confirm these results, it is possible that mycotoxins contribute to child growth impairment via mechanisms other than disrupting children's intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Crystal L Patil
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - John D Groopman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald T Riley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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12
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Rotimi OA, De Campos OC, Adelani IB, Olawole TD, Rotimi SO. Early-life AFB1 exposure: DNA methylation and hormone alterations. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:237-252. [PMID: 36863796 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of mold that contaminate food and feedstuff. They are found in various food including grains, nuts, milk and eggs. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most poisonous and commonly found of the various types of aflatoxins. Exposures to AFB1 start early in life viz. in utero, during breastfeeding, and during weaning through the waning foods which are mainly grain based. Several studies have shown that early-life exposures to various contaminants may have various biological effects. In this chapter, we reviewed the effects of early-life AFB1 exposures on changes in hormone and DNA methylation. In utero AFB1 exposure results in alterations in steroid and growth hormones. Specifically, the exposure results in a reduction in testosterone levels later in life. The exposure also affects the methylation of various genes that are significant in growth, immune, inflammation, and signaling pathways.
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13
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Risk assessments for the dietary intake aflatoxins in food: A systematic review (2016–2022). Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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14
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Ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor for AFB1 detection in peanut and peanut products. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Mycotoxin risks are lower in biotech corn. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102792. [PMID: 36088737 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are food contaminants that occur when toxigenic fungi colonize crops. Unfortunately, corn, a major staple crop worldwide, is highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. Some mycotoxins, most notably aflatoxin, cause human cancer and other harmful effects such as immunotoxicity and growth impairment. Hence, many nations have set food-safety standards on mycotoxins. Aside from regulations, good agricultural and manufacturing practices lower mycotoxin risks. Agricultural biotechnology has made notable advances in reducing mycotoxins recently. While transgenic Bt corn has been known for years to reduce the mycotoxin fumonisin, new studies have shown its benefit in reducing aflatoxin as well. Other transgenic and RNA-interference corn hybrids target mycotoxin reduction specifically, and gene editing through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat systems has focused on preventing mycotoxin biosynthesis.
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16
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Chen M, Liu X, Yang S, Chen Z, Di B, Liu W, Yan H. HPLC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins in blood: toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in rats. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxins are highly toxic fungal metabolites that can pose health threats to humans and animals. Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. A sensitive high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes was developed for the determination of aflatoxins in blood after acetonitrile precipitation extraction. The limits of quantification of aflatoxins ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 ng/mL. Intra-day accuracy ranged from 92 to 111.0%, and intra-day precision (n = 6) ranged from 1 to 8%. Inter-day accuracy and precision were 94.0–102.0% and 2.0–8.0%, respectively. The toxicokinetics of AFB1 and its metabolite AFM1 after a single oral administration (AFB1 1 mg/kg body weight) were studied in male Sprague–Dawley rats. The blood AFB1 and AFM1 profiles could be adequately described by a noncompartmental model. The highest concentration of AFB1 (Cmax 93.42 ± 23.01 ng/mL) was observed with Tmax at 0.15 ± 0.034 h. AFB1 was rapidly metabolized to AFM1 which reached its peak blood concentration (Cmax 53.86 ± 12.12 ng/mL) at 0.33 ± 0.11 h. The HPLC–MS/MS method was simple and sensitive, appropriate for studying the in vivo toxicokinetics of aflatoxins.
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17
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Early-life chemical exposome and gut microbiome development: African research perspectives within a global environmental health context. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:1084-1100. [PMID: 35697586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome of neonates, infants, and toddlers (NITs) is very dynamic, and only begins to stabilize towards the third year of life. Within this period, exposure to xenobiotics may perturb the gut environment, thereby driving or contributing to microbial dysbiosis, which may negatively impact health into adulthood. Despite exposure of NITs globally, but especially in Africa, to copious amounts and types of xenobiotics - such as mycotoxins, pesticide residues, and heavy metals - little is known about their influence on the early-life microbiome or their effects on acute or long-term health. Within the African context, the influence of fermented foods, herbal mixtures, and the delivery environment on the early-life microbiome are often neglected, despite being potentially important factors that influence the microbiome. Consequently, data on in-depth understanding of the microbiome-exposome interactions is lacking in African cohorts. Collecting and evaluating such data is important because exposome-induced gut dysbiosis could potentially favor disease progression.
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18
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Renaud JB, Walsh JP, Sumarah MW. Optimization of Aflatoxin B1-Lysine Analysis for Public Health Exposure Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100672. [PMID: 36287941 PMCID: PMC9606987 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent human carcinogen produced by several species of Aspergillus mainly found on nuts and maize. Exposures in parts of Africa, Latin America and Asia can be at multiples, sometimes orders of magnitude above tolerable daily levels. Although human exposure to aflatoxin can be estimated by analysis of the diet, only determination of the serum albumin aflatoxin adduct provides a health-relevant exposure measure. The lack of a reference serum limits interlaboratory method validation and data comparisons. In this study, we synthetically produced AFB1-dialdehyde and covalently coupled it to serum albumin in human serum. This synthetic produced aflatoxin-serum reference material was used in conjunction with isotopically labelled internal standards to evaluate sample digestion methods. This showed using sufficient Pronase in the digestion step was critical to ensure complete proteolytic digestion, which occurs within 4 h. Increasing the digestion temperature from 37 °C to 50 °C also provided a benefit to the overall analysis. In addition, the use of dried blood spots and Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) were investigated showing samples stored with VAMS produced equivalent results to serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
| | - Jacob P Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
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19
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Aasa A, Fru F, Adelusi O, Oyeyinka S, Njobeh P. A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Aasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - F.F. Fru
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - O.A. Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - S.A. Oyeyinka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - P.B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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20
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Ashraf W, Rehman A, Ahmad MUD, Rabbani M, Mushtaq MH, Aamir K, Xue KS, Wang JS. Assessment of aflatoxin B 1-lysine adduct in children and its effect on child growth in Lahore, Pakistan. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1463-1473. [PMID: 35652855 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is an important toxic food contaminant and there is very little information available about its exposure and effects on the health of the Pakistani population. Therefore, children (n = 238) aged 1-11 years were recruited in this study to estimate the levels of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct and to measure its adverse effects on growth. Blood samples were analyzed to detect AFB1-lysine adducts through high-performance liquid chromatography. Socio-demographic information and anthropometry measurements were also obtained. All participants had detectable levels of AFB1-lysine adduct with a median concentration of 10.66 pg/mg albumin (95% CI: 8.6-12.4). Differences in area of residence (p < 0.05) and the father's employment (p < 0.05) were significant predictors for aflatoxin concentration levels in ordinary least square and quantile regression models (residence in 75th quantile and father employment in 90th quantile). Children aged from 5 to 11 years in the 5th and 90th quantiles of the regression model had a significant association with aflatoxin levels. A very high (50.4%, 120/238) prevalence of growth impairment (stunting, wasting, and underweight) was also observed in this study. Although we couldn't establish the effect of aflatoxin on growth impairment, children with low serum albumin levels (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.05-0.56; p = 0.004) were likely to be at risk of wasting. Also, low birth weight was strongly associated with wasting (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.36-7.03; p = 0.006) and underweight (OR = 4.60; 95% CI: 2.21-10.05; p= <0.001), while the mother's school level education had a correlation with child stunting (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.07-3.22; p = 0.029). The high prevalence of growth impairment and high concentration of serum AFB1-lysine adduct levels in study participants demand immediate efforts to mitigate the adverse health outcomes in children in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Aamir
- Department of Preventive Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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21
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Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five's Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050290. [PMID: 35622537 PMCID: PMC9143641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most traded infant powdered formula brands (IPF) (n = 42) along with the AFB1 level in under 5's children food brands (biscuits, cornflakes, and cereals) (n = 42) and (2) to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) of AFM1 among infants (0-12 months) in Lebanon. All of the samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. AFB1 was below detection limit in all of the children's food brands samples. Out of 42 IPF samples 9.5% were AFM1-positive in the range of 29.54-140.16 ng/L and exceeded the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) set by the European commission (25 ng/kg). The overall average contamination level was 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L. The EDI of AMF1 for male was in the range of 0.37-0.78 ng/kg/b.w./day and 0.40-0.87 ng/kg/b.w./day for females. Similarly, the HQ calculation resulted in an average of 3.05 for males and 3.28 for females. MOE calculations were far lower from 10,000 in both genders which indicates a high risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Our findings show that AFM1's EDI, HQ and MOE scored high among Lebanese infants. As infants consume more IPF relative to their body weight, the persistence of IPF with high AFM1 levels threatens their health. Thus, infant's exposure risk to AFM1 in IPF should be a continuous focus of attention.
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22
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Renaud JB, Walsh JP, Sumarah MW. Simplified Synthesis and Stability Assessment of Aflatoxin B 1-Lysine and Aflatoxin G 1-Lysine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010056. [PMID: 35051035 PMCID: PMC8780103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and G1 (AFG1) are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate crops such as maize and groundnuts worldwide. The broadly accepted method to assess chronic human aflatoxin exposure is by quantifying the amount of aflatoxin adducted to human serum albumin. This has been reported using ELISA, HPLC, or LC-MS/MS to measure the amount of AFB1-lysine released after proteolysis of serum albumin. LC-MS/MS is the most accurate method but requires both isotopically labelled and unlabelled AFB1-lysine standards, which are not commercially available. In this work, we report a simplified synthetic route to produce unlabelled, deuterated and 13C6 15N2 labelled aflatoxin B1-lysine and for the first-time aflatoxin G1-lysine. Additionally, we report on the stability of these compounds during storage. This simplified synthetic approach will make the production of these important standards more feasible for laboratories performing aflatoxin exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
| | - Jacob P. Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark W. Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
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23
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May T, de la Haye B, Nord G, Klatt K, Stephenson K, Adams S, Bollinger L, Hanchard N, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Maleta K, Manary M, Jahoor F. One-carbon metabolism in children with marasmus and kwashiorkor. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103791. [PMID: 35030356 PMCID: PMC8761690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kwashiorkor is a childhood syndrome of edematous malnutrition. Its precise nutritional precipitants remain uncertain despite nine decades of study. Remarkably, kwashiorkor's disturbances resemble the effects of experimental diets that are deficient in one-carbon nutrients. This similarity suggests that kwashiorkor may represent a nutritionally mediated syndrome of acute one-carbon metabolism dysfunction. Here we report findings from a cross-sectional exploration of serum one-carbon metabolites in Malawian children. METHODS Blood was collected from children aged 12-60 months before nutritional rehabilitation: kwashiorkor (N = 94), marasmic-kwashiorkor (N = 43) marasmus (N = 118), moderate acute malnutrition (N = 56) and controls (N = 46). Serum concentrations of 16 one-carbon metabolites were quantified using LC/MS techniques, and then compared across participant groups. FINDINGS Twelve of 16 measured one-carbon metabolites differed significantly between participant groups. Measured outputs of one-carbon metabolism, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and cysteine, were lower in marasmic-kwashiorkor (median µmol/L (± SD): 0·549 (± 0·217) P = 0·00045 & 90 (± 40) P < 0·0001, respectively) and kwashiorkor (0·557 (± 0·195) P < 0·0001 & 115 (± 50) P < 0·0001), relative to marasmus (0·698 (± 0·212) & 153 (± 42)). ADMA and cysteine were well correlated with methionine in both kwashiorkor and marasmic-kwashiorkor. INTERPRETATION Kwashiorkor and marasmic-kwashiorkor were distinguished by evidence of one-carbon metabolism dysfunction. Correlative observations suggest that methionine deficiency drives this dysfunction, which is implicated in the syndrome's pathogenesis. The hypothesis that kwashiorkor can be prevented by fortifying low quality diets with methionine, along with nutrients that support efficient methionine use, such as choline, requires further investigation. FUNDING The Hickey Family Foundation, the American College of Gastroenterology, the NICHD, and the USDA/ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddaeus May
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX, USA.
| | | | | | - Kevin Klatt
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX, USA,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Lucy Bollinger
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Neil Hanchard
- National Institutes of Health, USA,National Human Genome Research Institute, Nationl Institutes of Health
| | - Erland Arning
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute
| | | | - Mark Manary
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX, USA,The University of Malawi College of Medicine, Malawi,Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Farook Jahoor
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX, USA
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SILVA JVBD, OLIVEIRA CAFD, RAMALHO LNZ. An overview of mycotoxins, their pathogenic effects, foods where they are found and their diagnostic biomarkers. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.48520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Braun D, Šarkanj B, Ayeni KI, Oyedele OA, Michael-Chikezie EC, Ezekiel VC, Mark BN, Ahuchaogu CP, Krska R, Sulyok M, Turner PC, Warth B. Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106996. [PMID: 34991256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multi-specimen, multi-mycotoxin approach involving ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of breast milk, complementary food and urine was applied to examine mycotoxin co-exposure in 65 infants, aged 1-18 months, in Ogun state, Nigeria. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in breast milk (4/22 (18%)), while six other classes of mycotoxins were quantified; including dihydrocitrinone (6/22 (27%); range: 14.0-59.7 ng/L) and sterigmatocystin (1/22 (5%); 1.2 ng/L) detected for the first time. Seven distinct classes of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (9/42 (21%); range: 1.0-16.2 µg/kg) and fumonisins (12/42 (29%); range: 7.9-194 µg/kg) contaminated complementary food. Mycotoxins covering seven distinct classes with diverse structures and modes of action were detected in 64/65 (99%) of the urine samples, demonstrating ubiquitous exposure. Two aflatoxin metabolites (AFM1 and AFQ1) and FB1 were detected in 6/65 (9%), 44/65 (68%) and 17/65 (26%) of urine samples, respectively. Mixtures of mycotoxin classes were common, including 22/22 (100%), 14/42 (33%) and 56/65 (86%) samples having 2-6, 2-4, or 2-6 mycotoxins present, for breast milk, complementary food and urine, respectively. Aflatoxin and/or fumonisin was detected in 4/22 (18%), 12/42 (29%) and 46/65 (71%) for breast milk, complimentary foods and urine, respectively. Furthermore, the detection frequency, median concentrations and occurrence of mixtures were typically greater in urine of non-exclusively breastfed compared to exclusively breastfed infants. The study provides novel insights into mycotoxin co-exposures in early-life. Albeit a small sample set, it highlights transition to higher levels of infant mycotoxin exposure as complementary foods are introduced, providing impetus to mitigate during this critical early-life period and encourage breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University North, Center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, HR, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel C Michael-Chikezie
- Clifford University, Owerrinta (Ihie Campus), Abia State, Nigeria; Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Beatrice N Mark
- Department of Community Health, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonso P Ahuchaogu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Understanding carotenoid biosynthetic pathway control points using metabolomic analysis and natural genetic variation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:127-151. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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de León-Martínez LD, López-Mendoza C, Terán-Figueroa Y, Flores-Ramírez R, Díaz-Barriga F, Alcántara-Quintana L. Detection of aflatoxin B1 adducts in Mexican women with cervical lesions. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most serious threats to the lives of women; co-factors in addition to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be important in causing CC. Women in Mexico are exposed to dietary aflatoxin B1, a potent carcinogen, which may act as a co-factor, in inducing progression to CC. Scarce studies are addressing environmental risks associated with the development of CC, thus the study aimed to establish a relationship between the presence of AFB1 and the detection of human papillomavirus in the genome of Mexican women. Forty samples from cervical tissue of women infected with HPV were obtained; positive results regarding the HPV type (16 and/or 18) were found in 92.5% women and the presence of AFB1-DNA adducts were detected in 77.5% of the same positive HPV samples. Detection of AFB1-DNA adducts and genomic concentrations were correlated with the detection of two oncogenic types of HPV 16 and 18. AFB1-DNA positivity and higher genomic concentrations of AFB1-DNA adducts were correlated with an increased risk of oncogenic detection of HPV in cervical samples from women in Mexico. As a secondary objective, a hypothetical interaction of the adducts with the NRF2 pathway has been proposed, therefore activation of p62 and in turn E6 and E7 (HPV proteins) would inhibit the formation of autophagosomes, which would result in a presence or recurrence of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona 7 No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - C.M. López-Mendoza
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Niño Artillero 130 Zona Universitaria, 78240, SLP, México
| | - Y. Terán-Figueroa
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Niño Artillero 130 Zona Universitaria, 78240, SLP, México
| | - R. Flores-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona 7 No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - F. Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona 7 No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - L.E. Alcántara-Quintana
- Cátedra CONACYT, Facultad de Enfermería y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Niño Artillero 130 Zona Universitaria, 78240, SLP, México
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Nguyen VTT, König S, Eggert S, Endres K, Kins S. The role of mycotoxins in neurodegenerative diseases: current state of the art and future perspectives of research. Biol Chem 2021; 403:3-26. [PMID: 34449171 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can cause various diseases in humans and animals. The adverse health effects of mycotoxins such as liver failure, immune deficiency, and cancer are well-described. However, growing evidence suggests an additional link between these fungal metabolites and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the wealth of these initial reports, reliable conclusions are still constrained by limited access to human patients and availability of suitable cell or animal model systems. This review summarizes knowledge on mycotoxins associated with neurodegenerative diseases and the assumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The limitations of the common in vivo and in vitro experiments to identify the role of mycotoxins in neurotoxicity and thereby in neurodegenerative diseases are elucidated and possible future perspectives to further evolve this research field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja König
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Ayeni KI, Atanda OO, Krska R, Ezekiel CN. Present status and future perspectives of grain drying and storage practices as a means to reduce mycotoxin exposure in Nigeria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080606. [PMID: 34436145 PMCID: PMC8397101 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer-causing compounds, predominantly synthesized by the Aspergillus species. AFs biosynthesis is a lengthy process that requires as minimum as 30 genes grouped inside 75 kilobytes (kB) of gene clusters, which are regulated by specific transcription factors, including aflR, aflS, and some general transcription factors. This paper summarizes the status of research on characterizing structural and regulatory genes associated with AF production and their roles in aflatoxigenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and enhances the current understanding of AFs that adversely affect humans and animals with a great emphasis on toxicity and preventive methods.
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Xu Y, Moore S, Chen G, Nshe P, Faye-Joof T, Prentice A, Gong YY, Routledge M. Impact of dietary aflatoxin on immune development in Gambian infants: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048688. [PMID: 34285011 PMCID: PMC8292809 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic aflatoxin (AF) exposure has been shown to occur at high levels in children from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and has been associated with growth retardation and immune dysfunction. Our objective was to investigate the impact of AF exposure on immune development in early infancy using thymic size and antibody (Ab) response to vaccination as indicators of immune function. METHODS A total of 374 infants born between May 2011 and December 2012 were enrolled into the current study. These infants were recruited from a larger, randomised trial examining the impact of nutritional supplementation of mothers and infants on infant immune development (the Early Nutrition and Immune Development Trial). Thymic size (Thymic Index, TI) was measured by sonography at 1 week, 8 weeks, 24 weeks and 52 weeks of infant age. Infants were given the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine at 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks of age, and Ab responses to each vaccine measured at 12 weeks and 24 weeks of age. AF-albumin (AF-alb) adduct levels in infant blood were measured by ELISA as the biomarker of AF exposure. RESULTS The geometric mean (GM) level of AF-alb increased with age. Only half of infants had detectable AF-alb with a GM of 3.52 pg/mg at 24 weeks, increasing to 25.39 pg/mg at 52 weeks, when 98% of infants had AF-alb >limit of detection. Significant negative association of AF-alb level with TI was seen in infants during the first 24 weeks, especially at 8 weeks of age (p<0.001), which is the time point of fastest thymus growth. There were no associations between AF exposure level and Ab response to pertussis and tetanus, but a significant positive correlation was observed between AF-alb level and Ab titre to diphtheria (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS High levels of AF exposure during early infancy may impact on infant immune development. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN49285450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xu
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sophie Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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High-resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of mycotoxins in biological samples. A review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ismail A, Naeem I, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Akhtar S, Riaz M, Ramalho LNZ, de Oliveira CAF, Ismail Z. Early life exposure to dietary aflatoxins, health impact and control perspectives: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vidal A, Belova L, Stove C, De Boevre M, De Saeger S. Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:345. [PMID: 34064925 PMCID: PMC8150583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomonitoring of biological samples arises as an effective tool to evaluate the exposure to mycotoxins in the population. Owing to the wide range of advantages, there is a growing interest in the use of non- and minimally invasive alternative sampling strategies, such as dried blood spot sampling or volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). A VAMS-based multi-mycotoxin method was developed and validated for 24 different mycotoxins. Method validation was based on the Bioanalytical Method Validation Guideline of the Food and Drug Administration from the United States and for most of the studied mycotoxins, the results of the performance characteristics were in agreement with the criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The recovery for the different mycotoxins was not haematocrit dependent and remained acceptable after storing the VAMS for 7 and 21 days at refrigeration temperature (4 °C) and room temperature, demonstrating that VAMS could be applied to assess mycotoxin exposure in blood in resource-limited areas, where there may be a delay between sampling and analysis. Finally, a comparison between VAMS and a procedure for liquid whole blood analysis, performed on 20 different blood samples, did not result in missed exposed cases for VAMS. Moreover, both methods detected similar levels of ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. Given all the benefits associated with VAMS and the developed method, VAMS sampling may serve as an alternative to conventional venous sampling to evaluate multiple mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vidal
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Lidia Belova
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
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Assessment of aflatoxins exposure through urinary biomarker approach and the evaluation of the impacts of aflatoxins exposure on the selected health parameters of the children of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Development and Limitations of Exposure Biomarkers to Dietary Contaminants Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050314. [PMID: 33924868 PMCID: PMC8147022 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that frequently contaminate cereal crops globally, presenting exposure hazards to humans and livestock in many settings. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates for epidemiological studies, making validated exposure biomarkers better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. While biomarkers of exposure have served important roles for understanding the public health impact of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AF), the science of biomarkers must continue advancing to allow for better understanding of mycotoxins' roles in the etiology of disease and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. This review will discuss mycotoxin biomarker development approaches over several decades for four toxins of significant public health concerns, AFs, fumonisins (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OTA). This review will also highlight some knowledge gaps, key needs and potential pitfalls in mycotoxin biomarker interpretation.
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Arce-López B, Lizarraga E, López de Mesa R, González-Peñas E. Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020150. [PMID: 33672088 PMCID: PMC7919644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present, for the first time in Spain, the levels of 19 mycotoxins in plasma samples from healthy and sick children (digestive, autism spectrum (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders) (n = 79, aged 2–16). The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole) (LC-MS/MS). To detect Phase II metabolites, the samples were reanalyzed after pre-treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. The most prevalent mycotoxin was ochratoxin A (OTA) in all groups of children, before and after enzyme treatment. In healthy children, the incidence of OTA was 92.5% in both cases and higher than in sick children before (36.7% in digestive disorders, 50% in ASD, and 14.3% in ADHD) and also after the enzymatic treatment (76.6 % in digestive disorders, 50% in ASD, and 85.7% in ADHD). OTA levels increased in over 40% of healthy children after enzymatic treatment, and this increase in incidence and levels was also observed in all sick children. This suggests the presence of OTA conjugates in plasma. In addition, differences in OTA metabolism may be assumed. OTA levels are higher in healthy children, even after enzymatic treatment (mean OTA value for healthy children 3.29 ng/mL, 1.90 ng/mL for digestive disorders, 1.90 ng/mL for ASD, and 0.82 ng/mL for ADHD). Ochratoxin B appears only in the samples of healthy children with a low incidence (11.4%), always co-occurring with OTA. Sterigmatocystin (STER) was detected after enzymatic hydrolysis with a high incidence in all groups, especially in sick children (98.7% in healthy children and 100% in patients). This supports glucuronidation as a pathway for STER metabolism in children. Although other mycotoxins were studied (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1; T-2 and HT-2 toxins; deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; zearalenone; nivalenol; fusarenon-X; neosolaniol; and diacetoxyscirpenol), they were not detected either before or after enzymatic treatment in any of the groups of children. In conclusion, OTA and STER should be highly considered in the risk assessment of mycotoxins. Studies concerning their sources of exposure, toxicokinetics, and the relationship between plasma levels and toxic effects are of utmost importance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Reyes López de Mesa
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
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Exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins and linear growth of children in rural Ethiopia: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:3662-3673. [PMID: 33517942 PMCID: PMC8369457 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We hypothesise that exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins, measured in serum, alters protein synthesis, reducing serum protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), increasing inflammation and infection, leading to child’s linear growth failure. Design: Children 6–35 months, stratified by baseline stunting, were subsampled from an intervention trial on quality protein maize consumption and evaluated at two time-points. Setting: Blood samples and anthropometric data were collected in the pre-harvest (August–September 2015) and post-harvest (February 2016) seasons in rural Ethiopia. Participants: 102 children (50 stunted and 52 non-stunted). Results: Proportions of children exposed to aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2 and aflatoxin M1 were higher in the pre-harvest (8, 33 and 7, respectively) compared to post-harvest season (4, 28 and 4, respectively). The proportion of children exposed to any aflatoxin was higher in the pre-harvest than post-harvest season (51 % v. 41 %). Fumonisin exposure ranged from 0 % to 11 %. In joint statistical tests, aflatoxin exposure was associated with serum biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, α-1-glycoprotein) and protein status (transthyretin, lysine, tryptophan), IGF-1 and linear growth (all P < 0·01). However, exposure to specific aflatoxins was not significantly associated with any biomarkers or outcomes (all P > 0·05). Conclusions: Aflatoxin exposure among rural Ethiopian children was high, with large variation between seasons and individual aflatoxins. Fumonisin exposure was low. There was no clear association between aflatoxin exposure and protein status, inflammation or linear growth. A larger study may be needed to examine the potential biological interactions, and the assessment of aflatoxins in food is needed to determine sources of high exposure.
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Estimating the health burden of aflatoxin attributable stunting among children in low income countries of Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1619. [PMID: 33452336 PMCID: PMC7810982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of aflatoxin associated childhood stunting in low income countries. We provide an estimate of the disease burden of aflatoxin related stunting using data from the four African countries. For this empirical analysis, we obtained blood aflatoxin albumin adduct biomarker based exposure data as measured using ELISA technique and anthropometric measurement data from surveys done over a 12-year period from 2001 to 2012 in four low income countries in Africa. We used these data to calculate population attributable risk (PAR), life time disease burden for children under five by comparing two groups of stunted children using both prevalence and incidence-based approaches. We combined prevalence estimates with a disability weight, measuring childhood stunting and co-occurrence of stunting-underweight to produce years lived with disability. Using a previously reported mortality, years of life lost were estimated. We used probabilistic analysis to model these associations to estimate the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and compared these with those given by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study. The PAR increased from 3 to 36% for aflatoxin-related stunting and 14–50% for co-occurrence of stunting and underweight. Using prevalence-based approach, children with aflatoxin related stunting resulted in 48,965.20 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 45,868.75–52,207.53) DALYs per 100,000 individuals. Children with co-occurrence of stunting and underweight due to exposure to aflatoxin resulted in 40,703.41 (95% UI: 38,041.57–43,517.89) DALYs per 100,000 individuals. Uncertainty analysis revealed that reducing aflatoxin exposure in high exposure areas upto non-detectable levels could save the stunting DALYs up to 50%. The burden of childhood all causes stunting is greater in countries with higher aflatoxin exposure such as Benin. In high exposure areas, these results might help guide research protocols and prioritisation efforts and focus aflatoxin exposure reduction. HEFCE Global Challenge Research Fund Aflatoxin project.
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Collins SL, Walsh JP, Renaud JB, McMillan A, Rulisa S, Miller JD, Reid G, Sumarah MW. Improved methods for biomarker analysis of the big five mycotoxins enables reliable exposure characterization in a population of childbearing age women in Rwanda. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111854. [PMID: 33197547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Of the five agriculturally important mycotoxins, AFB1, FB1, DON, ZEA and OTA, a well-characterized biomarker of exposure in blood is only available for aflatoxin. Working with a population of 139 women of childbearing age in Rwanda, we undertook a comprehensive assessment of their dietary mycotoxin exposure. Using high-resolution LC-MS/MS with stable isotope dilution analysis, the albumin-aflatoxin adduct was quantitated in plasma. Similarly, AFM1, AFB1, AFG1, FB1 and B2, OTA, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide were quantitated in urine. AFB1-Lys was detected in plasma from 81% of the women, indicative of exposures 1-2 orders of magnitude above current guidance. Zearalenone and/or α-zearalenol were detected in the urine of 61% of the women, the majority of whom had estimated exposures 2-5 times the PMTDI, with one third more than an order of magnitude above. Urinary deoxynivalenol or the two glucuronide conjugates were found in 77% of the participants. Of these, 60% were below the PMTDI, 28% were twice and 12% were >10x the PMTDI. Fumonisin B1 (30%) and ochratoxin A (71%) were also detected in urine. Exposures observed in these Rwandan women raise serious food safety concerns and highlight the need for authorities to help manage multiple mycotoxins in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy McMillan
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Rulisa
- University of Rwanda, and University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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41
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Adaku Chilaka C, Mally A. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1585. [PMID: 33139646 PMCID: PMC7693847 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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42
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Nabwire Wangia-Dixon R, Xue KS, Alcala J, Quach THT, Song X, Tang L, Ombaka J, Githanga DP, Anzala OA, Wang JS. Nutrition and growth outcomes are affected by aflatoxin exposures in Kenyan children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2123-2134. [PMID: 33026957 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1825825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin exposure, malnutrition and growth impairment in children present significant public health problems in low- and middle-income countries. Recent epidemiology studies show that exposure to aflatoxins through dietary sources in early life contributes to growth retardation among children. However, the findings remain inconclusive due to limited comparative studies in high versus low aflatoxin exposure regions. This cross-sectional study presents aflatoxin exposure levels among children aged 6 to 12 years, and further evaluates the association between aflatoxin exposure levels, malnutrition and growth impairment in Kenya, East Africa. AFB1-lysine adducts are validated biomarkers of exposure and were quantified using HPLC with fluorescence detection. All children (n = 746) had detectable levels of AFB1-lysine adducts in serum, range 0.65-518.9 pg/mg albumin with a geometric mean (GM) of 10.5 (95%CI 9.4-11.7) pg/mg albumin. The Geometric Means (GM) of AFB1-lysine adducts were 14.0 (95%CI 12.5, 15.7) pg/mg albumin and 8.2 (95%CI 7.6, 8.8) pg/mg albumin (p-value < 0.001), among children recruited from Makueni and Siaya Counties, respectively. While the study confirms higher human exposure levels in Makueni county, it provides an initial data set for aflatoxin exposure levels among children recruited from Siaya County. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for socio-economic indicators, farming practices, and household dietary patterns, increasing one unit of log AFB1-lysine was associated with decreasing Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) by -0.13, p-value = 0.019 among all children aged 6-12 years. Among children 6 to 9 years, WAZ decreases by -0.11 (-0.54, -0.01), p-value = 0.049. Additional growth parameters Height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) do not reach statistical significance. HAZ decreases by -0.08, p-value = 0.337 and WHZ decreases by -0.17, p-value = 0.437 with every increase in log AFB1-lysine. These data suggest that efforts must be put in place to control for aflatoxin exposure in order to achieve better growth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Siyu Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Alcala
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Trang Ho Thu Quach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James Ombaka
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University , Maseno, Kenya
| | - David Peter Githanga
- Peadiatrics, Cardiology and Child Health, Nairobi Hospital , Nairobi, Kenya.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Aggrey Anzala
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya.,KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
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43
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Memiş EY, Yalçın SS, Yalçın S. Mycotoxin carry-over in breast milk and weight of infant in exclusively-breastfed infants. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:313-318. [PMID: 33023405 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1828242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) in human milk, and to investigate the relation between selected mycotoxin levels in breast milk and infantile growth in exclusively-breastfed infants under four months. Mycotoxin analysis was performed with commercial ELISA kits. Infants were weighed, and z scores of weight-for-age (WAZ) were calculated with WHO standards. The first quartile of the mycotoxin levels was classified in subgroups as low-level, the last quartile as high-level, and between them as middle-level. The subgroups of AFM1, OTA, and DON had similar infants' WAZ. When cases without maternal smoke exposure were selected and WAZ at birth, infant age, and gender were adjusted, higher infant WAZ on admission was detected in high-ZEN subgroup (p = 0.033). Further cohort studies in exclusively-breastfed infants and absence of maternal smoke exposure could clarify the effect of ZEN on infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sıddıka Songül Yalçın
- Unit of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçın
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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44
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Ibitoye OA, Olaniyi OO, Ogidi CO, Akinyele BJ. Lactic acid bacteria bio-detoxified aflatoxins contaminated cereals, ameliorate toxicological effects and improve haemato-histological parameters in albino rats. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1817088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clement Olusola Ogidi
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, Odeomu, Nigeria
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45
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Wong-Arce A, Díaz-Barriga F, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Rosales-Mendoza S, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of acute and chronic exposure to aflatoxin B 1 in indigenous women of the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30583-30591. [PMID: 32468362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most studied mycotoxins due to its high occurrence in food and its hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, childhood growth, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects in humans and animals. Exposure to AFB1 is reported to be both, acute and chronic; the main exposure pathway to AFB1 is through the intake of contaminated food. In Mexico, although the reports of several studies addressing the problem of aflatoxins in maize and other foods, the evidence has been centered on exposure to AFB1 and to the quantification of the Aflatoxins themselves, but there is null evidence about genotoxic effects of aflatoxins in vulnerable populations. Therefore, this study focused on assessing chronic AFB1 exposure through the AFB1-lys biomarker adduct and acute exposure through total AFB1-DNA adducts in women from a rural indigenous community in the Huasteca Potosina (Mexico). A hundred percent of the studied population presented total AFB1-DNA and AFB1-lys adducts in concentrations of 1.08 (0.48-1.34) μmol of adduct/mol of DNA and 2.33 (1.08-102.6) pg/mg of albumin respectively (median (min-max)). Thus, continuous monitoring and important changes in regulations are desired and recommended. The results in this study provide enough evidence to support the toxic effects that the exposure to AFB1 represents, as well as the population risk that it poses, and in the same sense, the current need to create an intervention program that directly influences the control of the sources of exposure in order to reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Alejandra Wong-Arce
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenue Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Avenida Universidad No. 302, Colonia Lomas del Campestre, 37150, León, GTO, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenue Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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46
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Loi M, Renaud JB, Rosini E, Pollegioni L, Vignali E, Haidukowski M, Sumarah MW, Logrieco AF, Mulè G. Enzymatic transformation of aflatoxin B 1 by Rh_DypB peroxidase and characterization of the reaction products. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126296. [PMID: 32135437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In some environments, a number of crops, notably maize and nuts can be contaminated by aflatoxin B1 and related compounds resulting from the growth of aflatoxin-producing Aspergilli. Fungal peroxidases have been shown to degrade a number of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro enzymatic degradation AFB1 by a recombinant type B dye decolorizing peroxidase (Rh_DypB). Analysis of the reaction products by HPLC-MS analysis showed that under optimized conditions AFB1 was efficiently transformed by Rh_DypB, reaching a maximum of 96% conversion after 4 days of reaction at 25 °C. Based on high resolution mass spectrometry analysis, AFB1 was demonstrated to be quantitatively converted to AFQ1, a compound with a significantly lower toxicity. A number of low molecular mass compounds were also present in the final reaction mixture in small quantities. The results presented in this study are promising for a possible application of the enzyme Rh_DypB for aflatoxin reduction in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3.
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Elisa Vignali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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47
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Elzupir AO, Abdulkhair BY. Health risk from aflatoxins in processed meat products in Riyadh, KSA. Toxicon 2020; 181:1-5. [PMID: 32304673 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the health risks associated with aflatoxins (AFs) in processed meat products (PMP) sold in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The occurrence and levels of AFs were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD), whereas the cancer risk attributed to the consumption of meat products containing AFs was estimated by means of margin of exposure (MOE) on a scale of 100-600, representing high and low exposure, respectively. The results indicated that 37.5% of the samples were contaminated, with concentrations ranging from 0.30 to 52.93 μg/kg, at an average of 6.4 ± 12.58 μg/kg. The percentage contamination levels with total AFs higher than the permissible Saudi limit of 20 μg/kg were 4% of samples analysed and 10% of contaminated samples. AFB1 and AFG1 were the most prevalent toxins, followed by AFB2; AFG2 was not detected in any sample. The MOE was found to be 175 and 311 for total AFs in processed beef meat and poultry meat products, respectively. These results showed that the daily intake of AF-contaminated PMP may constitute a public health concern. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the health risk associated with PMP contaminated with AFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin O Elzupir
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Deanship of Scientific Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Babiker Y Abdulkhair
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Marko D, Oswald IP, Piersma A, Routledge M, Schlatter J, Baert K, Gergelova P, Wallace H. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06040. [PMID: 32874256 PMCID: PMC7447885 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain-based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while 'liquid milk' and 'fermented milk products' were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in-line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.
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49
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Arce-López B, Lizarraga E, Vettorazzi A, González-Peñas E. Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E147. [PMID: 32121036 PMCID: PMC7150965 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art regarding human biological monitoring (HBM) of mycotoxins in plasma serum and blood samples. After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, with a focus on the last five years, several aspects were analyzed and summarized: a) the biomarkers analyzed and their encountered levels, b) the analytical methodologies developed and c) the relationship between biomarker levels and some illnesses. In the literature reviewed, aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and serum were the most widely studied mycotoxin biomarkers for HBM. Regarding analytical methodologies, a clear increase in the development of methods for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins has been observed. For this purpose, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, especially when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), has grown. A high percentage of the samples analyzed for OTA or aflatoxin B1 (mostly as AFB1-lys) in the reviewed papers were positive, demonstrating human exposure to mycotoxins. This review confirms the importance of mycotoxin human biomonitoring and highlights the important challenges that should be faced, such as the inclusion of other mycotoxins in HBM programs, the need to increase knowledge of mycotoxin metabolism and toxicokinetics, and the need for reference materials and new methodologies for treating samples. In addition, guidelines are required for analytical method validation, as well as equations to establish the relationship between human fluid levels and mycotoxin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
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