Hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammation

Apium graveolens L. alleviates acute lung injury in human A-549 cells by reducing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling

BACKGROUND

Apium graveolens L. (celery) is a dietary vegetable with anti-inflammatory properties. It has the potential to treat acute lung injury (ALI) caused by COVID-19 or other diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of Apium graveolens water extract (AGWE) on ALI in human lung A-549 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A-549 cells were treated with AGWE for 24 h and then stimulated with 10 μg/mL LPS for another 24 h. The effects of AGWE on cell viability, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and their regulatory factors, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling activation were analyzed.

RESULTS

Treatment with 5-50 μg/mL AGWE reversed the decrease in cell viability caused by LPS (p < 0.05). AGWE can reduce interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α levels; their EC50 values are 61.4, 65.7, 37.8, and 79.7 μg/mL, respectively. AGWE can reduce reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in A-549 cells induced by LPS. AGWE also reduced the levels of apoptosis (EC50 of 74.8 μg/mL) and its regulators (Bid; Caspase-9, -8, and -3; Bax) and increased the levels of the mitochondrial membrane potential in A-549 cells induced by LPS. AGWE can also decrease the protein levels of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 and the activation of NF-κB signaling in A-549 cells induced by LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that 10 and 50 μg/mL AGWE can reduce the acute inflammation induced by LPS by reducing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways.

The complex roles of m 6 A modifications in neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal and implications for memory and neurodegenerative diseases

N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A), the most prevalent and conserved RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, profoundly influences virtually all aspects of mRNA metabolism. mRNA plays crucial roles in neural stem cell genesis and neural regeneration, where it is highly concentrated and actively involved in these processes. Changes in m 6 A modification levels and the expression levels of related enzymatic proteins can lead to neurological dysfunction and contribute to the development of neurological diseases. Furthermore, the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, as well as nerve regeneration, are intimately linked to memory function and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the roles of m 6 A in neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal, as well as its implications in memory and neurodegenerative diseases. m 6 A has demonstrated divergent effects on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. These observed contradictions may arise from the time-specific nature of m 6 A and its differential impact on neural stem cells across various stages of development. Similarly, the diverse effects of m 6 A on distinct types of memory could be attributed to the involvement of specific brain regions in memory formation and recall. Inconsistencies in m 6 A levels across different models of neurodegenerative disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, suggest that these disparities are linked to variations in the affected brain regions. Notably, the opposing changes in m 6 A levels observed in Parkinson's disease models exposed to manganese compared to normal Parkinson's disease models further underscore the complexity of m 6 A's role in neurodegenerative processes. The roles of m 6 A in neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal, and its implications in memory and neurodegenerative diseases, appear contradictory. These inconsistencies may be attributed to the time-specific nature of m 6 A and its varying effects on distinct brain regions and in different environments.

Study on the effect of deer bone in improving rheumatoid arthritis based on the "drug-target-pathway" association network

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Deer bone is rich in proteins, free amino acids, chondroitin, organic calcium, phosphorus ions, and other active components. Deer bone had been used widely in antiquity and were first compiled in renowned ancient masterpiece 'Mingyi Bielu ()' written by Hongjing Tao. The deer bone is recorded as non-toxic and has the effects of replenishing bones, strengthening sinews, expelling wind-dampness from the body, promoting muscle growth, and healing wounds. Modern pharmacological research suggests that deer bone can help promote bone density and enhance bone strength, making it potentially valuable for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. However, current studies on the component analysis and pharmacological effects of deer bone against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incomplete, which to some extent hinders the development and clinical application of deer bone drugs.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The components of deer bone were elucidated by label-free proteomics, and the drug-target-pathway association network was established by network pharmacology. The in vitro validation of the pathway provides a theoretical basis for deer bone as a potential therapeutic drug for rheumatoid arthritis, and also lays a solid foundation for the subsequent clinical application of the in vitro experiments established through serum pharmacology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed extraction of deer bone using traditional water extraction methods and employed label-free proteomics technology to identify and conduct bioinformatics analysis on the proteins and peptides in the deer bone hot water extract (DBHE). These components were considered potential drug targets, and we constructed a "drug-target-pathway" association network. Analysis revealed that the HIF-1 signaling pathway may be pivotal in DBWE's effect on RA. Hypoxia influences the occurrence and development of ferroptosis through various mechanisms. Therefore, we hypothesized that DBWE might induce ferroptosis, promoting apoptosis in RA-FLS under hypoxic conditions, thereby alleviating RA. Therefore, we performed flow cytometry, ELISA, immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and western blotting based on molecular docking. Considering the overall effect of drug metabolism post-ingestion, we used serum pharmacology to prepare serum for cellular administration.

RESULTS

It showed that DBWE reduces inflammation and synovial proliferation by inhibiting HO-1, increasing ROS production, upregulating ACSL4 expression and inducing RA-FLS apoptosis in hypoxic conditions. This study reveals the potential mechanism by which DBWE modulates ferroptosis to attenuate synovial proliferation in a hypoxic microenvironment and improve RA.

CONCLUSION

These findings not only provide a theoretical basis for deer bone as a potential therapeutic agent for RA, but also lay a solid foundation for subsequent clinical application through in vitro experiments established by serum pharmacology.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant GelMA/CeO2 Hydrogel Promotes Oral Mucosal Healing

Oral mucosal wounds can greatly affect overall patient health and interfere with eating and speech functions. The intraoral environment provides an ideal milieu for bacterial growth and proliferation, thereby increasing the risk of infection in oral mucosal wounds. In the event of wound infection, immune cells undergo a respiratory burst, leading to the production of a substantial amount of reactive oxygen species. Bacterial colonization and excessive reactive oxygen species can induce adverse inflammatory responses, resulting in delayed healing of oral mucosal wounds. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were chosen for their high antibacterial and antioxidant capacities. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) is an excellent carrier of CeO2 nanoparticles, which has good injectivity after precrosslinking and is suitable for deep oral wounds. In this study, GelMA/CeO2 hydrogels with antibacterial and antioxidant functionalities were engineered to enhance the healing of oral mucosal wounds. The GelMA/CeO2 hydrogels demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, promoted gingival fibroblast migration, and upregulated the expression of genes involved in wound healing. In addition to their significant antioxidant activity, the GelMA/CeO2 hydrogels exhibited strong antibacterial properties, as evidenced by the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis growth. The GelMA/CeO2 hydrogels also significantly accelerated the healing of infected mucosal wounds in a rabbit model, achieving a 100% wound closure rate by day 7. In summary, the use of these novel GelMA/CeO2 hydrogels represents an effective strategy for the treatment of oral wounds.

Bacillus Coagulans BC99 Protects Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury and Modulates Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Mice

The gastrointestinal tract is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR), which causes radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII). There are no effective drugs available for RIII in routine clinical treatment, which is a major limiting factor during the process of radiotherapy for pelvic abdominal malignancies. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the potential of probiotic Bacillus coagulans BC99 (B.coagulans BC99) in preventing RIII. C57BL/6J mice were gavage-administered with B.coagulans BC99 for 30 days and then exposed to a single dose of 12 Gy x-ray whole abdominal irradiation (WAI). B.coagulans BC99 treatment could mitigate RIII by preventing weight loss, maintaining the integrity of intestinal structure and barrier, improving inflammatory symptoms, modulating oxidative stress, and regulating the composition of gut microbiota, thereby reestablishing intestinal homeostasis. In addition, the potential radioprotective mechanism of B.coagulans BC99 was closely related to the gut microbiota-derived metabolites. This study offers a novel perspective for advancing probiotic-based treatments for RIII and enhancing strategies for the prevention of RIII.

Targeted Delivery of Acid-Responsive Rutin Nanoparticles Based on Aldehyde Adsorption for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause irreversible nerve damage, imposing a significant burden on both patients and society. Methylprednisolone (MP), the recommended clinical drug, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. It improves nerve damage by inhibiting secondary pathological processes. However, high-dose MP administration may result in side effects, including diabetes, femoral head necrosis, and infections. Therefore, there is a need to identify safer alternatives to mitigate the issues associated with MP administration. Rutin, a natural small molecule, exhibits multifaceted therapeutic capabilities and high biosafety, making it a promising alternative to MP treatment. However, its poor solubility and rapid metabolism limit its in vivo bioavailability. In this study, a drug-free polypeptide (PAH) containing hydrazide groups on the side chains is designed, which can be used for mitigating secondary SCI through scavenging toxic aldehydes. Then, we utilize PAH to encapsulate rutin and develop aldehyde-responsive nanomedicine for intravenous administration in SCI rats, providing a novel approach for the clinical replacement of MP.

Combining oxygen delivery and generation for targeted atherosclerosis therapy

Hypoxia plays an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. However, ameliorating hypoxia at atherosclerotic lesions remains a great challenge. To achieve targeted oxygen delivery to atherosclerotic plaques, Lipid 5-doped, platelet membrane-encapsulated magnetic mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles loaded with perfluoro-15-crown ether (PFCE) (FMMON@PL) were prepared. PFCE worked as an oxygen carrier, while iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) acted as nanozymes with catalase-like activity to facilitate oxygen generation. To enhance plaque targeting, platelet membranes were coated onto mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles containing PFCE and IONPs. Lipid 5 containing a tertiary amine was doped into the platelet membranes for lysosomal escape. Our results demonstrated that FMMON@PL specifically targeted macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. FMMON@PL significantly reduced HIF-1α expression, ameliorated oxidative stress, inhibited foam cell formation, and reduced M1 macrophage polarization. In conclusion, FMMON@PL successfully achieved oxygen delivery within plaques and inhibited plaque progression, demonstrating the feasibility of hypoxia alleviation for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Photoacoustic Imaging in Inflammatory Orthopedic Diseases: Progress toward Precise Diagnostics and Predictive Regulation

With the intensification of aging issues, inflammatory orthopedic diseases almost occur in the majority of elderly people, which is becoming increasingly severe. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a non-invasive visualization technique for a clear diagnosis of the inflammation areas through detecting acoustic signals generated by the laser irradiation. The combination of "light input" and "acoustic output" provides unprecedented scalability as well as high penetration depth and resolution. This new imaging technology can also present more anatomical information and feedback status of inflammatory activity for the orthopedic diseases. Especially in inflammation imaging, this technology can effectively supplement current clinical imaging methods in diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of pathophysiological processes. With the rapid development of these new technologies, the goals of precise diagnosis, predictive regulation, and ultimately personalized treatment strategies are becoming increasingly realistic. Herein, this article introduces various orthopedic inflammations and related imaging technology applications. It covers the types of PA nanoprobes and their research progress in orthopedic inflammation, as well as the potential applications of PAI in various aspects. The review also discusses the recent researches and emerging translational applications of PAI in orthopedic inflammation, as well as the prospects and future development challenges of clinical transformation.

Challenges and improvements in multi-layer mucosa-adhesive films for oral diseases treatment and prognosis

Due to the complexity of oral physiology and pathology, the treatment of oral diseases faces multiple and complex clinical requirements. Mucosa-adhesive films (MAFs) with a single layer have demonstrated considerable potential in delivering therapeutic bioactive ingredients directly to the site of oral diseases. However, their functions are often hindered by certain factors such as limited loading capacity, poor site specificity, and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. To overcome these limitations, the development of multi-layer MAFs has become a focal point for recent research. This involves the improvement of construction methods for multi-layer MAFs to minimize potential health risks from residual solvents, and conducting comprehensive in vivo studies to evaluate their safety and therapeutic efficacy more accurately, thus paving the way for their commercialization. Additionally, the exploration of multi-layer MAFs as personalized drug delivery systems could further broaden their application prospect. Precisely, multi-layer MAFs compensate for the shortcomings of current therapeutic strategies for oral diseases to a great extent, indicating a promising future in the market.

Cardiometabolic Risk in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Hidden Burden of Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that extends beyond musculoskeletal and dermatologic involvement to elevate cardiometabolic risk. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of systemic inflammation in metabolic dysregulation, accelerating insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease in PsA. This review explores the intricate interplay between inflammatory mediators-such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17),-adipokine imbalances, and lipid metabolism abnormalities, all of which foster endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The dysregulation of adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin, further perpetuates inflammatory cascades, exacerbating cardiovascular risk. Additionally, the metabolic alterations seen in PsA, particularly insulin resistance and lipid dysfunction, not only contribute to cardiovascular comorbidities but also impact disease severity and therapeutic response. Understanding these mechanistic links is imperative for refining risk stratification strategies and tailoring interventions. By integrating targeted immunomodulatory therapies with metabolic and cardiovascular risk management, a more comprehensive approach to PsA treatment can be achieved. Future research must focus on elucidating shared inflammatory and metabolic pathways, enabling the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to mitigate both systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic complications in PsA.

Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cardiovascular disease in China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a prominent category of ambient air pollutants worldwide, but our understanding of their potential health effects at ambient concentrations is severely limited. Our goal was to investigate the relation between ambient PAHs and daily hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease and explore its potential mechanism. This research included both observational and experimental studies. For population-based study, we collected data on daily hospitalizations for cardiovascular events in 184 major Chinese cities, which cover a population of 280 million individuals, for period of 2014-2017. We utilized a time-series quasi-Poisson regression model to assess the city-specific relations between PAHs and hospitalizations, and then employed a random-effects meta-analysis to aggregate the effect estimates across the cities. We also employed meta-regression models and stratified analyses to explore possible effect modifiers. For animal study, mice were exposed to varying doses of PAHs via tracheal instillation to evaluate the cardiac damage induced by PAHs. Potential mechanisms were elucidated through transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing. On the national scale, each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PAHs concentrations at 0-7 days was related to a 5.18 % (3.27 %-7.12 %) increase in hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease, 5.72 % (3.83 %-7.65 %) for ischemic heart disease, and 6.08 % (3.37 %-8.87 %) for ischemic stroke. The cardiovascular impacts of PAHs remained even after controlling for PM2.5. The associations were more pronounced in cities with lower socioeconomic level, or higher temperatures and relative humidity, as well as in subpopulations with elder age (P < 0.05). We also found consistent associations between each of the seven individual PAHs and cardiovascular outcomes. In animal models, PAHs exposure induces cardiac injury via inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially linked to the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. This nationwide study indicated that ambient PAHs could represent a distinct risk factor for cardiovascular disease. They may contribute to cardiac damage through the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates energy metabolic pathways and improves hypoxia tolerance capacity in golden pompano, Trachinotus blochii

Hypoxia is one of the most significant abiotic stresses affecting organisms in aquatic environments. However, dissolved oxygen in water is not always at the low concentrations that cause hypoxia, but their levels often fluctuate. Here, golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) was subjected to low oxygen concentrations for 28 days (intermittent hypoxia, 2 h per day), and their metabolic indexes were systematically evaluated. RNA-seq was used to construct a regulatory network to elucidate the transcriptional regulation of golden pompano metabolism under intermittent hypoxia. We found that the liver lactic acid content, as well as hexokinase and phosphofructokinase activities, were elevated during the first 7 days, suggesting that anaerobic glycolysis was enhanced during the preceding period. In addition, triglyceride, lipoprotein lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 levels were elevated in the liver after 14 days, suggesting that lipid utilization was activated after 14 days. Intermittent hypoxia increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the liver, decreased total plasma protein and amino acid levels, and enhanced the metabolism of proteins and amino acids. Decreased levels of oxidative stress and LOEcrit (the O2 tension for loss of equilibrium) were observed in golden pompano after 28 days of intermittent hypoxia. Transcriptome analysis showed that the fatty acid metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, D-amino acid metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism pathway were activated. These results suggest that intermittent hypoxia improves the metabolic activities of golden pompano, increases its hypoxia tolerance, and promotes its adaptation to hypoxic environments.

Systematic Identification of Mitochondrial Signatures in Alzheimer's Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a shared feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), linked through overlapping pathways of hypoxia and immune dysregulation. Our study integrated transcriptomic and genetic analyses to uncover mitochondria-related mechanisms underlying these diseases. By analyzing multiple AD and IBD datasets through differential expression gene (DEG) analyses, biological pathway enrichment, and co-expression module construction, we identified hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a central risk factor for both conditions. Key findings revealed several mitochondrial-related genes shared between AD and IBD, including BCL6, PFKFB3, NDUFS3, and COX5B, which serve as critical regulators bridging mitochondrial and immune pathways. Drug enrichment analyses using Drug Signatures Database (DsigDB) and the Connectivity Map (cMAP) identified promising therapeutic candidates, including decitabine, DMOG, and estradiol, targeting shared regulators such as BCL6, PFKFB3, MAFF, and TGFBI. These drugs demonstrated potential to modulate mitochondrial autophagy and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), pathways enriched in the constructed interaction network with BCL6 and PFKFB3 as central nodes. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis further identified MAP1LC3A as significantly associated with increased risk for both AD and IBD, while NME1 emerged as strongly protective, suggesting their roles as therapeutic targets. Our findings underscore hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a unifying mechanism in AD and IBD, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). By identifying key mitochondria-associated genes and pathways, this study highlights innovative therapeutic targets and contributes to a deeper understanding of the gut-brain interplay in neurodegeneration and chronic inflammation. These insights pave the way for precision medicine strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in AD and IBD.

Th1/Th2 Immune Imbalance in the Spleen of Mice Induced by Hypobaric Hypoxia Stimulation and Therapeutic Intervention of Astragaloside IV

This study aims to establish a hypobaric hypoxia-induced immune injury model and investigate the intervention and therapeutic effects of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV). This study simulated hypobaric hypoxia stimulation in mice at an altitude of 7000 m on a plateau for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. HE staining and transcriptomic analysis were performed on mouse spleens. In addition, AS-IV was selected for intervention in prevention and treatment, and validated by flow cytometry, ELISA, and Q-PCR. The results showed that under simulated hypoxic conditions at an altitude of 7000 m for 5 days, the peripheral blood lymphocytes of mice decreased, and the CD45+ cells, CD3+ T cells, and CD3+CD4+ T cells, and CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio in the spleen all decreased. AS-IV can significantly alleviate pathological damage to the spleen, decrease serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6, increase IL-4 and IL-10, and raise CD3+CD4+ T cells and the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio in peripheral blood and the spleen, while increasing CD4+IFN-γ+cells in spleen, reducing ROS and apoptosis levels in spleen, and increasing the content of relevant mRNA in the Th1/Th2 cell pathway. In summary, simulating hypoxia at an altitude of 7000 m for 5 days can establish a stable hypobaric hypoxic immune injury model, and AS-IV can effectively alleviate hypobaric hypoxic immune injury.

ROS fueled autonomous sol-gel-sol transitions for on-demand modulation of inflammation in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent form of arthritis, and a leading cause of pain and long-term disability. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis is a key feature in the pathological progression of osteoarthritis that amplifies the inflammatory response, aggravates synovitis and accelerates cartilage degradation. Herein, a hemin and chitosan-mediated antioxidant gel inducing ROS conversion (hc-MAGIC) was constructed to targeting oxidative stress for osteoarthritis treatment. The optimized hc-MAGIC exhibited autonomous sol-gel-sol transition properties, which enable to be administered via intra-articular injections, prolong retention in the joint cavity, and controlled modulation of inflammation in response to ROS. Notably, with extracellular ROS fueled, hc-MAGIC could address hypoxia in the osteoarthritic joint cavity through spatiotemporally controlled generation of oxygen (O2). Moreover, hc-MAGIC restored the impaired antioxidative capacity of macrophages by upregulating HO-1 on demand, resulting in suppressing excessive intracellular ROS generation. Consequently, by restoring both extracellular and intracellular redox homeostasis in osteoarthritic joints, hc-MAGIC markedly reversed the inflammatory microenvironment to support chondrogenesis, prevented cartilage degradation, and promoted cartilage repair by augmenting cartilage matrix formation. Therefore, featuring its sol-gel-sol transition properties，ROS-to-O2 conversion, and dual-mode redox regulation, hc-MAGIC offers a potent novel therapy for on-demand modulation of inflammation in osteoarthritis.

RGS12 is a target of penehyclidine hydrochloride that enhances oxidative stress and ferroptosis in a model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the Nrf2 pathway

Regulator of G‑protein signaling 12 (RGS12) is a regulatory factor that is involved in various physiological processes. However, the role of RGS12 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) currently remains unclear. The present study established a mouse model of MIRI by ligating the left main coronary artery followed by reperfusion. In addition, mouse HL‑1 cells were cultured in a hypoxic and serum‑free medium, followed by reoxygenation to establish an in vitro cell model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Adenoviruses targeting RGS12 were subsequently used to either overexpress or silence RGS12 expression. RGS12 was highly expressed in both the myocardial tissues of mice with MIRI and HL‑1 cells subjected to H/R. The results from the in vitro experiments demonstrated that the knockdown of RGS12 reduced oxidative stress under a pathological environment, as indicated by decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde activity and increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Furthermore, mice with MIRI and HL‑1 cells that underwent H/R stimulation exhibited increased ferroptosis, whereas RGS12 knockdown reversed these changes. These results showed that post‑RGS12 silencing the levels of Fe2+ and lipid ROS were decreased, the expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 and cystine transporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 were increased and mitochondrial structure was improved by preventing the loss of the mitochondrial crest. Mechanistically, the nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway with anti‑ferroptosis and anti‑oxidative stress capacities was activated by RGS12 knockdown. Conversely, RGS12 overexpression exerted the opposite effects both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, it was demonstrated that penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC), known to block the MIRI process, decreased RGS12 expression levels both in vivo and in vitro, and RGS12 overexpression inhibited the therapeutic effects of PHC on MIRI. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that RGS12, a target of PHC, potentially enhanced the progression of MIRI by promoting oxidative stress and ferroptosis, and this effect may involve the regulation of the Nrf2 pathway.

Hemocyanin contributes to embryonic adaptation to hypoxia in the migratory locust

Ambient hypoxia can pose a major threat to the survival of metazoan organisms, especially insect embryos. Hemocyanin exhibits dominant expression in insect embryos, but its specific roles in hypoxia adaptation remain unexplored. Soil-dwelling locust eggs may frequently experience hypoxia during development. A comprehensive analysis of physiological and biochemical characters of hemocyanin was conducted in the embryos of migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Our results demonstrated that the revolution process was the critical hypoxia-sensitive event during locust embryogenesis. Hemocyanin presented a prominent expression in the revolution stage and exhibited strong responses to hypoxia. The relative duration of revolution was correlated negatively with the expression of hemocyanin subunit 2 (HC2), suggesting that HC2 might be closely associated with hypoxia adaptation of locust embryos. Furthermore, a HC2 mutant locust strain was established using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and higher hypoxia sensitivity was found for HC2-deficient locust embryos. Knockdown of HC2 increased anaerobic metabolism and oxidative stress while reducing oxidative metabolism. Overall, these findings clearly demonstrated the pivotal roles of hemocyanin in hypoxia adaptation of insect embryos.

Possible role of superoxide dismutase 3 in hypoxia-induced developmental defects in murine molars

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effects of hypoxia on tooth germ development in mice and explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Tooth germs were extracted from E14.5 mouse embryos and divided into the control and hypoxia groups for organ culture. The hypoxia group was exposed to hypoxia (0% oxygen) for 3 h, followed by normoxia for 21 h. After 2 or 7 days, samples were collected for morphometric analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescent staining (IF). Additionally, superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) expression patterns in mandibular molar tooth germs from C57BL/6 mouse embryos were analyzed using IHC. The SOD inhibitor sodium N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (DETC; 400 μM) was applied under normoxia for 3 days, followed by morphometry, IHC, and IF.

RESULTS

After 7 days, the hypoxia group exhibited significantly smaller tooth size, fewer cusps, reduced cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis in the epithelium compared to the control group. Sod3 mRNA expression was higher than other Sod family member expressions in the control group. In the hypoxia group, Sod3 mRNA and SOD3 protein expression were significantly decreased, whereas hypoxia-inducible factor-1 expression and reactive oxygen species levels were increased. SOD3 was primarily expressed in the dental epithelium from E12.5 to E17.5. DETC impaired tooth germ development in the control group, resulting in a phenotype similar to that of the hypoxia group, and significantly reduced amelogenin and msh homeobox 2 expression in the epithelium.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypoxia impairs tooth germ development. SOD3 probably plays a protective role during this process.

Product of Traditional Chinese Medicine Longgui Yangxinwan Protects the Human Body from Altitude Sickness Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Preventing Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Yu Liu, Zhengyang Zhang, Yongting Luo, Peng An, Jingyi Qi, Xu Zhang, Shuaishuai Zhou, Yongzhi Li, Chong Xu, Junjie Luo, and Jiaping Wang. Product of traditional Chinese medicine longgui yangxinwan protects the human body from altitude sickness damage by reducing oxidative stress and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. High Alt Med Biol. 26:20-29, 2025. Background: Plateau reaction, caused by high-altitude exposure, results in symptoms like headaches, dyspnea, palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath, and insomnia due to reduced oxygen levels. Mitochondria are crucial for high-altitude acclimatization as they regulate oxygen metabolism and cellular energy, reducing oxidative stress and maintaining bodily functions. Methods: The study participants were randomly divided into placebo group, Rhodiola group and longgui yangxinwan (Original name: taikong yangxinwan) group, with 20 people in each group. Three groups of subjects were sampled at three time points (PI: pre-intervention; P-D1: high-altitude day 1; P-D7: high-altitude day 7), and blood pressure, blood oxygen, heart rate, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count were measured. The ATP content, mitochondrial DNA copy number, expression of mitochondria-related genes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and mitochondrial morphology were measured in blood at each time point. Results: Our study results demonstrate that longgui yangxinwan keeps the selected human physiological indicators stable and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in the high altitude. Mechanically, longgui yangxinwan decreases the level of ROS in human serum, whereas increases the activity of the antioxidant enzyme GSH-PX. At high-altitude day 1 (P-D1) and high-altitude day 7 (P-D7), ROS in the placebo group were 1.5 and 2.2-fold higher than those of the longgui yangxinwan group, respectively. In addition, longgui yangxinwan enhances ATP production capacity, restores the levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and effectively maintains mitochondrial morphology and integrity. At P-D1 and P-D7, the ATP levels in the longgui yangxinwan group were 19-fold and 26-fold higher than those in the placebo group, respectively. Conclusions: Our study highlights longgui yangxinwan as a potential drug for protecting humans from high-altitude damage by reducing oxidative stress and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction.

Recent applications of stimulus-responsive smart hydrogels for osteoarthritis therapy

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases, which seriously affects the life of middle-aged and elderly people. Traditional treatments such as surgical treatment and systemic medication, often do not achieve the expected or optimal results, which leads to severe trauma and a variety of side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic options to overcome these problems. Hydrogels are widely used in biomedical tissue repairing as a platform for loading drugs, proteins and stem cells. In recent years, smart-responsive hydrogels have achieved excellent results as novel drug delivery systems in the treatment of osteoarthritis. This review focuses on the recent advances of endogenous stimuli (including enzymes, pH, reactive oxygen species and temperature, etc.) responsive hydrogels and exogenous stimuli (including light, shear, ultrasound and magnetism, etc.) responsive hydrogels in osteoarthritis treatment. Finally, the current limitations of application and future prospects of smart responsive hydrogels are summarized.

Molecular Modulation of Threadfin Fish Brain to Hypoxia Challenge and Recovery Revealed by Multi-Omics Profiling

Migratory fish often encounter hypoxic zones during migration, which can lead to varying degrees of hypoxic stress. This issue has become increasingly severe due to human activities and climate change, which have resulted in the expansion of hypoxic zones in aquatic environments. However, there is limited research on how these species respond to hypoxic stress and subsequent recovery. In this study, we used Eleutheronema tetradactylum, a well-recognized migratory and economically valuable fish species, as a model organism. Histological analysis revealed extensive neuronal damage during hypoxia exposure, with limited recovery observed even after 12 h of reoxygenation. Differential gene expression analysis highlighted progressive alterations in genes associated with stress response, neuroactive ligand interactions, and cellular repair mechanisms. Time-series analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified critical expression profiles throughout the hypoxia-recovery process and revealed hub genes for each stage. Furthermore, dynamic changes in miRNA expression and proteomic profiles indicated active regulation of several key biological pathways, including MAPK, HIF-1, and ECM-receptor interactions. Through miRNA-mRNA-protein correlation analysis, we propose a model that predicts key regulatory pathways and critical miRNA-mRNA-protein interactions across the various stages of hypoxia-recovery in the brain of E. tetradactylum. This study presents the first integrated analysis of miRNA, mRNA, and protein throughout the entire hypoxia-recovery process in fish brains. The molecular interactions and regulatory pathways identified in this model could serve as valuable biomarkers for future research on hypoxia-recovery mechanisms in fish.

Research progress of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and zinc in the mechanism of diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease is one of the common complications in diabetic patients and has gradually become an important pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of its occurrence and development is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Some researchers have pointed out that there is a phenomenon of hypoxia in diabetic kidney tissue and believe that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is closely related to the occurrence and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Additionally, the homeostasis of zinc plays a key role in the body's adaptation to hypoxic environments. However, the specific relationship among these three factors remains unclear. This article provides a detailed review of the multiple roles of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, including: regulating angiogenesis, increasing the expression of erythropoietin, modulating oxidative stress through the PI3K/AKT and HIF-1α/HO-1 pathways, promoting inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of inflammatory factors to induce inflammatory responses, facilitating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, pathological angiogenesis, and promoting the release of fibrotic factors, ultimately leading to renal fibrosis. Furthermore, HIF-1α also participates in the occurrence and development of diabetic kidney disease through mechanisms such as regulating apoptosis, inducing mitochondrial autophagy, and vascular calcification. At the same time, this article clarifies the regulatory role of the trace element zinc on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in diabetic kidney disease. This article provides references and insights for further research on the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease.

Nano-targeted delivery system: a promising strategy of anthocyanin encapsulation for treating intestinal inflammation

Anthocyanins are natural flavonoids derived from plants, widely recognized for their health-promoting effects, specifically to treat inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). However, certain limitations are associated with their use, including instability, low solubility and permeability, poor gastrointestinal digestion, and low bioavailability. In this review, nano-carriers (e.g., liposome, polymersome, exosome, halloysite nanotubes, dendrimer, and nano-niosome, etc.) were summarized as anthocyanins delivery vehicles to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Recent progress on emerging strategies involved surface functionalization, responsive release, magnetic orientation, and self-assembly aggregation to address intestinal inflammation through nano-carriers and potential mechanisms were discussed. Anthocyanins, water-soluble pigments linked by glycoside bonds have attracted attention to alleviate intestinal inflammation related diseases. Anthocyanins can address intestinal inflammation by exerting their health beneficial effects such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, regulating the intestinal flora, and promoting apoptosis. Moreover, nano-carriers were discussed as oral delivery system for maximized bioefficacy of anthocyanins and to address concerns related to their low solubility and permeability, poor gastrointestinal metabolism, and low bioavailability were discussed. A future perspective is proposed concerning anthocyanin-loaded nano-carriers, different strategies to improve their efficacy, and developing functional food to treat intestinal inflammation.

Lymph flow, ionic and biochemical indicators of lymph and blood during hypoxia

In this study, the biochemical parameters and physico-chemical reactions of the body in experimental hypoxia, using a Sprague Dawley Rat Model. Hypoxia changed the dynamics and biochemical parameters of blood and lymph, as well as urine. During hypoxia, there was a change in the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes. Hypoxic training was conducted in a hypoxic animal chamber for 15 days and 30 days for 40 minutes every day. Physical and chemical parameters of blood, lymph and its morphological composition were studied on a hematological analyser, oxygen tension and pH of blood and lymph on an OPTI CCA-TS2 Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analyser. The value of osmotic pressure in the lymph changed slightly from 280.22 ± 2.07 to 293.3±3.1 and 285.6 ± 2.8 mOsm/l, respectively, 15 and 30 days of hypoxia. Urine osmotic pressure decreased by 15.1-10.4%, respectively, compared to the control group. After 15 and 30 days of hypoxia, ion exchange in the blood plasma showed a decrease in the concentration of K+, Cl- ions and an increase in the concentration of Na+ ions in the blood plasma and lymph. Ca2+ concentrations decreased in blood plasma and increased in lymph and urine. The analysis of the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes showed its decrease. Lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes showed a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde and diene conjugates by 52.2% and 69.6%, as well as a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase by 32% and 29.7%. Hypoxia leads to a decrease in erythrocyte resistance and lipid peroxidation in experimental animals. Shifts in pH on the side of acidosis and disturbances in physico-chemical properties in the blood and lymph were detected. As a result of developing hypoxia in the body, structural and functional rearrangements occur in the whole blood of experimental animals.

The changes in the ratio of Dicer1 transcripts can participate in the neuronal hypoxic response by regulating miR-29b

The nervous system is highly dependent on the supply of oxygen and nutrients, so when demand for oxygen exceeds its supply, hypoxia is induced. The hippocampus is very important in the nervous system. It has the ability to control human behavior, memory, emotion, and so on. Therefore, when the hippocampus is damaged by hypoxia, it may cause nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Alternative splicing plays an important regulatory role in the processes of growth and disease occurrence and development. However, the function of hypoxia-induced alternative splicing in neurological diseases needs to be further studied. Therefore, we performed hypoxia stress on mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells and then analyzed differentially expressed genes and differential alternative splicing events by next-generation sequencing. Through bioinformatics analysis and verification, it was found that hypoxia stress regulated the expression of Rbm15 and the ratio of Dicer1 transcripts in HT22 cells. The change in the ratio of Dicer1 transcripts may be related to the upregulation of miR-29b under hypoxia stress. This study can provide multiple time point sequencing results and a theoretical basis for the study of hypoxia-related gene alternative splicing.

Role of epigenetic regulation in diminished ovarian reserve

Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is characterized by a decrease in the number and quality of oocytes, with its incidence increasing annually. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, making it one of the most challenging problems in the field of assisted reproduction. Epigenetic modification, a molecular mechanism affecting genomic activity and expression without altering the DNA sequence, has been widely studied in reproductive medicine and has attracted considerable attention regarding DOR. This review comprehensively examines the various epigenetic regulatory changes in ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs) and oocytes during DOR. DNA methylation plays a crucial role in regulating granulosa cell function, hormone production, and oocyte development, maturation, and senescence. Histone modifications are involved in regulating follicular activation, while non-coding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate granulosa cell function and oocyte development. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications are associated with age-related oocyte senescence. Epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation show potential in predicting ovarian reserve in DOR. Furthermore, it discusses the potential for utilizing epigenetic mechanisms to better diagnose and manage DOR.

Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Focus on Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious, disabling injury to the central nervous system that can lead to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the injury plane. SCI can be divided into primary injury and secondary injury according to its pathophysiological process. Primary injury is irreversible in most cases, while secondary injury is a dynamic regulatory process. Secondary injury involves a series of pathological events, such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways, and motor dysfunction. Among them, oxidative stress is an important pathological event of secondary injury. Oxidative stress causes a series of destructive events such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inflammation, and cell death, which further worsens the microenvironment of the injured site and leads to neurological dysfunction. The nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2) is considered to be a key pathway of antioxidative stress and is closely related to the pathological process of SCI. Activation of this pathway can effectively inhibit the oxidative stress process and promote the recovery of nerve function after SCI. Therefore, the Nrf2 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This review deeply analyzed the generation of oxidative stress in SCI, the role and mechanism of Nrf2 as the main regulator of antioxidant stress in SCI, and the influence of cross-talk between Nrf2 and related pathways that may be involved in the pathological regulation of SCI on oxidative stress, and summarized the drugs and other treatment methods based on Nrf2 pathway regulation. The objective of this paper is to provide evidence for the role of Nrf2 activation in SCI and to highlight the important role of Nrf2 in alleviating SCI by elucidating the mechanism, so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting Nrf2 pathway as a therapy for SCI.

Towards an understanding of physical activity-induced post-exertional malaise: Insights into microvascular alterations and immunometabolic interactions in post-COVID condition and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

BACKGROUND

A considerable number of patients who contracted SARS-CoV-2 are affected by persistent multi-systemic symptoms, referred to as Post-COVID Condition (PCC). Post-exertional malaise (PEM) has been recognized as one of the most frequent manifestations of PCC and is a diagnostic criterion of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Yet, its underlying pathomechanisms remain poorly elucidated.

PURPOSE AND METHODS

In this review, we describe current evidence indicating that key pathophysiological features of PCC and ME/CFS are involved in physical activity-induced PEM.

RESULTS

Upon physical activity, affected patients exhibit a reduced systemic oxygen extraction and oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Accumulating evidence suggests that these are mediated by dysfunctions in mitochondrial capacities and microcirculation that are maintained by latent immune activation, conjointly impairing peripheral bioenergetics. Aggravating deficits in tissue perfusion and oxygen utilization during activities cause exertional intolerance that are frequently accompanied by tachycardia, dyspnea, early cessation of activity and elicit downstream metabolic effects. The accumulation of molecules such as lactate, reactive oxygen species or prostaglandins might trigger local and systemic immune activation. Subsequent intensification of bioenergetic inflexibilities, muscular ionic disturbances and modulation of central nervous system functions can lead to an exacerbation of existing pathologies and symptoms.

In Vitro CO-Releasing and Antioxidant Properties of Sulfonamide-Based CAI-CORMs in a H2O2-Stimulated Human Achilles Tendon-Derived Cell Model

Tendinopathy is often described as a complex and multifactorial condition which affects tendons. Tendon disorders are marked by a reduction in mechanical function, accompanied by pain and swelling. At the molecular level, tendinopathy leads to oxidative stress-driven inflammation, increased cell death, disruption of extracellular matrix balance, abnormal growth of capillaries and arteries, and degeneration of collagen formation. Here, we report an innovative approach to modulate oxidative stress during tendinopathy based on sulfonamide-based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors-carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CAI-CORMs) hybrids endowed with dual carbon monoxide (CO) releasing activity and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition. The synthesised compounds have been studied in a model of human Achilles tendon-derived cells stimulated by H2O2. Among the library, compound 1c and, to a greater extent, compound 1a, showed to be extremely effective in terms of restoration of cell metabolic activity and cell proliferation due to their capacity to release CO and inhibit the CA isoforms involved in inflammatory processes in the nanomolar range. Moreover, 1a can restore collagen type 1 secretion under pro-oxidant conditions.

Where are we in targeting hypoxia-induced pathways in inflammatory arthritis? Current understanding, insights, and future directions

INTRODUCTION

Joint tissues affected by inflammatory arthritis (IA) create hypoxic microenvironments that sustain the inflammatory response. Although targeting molecules in hypoxia-induced pathways has provided valuable insights into potential novel therapies for various types of IA, progress remains preclinical, and no clinical trials have been conducted for IA.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted to create a narrative review exploring the role of hypoxia and its signaling pathways in IA pathogenesis, as well as the potential and future directions for IA therapies that target hypoxia-induced molecules before moving forward to clinical applications.

RESULTS

Hypoxia is a prevalent feature of the IA synovial microenvironment and contributes to disease progression. Various studies and preclinical models demonstrate how hypoxia-inducible factors, vascular endothelial growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases, among other molecules, influence rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Despite these findings, drug development targeting these molecules in IA has been limited due to challenges in delineating the mechanistic pathways of hypoxia, the distinct roles of hypoxia-induced molecules depending on anatomical sites, and concerns regarding pharmacokinetics and patient safety. However, given that hypoxia-induced molecule-targeting therapies have been successfully approved for treating cancers and cardiovascular diseases, further research is needed to advance the application of similar medications in IA.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the pathogenic effects of hypoxic microenvironments in IA, it is imperative to continue gathering compelling evidence to advance hypoxia-induced therapies. Furthermore, elucidating the safety and efficacy of such drugs in various preclinical models, in collaboration with chemists and the pharmaceutical industry, is crucial for accelerating the development of novel, optimized treatment methods.

The impact of oxidative balance on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US adults and cancer survivors: evidence from NHANES 2001-2018

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is a crucial pathophysiological mechanism in chronic diseases and mortality. While individual oxidative markers have been studied, the comprehensive impact of oxidative balance on mortality risks remains unclear, particularly among cancer survivors. We aimed to investigate the associations of Oxidative Balance Score (OBS) with mortality in both the general population and cancer survivors.

METHODS

This study included 37,317 adults (52% female) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2018). OBS was calculated based on antioxidant and pro-oxidant exposures and categorized into quartiles. Survey-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios for mortality risks. Restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to examine potential non-linear relationships. Stratified analyses were conducted to further refine the findings.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up of 9.1 years, 5,092 deaths occurred. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of total OBS was associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (HR 0.68) and cancer mortality (HR 0.55). Among cancer survivors, similar associations were observed with all-cause mortality (HR 0.66). Component analysis revealed consistent protective effects of antioxidant OBS (HR 0.60 for all-cause mortality), while higher pro-oxidant OBS showed varying associations across mortality causes.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher OBS was associated with lower mortality risks, particularly cancer-related mortality, in both the general population and cancer survivors. While antioxidant exposures showed consistent protective effects, the impact of pro-oxidant exposures varied by mortality causes.

Size effect-based improved antioxidant activity of selenium nanoparticles regulating Anti-PI3K-mTOR and Ras-MEK pathways for treating spinal cord injury to avoid hormone shock-induced immunosuppression

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a critical condition affecting the central nervous system that often has permanent and debilitating consequences, including secondary injuries. Oxidative damage and inflammation are critical factors in secondary pathological processes. Selenium nanoparticles have demonstrated significant antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties via a non-immunosuppressive pathway; however, their clinical application has been limited by their inadequate stability and functionality to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). This study proposed a synthesis method for ultra-small-diameter lentinan Se nanoparticles (LNT-UsSeNPs) with significantly superior reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capabilities compared to conventional lentinan Se nanoparticles (LNT-SeNPs). These compounds effectively protected PC-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity, alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced apoptosis. In vivo studies indicated that LNT-UsSeNPs efficiently penetrated the BSCB and effectively inhibited the apoptosis of spinal neurons. Ultimately, LNT-UsSeNPs directly regulated the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathways by regulating selenoproteins to achieve non-immunosuppressive anti-inflammatory therapy. Owing to their ultra-small size, LNT-UsSeNPs exhibited strong spinal barrier penetration and potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects without compromising immune function. These findings suggest that LNT-UsSeNPs are promising candidates for further development in nanomedicine for the effective treatment of SCI.

FOXA2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in spermatogonial cells by the Nrf2 pathway under hypoxic conditions

Hypoxia-caused spermatogenesis impairment may contribute to male infertility. FOXA2 has been found to be abundant in spermatogonial stem cells and critical for spermatogenesis. Here we aimed to explore the roles of FOXA2 in regulating spermatogonial cells against hypoxia stimulation. Our results showed that FOXA2 expression was downregulated in hypoxia-stimulated spermatogonial cells. Overexpression of FOXA2 prevented hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with decreased expression levels of associated markers including GRP78, CHOP, and ATF-4. FOXA2 overexpression caused a decrease in MDA content and an increase in activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in spermatogonial cells under hypoxic conditions, implying its inhibitory effect on oxidative stress. Besides, cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions was also prevented by FOXA2 overexpression, as shown by reduced apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity. Moreover, we found that hypoxia stimulation inactivated the Nrf2 pathway, which could be prevented by FOXA2 overexpression. Nrf2 knockdown attenuated the effects of FOXA2 overexpression on hypoxia-induced ER stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in spermatogonial cells. In conclusion, FOXA2 exerted protective effects on spermatogonial cells against hypoxia-induced ER stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. These findings suggested that FOXA2 might be a therapeutic target for treating hypoxia-induced spermatogenesis impairment.

Sacrificial Templating for Accelerating Clinical Translation of Engineered Organs

Transplantable engineered organs could one day be used to treat patients suffering from end-stage organ failure. Yet, producing hierarchical vascular networks that sustain the viability and function of cells within human-scale organs remains a major challenge. Sacrificial templating has emerged as a promising biofabrication method that could overcome this challenge. Here, we explore and evaluate various strategies and materials that have been used for sacrificial templating. First, we emphasize fabrication approaches that use highly biocompatible sacrificial reagents and minimize the duration that cells spend in fabrication conditions without oxygen and nutrients. We then discuss strategies to create continuous, hierarchical vascular networks, both using biofabrication alone and using hybrid methods that integrate biologically driven vascular self-assembly into sacrificial templating workflows. Finally, we address the importance of structurally reinforcing engineered vessel walls to achieve stable blood flow in vivo, so that engineered organs remain perfused and functional long after implantation. Together, these sacrificial templating strategies have the potential to overcome many current limitations in biofabrication and accelerate clinical translation of transplantable, fully functional engineered organs to rescue patients from organ failure.

Redox Metabolism and Autonomic Regulation During Aging: Can Heart Rate Variability Be Used to Monitor Healthy Longevity?

The functionality of redox metabolism is frequently named as an important contributor to the processes of aging and anti-aging. Excessive activation of free radical reactions accompanied by the inability of the antioxidant defense (AOD) mechanisms to control the flow of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the persistence of oxidative stress, hypoxia, impaired mitochondrial energy function and reduced ATP potential. From a long-term perspective, such changes contribute to the development of chronic diseases and facilitate aging. In turn, preconditioning of a biosystem with small doses of stressful stimuli might cause mobilization of the mechanisms of AOD and control an excessive flow of ROS, which supports optimal functioning of the redox reactions. Those mechanisms are of crucial importance for anti-aging and are also known as a eustress or hormetic response. To ensure continuous support of mild pro-oxidant activity in a metabolic system, close monitoring and timely corrections preventing the development of excessive ROS production are required. The paper introduces the potential of heart rate variability (HRV) as a biomarker of functional and metabolic reserves and a tool to measure stress resilience during aging. The practical approaches to interpretation of HRV are provided based on total power, changes in total power in response to an orthostatic test and activities of all spectral components. It is suggested that the complex of those parameters can reflect the depth of oxidative stress and may be used to guide lifestyle interventions and promote active longevity.

Effect of proanthocyanidins on cognitive improvement in thyroxin-induced aging mice

As the population ages, functional dietary supplements are increasingly used to reduce age-related diseases, especially in the field of cognitive impairment. In this study, a thyroxine (Th)-induced aging model was established, and the effect of proanthocyanidins (Pc) on cognitive impairment of aging mice was evaluated based on cognitive ability, neuroinflammation and immune level. The results showed that Pc significantly reduced AchE activity compared to the Model group, improving learning deficits and spatial memory in aged mice (P < 0.01). Further study showed that Pc could maintain the organism's redox balance, markedly increasing T-AOC, GSH, and SOD levels (P < 0.01) while reducing MPO and MDA levels (P < 0.01). Pc also improved systemic inflammation, raising the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine PF4 and significantly lowering pro-inflammatory factors in the blood (P < 0.01). In the DG region of the hippocampus, Pc effectively repaired nerve damage, inhibited the over-activation of microglia and astrocytes, down-regulated GFAP and IBA-1 proteins (P < 0.01), and then reduced neuroinflammation. Additionally, Pc supplementation also significantly increased the levels of WBC, Lymph, Mid, and Gran in aged mice (P < 0.01), aiding in the recovery of leukocyte counts. At the same time, the CD3+ level and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were significantly increased (P < 0.01) to maintain the dynamic balance of lymphocyte subsets in aging mice and enhance the immune capacity of aging mice. The study revealed that Pc, as a dietary supplement, can effectively alleviate cognitive impairment in the elderly population. This provides a new dietary nutrition supplement strategy for the health of the aging population.

A Panoramic Review on the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis through Herbalism

Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The conventional treatment options for arthritis often come with limitations and potential side effects, leading to increased interest in herbal plants as alternative therapies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the use of herbal plants in arthritis treatment, focusing on their traditional remedies, active components, mechanisms of action, and pharmaceutical approaches for enhancing their delivery. Various herbal plants, including turmeric, ginger, Boswellia, and willow bark, have shown anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making them valuable options for managing arthritis symptoms. The active components of these herbal plants, such as curcumin, gingerols, and boswellic acids, contribute to their therapeutic effects. To enhance the delivery of herbal medicines, pharmaceutical approaches like nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, microneedles, and inhalation systems have been explored. These approaches aim to improve bioavailability, targeted delivery, and controlled release of herbal compounds. Safety considerations, including potential interactions with medications and the risk of allergic reactions, are also discussed. Future perspectives for this field involve conducting well-designed clinical studies, enhancing standardization and quality control measures, exploring novel drug delivery systems, and fostering collaborations between traditional medicine practitioners and healthcare professionals. Continued research and development in these areas will help unlock the full potential of herbal plants in arthritis treatment, offering personalized and effective care for affected individuals.

Pharmacological investigation of selected 1,2,4 triazole derivative against ethanol induced gastric ulcer

The present study aims to assess the therapeutic potential of (2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(pyridine-4-yl)5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl tetrahydro-2H-pyran 3,4,5tryltriacetate (JAK05) on gastric ulcer. The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-ulcer potential of JAK05 against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer by employing in silico, in vitro and in vivo techniques. In silico studies, JAK05 has a binding score ranging from -8.51 to -21.38 (kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation at 100 ns shows better structural stability, stable binding affinity and stable conformation when bonded to H+/K+-ATPase. In vitro study demonstrates that JAK05 inhibits Helicobactor pylori. In vivo study confirmed that JAK05 promotes ulcer healing in rats at a dose of 40 mg/kg and demonstrated a protective effect on the gastric mucosa, comparable to omeprazole by modulating acid secretion and fluid volume. Glutathione, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase levels increased in rat stomach tissue while nitric oxide decreased with the administration of JAK05. Additionally, lipid peroxide levels were found to have significantly decreased. Pathological histopathology analysis shows improved tissue structure and reduced inflammatory markers. These findings were confirmed using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. JAK05 exhibits a high affinity for selected targets. JAK05 shows anti-ulcer properties by targeting through multiple mechanisms inhibiting H. pylori, reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation and blocking acid production.

Identification of Angiogenesis-Related Gene Signatures and Prediction of Potential Therapeutic Targets in Ulcerative Colitis Using Integrated Bioinformatics

Objective

This study aims to clarify angiogenesis mechanisms in ulcerative colitis and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Methods

The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain expression profiles and clinical data for UC and healthy colon tissues. Angiogenesis-related gene sets were acquired from GeneCards. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified UC-associated hub genes. The CIBERSORT algorithm assessed immune cell infiltration. Analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed to determine biological mechanisms. External datasets were utilized to validate and characterize the angiogenesis-related genes in relation to biological agents. Additionally, an ulcerative colitis mouse model was constructed to verify the key genes' expression using real-time quantitative PCR. To predict potential therapeutic agents, we used the DGIdb database. Molecular docking modeled small molecule binding conformations to key gene targets.

Results

This study identified 1,247 DEGs enriched in inflammatory/immune pathways from UC and healthy colon samples. WGCNA indicated the black and light cyan modules were most relevant. Intersecting these with 89 angiogenesis genes revealed 5 UC-associated hub genes (pdgfrb, vegfc, angpt2, tnc, hgf). Validation via ROC analysis, differential expression, and a mouse model confirmed upregulation, supporting their potential as UC diagnostic biomarkers. Bioinformatics approaches like protein-protein interaction, enrichment analysis, and GSEA revealed involvement in PDGFR and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. CIBERSORT analysis of immune cell infiltration showed positive correlations between the key genes and various immune cells, especially neutrophils, highlighting angiogenesis-inflammation interplay in UC. A ceRNA network was constructed. Drug prediction and molecular docking revealed potential UC therapies like sunitinib and imatinib targeting angiogenesis.

Conclusion

This study identified and validated five angiogenesis-related genes (pdgfrb, vegfc, angpt2, tnc, hgf) that may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and drug targets for UC.

Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide meditated synbiotic fermented whey beverage ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia induced intestinal damage

Hypobaric hypoxia causes oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and disrupts the gut microbiome and metabolome. In this study, we developed a synbiotic fermented whey beverage, combining kefir and Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharides, to explore its protective effects against high-altitude induced injury in mice. The beverage, formulated with 0.8% (w/v) polysaccharides and kefir inoculation, demonstrated robust fermentation parameters and antioxidative capacity. When applied to a hypobaric hypoxia mouse model, the synbiotic fermented whey significantly reduced oxidation and protected the intestinal barrier by lowering inflammation, protecting the intestinal structure, increasing goblet cell counts, and reducing apoptosis. It also modulated the gut microbiota, enriching beneficial taxa as Intestinimonas and Butyricicoccaceae, while reducing harmful ones like Marvinbryantia and Proteus, and enhancing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Notably, the beverage increased berberine and nicotinic acid levels, activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway and influencing nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolites linked to the suppression of Marvinbryantia, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation and barrier damage. These effects contributed to the alleviation of hypoxia-induced intestinal damage in mice. This study highlights the potential of synbiotics and whey fermentation in novel nutritional interventions in high altitude environments.

Advances in research on the relationship between mitochondrial function and colorectal cancer: a bibliometric study from 2013 to 2023

The study provides a thorough examination of literature from 2013 to 2023, delving into the intricate relationship between mitochondrial function and colorectal cancer (CRC). It offers a concise overview of the current landscape and emerging trends in this rapidly evolving research area. The findings indicate a consistent rise in annual publications, reflecting growing interest and significant potential in the field. China emerges as the leading contributor, followed by the United States and India. However, despite China's dominance in output, its average citation rate is lower than that of the US, which leads in citations per publication, highlighting a noticeable disparity. In the realm of research institutions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and China Medical University are identified as major contributors, yet the potential for inter-institutional collaboration remains largely untapped, suggesting avenues for future synergy. Internationally, China-US collaborations are particularly robust, fostering cross-border knowledge exchange. Hyun Jin Won and Li Wei are recognized as prolific authors, while Ahmedin Jemal is an influential co-cited scholar, noted for his seminal contributions. Keyword analysis reveals research focus areas, such as the complex CRC tumor microenvironment, molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, and key multidrug resistance pathways. It also highlights the promising potential of mitochondria-targeted therapies and nanomolecular technologies in clinical practice, signaling their growing significance in addressing complex health challenges. The study underscores the imperative to validate complex mitochondrial mechanisms and signaling pathways in CRC, with a particular emphasis on translating these insights into drug targets for clinical trials. Advancing this research is expected to refine and enhance CRC treatment strategies. Additionally, it highlights the urgency of validating mitochondrial complexities in CRC, advocating for collaborative efforts to link these mechanisms with tailored therapeutic interventions for clinical testing. This integrated approach promises significant advancements in developing effective, targeted CRC treatments, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Accumulation of Bioactive Lipid Species in LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Models Analysed with Multi-Modal Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process related to a variety of pathologies, often requiring better understanding in order to develop new, targeted therapeutic interventions. Within this context, multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) has been used to characterise molecular changes in neuroinflammation for biomarker discovery not possible to other techniques. In this study, molecules including bioactive lipids were detected across inflamed regions of the brain in rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The detected lipids may be acting as inflammatory mediators of the immune response. We identified that N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) species accumulated in the inflamed area. The presence of these lipids could be related to the endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling system, mediating an anti-inflammatory response from microglial cells at the site of injury to balance pro-inflammation and support neuronal protection. In addition, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically n-3 and n-6 species, were observed to accumulate in the area where LPS was injected. PUFAs are directly linked to anti-inflammatory mediators resolving inflammation. Finally, acylcarnitine species accumulated around the inflammation region. Accumulation of these molecules could be due to a deficient β-oxidation cycle.

Synergistic rheumatoid arthritis therapy by interrupting the detrimental feedback loop to orchestrate hypoxia M1 macrophage polarization using an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform

A detrimental feedback loop between hypoxia and oxidative stress consistently drives macrophage polarization toward a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thus persistently aggravating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression. Herein, an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform with synergistic hypoxia-relieving and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging properties was developed using bovine serum albumin-bilirubin-platinum nanoparticles (BSA-BR-Pt NPs). Bilirubin was employed to eliminate ROS, while platinum exhibited a synergistic effect in scavenging ROS and simultaneously generated oxygen. In mice RA model, BSA-BR-Pt NPs treatment exhibited superior effects, resulting in significant improvements in joint inflammation, cartilage damage, and bone erosion, compared to methotrexate, the most widely used antirheumatic drug. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing data and experimental results elucidated that BSA-BR-Pt NPs induced a re-polarization of hypoxic M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages via switching glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation through the inhibition of HIF-1α pathway. Collectively, this research for the first time elaborated the underlying mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform in orchestrating macrophage polarization, and identified a novel therapeutic strategy for RA and other inflammatory disorders.

Hypoxia and aging: molecular mechanisms, diseases, and therapeutic targets

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by the gradual decline of cellular functions, increased susceptibility to diseases, and impaired stress responses. Hypoxia, defined as reduced oxygen availability, is a critical factor that influences aging through molecular pathways involving hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications. This review explores the interconnected roles of hypoxia in aging, highlighting how hypoxic conditions exacerbate cellular damage, promote senescence, and contribute to age-related pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, metabolic dysfunctions, and pulmonary conditions. By examining the molecular mechanisms linking hypoxia to aging, we identify key pathways that serve as potential therapeutic targets. Emerging interventions such as HIF modulators, antioxidants, senolytics, and lifestyle modifications hold promise in mitigating the adverse effects of hypoxia on aging tissues. However, challenges such as the heterogeneity of aging, lack of reliable biomarkers, and safety concerns regarding hypoxia-targeted therapies remain. This review emphasizes the need for personalized approaches and advanced technologies to develop effective antiaging interventions. By integrating current knowledge, this review provides a comprehensive framework that underscores the importance of targeting hypoxia-induced pathways to enhance healthy aging and reduce the burden of age-related diseases.

The immune landscape in apical periodontitis: From mechanism to therapy

Apical periodontitis (AP) is featured by a persistent inflammatory response and alveolar bone resorption initiated by microorganisms, posing risks to both dental and systemic health. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment is the recommended treatment plan for AP with a high success rate, but in some cases, periapical lesions may persist despite standard endodontic treatment. Better comprehension of the AP inflammatory microenvironment can help develop adjunct therapies to improve the outcome of endodontic treatment. This review presents an overview of the immune landscape in AP, elucidating how microbial invasion triggers host immune activation and shapes the inflammatory microenvironment, ultimately impacting bone homeostasis. The destructive effect of excessive immune activation on periapical tissues is emphasized. This review aimed to systematically discuss the immunological basis of AP, the inflammatory bone resorption and the immune cell network in AP, thereby providing insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies such as targeted therapy, antioxidant therapy, adoptive cell therapy and cytokine therapy to mitigate AP-associated tissue destruction.

Impact of nocturnal hypoxia on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-blind cross-over trial

High altitude residents have a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, we examined the effect of repeated overnight normobaric hypoxic exposure on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with T2DM. Thirteen adults with T2DM [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c): 61.1 ± 14.1 mmol mol-1; aged 64.2 ± 9.4 years; four female] completed a single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled, cross-over study for 10 nights, sleeping when exposed to hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 [F I O 2 ${{F}_{{\mathrm{I}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ] = 0.155; ∼2500 m simulated altitude) or normoxic conditions (F I O 2 ${{F}_{{\mathrm{I}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$  = 0.209) in a randomised order. Outcome measures included: fasted plasma [glucose]; [hypoxia inducible factor-1α]; [interleukin-6]; [tumour necrosis factor-α]; [interleukin-10]; [heat shock protein 70]; [butyric acid]; peak plasma [glucose] and insulin sensitivity following a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test; body composition; appetite indices ([leptin], [acyl ghrelin], [peptide YY], [glucagon-like peptide-1]); and gut microbiota diversity and abundance [16S rRNA amplicon sequencing]. During intervention periods, accelerometers measured physical activity, sleep duration and efficiency, whereas continuous glucose monitors were used to assess estimated HbA1c and glucose management indicator and time in target range. Overnight hypoxia was not associated with changes in any outcome measure (P > 0.05 with small effect sizes) except fasting insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota alpha diversity, which exhibited trends (P = 0.10; P = 0.08 respectively) for a medium beneficial effect (d = 0.49; d = 0.59 respectively). Ten nights of overnight moderate hypoxic exposure did not significantly affect glycaemic control, gut microbiome, appetite, or inflammation in adults with T2DM. However, the intervention was well tolerated and a medium effect-size for improved insulin sensitivity and reduced alpha diversity warrants further investigation. KEY POINTS: Living at altitude lowers the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Animal studies suggest that exposure to hypoxia may lead to weight loss and suppressed appetite. In a single-blind, randomised sham-controlled, cross-over trial, we assessed the effects of 10 nights of hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 ∼0.155) on glucose homeostasis, appetite, gut microbiota, inflammatory stress ([interleukin-6]; [tumour necrosis factor-α]; [interleukin-10]) and hypoxic stress ([hypoxia inducible factor 1α]; heat shock protein 70]) in 13 adults with T2DM. Appetite and inflammatory markers were unchanged following hypoxic exposure, but an increased insulin sensitivity and reduced gut microbiota alpha diversity were associated with a medium effect-size and statistical trends, which warrant further investigation using a definitive large randomised controlled trial. Hypoxic exposure may represent a viable therapeutic intervention in people with T2DM and particularly those unable or unwilling to exercise because barriers to uptake and adherence may be lower than for other lifestyle interventions (e.g. diet and exercise).

Pharmacological investigations of newly synthesized oxazolones and imidazolones as COX-2 inhibitors

Oxazoles and Imidazoles are heterocyclic compounds with significant biological activities. The present study explores the pharmacological effects of some new oxazole and imidazole derivatives as potential COX-2 inhibitors. Docking studies of the compounds against targeted proteins COX-2 and TACE manifested good binding affinities for both the targets supporting their anti-inflammatory potential. Compounds (3F-A, 3F-B, N-A, N-B) were evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory effects by carrageenan-induced paw edema. Among all, compound N-A was found to be the most effective as it displayed most pronounced reduction in inflammation that was comparable to indomethacin. The in vivo tissue antioxidant activity was performed for estimation of the level of catalase, GSH, GST, and thiobarbituric acid in paw tissue. The results exhibited that targeted compounds improved the oxidative stress and restored the expression of enzymes. H &E staining revealed that aforesaid compounds displayed well-defined restoration of cellular damage. Compound NA exhibited maximum structural and functional preservation. Reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers was also analyzed by ELISA and maximum reduction in protein expression (COX-2 and TNF-a) was observed for compound N-B. Quantification of mRNA was done using PCR and a decrease in the expression of COX-2 mRNA level in treatment groups was depicted by all the new compounds but N-B showed maximum reduction in enzyme expression. All the results obtained from the present study have shown the significant anti-inflammatory potential of new compounds via the COX-2 inhibition pathway.

Pyrimidine Derivatives as Selective COX-2 Inhibitors with Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties

Pyrimidine derivatives exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tested pyrimidine derivatives on the activity of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), antioxidant properties, and their ability to inhibit the growth of inflammatory cells. In vitro tests were conducted to assess the ability of pyrimidine derivatives L1-L4 to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 activity using the TMPD oxidation assay (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine). The compounds' ability to inhibit the growth of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 (human leukemia monocytic) monocyte cells and their impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in an inflammatory model were also evaluated. The binding properties of human serum albumin (HSA) were assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Among the tested pyrimidine derivatives, L1 and L2 showed high selectivity towards COX-2, outperforming piroxicam and achieving results comparable to meloxicam. In the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, L1 and L2 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-stimulated THP-1 cell growth. Additionally, ROS assays indicated that these compounds reduced free radical levels, confirming their antioxidant properties. Binding studies with albumin revealed that L1 and L2 formed stable complexes with HSA. These results suggest that these compounds could serve as a basis for further research into anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs with reduced toxicity.

Antioxidant Therapies in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Several studies have proposed a potential role for oxidative stress in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). For this reason, it seems tentative to think that treatment with antioxidant substances could be useful in the treatment of this disease. In this narrative review, we provide a summary of the current findings on antioxidant treatments, both in experimental models of MS, especially in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in the cuprizone-induced demyelination model, and clinical trials in patients diagnosed with MS. Practically all the antioxidants tested in experimental models of MS have shown improvement in clinical parameters, in delaying the evolution of the disease, and in improving histological and biochemical parameters, including decreased levels of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system and other tissues. Only a few clinical trials have been carried out to investigate the potential efficacy of antioxidant substances in patients with MS, most of them in the short term and involving a short series of patients, so the results of these should be considered inconclusive. In this regard, it would be desirable to design long-term, randomized, multicenter clinical trials with a long series of patients, assessing several antioxidants that have demonstrated efficacy in experimental models of MS.

Rotator Cuff Tear Size: Could It Be Influenced by the Presence of One or More Diseases Capable of Altering the Peripheral Microcirculation?

Background: To date, it is not well known which systemic pathologies most frequently afflict patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT) and whether the coexistence of two or more pathologies can affect the lesion size. Therefore, we analyzed our database relative to a large group of patients who recently underwent rotator cuff repair. Methods: A total of 527 patients with full-thickness RCT were enrolled. For each patient, we checked the presence of at least one of diabetes, venous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia, blood hypertension, thyroid diseases, and a smoking habit. Patients were subdivided according to risk factors into five groups, representing those who had zero, one, two, three, and four or more risk factors, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: In total, 37% of our patients had no risk factors; 28% had one risk factor (arterial hypertension, smoking habit, and hypercholesterolemia were the most frequent); 23% had two risk factors (the hypertension/hypercholesterolemia association was the most frequent); and 8% suffered from three pathologies (the diabetes/arterial hypertension/hypercholesterolemia association was the most frequent). Comparing the cuff tear severity in patients without and with at least one risk factor, we observed that tear size increased in those with at least one risk factor. Conclusions: A total of 63% of patients with rotator cuff tears were either smokers and/or had at least one pathology capable of altering the peripheral microcirculation. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were the most frequent. Tear severity significantly increased with the presence of at least one risk factor.