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Montanari Borges B, Gama de Santana M, Willian Preite N, de Lima Kaminski V, Trentin G, Almeida F, Vieira Loures F. Extracellular vesicles from virulent P. brasiliensis induce TLR4 and dectin-1 expression in innate cells and promote enhanced Th1/Th17 response. Virulence 2024; 15:2329573. [PMID: 38511558 PMCID: PMC10962619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2329573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that transport several biomolecules and are involved in important mechanisms and functions related to the pathophysiology of fungal diseases. EVs from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the main causative agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), modulate the immune response of macrophages. In this study, we assessed the EVs proteome from a virulent P. brasiliensis isolated from granulomatous lesions and compared their immunomodulatory ability with EVs isolated from the fungus before the animal passage (control EVs) when challenging macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Proteome showed that virulent EVs have a higher abundance of virulence factors such as GP43, protein 14-3-3, GAPDH, as well as virulence factors never described in PCM, such as aspartyl aminopeptidase and a SidJ analogue compared with control EVs. Virulent extracellular vesicles induced higher expression of TLR4 and Dectin-1 than control EVs in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). In opposition, a lower TLR2 expression was induced by virulent EVs. Additionally, virulent EVs induced lower expression of CD80, CD86 and TNF-α, but promoted a higher expression of IL-6 and IL-10, suggesting that EVs isolated from virulent P. brasiliensis-yeast promote a milder DCs and macrophage maturation. Herein, we showed that EVs from virulent fungi stimulated a higher frequency of Th1/Tc1, Th17, and Treg cells, which gives new insights into fungal extracellular vesicles. Taken together, our results suggest that P. brasiliensis utilizes its EVs as virulence bags that manipulate the immune system in its favour, creating a milder immune response and helping with fungal evasion from the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique Gama de Santana
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Trentin
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Sepúlveda VE, Rader JA, Li JJ, Goldman WE, Matute DR. Phenotypic characterization of cryptic species in the fungal pathogen Histoplasma. mSphere 2024:e0000924. [PMID: 38771035 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00009-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis that often presents as a respiratory infection in immunocompromised patients. Hundreds of thousands of new infections are reported annually around the world. The etiological agent of the disease, Histoplasma, is a dimorphic fungus commonly found in the soil where it grows as mycelia. Humans can become infected by Histoplasma through inhalation of its spores (conidia) or mycelial particles. The fungi transition into the yeast phase in the lungs at 37°C. Once in the lungs, yeast cells reside and proliferate inside alveolar macrophages. Genomic work has revealed that Histoplasma is composed of at least five cryptic phylogenetic species that differ genetically. Three of those lineages have received new names. Here, we evaluated multiple phenotypic characteristics (colony morphology, secreted proteolytic activity, yeast size, and growth rate) of strains from five of the phylogenetic species of Histoplasma to identify phenotypic traits that differentiate between these species: Histoplasma capsulatum sensu stricto, Histoplasma ohiense, Histoplasma mississippiense, Histoplasma suramericanum, and an African lineage. We report diagnostic traits for three species. The other two species can be identified by a combination of traits. Our results suggest that (i) there are significant phenotypic differences among the cryptic species of Histoplasma and (ii) those differences can be used to positively distinguish those species in a clinical setting and for further study of the evolution of this fungal pathogen.IMPORTANCEIdentifying species boundaries is a critical component of evolutionary biology. Genome sequencing and the use of molecular markers have advanced our understanding of the evolutionary history of fungal pathogens, including Histoplasma, and have allowed for the identification of new species. This is especially important in organisms where morphological characteristics have not been detected. In this study, we revised the taxonomic status of the four named species of the genus Histoplasma, H. capsulatum sensu stricto (ss), H. ohiense, H. mississippiense, and H. suramericanum, and propose the use of species-specific phenotypic traits to aid their identification when genome sequencing is not available. These results have implications not only for evolutionary study of Histoplasma but also for clinicians, as the Histoplasma species could determine the outcome of disease and treatment needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Sepúlveda
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan A Rader
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jingbaoyi Janet Li
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William E Goldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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de Souza Suguiura IM, Navolar FMN, Souza BA, Simioni MLS, de Carvalho Ishiuchi GG, Macagnan R, Itano EN, Sano A, Bracarense APFL, Ono MA. An atypical case of chronic paracoccidioidomycosis in a dog caused by a fungus from the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10413-0. [PMID: 38758425 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin American countries and one of the most important fungal diseases regarding incidence and mortality in humans. PCM has also been described in some animal species such as dogs. In this study we describe a new case of PCM disease in a dog that differed from previous records in the literature which includes a progressive evolution of fungal dermatitis causing a deforming lesion in the nose, like those found in human patients, and humoral response against gp70 instead of gp43, the major diagnostic antigen for human PCM. The clinical isolate through the ITS and partial gp43 gene phylogenetic analysis was grouped in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex. This case describes several features which may contribute to improving diagnosis and understanding of canine paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Massahiro de Souza Suguiura
- 17 Regional de Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Saúde do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Imunologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Martins Negreiros Navolar
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafaela Macagnan
- Coordenação de Pos-Graduação, Pesquisa, Extensão, Inovação e Internacionalização -COPPEXII da Afya Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Bragança, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eiko Nakagawa Itano
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ayako Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Sembaru 1, Nishihara-Cho, Nakagusuku-Gun, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | | | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Laboratório de Imunologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Oliveira LT, Marcos CM, Cabral AKLF, Medina-Alarcón KP, Pires RH, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Paracoccidioides spp.: the structural characterization of extracellular matrix, expression of glucan synthesis and associated genes and adhesins during biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1354140. [PMID: 38516014 PMCID: PMC10955377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1354140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Paracoccidioides includes Paracoccidioides lutzii and the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, which comprises four phylogenetic species. A key feature distinguishing planktonic growth from biofilm is the presence of a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, in this study, we analyzed biofilm formation in different species of Paracoccidioides yeast phase, characterized the structural elements of the matrix of P. brasiliensis (Pb18), P. lutzii (Pl01 and 8334) and P. restrepiensis (339 and 192) and evaluated the expression of glucan genes, according to the stage of biofilm evolution for P. brasiliensis. The strains were cultivated in planktonic and biofilm form for 24-144 h. The fungi biomass and metabolic activity were determined by crystal violet and tetrazolium salt reduction (XTT) tests and colony-forming unit (CFU) by plating. The biofilm structure was designed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques. The extracellular matrix of P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii biofilms was extracted by sonication, and polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were quantified. The RNA was extracted with the Trizol® reagent and quantified; then, the cDNA was synthesized to analyze the enolase expression, 14-3-3, FKS1, AGS1, GEL3, and KRE6 genes by real-time PCR. All strains of Paracoccidioides studied form a biofilm with more significant metabolic activity and biomass values in 144 h. The extracellular matrix of P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii had a higher content of polysaccharides in their composition, followed by proteins and eDNA in smaller quantities. The P. brasiliensis biofilm kinetics of formation showed greater expression of genes related to glucan's synthesis and its delivery to the external environment in addition adhesins during the biofilm's adhesion, initiation, and maturation. The GEL3 and enolase genes increased in expression within 24 h and during the biofilm maturation period, there was an increase in 14-3-3, AGS1, and FKS1. Furthermore, at 144 h, there was a decrease in KRE6 expression and an increase in GEL3. This study highlights the potential for biofilm formation for three species of Paracoccidioides and the main components of the extracellular matrix that can contribute to a better understanding of biofilm organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lariane Teodoro Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Karla Lima Freire Cabral
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas-UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Kaila Petronila Medina-Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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5
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Koehler A, Scroferneker ML, de Souza NMP, de Moraes PC, Pereira BAS, de Souza Cavalcante R, Mendes RP, Corbellini VA. Rapid Classification of Serum from Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Univariate Statistics, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:147. [PMID: 38392819 PMCID: PMC10890592 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis that is diagnosed by visualizing the fungus in clinical samples or by other methods, like serological techniques. However, all PCM diagnostic methods have limitations. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic tool for PCM based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A total of 224 serum samples were included: 132 from PCM patients and 92 constituting the control group (50 from healthy blood donors and 42 from patients with other systemic mycoses). Samples were analyzed by attenuated total reflection (ATR) and a t-test was performed to find differences in the spectra of the two groups. The wavenumbers that had p < 0.05 had their diagnostic potential evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The spectral region with the lowest p value was used for variable selection through principal component analysis (PCA). The selected variables were used in a linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In univariate analysis, the ROC curves with the best performance were obtained in the region 1551-1095 cm-1. The wavenumber that had the highest AUC value was 1264 cm-1, achieving a sensitivity of 97.73%, specificity of 76.01%, and accuracy of 94.22%. The total separation of groups was obtained in the PCA performed with a spectral range of 1551-1095 cm-1. LDA performed with the eight wavenumbers with the greatest weight from the group discrimination in the PCA obtained 100% accuracy. The methodology proposed here is simple, fast, and highly accurate, proving its potential to be applied in the diagnosis of PCM. The proposed method is more accurate than the currently known diagnostic methods, which is particularly relevant for a neglected tropical mycosis such as paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Koehler
- Postgraduate Program of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Scroferneker
- Postgraduate Program of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Cezar de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo de Souza Cavalcante
- Tropical Diseases Area, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Pôncio Mendes
- Tropical Diseases Area, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Valeriano Antonio Corbellini
- Department of Sciences, Humanities and Education, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
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6
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Sepúlveda VE, Rader JA, Li J(J, Goldman WE, Matute DR. Phenotypic characterization of cryptic species in the fungal pathogen Histoplasma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574719. [PMID: 38260643 PMCID: PMC10802462 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis that often presents as a respiratory infection in immunocompromised patients. Hundreds of thousands of new infections are reported annually around the world. The etiological agent of the disease, Histoplasma, is a dimorphic fungus commonly found in the soil where it grows as mycelia. Humans can become infected by Histoplasma through inhalation of its spores (conidia) or mycelial particles. The fungi transitions into the yeast phase in the lungs at 37°C. Once in the lungs, yeast cells reside and proliferate inside alveolar macrophages. We have previously described that Histoplasma is composed of at least five cryptic species that differ genetically, and assigned new names to the lineages. Here we evaluated multiple phenotypic characteristics of 12 strains from five phylogenetic species of Histoplasma to identify phenotypic traits that differentiate between these species: H. capsulatum sensu stricto, H. ohiense, H. mississippiense, H. suramericanum, and an African lineage. We report diagnostic traits for two species. The other three species can be identified by a combination of traits. Our results suggest that 1) there are significant phenotypic differences among the cryptic species of Histoplasma, and 2) that those differences can be used to positively distinguish those species in a clinical setting and for further study of the evolution of this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William E. Goldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel R. Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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7
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Borman AM, Johnson EM. Changes in fungal taxonomy: mycological rationale and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0009922. [PMID: 37930182 PMCID: PMC10732072 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00099-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous fungal species of medical importance have been recently subjected to and will likely continue to undergo nomenclatural changes as a result of the application of molecular approaches to fungal classification together with abandonment of dual nomenclature. Here, we summarize those changes affecting key groups of fungi of medical importance, explaining the mycological (taxonomic) rationale that underpinned the changes and the clinical relevance/importance (where such exists) of the key nomenclatural revisions. Potential mechanisms to mitigate unnecessary taxonomic instability are suggested, together with approaches to raise awareness of important changes to minimize potential clinical confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Borman
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Puccia R, Taborda CP. The story of Paracoccidiodes gp43. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2543-2550. [PMID: 37052751 PMCID: PMC10689671 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is about Dr. Luiz Rodolpho Raja Gabaglia Travassos' scientific contributions to paracoccidioidomycosis as told by myself, Rosana Puccia, but co-written with Dr. Carlos P. Taborda, my younger scientific brother, collaborator, and dear friend. Dr. Travassos' pioneer papers and scientific insights covering biochemistry, immunology, cell biology, and molecular biology in the paracoccidiodomycosis area are key contributions that we acknowledge here, with focus on the Paracoccidioides antigen gp43. Importantly, we tell some personal stories behind the scene. Dr. Travassos' contribution to science is available in a number of quality publications, while his influence to hundreds of people who gravitated around him will be kept alive inside each one of us forever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Puccia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Imunologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Peleschi Taborda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Cruz-Leite VRM, Moreira ALE, Silva LOS, Inácio MM, Parente-Rocha JA, Ruiz OH, Weber SS, Soares CMDA, Borges CL. Proteomics of Paracoccidioides lutzii: Overview of Changes Triggered by Nitrogen Catabolite Repression. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1102. [PMID: 37998907 PMCID: PMC10672198 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Paracoccidioides complex are the causative agents of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a human systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. Upon initial contact with the host, the pathogen needs to uptake micronutrients. Nitrogen is an essential source for biosynthetic pathways. Adaptation to nutritional stress is a key feature of fungi in host tissues. Fungi utilize nitrogen sources through Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR). NCR ensures the scavenging, uptake and catabolism of alternative nitrogen sources, when preferential ones, such as glutamine or ammonium, are unavailable. The NanoUPLC-MSE proteomic approach was used to investigate the NCR response of Paracoccidioides lutzii after growth on proline or glutamine as a nitrogen source. A total of 338 differentially expressed proteins were identified. P. lutzii demonstrated that gluconeogenesis, β-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, adhesin-like proteins, stress response and cell wall remodeling were triggered in NCR-proline conditions. In addition, within macrophages, yeast cells trained under NCR-proline conditions showed an increased ability to survive. In general, this study allows a comprehensive understanding of the NCR response employed by the fungus to overcome nutritional starvation, which in the human host is represented by nutritional immunity. In turn, the pathogen requires rapid adaptation to the changing microenvironment induced by macrophages to achieve successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rafaela Milhomem Cruz-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - André Luís Elias Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Lana O’Hara Souza Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Moises Morais Inácio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Estácio de Goiás University Center—FESGO, Goiânia 74063-010, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Orville Hernandez Ruiz
- MICROBA Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Microbiology, School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79304-902, MS, Brazil;
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.L.E.M.); (L.O.S.S.); (M.M.I.); (J.A.P.-R.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
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10
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Borges BM, Ramos RBC, Preite NW, Kaminski VDL, Alves de Castro P, Camacho M, Maximo MF, Fill TP, Calich VLG, Traynor AM, Sarikaya-Bayram Ö, Doyle S, Bayram Ö, de Campos CBL, Zelanis A, Goldman GH, Loures FV. Transcriptional profiling of a fungal granuloma reveals a low metabolic activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and an actively regulated host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1268959. [PMID: 37868350 PMCID: PMC10585178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1268959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are important immunological structures in the host defense against the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the main etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. We have performed transcriptional and proteomic studies of yeasts present in the pulmonary granulomas of PCM aiming to identify relevant genes and proteins that act under stressing conditions. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1x106 yeasts and after 8- and 12-weeks of infection, granulomatous lesions were obtained for extraction of fungal and murine RNAs and fungal proteins. Dual transcriptional profiling was done comparing lung cells and P. brasiliensis yeasts from granulomas with uninfected lung cells and the original yeast suspension used in the infection, respectively. Mouse transcripts indicated a lung malfunction, with low expression of genes related to muscle contraction and organization. In addition, an increased expression of transcripts related to the activity of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes as well as an elevated expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 transcripts were observed. The increased expression of transcripts for CTLA-4, PD-1 and arginase-1, provided evidence of immune regulatory mechanisms within the granulomatous lesions. Also, our results indicate iron as a key element for the granuloma to function, where a high number of transcripts related to fungal siderophores for iron uptake was observed, a mechanism of fungal virulence not previously described in granulomas. Furthermore, transcriptomics and proteomics analyzes indicated a low fungal activity within the granuloma, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of genes and proteins related to energy metabolism and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Berton Correia Ramos
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Camacho
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aimee M. Traynor
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - André Zelanis
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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11
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Kruschewsky WLL, Patricio SA, Bahiense IC, Maifrede SB, Pôssa AP, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM, Peçanha PM, Falqueto A, Grão-Velloso TR, Gonçalves SS. Paracoccidioidomycosis cases by Paracoccidioides lutzii in southeastern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1761-1767. [PMID: 37289316 PMCID: PMC10485217 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic fungal disease caused by the thermodimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp. Their distribution is highly variable. Paracoccidioides lutzii is predominantly found in North and Middle-West Brazil and Ecuador. This study evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics of 10 patients diagnosed with PCM caused by P. lutzii in a reference center located in southeastern Brazil. DESIGN Double immunodiffusion assay (DID) was used to investigate 35 patients' sera with negative serology for P. brasiliensis against a P. lutzii CFA (cell-free antigen). RESULTS Out of the 35 retested patients, 10 (28.6%) were positive for P. lutzii CFA. Four patients did not report any displacement to P. lutzii endemic areas. Our results reinforce the importance of using different antigens when testing patients with clinical manifestations of PCM and negative serological tests for P. brasiliensis, primarily in cases of the report of displacement to or former residence in P. lutzii endemic regions. CONCLUSIONS The availability of tests for different Paracoccidioides species antigens is fundamental for reaching an adequate diagnosis, patient follow-up, and definition of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wdson Luis Lima Kruschewsky
- Cassiano Antônio Moraes University Hospital (HUCAM), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Suzana Alves Patricio
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cruz Bahiense
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Simone Bravim Maifrede
- Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria - ES, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pôssa
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mendes Peçanha
- Cassiano Antônio Moraes University Hospital (HUCAM), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Espírito Santo Federal University – UFES, Avenue Marechal Campos, 1468, Maruípe, Espírito Santo, Vitória CEP 29047-105 Brazil
| | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Cassiano Antônio Moraes University Hospital (HUCAM), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Department of Social Medicine, Espírito Santo Federal University – UFES, Avenue Marechal Campos, Maruípe, Vitória, Espírito Santo 1468, CEP 29047-105 Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina Grão-Velloso
- Department of Clinical Dentistry Federal, University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Marechal Campos Avenue, CEP 29, Vitória-ES, 1468040-090 Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria - ES, Brazil
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12
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Fernández NB, Toranzo A, Farias L, Canteros CE. Mycological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis in a hospital from a nonendemic area: classical and molecular methods. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:132-143. [PMID: 37721907 PMCID: PMC10569774 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. Climate change and host migration emphasize the need to optimize this infection diagnosis. Objective To evaluate the implementation of Paracoccidioides spp. DNA detection in the mycological diagnosis of patients with suspected paracoccidioidomycosis. Materials and methods It is a retrospective study with laboratory data from patients with clinical suspicion of paracoccidioidomycosis, who consulted a university hospital from a non-endemic area. Results We analyzed the laboratory results of samples from 19 patients with suspected paracoccidioidomycosis. Seventeen out of 19 patients were born in or had visited an endemic area in Latin America. Fourteen adult male patients were confirmed to have paracoccidioidomycosis by conventional diagnosis: the direct examination was positive in 12 samples while fungal growth was found only in 4. Anti-Paracoccidioides spp. antibodies were detected in 10 patients, 8 of them with proven paracoccidioidomycosis. Nested PCR for Paracoccidioides spp. detection was performed on clinical samples from 14 patients, and positive results were obtained for 9 out of 10 patients with the conventional diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. Conclusions The incorporation of molecular techniques to detect Paracoccidioides spp. DNA complements the conventional diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. This tool allows the prescription of antifungal treatment in those cases where the fungus is not observed in the clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma B Fernández
- Laboratorio de Micología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Toranzo
- Servicio Micosis Profundas, Departamento de Micología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luciana Farias
- Laboratorio de Micología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cristina E Canteros
- Departamento de Micología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Ariza Y, Cubides CL, Cubillos DA, Roa CL, Álvarez JC, Cuervo-Maldonado SI. Make the diagnosis - Second part. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:312-322. [PMID: 37721895 PMCID: PMC10586880 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yenny Ariza
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Cristian Leonardo Cubides
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Daniel Alejandro Cubillos
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Carmen Lucía Roa
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - José Camilo Álvarez
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Sonia Isabel Cuervo-Maldonado
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
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14
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Gonçales RA, Portis IG, dos Reis TF, Basso Júnior LR, Martinez R, Zhu H, Pereira M, Soares CMDA, Coelho PSR. Identification and immunogenic potential of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1243475. [PMID: 37746134 PMCID: PMC10512324 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1243475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In fungal pathogens the cell wall plays an important role in host-pathogen interactions because its molecular components (e.g., polysaccharides and proteins) may trigger immune responses during infection. GPI-anchored proteins represent the main protein class in the fungal cell wall where they can perform several functions, such as cell wall remodeling and adhesion to host tissues. Genomic analysis has identified the complement of GPI-anchored proteins in many fungal pathogens, but the function has remained unknown for most of them. Here, we conducted an RNA expression analysis of GPI-anchored proteins of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis which causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important human systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. The expression of the GPI-anchored proteins was analyzed by quantitative PCR in both the mycelium and yeast forms. qPCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of 22 of them were increased in hyphae and 10 in yeasts, respectively, while 14 did not show any significant difference in either form. Furthermore, we cloned 46 open reading frames and purified their corresponding GPI-anchored proteins in the budding yeast. Immunoblot and ELISA analysis of four purified GPI-anchored proteins revealed immune reactivity of these proteins against sera obtained from PCM patients. The information obtained in this study provides valuable information about the expression of many GPI-anchored proteins of unknown function. In addition, based on our immune analysis, some GPI-anchored proteins are expressed during infection and therefore, they might serve as good candidates for the development of new diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Relber Aguiar Gonçales
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Igor Godinho Portis
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thaila Fernanda dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Basso Júnior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Martinez
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Rodrigues Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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15
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Costa RDS, Hygino da Cruz Jr LC, de Souza SR, Ventura N, Corrêa DG. Insights into Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Central Nervous System Paracoccidioidomycosis: A Comprehensive Review. Res Rep Trop Med 2023; 14:87-98. [PMID: 37554584 PMCID: PMC10406117 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s391633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a infection caused by the thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. (P. lutzii and, mainly, P. brasiliensis). This infection predominantly affects rural male workers aged between 30 and 50 years old who deal with soil on daily activities. Clinically, the disease is classified as acute/subacute phase, which evolves rapidly, secondary to dissemination of the fungus through to the phagocytic-mononuclear system, leading to fever, weight loss, and anorexia, associated with hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, which can be complicated with suppuration and fistulization; and chronic phase, which corresponds to 74% to 95% of symptomatic cases, with a common pulmonary involvement. Central nervous system involvement is almost always a characteristic of the chronic form. Inhalation is the most common route of primary infection, usually affecting the lungs, forming the primary complex. From the primary complex, hematogenic dissemination can occur to any organ, including the brain and spinal cord. Although PCM of the central nervous system diagnosis is usually based on histopathological analysis and the imaging features are not specific for PCM, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can demonstrate evidences of granuloma, abscess, meningitis, or a combination of these lesions, contributing to a preoperative diagnosis, especially when considered in conjunction with epidemiology. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and imaging aspects of neuro-PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangel de Sousa Costa
- Department of Radiology, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Rachid de Souza
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nina Ventura
- Department of Radiology, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Goulart Corrêa
- Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem (CDPI)/DASA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Zerbato V, Di Bella S, Pol R, D’Aleo F, Angheben A, Farina C, Conte M, Luzzaro F, Luzzati R, Principe L. Endemic Systemic Mycoses in Italy: A Systematic Review of Literature and a Practical Update. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:307-334. [PMID: 37294504 PMCID: PMC10386973 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endemic systemic mycoses such as blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, talaromycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis are emerging as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We conducted a systematic review on endemic systemic mycoses reported in Italy from 1914 to nowadays. We found out: 105 cases of histoplasmosis, 15 of paracoccidioidomycosis, 10 of coccidioidomycosis, 10 of blastomycosis and 3 of talaromycosis. Most cases have been reported in returning travelers and expatriates or immigrants. Thirtytwo patients did not have a story of traveling to an endemic area. Fortysix subjects had HIV/AIDS. Immunosuppression was the major risk factor for getting these infections and for severe outcomes. We provided an overview on microbiological characteristics and clinical management principles of systemic endemic mycoses with a focus on the cases reported in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zerbato
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pol
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Aleo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital “Bianchi Melacrino Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Farina
- Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, ASST “Papa Giovanni XXIII”, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marco Conte
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital “Bianchi Melacrino Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Luzzaro
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, “A. Manzoni” Hospital, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Luzzati
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Principe
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, “S. Giovanni di Dio” Hospital, 88900 Crotone, Italy
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17
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Kaminski VDL, Preite NW, Borges BM, Dos Santos BV, Calich VLG, Loures FV. The immunosuppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in murine Paracoccidioidomycosis relies on Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and Dectin-1 and TLRs signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12391. [PMID: 37524886 PMCID: PMC10390561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with a high incidence in Latin America. Prior studies have demonstrated the significance of the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) in the immune regulation of PCM as well as the vital role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in moderating PCM severity. Additionally, Dectin-1 and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) signaling in cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases have been shown to impact MDSC-IDO-1+ activity. To expand our understanding of MDSCs and the role of IDO-1 and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signaling in PCM, we generated MDSCs in vitro and administered an IDO-1 inhibitor before challenging the cells with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. By co-culturing MDSCs with lymphocytes, we assessed T-cell proliferation to examine the influence of IDO-1 on MDSC activity. Moreover, we utilized specific antibodies and MDSCs from Dectin-1, TLR4, and TLR2 knockout mice to evaluate the effect of these PRRs on IDO-1 production by MDSCs. We confirmed the importance of these in vitro findings by assessing MDSC-IDO-1+ in the lungs of mice following the fungal infection. Taken together, our data show that IDO-1 expression by MDSCs is crucial for the control of T-cell proliferation, and the production of this enzyme is partially dependent on Dectin-1, TLR2, and TLR4 signaling during murine PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Vieira Dos Santos
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Laux K, Teixeira MDM, Barker B. Love in the time of climate change: A review of sexual reproduction in the order Onygenales. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 167:103797. [PMID: 37100376 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening infections caused by fungi in the order Onygenales have been rising over the last few decades. Increasing global temperature due to anthropogenic climate change is one potential abiotic selection pressure that may explain the increase in infections. The generation of genetically novel offspring with novel phenotypes through the process of sexual recombination could allow fungi to adapt to changing climate conditions. The basic structures associated with sexual reproduction have been identified in Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Malbranchea, and Brunneospora. However, for Coccidioides and Paracoccidioides, the actual structural identification of these processes has yet to be identified despite having genetic evidence that suggests sexual recombination is occurring in these organisms. This review highlights the importance of assessing sexual recombination in the order Onygenales as a means of understanding the mechanisms these organisms might employ to enhance fitness in the face of a changing climate and provides details regarding the known reproductive mechanisms in the Onygenales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaire Laux
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S Knoles Dr., Bldg 56 Ste 210, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S Knoles Dr., Bldg 56 Ste 210, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Nùcleo de Medicina Tropical, University of Brasilia, Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n -Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bridget Barker
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S Knoles Dr., Bldg 56 Ste 210, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
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19
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Santos SS, Rampazo E, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD, Boscardin SB, Almeida SR. Targeting the P10 Peptide in Maturing Dendritic Cells via the DEC205 Receptor In Vivo: A New Therapeutic Strategy against Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050548. [PMID: 37233259 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermally dimorphic fungus, which is the most frequent endemic systemic mycosis in many Latin American countries, where ~10 million people are believed to be infected. In Brazil, it is ranked as the tenth most common cause of death among chronic infectious diseases. Hence, vaccines are in development to combat this insidious pathogen. It is likely that effective vaccines will need to elicit strong T cell-mediated immune responses composed of IFNγ secreting CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. To induce such responses, it would be valuable to harness the dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen-presenting cells. To assess the potential of targeting P10, which is a peptide derived from gp43 secreted by the fungus, directly to DCs, we cloned the P10 sequence in fusion with a monoclonal antibody to the DEC205 receptor, an endocytic receptor that is abundant on DCs in lymphoid tissues. We verified that a single injection of the αDEC/P10 antibody caused DCs to produce a large amount of IFNγ. Administration of the chimeric antibody to mice resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in lung tissue relative to control animals. In therapeutic assays, mice pretreated with αDEC/P10 had significantly lower fungal burdens compared to control infected mice, and the architecture of the pulmonary tissues of αDEC/P10 chimera-treated mice was largely normal. Altogether, the results obtained so far indicate that targeting P10 through a αDEC/P10 chimeric antibody in the presence of polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid is a promising strategy in vaccination and therapeutic protocols to combat PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen S Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eline Rampazo
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Silvia B Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandro R Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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20
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Rodrigues AM, Hagen F, Puccia R, Hahn RC, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioides and Paracoccidioidomycosis in the 21st Century. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:129-133. [PMID: 36633737 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) defines a broad spectrum of human and animal diseases caused by Paracoccidioides species (Onygenales). In the twenty-first century, Paracoccidioides advanced from a monotypic taxon to a genus that harbors seven species, including P. brasiliensis sensu stricto, P. americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, P. lutzii, P. loboi, and P. cetii. Classic PCM, acquired upon inhalation of propagules from P. brasiliensis sensu stricto, P. americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, affects the human lungs and may progress to systemic granulomatous disease with tegumentary and visceral involvement. On the other hand, PCM loboi and PCM ceti caused by the unculturable P. loboi and P. cetii are subcutaneous mycoses, typically observed as keloid lesions in humans and dolphins. Such heterogeneity highlights the importance of recognizing species boundaries in Paracoccidioides to gain insights into the ecology, evolution, clinical features, and mitigation strategies to tackle the advance of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil.
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil.
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosana Puccia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060900, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
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21
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Pinheiro BG, Pôssa AP, Ricci G, Nishikaku AS, Hagen F, Hahn RC, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM. Development of a Multiplex qPCR Assay for Fast Detection and Differentiation of Paracoccidioidomycosis Agents. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030358. [PMID: 36983526 PMCID: PMC10057483 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a potentially deadly neglected tropical systemic mycosis caused by members of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex (P. brasiliensis s. str., P. americana, P. restrepiensis, and P. venezuelensis) and P. lutzii. The laboratorial diagnosis of PCM relies on observing pathognomonic structures such as the “steering wheel” or “Mickey Mouse” shape in the direct mycological examination, fresh biopsied tissue in 10% KOH, histopathological analysis, and/or the isolation of the fungus in culture. However, these procedures are time-consuming and do not allow for the speciation of Paracoccidioides due to overlapping morphologies. Here, we propose a new one-tube multiplex probe-based qPCR assay to detect and recognize agents of the P. brasiliensis complex and P. lutzii. Primers (Paracoco-F and Paracoco-R) and TaqMan probes (PbraCx-Fam, Plu-Ned, and Paracoco-Vic) were developed to target the rDNA (ITS2/28S) in the Paracoccidioides genome. A panel of 77 Paracoccidioides isolates revealed a 100% specificity (AUC = 1.0, 95% CI 0.964–1.000, p < 0.0001) without cross-reacting with other medically relevant fungi or human and murine DNA. The lower limit of detection was 10 fg of gDNA and three copies of the partial rDNA amplicon. Speciation using qPCR was in perfect agreement with AFLP and TUB1-RFLP markers (kappa = 1.0). As a proof of concept, we assessed a panel of 16 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens from histopathologically confirmed PCM patients to reveal a significant sensitivity of 81.25% and specificity of 100% (AUC = 0.906 ± 0.05, 95% CI = 0.756–0.979, p < 0.0001, Youden index J = 0.8125). Our assay achieved maximum sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) using fresh clinical samples (n = 9) such as sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and tissue fragments from PCM patients (AUC = 1.0, 95% CI 0.872–1.000, p < 0.0001, Youden index J = 1.0). Overall, our qPCR assay simplifies the molecular diagnosis of PCM and can be easily implemented in any routine laboratory, decreasing a critical bottleneck for the early treatment of PCM patients across a vast area of the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pôssa
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Giannina Ricci
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular Dr. Ivo Ricci, São Carlos 13561-020, Brazil
| | - Angela Satie Nishikaku
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular Dr. Ivo Ricci, São Carlos 13561-020, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Laboratory of Mycology/Research, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
- Júlio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78048-902, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540)
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22
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Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Paracoccidioides Species Complex Present in Paracoccidioidomycosis Patient Tissue Samples. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030562. [PMID: 36985136 PMCID: PMC10055015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the main and most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, that until recently, it was believed to be caused only by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (P. brasiliensis). In 2006, researchers described three cryptic species: S1, PS2, PS3, and later, another one, PS4. In 2009, Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01-like) was described, and in 2017, a new nomenclature was proposed for the different agents: P. brasiliensis (S1), P. americana (PS2), P. restrepiensis (PS3), and P. venezuelensis (PS4). These species are not uniformly distributed throughout Latin America and, knowing that more than one cryptic species could coexist in some regions, we aimed to identify those species in patients’ biopsy samples for a better understanding of the distribution and occurrence of these recently described species in Botucatu region. The Hospital of Medical School of Botucatu—UNESP, which is a PCM study pole, is located in São Paulo State mid-west region and is classified as a PCM endemic area. Genotyping analyses of clinical specimens from these patients that have been diagnosed and treated in our Hospital could favor a possible correlation between genetic groups and mycological and clinical characteristics. For this, molecular techniques to differentiate Paracoccidioides species in these biopsies, such as DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing of three target genes (ITS, CHS2, and ARF) were conducted. All the sequences were analyzed at BLAST to testify the presence of P. brasiliensis. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using Mega 7.0 software and showed that 100% of our positive samples were from S1 cryptic species, therefore P. brasiliensis. This is important data, demonstrating the predominance of this species in the São Paulo State region.
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23
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Santos Júnior SRD, Barbalho FV, Nosanchuk JD, Amaral AC, Taborda CP. Biodistribution and Adjuvant Effect of an Intranasal Vaccine Based on Chitosan Nanoparticles against Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020245. [PMID: 36836359 PMCID: PMC9964167 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a fungal infection caused by the thermodimorphic Paracoccidioides sp. PCM mainly affects the lungs, but, if it is not contained by the immune response, the disease can spread systemically. An immune response derived predominantly from Th1 and Th17 T cell subsets facilitates the elimination of Paracoccidioides cells. In the present work, we evaluated the biodistribution of a prototype vaccine based on the immunodominant and protective P. brasiliensis P10 peptide within chitosan nanoparticles in BALB/c mice infected with P. brasiliensis strain 18 (Pb18). The generated fluorescent (FITC or Cy5.5) or non-fluorescent chitosan nanoparticles ranged in diameter from 230 to 350 nm, and both displayed a Z potential of +20 mV. Most chitosan nanoparticles were found in the upper airway, with smaller amounts localized in the trachea and lungs. The nanoparticles complexed or associated with the P10 peptide were able to reduce the fungal load, and the use of the chitosan nanoparticles reduced the necessary number of doses to achieve fungal reduction. Both vaccines were able to induce a Th1 and Th17 immune response. These data demonstrates that the chitosan P10 nanoparticles are an excellent candidate vaccine for the treatment of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rodrigues Dos Santos Júnior
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.R.D.S.J.); (C.P.T.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology—The Bronx, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andre Correa Amaral
- Laboratory of Nano&Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605050, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine/IMT/SP-LIM53, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.R.D.S.J.); (C.P.T.)
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24
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Peçanha-Pietrobom PM, Tirado-Sánchez A, Gonçalves SS, Bonifaz A, Colombo AL. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:218. [PMID: 36836333 PMCID: PMC9959547 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis (CM) and paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are systemic mycoses that are highly endemic in Latin America and have recently been included on the World Health Organization (WHO) Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are recognized as etiological agents of CM, with peculiarities in their geographic distribution. The genus Paracoccidioides now includes Paracoccidioides lutzii and the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, which encompasses four phylogenetic species. In both diseases, pulmonary signs and symptoms are the main reasons for patients to seek medical assistance, and they are frequently misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. In this paper, we present a critical view of the strategies for diagnosis and clinical management of CM and PCM. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of reports of endemic fungal infections in areas previously thought to be "non-endemic" due to climate change and increased travel, among other factors. Learning to recognize their main epidemiological aspects and clinical manifestations is crucial so that clinicians can include them in the differential diagnosis of lung disease and avoid late diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Tirado-Sánchez
- Dermatology Service & Mycology Department, Hospital General de México, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039032, Brazil
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25
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Preite NW, Kaminski VDL, Borges BM, Calich VLG, Loures FV. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with impaired Th1 and Th17 responses and severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis which is reversed by anti-Gr1 therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1039244. [PMID: 36776848 PMCID: PMC9909482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1039244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, revealed that host immunity is tightly regulated by several suppressive mechanisms mediated by tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the enzyme 2,3 indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO-1), and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). IDO-1 orchestrates local and systemic immunosuppressive effects through the recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells possessing a potent ability to suppress T-cell responses. However, the involvement of MDSCs in PCM remains uninvestigated. The presence, phenotype, and immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs were evaluated at 96 h, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks of pulmonary infection in C57BL/6 mice. Disease severity and immune responses were assessed in MDSC-depleted and nondepleted mice using an anti-Gr1 antibody. Both monocytic-like MDSCs (M-MDSCs) and polymorphonuclear-like MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) massively infiltrated the lungs during Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Partial reduction of MDSC frequency led to a robust Th1/Th17 lymphocyte response, resulting in regressive disease with a reduced fungal burden on target organs, diminishing lung pathology, and reducing mortality ratio compared with control IgG2b-treated mice. The suppressive activity of MDSCs on CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes and Th1/Th17 cells was also demonstrated in vitro using coculture experiments. Conversely, adoptive transfer of MDSCs to recipient P. brasiliensis-infected mice resulted in a more severe disease. Taken together, our data showed that the increased influx of MDSCs into the lungs was linked to more severe disease and impaired Th1 and Th17 protective responses. However, protective immunity was rescued by anti-Gr1 treatment, resulting in a less severe disease and controlled tissue pathology. In conclusion, MDSCs have emerged as potential target cells for the adjuvant therapy of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Flávio Vieira Loures,
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26
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Kidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F. Fungal Nomenclature: Managing Change is the Name of the Game. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofac559. [PMID: 36632423 PMCID: PMC9825814 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have undergone and continue to undergo significant nomenclatural change, primarily due to the abandonment of dual species nomenclature in 2013 and the widespread application of molecular technologies in taxonomy allowing correction of past classification errors. These have effected numerous name changes concerning medically important species, but by far the group causing most concern are the Candida yeasts. Among common species, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida rugosa have been changed to Pichia kudriavzevii, Nakaseomyces glabrata, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Clavispora lusitaniae, and Diutina rugosa, respectively. There are currently no guidelines for microbiology laboratories on implementing changes, and there is ongoing concern that clinicians will dismiss or misinterpret laboratory reports using unfamiliar species names. Here, we have outlined the rationale for name changes across the major groups of clinically important fungi and have provided practical recommendations for managing change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Kidd
- Correspondence: Sarah E. Kidd, BMedSc(Hons), PhD , National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia ()
| | - Alireza Abdolrasouli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Silan E, Ozkilinc H. Phylogenetic divergences in brown rot fungal pathogens of Monilinia species from a worldwide collection: inferences based on the nuclear versus mitochondrial genes. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:119. [PMID: 36271324 PMCID: PMC9585774 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phylogenetic analyses for plant pathogenic fungi explore many questions on diversities, relationships, origins, and divergences of populations from different sources such as species, host, and geography. This information is highly valuable, especially from a large global sampling, to understand the evolutionary paths of the pathogens worldwide. Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa are two important fungal pathogens of stone fruits that cause the widespread disease commonly known as brown rot. Three nuclear genes (Calmodulin, SDHA, TEF1α) and three mitochondrial genes (Cytochrome_b, NAD2, and NAD5) of the two pathogen species from a worldwide collection including five different countries from four different continents were studied in this work. Results Both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches were applied to the data sets, and in addition, Maximum Parsimony based approaches were used for the regions having indel polymorphisms. Calmodulin, SDHA, NAD2, and NAD5 regions were found phylogenetically informative and utilized for phylogenetics of Monilinia species for the first time. Each gene region presented a set of haplotypes except Cytochrome_b, which was monomorphic. According to this large collection of two Monilinia species around the world, M. fructicola showed more diversity than M. laxa, a result that should be carefully considered, as M. fructicola is known to be a quarantine pathogen. Moreover, the other two mitochondrial genes (NAD2 and NAD5) did not have any substitution type mutations but presented an intron indel polymorphism indicating the contribution of introns as well as mobile introns to the fungal diversity and evolution. Based on the concatenated gene sets, nuclear DNA carries higher mutations and uncovers more phylogenetic clusters in comparison to the mitochondrial DNA-based data for these fungal species. Conclusions This study provides the most comprehensive knowledge on the phylogenetics of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes of two prominent brown rot pathogens, M. fructicola and M. laxa. Based on the regions used in this study, the nuclear genes resolved phylogenetic branching better than the mitochondrial genes and discovered new phylogenetic lineages for these species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02079-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Silan
- grid.412364.60000 0001 0680 7807School of Graduate Studies, MSc Program in Biomolecular Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hilal Ozkilinc
- grid.412364.60000 0001 0680 7807School of Graduate Studies, MSc Program in Biomolecular Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey ,grid.412364.60000 0001 0680 7807Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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29
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Paracoccidioidomycosis: What We Know and What Is New in Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101098. [PMID: 36294662 PMCID: PMC9605487 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. In the last two decades, enhanced understanding of the phylogenetic species concept and molecular variations has led to changes in this genus’ taxonomic classification. Although the impact of the new species on clinical presentation and treatment remains unclear, they can influence diagnosis when serological methods are employed. Further, although the infection is usually acquired in rural areas, the symptoms may manifest years or decades later when the patient might be living in the city or even in another country outside the endemic region. Brazil accounts for 80% of PCM cases worldwide, and its incidence is rising in the northern part of the country (Amazon region), owing to new settlements and deforestation, whereas it is decreasing in the south, owing to agriculture mechanization and urbanization. Clusters of the acute/subacute form are also emerging in areas with major human intervention and climate change. Advances in diagnostic methods (molecular and immunological techniques and biomarkers) remain scarce, and even the reference center’s diagnostics are based mainly on direct microscopic examination. Classical imaging findings in the lungs include interstitial bilateral infiltrates, and eventually, enlargement or calcification of adrenals and intraparenchymal central nervous system lesions are also present. Besides itraconazole, cotrimoxazole, and amphotericin B, new azoles may be an alternative when the previous ones are not tolerated, although few studies have investigated their use in treating PCM.
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Silva LOS, Moreira TR, Gonçales RA, Tomazett MV, Parente-Rocha JA, Mattos K, Paccez JD, Ruiz OH, Pereira M, Soares CMDA, Weber SS, Cruz-Leite VRM, Borges CL. Paracoccidioides lutzii Formamidase Contributes to Fungal Survival in Macrophages. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102011. [PMID: 36296287 PMCID: PMC9608497 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for microorganisms that compose essential biomolecules. However, hosts limit this nutrient as a strategy to counter infections, therefore, pathogens use adaptive mechanisms to uptake nitrogen from alternative sources. In fungi, nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) activates transcription factors to acquire nitrogen from alternative sources when preferential sources are absent. Formamidase has been related to nitrogen depletion in Aspergillus nidulans through formamide degradation to use the released ammonia as a nitrogen source. In Paracoccidioides spp., formamidase is highly expressed in transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Here, we aim to investigate the importance of formamidase to Paracoccidioides lutzii. Thereby, we developed a P. lutzii silenced strain of fmd gene (AsFmd) by antisense RNA technology using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). The AsFmd strain led to increased urease expression, an enzyme related to nitrogen assimilation in other fungi, suggesting that P. lutzii might explore urease as an alternative route for ammonia metabolism as a nitrogen source. Moreover, formamidase was important for fungal survival inside macrophages, as fungal recovery after macrophage infection was lower in AsFmd compared to wild-type (WT) strain. Our findings suggest potential alternatives of nitrogen acquisition regulation in P. lutzii, evidencing formamidase influence in fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana O’Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Thalison Rodrigues Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Relber Aguiar Gonçales
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4700-000 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4800-000 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Tomazett
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Karine Mattos
- Bioscience Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Orville Hernandez Ruiz
- MICROBA Research Group—Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit—CIB, School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Bioscience Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rafaela Milhomem Cruz-Leite
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (V.R.M.C.-L.); (C.L.B.); Tel.: +55-62-3521-1110 (C.L.B.)
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (V.R.M.C.-L.); (C.L.B.); Tel.: +55-62-3521-1110 (C.L.B.)
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Resende VQ, Reis-Goes KH, Finato AC, de Fátima Almeida-Donanzam D, dos Santos AR, Perico J, Amorim BC, Venturini J. Combined Silymarin and Cotrimoxazole Therapy Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis in Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101010. [PMID: 36294575 PMCID: PMC9605613 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), which mainly affects rural workers, is a systemic mycosis caused by the Paracoccidioides genus that induces pulmonary sequelae in most adult patients, causing serious disability and impairing their quality of life. Silymarin is herbal medicine with an effective antifibrotic activity. Considering that in PCM, antifibrotic treatment is still not available in pulmonary fibrosis, we aimed to evaluate combined silymarin and cotrimoxazole (CMX) therapy via the intratracheal route in BALB/c mice infected with P. brasiliensis yeast. After 12 weeks of treatment, the lungs were collected for the determination of fungal burden, production of OH-proline, deposition of collagen fibers, pulmonary concentrations of cytokines, and expression of fibronectin, α-SMA, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2. Spleen cell cultures were also performed. Our results showed that infected mice treated with combined silymarin/CMX showed lower deposition of collagen fibers in the lungs and lower pulmonary concentrations of hydroxyproline than the placebo groups. Decreased levels of TGF-β1 and fibronectin and high levels of MMP-2 and IFN-γ were also observed in this group of mice. Collectively, our findings indicate that the combination of antifungal treatment with silymarin has a potent antifibrotic effect associated with an immunomodulatory effect that potentializes the antifungal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karoline Hagata Reis-Goes
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Carolina Finato
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Ribeiro dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Perico
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Casella Amorim
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - James Venturini
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-99101-1021
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Kanegae H, Sano A, Okubo-Murata M, Watanabe A, Tashiro R, Eto T, Ueda K, Hossain MA, Itano EN. Seroprevalences Against Paracoccidioides cetii: A Causative Agent for Paracoccidiomycosis Ceti (PCM-C) and Coccidioides posadasii; for Coccidioidomycosis (CCM) in Dall's Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) and Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Stranded at Hokkaido, Japan. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:385-391. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barros BCSC, Almeida BR, Barros DTL, Toledo MS, Suzuki E. Respiratory Epithelial Cells: More Than Just a Physical Barrier to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060548. [PMID: 35736031 PMCID: PMC9225092 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is highly complex, and its composition varies along the conducting airways and alveoli. In addition to their primary function in maintaining the respiratory barrier and lung homeostasis for gas exchange, epithelial cells interact with inhaled pathogens, which can manipulate cell signaling pathways, promoting adhesion to these cells or hosting tissue invasion. Moreover, pathogens (or their products) can induce the secretion of chemokines and cytokines by epithelial cells, and in this way, these host cells communicate with the immune system, modulating host defenses and inflammatory outcomes. This review will focus on the response of respiratory epithelial cells to two human fungal pathogens that cause systemic mycoses: Aspergillus and Paracoccidioides. Some of the host epithelial cell receptors and signaling pathways, in addition to fungal adhesins or other molecules that are responsible for fungal adhesion, invasion, or induction of cytokine secretion will be addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. S. C. Barros
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruna R. Almeida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Antonio C. M. Paiva, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (B.R.A.); (D.T.L.B.)
| | - Debora T. L. Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Antonio C. M. Paiva, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (B.R.A.); (D.T.L.B.)
| | - Marcos S. Toledo
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Leal Prado, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil;
| | - Erika Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Antonio C. M. Paiva, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (B.R.A.); (D.T.L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
AbstractThe order Onygenales is classified in the class Eurotiomycetes of the subphylum Pezizomycotina. Families in this order have classically been isolated from soil and dung, and two lineages contain causative agents of superficial, cutaneous and systemic infections in mammals. The ecology and habitat choices of the species are driven mainly by the keratin and cellulose degradation abilities. The present study aimed to investigate whether the ecological trends of the members of Onygenales can be interpreted in an evolutionary sense, linking phylogenetic parameters with habitat preferences, to achieve polyphasic definitions of the main taxonomic groups. Evolutionary processes were estimated by multiple gene genealogies and divergence time analysis. Previously described families, namely, Arthrodermataceae, Ajellomycetaceae, Ascosphaeraceae, Eremascaceae, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenaceae and Spiromastigoidaceae, were accepted in Onygenales, and two new families, Malbrancheaceae and Neogymnomycetaceae, were introduced. A number of species could not be assigned to any of the defined families. Our study provides a revised overview of the main lines of taxonomy of Onygenales, supported by multilocus analyses of ITS, LSU, TUB, TEF1, TEF3, RPB1, RPB2, and ribosomal protein 60S L10 (L1) (RP60S) sequences, combined with available data on ecology, physiology, morphology, and genomics.
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Clinical and Eco-Epidemiological Aspects of a Novel Hyperendemic Area of Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin (Northern Brazil), Caused by Paracoccidioides sp. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050502. [PMID: 35628757 PMCID: PMC9145993 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil. The disease is caused by dimorphic fungi nested within the Paracoccidioides genus. We described 106 PCM cases (47.1 cases/year) at the Tropical Diseases Public Hospital of Tocantins State. PCM was prevalent in males and rural workers over 50 years; the chronic pulmonary form predominated in 67% of cases. The male-to-female ratio was 2.65:1, with more women affected than other endemic regions of Brazil. Urban or indoor activities were reported in women and are ascribed to disease urbanization. qPCR-based assays confirmed the identification of Paracoccidioides DNA in 37 biological specimens. Paracoccidioides sp. DNA was found in 53% of the environmental samples, suggesting autochthonous infections. Therefore, the Tocantins-Araguaia basin must be considered a novel hyperendemic area of PCM in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of including PCM as a notifiable disease, requiring specific diagnosis and health measures.
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Endemic Thoracic Infections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Radiol Clin North Am 2022; 60:429-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bioluminescence imaging in Paracoccidioides spp.: A tool to monitor the infectious processes. Microbes Infect 2022; 24:104975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.104975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Octaviano CE, Abrantes NE, Puccia R. Extracellular Vesicles From Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Can Induce the Expression of Fungal Virulence Traits In Vitro and Enhance Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834653. [PMID: 35295759 PMCID: PMC8918656 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cellular components involved in cargo delivery to the extracellular environment, including the fungal cell wall. Their importance in cell–cell communication, cell wall remodeling, and fungal virulence is starting to be better explored. In the human pathogenic Paracoccidioides spp., our group has pioneered the description of the EV secretome, carbohydrate cargo, surface oligosaccharide ligands, lipid, and RNA content. Presently, we studied the role of fungal EVs in the context of the virulent/attenuated model of the P. brasiliensis Pb18 isolate, which consists of variants transiently displaying higher (vPb18) or attenuated (aPb18) virulence capacity. In this model, the virulence traits can be recovered through passages of aPb18 in mice. Here, we have been able to revert the aPb18 sensitivity to growth under oxidative and nitrosative stress upon previous co-incubation with vEVs from virulent vPb18. That was probably due to the expression of antioxidant molecules, considering that we observed increased gene expression of the alternative oxidase AOX and peroxiredoxins HYR1 and PRX1, in addition to higher catalase activity. We showed that aEVs from aPb18 stimulated macrophages of the RAW 264.7 and bone marrow-derived types to express high levels of inflammatory mediators, specifically, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and NO. In our experimental conditions, subcutaneous treatment with EVs (three doses, 7-day intervals) before vPb18 challenge exacerbated murine PCM, as concluded by higher colony-forming units in the lungs after 30 days of infection and histopathology analysis. That effect was largely pronounced after treatment with aEVs, probably because the lung TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and MCP-1 concentrations were specially increased in aEV-treated when compared with vEV-treated mice. Our present studies were performed with EVs isolated from yeast cell washes of confluent cultures in Ham’s F-12 defined medium. Under these conditions, vEVs and aEVs have similar sizes but probably distinct cargo, considering that vEVs tended to aggregate upon storage at 4°C and −20°C. Additionally, aEVs have decreased amounts of carbohydrate and protein. Our work brings important contribution to the understanding of the role of fungal EVs in cell–cell communication and on the effect of EVs in fungal infection, which clearly depends on the experimental conditions because EVs are complex and dynamic structures.
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Singulani JL, Scorzoni L, da Silva PB, Nazaré AC, Polaquini CR, Baveloni FG, Chorilli M, Regasini LO, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJ. Antifungal activity and toxicity of an octyl gallate-loaded nanostructured lipid system on cells and nonmammalian animals. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:281-291. [PMID: 35152707 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Octyl gallate (OG) loaded into a nanostructured lipid system (NLS) was tested for antifungal activity and in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Methods & Results: The features of NLS-OG were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and showed adequate size (132.1 nm) and homogeneity (polydispersity index = 0.200). OG was active against Paraccoccidioides spp., and NLS-OG did not affect antifungal activity. NLS-OG demonstrated reduced toxicity to lung cells and zebrafish embryos compared with OG, whereas NLS was toxic to hepatic cells. OG and NLS-OG did not show toxicity in a Galleria mellonella model at 20 mg/kg. All toxic concentrations were superior to MIC (antifungal activity). Conclusion: These results indicate good anti-Paracoccidioides activity and low toxicity of NLS-OG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya L Singulani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Patricia B da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Ana C Nazaré
- Humanities and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Polaquini
- Humanities and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Franciele G Baveloni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Luis O Regasini
- Humanities and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Js Mendes-Giannini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
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Corrêa PC, Fernandes FF, Costa MV, Landgraf TN, Panunto-Castelo A. Biochemical characterization and analysis of gene expression of an α-mannosidase secreted by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6514532. [PMID: 35076076 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus, being endemic in Latin America and with the highest number of cases in Brazil. Paracoccidioides spp. release a wide range of molecules, such as enzymes, which may be important for PCM establishment. Here, we identified the 85- and 90-kDa proteins from the supernatants of P. brasiliensis cultures as being an α-mannosidase. Because the expected mass of this α-mannosidase is 124.2-kDa, we suggest that the proteins were cleavage products. Indeed, we found an α-mannosidase activity in the culture supernatants among the excreted/secreted antigens (ESAg). Moreover, we determined that the enzyme activity was optimal in buffer at pH 5.6, at the temperature of 45ºC, and with a concentration of 3 mM of the substrate p-NP-α-D-Man. Remarkably, we showed that the gene expression of this α-mannosidase was higher in yeasts than hyphae in three P. brasiliensis isolates with different virulence degrees that were grown in Ham's F12 synthetic medium for 15 days. But in complex media YPD and Fava Netto, the significantly higher gene expression in yeasts than in hyphae was seen only for the virulent isolate Pb18, but not for intermediate virulence Pb339 and low virulence Pb265 isolates. These results about the high expression of the α-mannosidase gene in the pathogenic yeast form of P. brasiliensis open perspectives for studying this α-mannosidase concerning the virulence of P. brasiliensis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo V Costa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ademilson Panunto-Castelo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Jofre GI, Singh A, Mavengere H, Sundar G, D'Agostino E, Chowdhary A, Matute DR. An Indian lineage of Histoplasma with strong signatures of differentiation and selection. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 158:103654. [PMID: 34942368 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasma, a genus of dimorphic fungi, is the etiological agent of histoplasmosis, a pulmonary disease widespread across the globe. Whole genome sequencing has revealed that the genus harbors a previously unrecognized diversity of cryptic species. To date, studies have focused on Histoplasma isolates collected in the Americas with little knowledge of the genomic variation from other localities. In this report, we report the existence of a well-differentiated lineage of Histoplasma occurring in the Indian subcontinent. The group is differentiated enough to satisfy the requirements of a phylogenetic species, as it shows extensive genetic differentiation along the whole genome and has little evidence of gene exchange with other Histoplasma species. Next, we leverage this genetic differentiation to identify genetic changes that are unique to this group and that have putatively evolved through rapid positive selection. We found that none of the previously known virulence factors have evolved rapidly in the Indian lineage but find evidence of strong signatures of selection on other alleles potentially involved in clinically-important phenotypes. Our work serves as an example of the importance of correctly identifying species boundaries to understand the extent of selection in the evolution of pathogenic lineages. IMPORTANCE: Whole genome sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity, including human pathogens. In the case of fungal pathogens, a limiting factor in understanding the extent of their genetic diversity has been the lack of systematic sampling. In this piece, we show the results of a collection in the Indian subcontinent of the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma, the causal agent of a systemic mycosis. We find that Indian samples of Histoplasma form a distinct clade which is highly differentiated from other Histoplasma species. We also show that the genome of this lineage shows unique signals of natural selection. This work exemplifies how the combination of a robust sampling along with population genetics, and phylogenetics can reveal the precise genetic changes that differentiate lineages of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston I Jofre
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Heidi Mavengere
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gandhi Sundar
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Emmanuel D'Agostino
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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de Suguiura IMS, Ono MA. Compulsory notification of paracoccidioidomycosis: A 14-year retrospective study of the disease in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Mycoses 2021; 65:354-361. [PMID: 34936142 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis, caused by fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus, is one of the most important endemic mycoses in Brazil. The disease is not of mandatory reporting in the country; however, some Brazilian states, such as Paraná, have included it on their local lists of public health-reportable diseases. OBJECTIVE Describe the epidemiology of the positive paracoccidioidomycosis cases in the state of Paraná based on analysis of reporting forms and mortality data. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data of positive cases of state residents 2007-2020 were obtained from public health databases and frequency, incidence, geographic distribution, mortality and trends were analysed. Mortality of the disease was also compared to other mycoses such as cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis and sporotrichosis. RESULTS 670 patients were positive for the disease. The cumulative and average annual incidence was, respectively, 6.4 and 0.46 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The new cases of paracoccidioidomycosis were reported mainly by specialised health units, including tertiary centres, and 285 days was the mean from the beginning of the symptoms until the diagnosis. The western region showed the highest incidence and mortality by the disease over the other state mesoregions. During the period, a decreasing trend was observed in the confirmed cases and stability in the mortality rate with an average annual mortality of 1.17 per million/inhabitants in the state; however, paracoccidioidomycosis had the highest mortality when compared to other mycoses. CONCLUSIONS Paracoccidioidomycosis is an important endemic mycosis in Paraná and this study provides an epidemiological baseline for future modifications of paracoccidioidomycosis surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Massahiro Souza de Suguiura
- Divisão de Vigilância em Saúde, 17a Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná, Londrina, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Ricci G, Campanini EB, Nishikaku AS, Puccia R, Marques M, Bialek R, Rodrigues AM, Batista WL. PbGP43 Genotyping Using Paraffin-Embedded Biopsies of Human Paracoccidioidomycosis Reveals a Genetically Distinct Lineage in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Complex. Mycopathologia 2021; 187:157-168. [PMID: 34870754 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by a group of cryptic species embedded in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Four species were recently inferred to belong to the P. brasiliensis complex, but the high genetic diversity found in both human and environmental samples have suggested that the number of lineages may be higher. This study aimed to assess the 43-kilodalton glycoprotein genotypes (PbGP43) in paraffin-embedded samples from PCM patients to infer the phylogenetic lineages of the P. brasiliensis complex responsible for causing the infection. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from patients with histopathological diagnosis of PCM were analyzed. DNAs were extracted and amplified for a region of the second exon of the PbGP43 gene. Products were sequenced and aligned with other PbGP43 sequences available. A haplotype network and the phylogenetic relationships among sequences were inferred. Amino acid substitutions were investigated regarding the potential to modify physicochemical properties in the proteins. Six phylogenetic lineages were identified as belonging to the P. brasiliensis complex. Two lineages did not group with any of the four recognized species of the complex, and, interestingly, one of them comprised only FFPE samples. A coinfection involving two lineages was found. Five parsimony-informative sites were identified and three of them showed radical non-synonymous substitutions with the potential to promote changes in the protein. This study expands the knowledge regarding the genetic diversity existing in the P. brasiliensis complex and shows the potential of FFPE samples in species identification and in detecting coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Ricci
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular Dr Ivo Ricci, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Departamento de Patologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Emeline Boni Campanini
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Satie Nishikaku
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular Dr Ivo Ricci, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Puccia
- Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ralf Bialek
- LADR GmbH MVZ Dr, Kramer & Kollegen, Lauenburger Straße 67, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Andrade-Silva J, Andrade-Silva LE, Paes HC, Alves L, Rosa A, Tenório BG, Ferreira MS, Felipe MSS, Teixeira MDM, Silva-Vergara ML. Molecular epidemiology of Paracoccidiodes spp. recovered from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis in a teaching hospital from Minas Gerais State of Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009956. [PMID: 34843484 PMCID: PMC8659327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by several species of the Paracoccidioides genus which can be differentiated by interspecific genetic variations, morphology and geographic distribution. Intraspecific variability correlation with clinical and epidemiological aspects of these species still remains unclear. This study aimed to sequence the loci GP43, exon 2 and ARF of 23 clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides spp. from patients in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Methodology and main findings GenBank was used to compare the present (23) with previous described sequences (151) that included ARF and GP43. It was identified a high polymorphism rate among the 23 isolates in comparison to the other 151. Among the isolates, 22 (95.66%) were S1/P. brasiliensis and 1 (4.34%) was identified as PS2/P. americana. A total of 45 haplotypes were found as follows: 19 from S1/P. brasiliensis (13 from the present study), 15 from P. lutzii, 6 from PS2/P. americana (1 from the present study), 3 from PS3/P. restrepiensis and 2 from PS4/P. venezuelensis. Moreover, exclusive haplotypes according to clinical origin and geographical area were found. S1/P. brasiliensis (HD = 0.655 and K = 4.613) and P. lutzii (HD = 0.649 and K = 2.906) presented the highest rate of polymorphism among all species, from which 12 isolates of the present study were clustered within S1b/P. brasiliensis. The GP43 locus showed a higher variability and was found to be the main reason for the species differentiation. Conclusions The results herein decribed show a high intraspecific genetic variability among S1/P. brasiliensis isolates and confirm the predominance of this species in the Southeast region of Brazil. The finding of exclusive haplotypes according to clinical origin and geographical area would suggest correlation between the molecular profile with the clinical form and geographic origin of patients with PCM. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is one of the most important systemic mycosis of Latin America. This disease can be caused by Paracoccidioides lutzii and four different phylogenetic species: S1/Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto that harboring S1a and S1b, PS2/Paracoccidioides americana, PS3/Paracoccidioides restrepiensis and PS4/Paracoccidioides venezuelensis. Some of these species show differences in their main geographic region of predominance such as PS2/P. americana that can be found in Venezuela and Southern Brazil; PS3/P. restrepiensis and PS4/P. venezuelensis which are distributed in Colombia and Venezuela. However, and due to their wide geographical distribution, the species S1/P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii overlapping ecological niches and can be found in different regions of Brazil and other Latin American countries. Regarding eco-epidemiological aspects, the habitat is believed to be the soil due to the predominance of the disease among rural workers who become infected by inhaling infectious propagules during their farm activities. According to other authors, these species could have relation with the different PCM clinical presentation. This study aimed to describe the molecular epidemiology associated with clinical and epidemiological data of Paracoccidiodes spp. in the Minas Gerais State, located in the Southeast region, Brazil. Among the 23 isolates herein evaluated, 22 were S1/P. brasiliensis and 1 was identified as PS2/P. americana. A total of 45 haplotypes were found when these isolates were compared with other 151 deposited in the Genbank. The preliminar finding of exclusive haplotypes according to clinical origin and geographical area would suggest correlation between the molecular profile with the clinical form and geographic origin of patients with PCM. The GP43 locus showed a higher variability and was found to be the main promotor of species differentiation. The results herein described pointed out a high intraspecific genetic variability among S1/P. brasiliensis isolates and confirm the predominance of this species in the Southeast region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Andrade-Silva
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Faculty of Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alves
- Faculty of Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adair Rosa
- Faculty of Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Simão Ferreira
- Infectious diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario León Silva-Vergara
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Oliveira FCS, Pessoa WFB, Mares JH, Freire HPS, Souza EAD, Pirovani CP, Romano CC. Differentially expressed proteins in the interaction of Paracoccidioides lutzii with human monocytes. Rev Iberoam Micol 2021; 38:159-167. [PMID: 34802898 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, a highly prevalent mycosis in Latin America. Infection in humans occurs by the inhalation of conidia, which later revert to the form of yeast. In this context, macrophages are positioned as an important line of defense, assisting in the recognition and presentation of antigens, as well as producing reactive oxygen species that inhibit fungal spreading. AIMS The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed proteins during the interaction between Paracoccidioides lutzii Pb01 strain and human U937 monocytes. METHODS Two-dimensional electrophoresis, combined with mass spectrometry, was used to evaluate the differential proteomic profiles of the fungus P. lutzii (Pb01) interacting with U937 monocytes. RESULTS It was possible to identify 25 proteins differentially expressed by Pb01 alone and after interacting with U937 monocytes. Most of these proteins are directly associated with fungal metabolism for energy generation, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and intracellular adaptation to monocytes. Antioxidant proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress, such as peroxiredoxin, cytochrome, and peroxidase, were expressed in greater quantity in the interaction with monocytes, suggesting their association with survival mechanisms inside phagocytic cells. We also identified 12 proteins differentially expressed in monocytes before and after the interaction with the fungus; proteins involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton, such as vimentin, and proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress, such as glioxalase 1, were identified. CONCLUSIONS The results of this proteomic study of a P. lutzii isolate are novel, mimicking in vitro what occurs in human infections. In addition, the proteins identified may aid to understand fungal-monocyte interactions and the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flamélia Carla Silva Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Wallace Felipe Blohem Pessoa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joise Hander Mares
- Department of Physiology and Pathology - Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Herbert Pina Silva Freire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ednara Almeida de Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Romano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Proteomics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
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46
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Alvarado P, Teixeira MDM, Cavallera E, Paes HC, Guerra G, Santander G, Merino-Alado R. Epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis in Venezuela: a retrospective study from 1954 to 2019. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210203. [PMID: 34755819 PMCID: PMC8577064 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Etiological agents are Paracoccidioides species that diverge phylogenetically throughout South America. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document the epidemiology of PCM in Venezuela. METHODS We have performed a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study in 31,081 clinical records of patients from two reference centres during 65 years (1954-2019). FINDINGS PCM diagnosis was confirmed in 745 patients. Chronic PCM was the most prevalent form (90.06% cases); 80.67% were male and the most affected age range was 41-60. Farming and construction were the most prevalent occupation and Miranda State had a higher prevalence. Lung and skin were the most affected organs, followed by oral manifestations. Direct examination, culture and serology showed a high sensibility, and no statistical difference was observed among the diagnostic tools. Out of 17 Paracoccidioides isolates genotyped from Venezuela, one was typed as Paracoccidioides americana and 16 as Paracoccidioides venezuelensis. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Clinical manifestations observed, information about the epidemiology and molecular profile is essential not only for diagnosis but also for understanding therapeutic responses to mycotic drugs and prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to sequence all positive isolated strains in order to confirm the dominance of P. venezuelensis in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primavera Alvarado
- Instituto Autónomo de Biomedicina Dr Jacinto Convit, Laboratorio de Micología, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela.,Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Medicina, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
| | | | - Elsy Cavallera
- Instituto Autónomo de Biomedicina Dr Jacinto Convit, Laboratorio de Micología, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Giovanni Guerra
- Instituto Autónomo de Biomedicina Dr Jacinto Convit, Laboratorio de Micología, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Gerardo Santander
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Instituto de Geografía Regional, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Rommie Merino-Alado
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Odontología, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
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47
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Boniche-Alfaro C, Kischkel B, Thomaz L, Carvalho-Gomes MM, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Nosanchuk JD, Taborda CP. Antibody- Based Immunotherapy Combined With Antimycotic Drug TMP- SMX to Treat Infection With Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725882. [PMID: 34737741 PMCID: PMC8562153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are promising alternatives to treat infectious diseases, especially given their potential for applications in combination therapies with antimicrobial drugs to enhance the antifungal efficacy. Protection mediated by mAbs used to treat experimental paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) has been demonstrated previously. Our aim in the present work was to characterize a monoclonal antibody (mAbF1.4) raised against a cell wall glycoconjugate fraction of Paracoccidioides spp. and to analyze its efficacy combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) as treatment for experimental PCM. We demonstrated that the epitope recognized by mAbF1.4 is consistent with branched glucose residues present on a cell wall β-glucan polymer. In vitro, mAbF1.4 increased the phagocytic capacity and nitric oxide concentration induced by the macrophage cell line J774.1A, and this resulted in a significant reduction in the viability of the opsonophagocytized yeasts. In vivo, we detected a significant reduction in pulmonary fungal burdens of mice treated with mAbF1.4 in association with TMP/SMX, which correlated with increased pulmonary concentrations (determined by ELISA) of IFN- γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17. In parallel, we observed a decrease in IL-4, suggesting that the treatment was associated with a mixed Th1-Th17 type immune response. Histopathology of lung segments from mice receiving the combination therapy showed a significant reduction in granulomas, which were well-defined, and improved maintenance of lung architecture. These findings demonstrate that mAbF1.4 + TMP/SMX therapy is a promising approach to combat PCM as well as decrease disease sequelae and highlights the potential benefits of immune mediators in PCM combined immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Thomaz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,BIDiagnostics, Centro de Inovação, Empreendedorismo e Tecnologia (CIETEC)/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua Daniel Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Vilela R, Huebner M, Vilela C, Vilela G, Pettersen B, Oliveira C, Mendoza L. The taxonomy of two uncultivated fungal mammalian pathogens is revealed through phylogeny and population genetic analyses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18119. [PMID: 34518564 PMCID: PMC8438014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the uncultivated South American fungal pathogen Lacazia loboi was first described 90 years ago, its etiology and evolutionary traits have been at the center of endless controversies. This pathogen infects the skin of humans and as long believed, dolphin skin. However, recent DNA analyses of infected dolphins placed its DNA sequences within Paracoccidioides species. This came as a surprise and suggested the human and dolphin pathogens may be different species. In this study, population genetic analyses of DNA from four infected dolphins grouped this pathogen in a monophyletic cluster sister to P. americana and to the other Paracoccidioides species. Based on the results we have emended the taxonomy of the dolphin pathogen as Paracoccidioides cetii and P. loboi the one infecting human. Our data warn that phylogenetic analysis of available taxa without the inclusion of unusual members may provide incomplete information for the accurate classification of anomalous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270, Brazil
| | - Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Camila Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gabriella Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bruno Pettersen
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Claudia Oliveira
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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49
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de Sousa LO, Oliveira LN, Naves RB, Pereira ALA, Santiago Freitas E Silva K, de Almeida Soares CM, de Sousa Lima P. The dual role of SrbA from Paracoccidioides lutzii: a hypoxic regulator. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1135-1149. [PMID: 34148216 PMCID: PMC8382145 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Paracoccidioides lutzii is one of the species of the Paracoccidioides genus, responsible for a neglected human mycosis, endemic in Latin America, the paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). In order to survive in the host, the fungus overcomes a hostile environment under low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) during the infectious process. The hypoxia adaptation mechanisms are variable among human pathogenic fungi and worthy to be investigated in Paracoccidoides spp. Previous proteomic results identified that P. lutzii responds to hypoxia and it has a functional homolog of the SrbA transcription factor, a well-described hypoxic regulator. However, the direct regulation of genes by SrbA and the biological processes it governs while performing protein interactions have not been revealed yet. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the potential of SrbA targets genes in P. lutzii. In addition, to show the SrbA three-dimensional aspects as well as a protein interaction map and important regions of interaction with predicted targets. The results show that SrbA-regulated genes were involved with several biological categories, such as metabolism, energy, basal processes for cell maintenance, fungal morphogenesis, defense, virulence, and signal transduction. Moreover, in order to investigate the SrbA's role as a protein, we performed a 3D simulation and also a protein-protein network linked to this hypoxic regulator. These in silico analyses revealed relevant aspects regarding the biology of this pathogen facing hypoxia and highlight the potential of SrbA as an antifungal target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ordones de Sousa
- Unidade Universitária de Itapuranga, Câmpus Cora Coralina, Instituto Acadêmico de Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Itapuranga, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Raphaela Barbosa Naves
- Unidade Universitária de Itapuranga, Câmpus Cora Coralina, Instituto Acadêmico de Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Itapuranga, Goiás, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Araújo Pereira
- Unidade Universitária de Itapuranga, Câmpus Cora Coralina, Instituto Acadêmico de Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Itapuranga, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Kleber Santiago Freitas E Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Sousa Lima
- Unidade Universitária de Itapuranga, Câmpus Cora Coralina, Instituto Acadêmico de Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Itapuranga, Goiás, Brazil.
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50
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Roberto T, de Carvalho J, Beale M, Hagen F, Fisher M, Hahn R, de Camargo Z, Rodrigues A. Exploring genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeography in Paracoccidioides species using AFLP markers. Stud Mycol 2021; 100:100131. [PMID: 34934463 PMCID: PMC8645518 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic fungal infection acquired after inhalation of Paracoccidioides propagules from the environment. The main agents include members of the P. brasiliensis complex (phylogenetically-defined species S1, PS2, PS3, and PS4) and P. lutzii. DNA-sequencing of protein-coding loci (e.g., GP43, ARF, and TUB1) is the reference method for recognizing Paracoccidioides species due to a lack of robust phenotypic markers. Thus, developing new molecular markers that are informative and cost-effective is key to providing quality information to explore genetic diversity within Paracoccidioides. We report using new amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and mating-type analysis for genotyping Paracoccidioides species. The bioinformatic analysis generated 144 in silico AFLP profiles, highlighting two discriminatory primer pairs combinations (#1 EcoRI-AC/MseI-CT and #2 EcoRI-AT/MseI-CT). The combinations #1 and #2 were used in vitro to genotype 165 Paracoccidioides isolates recovered from across a vast area of South America. Considering the overall scored AFLP markers in vitro (67-87 fragments), the values of polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.3345-0.3456), marker index (MI = 0.0018), effective multiplex ratio (E = 44.6788-60.3818), resolving power (Rp = 22.3152-34.3152), discriminating power (D = 0.5183-0.5553), expected heterozygosity (H = 0.4247-0.4443), and mean heterozygosity (H avp = 0.00002-0.00004), demonstrated the utility of AFLP markers to speciate Paracoccidioides and to dissect both deep and fine-scale genetic structures. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the total genetic variance (65-66 %) was due to variability among P. brasiliensis complex and P. lutzii (PhiPT = 0.651-0.658, P < 0.0001), supporting a highly structured population. Heterothallism was the exclusive mating strategy, and the distributions of MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 idiomorphs were not significantly skewed (1:1 ratio) for P. brasiliensis s. str. (χ2 = 1.025; P = 0.3113), P. venezuelensis (χ2 = 0.692; P = 0.4054), and P. lutzii (χ2 = 0.027; P = 0.8694), supporting random mating within each species. In contrast, skewed distributions were found for P. americana (χ2 = 8.909; P = 0.0028) and P. restrepiensis (χ2 = 4.571; P = 0.0325) with a preponderance of MAT1-1. Geographical distributions confirmed that P. americana, P. restrepiensis, and P. lutzii are more widespread than previously thought. P. brasiliensis s. str. is by far the most widely occurring lineage in Latin America countries, occurring in all regions of Brazil. Our new DNA fingerprint assay proved to be rapid, reproducible, and highly discriminatory, to give insights into the taxonomy, ecology, and epidemiology of Paracoccidioides species, guiding disease-control strategies to mitigate PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.N. Roberto
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - J.A. de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - M.A. Beale
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - F. Hagen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - M.C. Fisher
- MRC Center for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - R.C. Hahn
- Laboratory of Mycology/Research, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060900, Brazil
- Júlio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78048902, Brazil
| | - Z.P. de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - A.M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
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