1
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Que W, Ma K, Hu X, Guo WZ, Li XK. Combinations of anti-GITR antibody and CD28 superagonist induce permanent allograft acceptance by generating type 1 regulatory T cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4413. [PMID: 35921418 PMCID: PMC9348800 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells represent a subset of IL-10-producing CD4+Foxp3- T cells and play key roles in promoting transplant tolerance. However, no effective pharmacological approaches have been able to induce Tr1 cells in vivo. We herein report the combined use of a CD28 superagonist (D665) and anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein monoclonal antibody (G3c) to induce Tr1 cells in vivo. Large amounts of IL-10/interferon-γ-co-producing CD4+Foxp3- Tr1 cells were generated by D665-G3c sequential treatment in mice. Mechanistic studies suggested that D665-G3c induced Tr1 cells via transcription factors Prdm1 and Maf. G3c contributed to Tr1 cell generation via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Tr1 cells suppressed dendritic cell maturation and T cell responses and mediated permanent allograft acceptance in fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched mice in an IL-10-dependent manner. In vivo Tr1 cell induction is a promising strategy for achieving transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Que
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuai Ma
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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From germ-free to wild: modulating microbiome complexity to understand mucosal immunology. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1085-1094. [PMID: 36065057 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences host responses at practically every level, and as research into host-microbe interactions expands, it is not surprising that we are uncovering similar roles for the microbiota at other barrier sites, such as the lung and skin. Using standard laboratory mice to assess host-microbe interactions, or even host intrinsic responses, can be challenging, as slight variations in the microbiota can affect experimental outcomes. When it comes to designing and selecting an appropriate level of microbial diversity and community structure for colonization of our laboratory rodents, we have more choices available to us than ever before. Here we will discuss the different approaches used to modulate microbial complexity that are available to study host-microbe interactions. We will describe how different models have been used to answer distinct biological questions, covering the entire microbial spectrum, from germ-free to wild.
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3
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Rezaei Kahmini F, Shahgaldi S, Azimi M, Mansourabadi AH. Emerging therapeutic potential of regulatory T (Treg) cells for rheumatoid arthritis: New insights and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108858. [PMID: 35597122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-related disorder characterized by chronic inflammation. Although the etiopathogenesis of RA still remains to be clarified, it is supposed that the breakdown of immune self-tolerance may contribute to the development of RA. Thus, restoring of immune tolerance at the site of inflammation is the ultimate goal of RA treatment. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are the main suppressive cells that maintain tolerance and inhibit immunity against auto-antigen. Of note, recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of adoptive transfer of Treg cells in the modulation of the unwanted immune response, which makes them an ideal candidate to maintain immune homeostasis and restore antigen-specific tolerance in the case of RA and other autoimmune diseases. This review intends to submit recent finding of Treg cells-based therapies in RA with a focus on strategies applied to improve the therapeutic value of Treg cells to restore immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mansourabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Network (IgReN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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4
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Skartsis N, Peng Y, Ferreira LMR, Nguyen V, Ronin E, Muller YD, Vincenti F, Tang Q. IL-6 and TNFα Drive Extensive Proliferation of Human Tregs Without Compromising Their Lineage Stability or Function. Front Immunol 2022; 12:783282. [PMID: 35003100 PMCID: PMC8732758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treg therapies are being tested in clinical trials in transplantation and autoimmune diseases, however, the impact of inflammation on Tregs remains controversial. We challenged human Tregs ex-vivo with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα and observed greatly enhanced proliferation stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (aCD3/28) beads or CD28 superagonist (CD28SA). The cytokine-exposed Tregs maintained high expression of FOXP3 and HELIOS, demethylated FOXP3 enhancer, and low IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-17 secretion. Blocking TNF receptor using etanercept or deletion of TNF receptor 2 using CRISPR/Cas9 blunted Treg proliferation and attenuated FOXP3 and HELIOS expression. These results prompted us to consider using CD28SA together with IL-6 and TNFα without aCD3/28 beads (beadless) as an alternative protocol for therapeutic Treg manufacturing. Metabolomics profiling revealed more active glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, increased energy production, and higher antioxidant potential during beadless Treg expansion. Finally, beadless expanded Tregs maintained suppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that human Tregs positively respond to proinflammatory cytokines with enhanced proliferation without compromising their lineage identity or function. This property can be harnessed for therapeutic Treg manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Skartsis
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yani Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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5
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Sundqvist KG. CD28 Superagonist Shock and Blockage of Motogenic T Cell Cascade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670864. [PMID: 33968078 PMCID: PMC8098977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Gösta Sundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institute and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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McCoy KD, Ohland CL. Innate responses to gut microbiota; critical assessment of the necessary experimental controls. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:34-41. [PMID: 32846371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is comprises a diverse community of micro-organisms that interact with many host processes. Innate immune responses to the gut microbiota are of particular importance as they influence many other downstream responses. This fascinating host-microbe crosstalk is a rapidly expanding field of study; thus, it is critical to ensure reproducibility between studies and applicability to human clinical trials through standardization of experiments. We discuss here recent advances in the field including the spectrum of colonization statuses available, the critical importance of colonization timing, the dynamics of the microbial community, and the required housing of animals, as they pertain to appropriate experimental control and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Christina L Ohland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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7
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Pisetsky DS. Of mice, men and microbes: the impact of the microbiome on immune responses. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:167-169. [PMID: 31988192 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-216936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA .,Medical Research Service, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Yeung MY, Grimmig T, Sayegh MH. Costimulation Blockade in Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:267-312. [PMID: 31758538 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune responses directed against a foreign (allogeneic) graft. For T cells to become fully activated, the T-cell receptor (TCR) must interact with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus peptide complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), followed by a second "positive" costimulatory signal. In the absence of this second signal, T cells become anergic or undergo deletion. By blocking positive costimulatory signaling, T-cell allo-responses can be aborted, thus preventing graft rejection and promoting long-term allograft survival and possibly tolerance (Alegre ML, Najafian N, Curr Mol Med 6:843-857, 2006; Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH, Immunol Rev 229:271-293, 2009). In addition, costimulatory molecules can provide negative "coinhibitory" signals that inhibit T-cell activation and terminate immune responses; strategies to promote these pathways can also lead to graft tolerance (Boenisch O, Sayegh MH, Najafian N, Curr Opin Organ Transplant 13:373-378, 2008). However, T-cell costimulation involves an incredibly complex array of interactions that may act simultaneously or at different times in the immune response and whose relative importance varies depending on the different T-cell subsets and activation status. In transplantation, the presence of foreign alloantigen incites not only destructive T effector cells but also protective regulatory T cells, the balance of which ultimately determines the fate of the allograft (Lechler RI, Garden OA, Turka LA, Nat Rev Immunol 3:147-158, 2003). Since the processes of alloantigen-specific rejection and regulation both require activation of T cells, costimulatory interactions may have opposing or synergistic roles depending on the cell being targeted. Such complexities present both challenges and opportunities in targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways for therapeutic purposes. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge of the various costimulatory pathways in transplantation and review the current state and challenges of harnessing these pathways to promote graft tolerance (summarized in Table 10.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed H Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine and Immunology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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9
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Xiao S, Tang Y, Lv Z, Lin Y, Chen L. Nanomedicine - advantages for their use in rheumatoid arthritis theranostics. J Control Release 2019; 316:302-316. [PMID: 31715278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease accompanies with synovial inflammation and progressive bone destruction. Currently, anti-rheumatic drugs need high dose and frequent use for a long-term, which lead to serious side effect and low patient compliance. To overcome above problems and improve clinical efficacy, nano-technology with targeting ability, sustained release and so forth, has been proposed on RA treatment and already achieved success in RA animal models. In this review, authors summarize and illustrate representative nanomedicine targeting to RA states, which is achieved either through passive or active targeting with high affinity to the receptors that are over-expressed in macrophages or angiogenesis. In particular, authors highlight the new strategies to promote the efficacy of nanoscale treatments through phototherapy and the addition of contrast elements for theranostic application. The described advances may pave the way to better understanding and designing the novel nanomedicine and multifunctional nano-system on efficient RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Yufu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhuang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yimu Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
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10
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Rosshart SP, Herz J, Vassallo BG, Hunter A, Wall MK, Badger JH, McCulloch JA, Anastasakis DG, Sarshad AA, Leonardi I, Collins N, Blatter JA, Han SJ, Tamoutounour S, Potapova S, Foster St Claire MB, Yuan W, Sen SK, Dreier MS, Hild B, Hafner M, Wang D, Iliev ID, Belkaid Y, Trinchieri G, Rehermann B. Laboratory mice born to wild mice have natural microbiota and model human immune responses. Science 2019; 365:365/6452/eaaw4361. [PMID: 31371577 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mouse studies are paramount for understanding basic biological phenomena but also have limitations. These include conflicting results caused by divergent microbiota and limited translational research value. To address both shortcomings, we transferred C57BL/6 embryos into wild mice, creating "wildlings." These mice have a natural microbiota and pathogens at all body sites and the tractable genetics of C57BL/6 mice. The bacterial microbiome, mycobiome, and virome of wildlings affect the immune landscape of multiple organs. Their gut microbiota outcompete laboratory microbiota and demonstrate resilience to environmental challenges. Wildlings, but not conventional laboratory mice, phenocopied human immune responses in two preclinical studies. A combined natural microbiota- and pathogen-based model may enhance the reproducibility of biomedical studies and increase the bench-to-bedside safety and success of immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brian G Vassallo
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashli Hunter
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Morgan K Wall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dimitrios G Anastasakis
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aishe A Sarshad
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A Blatter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Svetlana Potapova
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark B Foster St Claire
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wuxing Yuan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Microbiome and Genetics Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shurjo K Sen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Microbiome and Genetics Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew S Dreier
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markus Hafner
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Harper J, Adams KJ, Bossi G, Wright DE, Stacey AR, Bedke N, Martinez-Hague R, Blat D, Humbert L, Buchanan H, Le Provost GS, Donnellan Z, Carreira RJ, Paston SJ, Weigand LU, Canestraro M, Sanderson JP, Botta Gordon-Smith S, Lowe KL, Rygiel KA, Powlesland AS, Vuidepot A, Hassan NJ, Cameron BJ, Jakobsen BK, Dukes J. An approved in vitro approach to preclinical safety and efficacy evaluation of engineered T cell receptor anti-CD3 bispecific (ImmTAC) molecules. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205491. [PMID: 30321203 PMCID: PMC6188753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust preclinical testing is essential to predict clinical safety and efficacy and provide data to determine safe dose for first-in-man studies. There are a growing number of examples where the preclinical development of drugs failed to adequately predict clinical adverse events in part due to their assessment with inappropriate preclinical models. Preclinical investigations of T cell receptor (TCR)-based immunotherapies prove particularly challenging as these biologics are human-specific and thus the conventional testing in animal models is inadequate. As these molecules harness the full force of the immune system, and demonstrate tremendous potency, we set out to design a preclinical package that would ensure adequate evaluation of these therapeutics. Immune Mobilising Monoclonal TCR Against Cancer (ImmTAC) molecules are bi-specific biologics formed of an affinity-enhanced TCR fused to an anti-CD3 effector function. ImmTAC molecules are designed to activate human T lymphocytes and target peptides within the context of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA), thus require an intact human immune system and peptidome for suitable preclinical screening. Here we draw upon the preclinical testing of four ImmTAC molecules, including IMCgp100, the first ImmTAC molecule to reach the clinic, to present our comprehensive, informative and robust approach to in vitro preclinical efficacy and safety screening. This package comprises a broad range of cellular and molecular assays using human tissues and cultured cells to test efficacy, safety and specificity, and hence predict human responses in clinical trials. We propose that this entirely in vitro package offers a potential model to be applied to screening other TCR-based biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Harper
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Bedke
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dan Blat
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate L. Lowe
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Dukes
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Taylor A, Rudd CE. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inactivation Compensates for the Lack of CD28 in the Priming of CD8 + Cytotoxic T-Cells: Implications for anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1653. [PMID: 29312284 PMCID: PMC5732207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rescue of exhausted CD8+ cytolytic T-cells (CTLs) by anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 (anti-PD-1) blockade has been found to require CD28 expression. At the same time, we have shown that the inactivation of the serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β with small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) specifically down-regulates PD-1 expression for enhanced CD8+ CTL function and clearance of tumors and viral infections. Despite this, it has been unclear whether the GSK-3α/β pathway accounts for CD28 costimulation of CD8+ CTL function. In this article, we show that inactivation of GSK-3α/β through siRNA or by SMIs during priming can substitute CD28 co-stimulation in the potentiation of cytotoxic CD8+ CTL function against the EL-4 lymphoma cells expressing OVA peptide. The effect was seen using several structurally distinct GSK-3 SMIs and was accompanied by an increase in Lamp-1 and GZMB expression. Conversely, CD28 crosslinking obviated the need for GSK-3α/β inhibition in its enhancement of CTL function. Our findings support a model where GSK-3 is the central cosignal for CD28 priming of CD8+ CTLs in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Cell Signalling Section, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Immune Venture Ltd., London, United Kingdom
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13
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Seki H. Animal models of preeclampsia: an examination of usefulness and limitations based on the metabolic domino theory. HYPERTENSION RESEARCH IN PREGNANCY 2017. [DOI: 10.14390/jsshp.hrp2017-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Seki
- Center for Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
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14
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Novel Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:214-229. [PMID: 26875450 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease. It leads to irreversible joint damage, physical handicap, and reduced life expectancy. The past two decades have seen considerable therapeutic advances with the development of biologic treatments to block proinflammatory cytokines or modulate lymphocyte function, followed by the development of small molecules to target intracellular signaling. Nevertheless, only a minority of patients can achieve disease remission, especially long term, warranting further investigation into newer therapeutic options. Targeting single proinflammatory pathways may not be sufficient, as suggested by variable results with T helper (Th)-17-related cytokine blockade. Multilevel information from 'omics' techniques along with data from mechanistic studies might facilitate the identification of pivotal checkpoints in RA disease pathogenesis and the subsequent development of new effective treatments.
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Lim HS, Cordoba SP, Dushek O, Goyette J, Taylor A, Rudd CE, van der Merwe PA. Costimulation of IL-2 Production through CD28 Is Dependent on the Size of Its Ligand. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5432-9. [PMID: 26500347 PMCID: PMC4654228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimal T cell activation typically requires engagement of both the TCR and costimulatory receptors, such as CD28. Engagement of CD28 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic region and recruitment of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Although the exact mechanism of CD28 signal transduction is unknown, CD28 triggering has similarities to the TCR, which was proposed to use the kinetic-segregation (KS) mechanism. The KS model postulates that, when small receptors engage their ligands within areas of close (∼15 nm) contact in the T cell/APC interface, this facilitates phosphorylation by segregating the engaged receptor/ligand complex from receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains, such as CD45. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of elongating the extracellular region of the CD28 ligand, CD80, on its ability to costimulate IL-2 production by primary T cells. CD80 elongation reduced its costimulatory effect without abrogating CD28 binding. Confocal microscopy revealed that elongated CD80 molecules were less well segregated from CD45 at the T cell/APC interface. T cells expressing CD28 harboring a key tyrosine-170 mutation were less sensitive to CD80 elongation. In summary, the effectiveness of CD28 costimulation is inversely proportional to the dimensions of the CD28-CD80 complex. Small CD28-CD80 complex dimensions are required for optimal costimulation by segregation from large inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases. These results demonstrate the importance of ligand dimensions for optimal costimulation of IL-2 production by T cells and suggest that the KS mechanism contributes to CD28 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Lim
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun-Paul Cordoba
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - P Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
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Przybyl L, Ibrahim T, Haase N, Golic M, Rugor J, Luft FC, Bendix I, Serdar M, Wallukat G, Staff AC, Müller DN, Hünig T, Felderhoff-Müser U, Herse F, LaMarca B, Dechend R. Regulatory T cells ameliorate intrauterine growth retardation in a transgenic rat model for preeclampsia. Hypertension 2015; 65:1298-306. [PMID: 25847949 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multisystemic syndrome during pregnancy that is often associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Immunologic dysregulation, involving T cells, is implicated in the pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of upregulating regulatory T cells in an established transgenic rat model for preeclampsia. Application of superagonistic monoclonal antibody for CD28 has been shown to effectively upregulate regulatory T cells. In the first protocol (treatment protocol), we applied 1 mg of CD28 superagonist or control antibody on days 11 and 15 of pregnancy. In the second protocol (prevention protocol), the superagonist or control antibody was applied on days 1, 5, and 9. Superagonist increased regulatory T cells in circulation and placenta from 8.49±2.09% of CD4-positive T cells to 23.50±3.05% and from 3.85±1.45% to 23.27±7.64%, respectively. Blood pressure and albuminuria (30.6±15.1 versus 14.6±5.5 mg/d) were similar in the superagonist or control antibody-treated preeclamptic group for both protocols. Rats treated with CD28 superagonist showed increased pup weights in the prevention protocol (2.66±0.03 versus 2.37±0.05 g) and in the treatment protocol (3.04±0.04 versus 2.54±0.1 g). Intrauterine growth retardation, calculated by brain:liver weight ratio, was also decreased by the superagonist in both protocols. Further analysis of brain development revealed a 20% increase in brain volume by the superagonist. Induction of regulatory T cells in the circulation and the uteroplacental unit in an established preeclamptic rat model had no influence on maternal hypertension and proteinuria. However, it substantially improved fetal outcome by ameliorating intrauterine growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Przybyl
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Nadine Haase
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Michaela Golic
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Julianna Rugor
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Ivo Bendix
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Meray Serdar
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Gerd Wallukat
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Dominik N Müller
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Thomas Hünig
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Florian Herse
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Babette LaMarca
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., M.G., J.R., F.C.L., G.W., D.N.M., F.H., R.D.); Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Jackson, MS (T.I., B.L.); Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatal Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (I.B., M.S., U.F.-M.); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.C.S.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.).
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Bartholomaeus P, Semmler LY, Bukur T, Boisguerin V, Römer PS, Tabares P, Chuvpilo S, Tyrsin DY, Matskevich A, Hengel H, Castle J, Hünig T, Kalinke U. Cell Contact–Dependent Priming and Fc Interaction with CD32+ Immune Cells Contribute to the TGN1412-Triggered Cytokine Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2091-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yeung MY, Najafian N, Sayegh MH. Targeting CD28 to prevent transplant rejection. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:225-42. [PMID: 24329604 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.863875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pivotal role of costimulatory pathways in regulating T-cell activation versus tolerance has stimulated tremendous interest in their manipulation for therapeutic purposes. Of these, the CD28-B7 pathway is arguably the most important and best studied. Therapeutic targets of CD28 are currently used in the treatment of melanoma, autoimmune diseases and in transplantation. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) signaling, and review the current state and challenges of harnessing them to promote transplant tolerance. EXPERT OPINION Despite the success of belatacept, a first-in-class CTLA-4 fusion protein now clinically used in transplantation, it is apparent that we have only scratched the surface in understanding the complexities of how costimulatory pathways modulate the immune system. Our initial assumption that positive costimulators activate effector T cells and prevent tolerance, while negative costimulators inhibit effector T cells and promote tolerance, is clearly an oversimplified view. Indeed, belatacept is not only capable of blocking deleterious CD28-B7 interactions that promote effector T-cell responses but can also have undesired effects on tolerogenic regulatory T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Yeung
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Renal Division , Boston, MA , USA +1 617 525 8005 ; +1 617 732 5254 ;
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Abstract
CD28 is one of the main costimulatory receptors responsible for the proper activation of T lymphocytes. We have isolated two aptamers that bind to the CD28 receptor. As a monomer, one of them interfered with the binding of CD28 to its ligand (B7), precluding the costimulatory signal, whereas the other one was inactive. However, dimerization of any of the anti-CD28 aptamers was sufficient to provide an artificial costimulatory signal. No antibody has featured a dual function (i.e., the ability to work as agonist and antagonist) to date. Two different agonistic structures were engineered for each anti-CD28 aptamer. One showed remarkably improved costimulatory properties, surpassing the agonistic effect of an anti-CD28 antibody. Moreover, we showed in vivo that the CD28 agonistic aptamer is capable of enhancing the cellular immune response against a lymphoma idiotype and of prolonging survival of mice which receive the aptamer together with an idiotype vaccine. The CD28 aptamers described in this work could be used to modulate the immune response either blocking the interaction with B7 or enhancing vaccine-induced immune responses in cancer immunotherapy.Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e98; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.26; published online 11 June 2013.
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Humanized mice, a new model to study the influence of drug treatment on neonatal sepsis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1520-31. [PMID: 23439310 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01235-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection with group B Streptococcus (GBS) represents a prominent threat to neonates and fetuses in the Western world, causing severe organ damage and even death. To improve current therapeutic strategies and to investigate new approaches, an appropriate in vivo model to study the immune response of a human immune system is needed. Therefore, we introduced humanized mice as a new model for GBS-induced sepsis. Humanized mice feature deficiencies similar to those found in neonates, such as lower immunoglobulin levels and myeloid cell dysfunction. Due to the husbandry in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) facilities, the human immune cells in these mice also exhibit a naive phenotype which mimics the conditions in fetuses/neonates. Following infection, cytokine release and leukocyte trafficking from the bone marrow to the lymphoid organ (spleen) and into the peritoneum (site of infection) as well as bacterial spreading and clearance were traceable in the humanized mice. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of betamethasone and indomethacin treatment using this novel sepsis model. Although both drugs are commonly used in perinatal care, little is known about their effects on the neonatal immune system. Treatment of infected humanized mice not only induced the reduction of human leukocytes in the spleen but also increased the bacterial load in all analyzed organs, including the brain, which did not show infiltration of live GBS in untreated controls. These studies demonstrate the utility of the humanized mice as a new model to study an immature human immune response during bacterial infection and allow the investigation of side effects induced by various treatments.
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Medina MA, Couturier J, Feske ML, Mahne AE, Turner M, Yu X, Kozinetz CA, Orozco AF, Hutchison AT, Savidge TC, Rodgers JR, Lewis DE. Granzyme B- and Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxic function induced by mitogenic CD28 stimulation of human memory CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:759-71. [PMID: 22416257 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0511264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some human memory CD4(+) T cells have cytotoxic functions best understood in the context of viral infections; however, their possible role in pathologic processes is understudied. The novel discovery that mitogenic CD28 antibodies induced proliferation and expansion of Tregs offered therapeutic promise for autoimmune disorders. However, the failed TGN1412 trial forced reassessment of this concept. As memory CD4(+) T cells are known to produce toxic molecules, including granzyme B (GrzB) and FasL, we wondered whether mitogenic CD28 was able to induce these cytotoxic molecules. A commercially available mitogenic human CD28 mAb (clone ANC28.1) was used to determine whether mitogenic CD28 induces cytotoxic function from human memory CD4(+) T cells. We found that stimulation of memory CD4(+) T cells by ANC28.1, as well as by conventional costimulation (CD3/CD28 mAb), robustly induced enzymatically active GrzB, along with increased surface expression of FasL. These functional phenotypes were induced in association with increased expression of T cell activation markers CD69 and CD25, and elimination of target cells by ANC28.1-activated memory CD4(+) T cells involved both GrzB and FasL. Additionally, ANC28.1-activated memory CD4(+) T cells caused disruption of epithelial cell monolayer integrity, which was partially mediated by GrzB. These findings reveal functions of memory CD4(+) T cells previously unknown to be induced by mitogenic CD28, and suggest that these pathogenic mechanisms may have been responsible for some of the widespread tissue destruction that occurred in the TGN1412 trial recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Medina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Bouabe H, Liu Y, Moser M, Bösl MR, Heesemann J. Novel highly sensitive IL-10-beta-lactamase reporter mouse reveals cells of the innate immune system as a substantial source of IL-10 in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3165-76. [PMID: 21844394 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on a novel, highly sensitive IL-10 reporter mouse based on the reporter enzyme β-lactamase and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrate coumarin-cephalosporin-fluorescein (4). In contrast to an IL-10 reporter mouse model that we generated by using enhanced GFP as reporter and allowed tracking IL-10 expression only in T cells, the IL-10-β-lactamase reporter (ITIB) mouse enables us to easily analyze and quantify IL-10 production at the single-cell level in all myeloid and lymphoid cell types. Furthermore, the ITIB mouse allows studying of the kinetics of IL-10 expression on a single-cell basis and provides a valuable tool for in vivo screening of cell type-specific IL-10-modulating drugs. Remarkably, the ITIB mouse revealed that, although a significant portion of each myeloid and lymphoid cell type produces IL-10, macrophages represent the major IL-10 producer population in several organs of naive mice. Moreover, using the examples of bacterial infection and transplantable skin melanoma models, we demonstrate the exceptional applicability of the ITIB mouse for the identification of IL-10-producing cells during immune responses in vivo. In this study, we identified tumor-infiltrating F4/80(+) macrophages as the major source for IL-10 in B16-F10 melanoma in vivo. During systemic infection with Yersinia enterocolitica, although the proportion of IL-10(+) cells increased in each myeloid and lymphoid cell type population, infiltrating CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) neutrophils represent a majority among IL-10-producing cells at the site of infection. We conclude that cells of the innate immune system that are involved in immune homeostasis or immune responses are substantial sources of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Bouabe
- Department of Bacteriology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Munich 80336, Germany.
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Hartman NC, Groves JT. Signaling clusters in the cell membrane. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:370-6. [PMID: 21665455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale molecular assemblies, or signaling clusters, at the cell membrane are emerging as important regulators of cell signaling. Here, we review new findings and describe shared characteristics common to signaling clusters from a diverse set of cellular systems. The well-known T cell receptor cluster serves as our paradigmatic model. Specifically, each cluster initiates recruitment of hundreds of molecules to the membrane, interacts with the actin cytoskeleton, and contains a significant fraction of the entire signaling process. Probed by recent advancements in patterning and microscopy techniques, the signaling clusters display functional outcomes that are not readily predictable from the individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niña C Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 424 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA
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24
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Takabatake Y, Li XK, Mizui M, Miyasato K, Matsui I, Kawada N, Imai E, Hünig T, Takahara S, Wada T, Furuichi K, Rakugi H, Isaka Y. A superagonistic monoclonal antibody for CD28 ameliorates crescentic glomerulonephritis in wistar-kyoto rats. Mol Med 2011; 17:686-96. [PMID: 21487638 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in the resolution of crescentic glomerulonephritis, where a T helper 1 (Th1)-predominant immune response promotes crescent formation. Therefore, agents that increase Treg cells appear to be ideal for suppressing T-cell-mediated renal pathology. We hypothesized that a superagonistic monoclonal antibody for CD28 (JJ316), which has been known to preferentially expand Treg cells in vivo, could prevent nephrotoxic serum-induced nephritis in Wistar-Kyoto rats, one of the experimental models of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Administration of JJ316 attenuated crescent formation, proteinuria and glomerular accumulation of macrophages and CD8(+) T cells. These changes were accompanied by increased infiltration of Treg cells. Among glomerular macrophages, the CD163(+) subset was significantly increased after treatment, suggesting that Treg cells may modulate the phenotype of macrophages leading to resolution of glomerulonephritis. In an adoptive transfer experiment, two T-cell subsets (CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells) purified from spleens and lymph nodes of donor rats primed with JJ316 3 d before were inoculated into nephritic recipient rats, which recapitulated the beneficial effects of in vivo administration of JJ316. Furthermore, a single injection of JJ316 administered 3 d after disease induction completely protected nephritic rats from death for 2 months. In conclusion, we demonstrated that treatment with JJ316 has a dramatic therapeutic effect on an experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis, possibly due to expansion and activation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Takabatake
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology (B6), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
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25
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Sandilands GP, Wilson M, Huser C, Jolly L, Sands WA, McSharry C. Were monocytes responsible for initiating the cytokine storm in the TGN1412 clinical trial tragedy? Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:516-27. [PMID: 20964641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise biological mechanisms that caused the TGN1412 clinical trial tragedy (also known as 'The Elephant Man Clinical Trial') in March 2006 remain a mystery to this day. It is assumed widely that the drug used in this trial (TGN1412) bound to CD28 on T lymphocytes and following activation of these cells, a massive 'cytokine storm' ensued, leading ultimately to multi-organ failure in all recipients. The rapidity of this in vivo response (within 2 h), however, does not fit well with a classical T lymphocyte response, suggesting that other 'faster-acting' cell types may have been involved. In this study we have activated purified human peripheral blood leucocyte populations using various clones of mouse monoclonal anti-CD28 presented to cells in the form of a multimeric array. Cytokines were measured in cell-free supernatants at 2 h, and specific mRNA for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, thought to be the initiator of the cytokine storm, was also measured in cell lysates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Monocytes were the only cell type found to show significant (P < 0·05) up-regulation of TNF-α at 2 h. Eleven other monocyte cytokines were also up-regulated by anti-CD28 within this time-frame. It therefore seems likely that monocytes and not T cells, as widely believed, were probably responsible, at least in part, for initiating the cytokine storm. Furthermore, we propose that a multimeric antibody array may have formed in vivo on the vascular endothelium via an interaction between TGN1412 and CD64 (FcγRI), and we provide some evidence in support of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sandilands
- University Department of Pathology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Fort MM, Narayanan PK. Manipulation of Regulatory T-Cell Function by Immunomodulators: A Boon or a Curse? Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:253-62. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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27
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Hansel TT, Kropshofer H, Singer T, Mitchell JA, George AJT. The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:325-38. [PMID: 20305665 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now established as targeted therapies for malignancies, transplant rejection, autoimmune and infectious diseases, as well as a range of new indications. However, administration of mAbs carries the risk of immune reactions such as acute anaphylaxis, serum sickness and the generation of antibodies. In addition, there are numerous adverse effects of mAbs that are related to their specific targets, including infections and cancer, autoimmune disease, and organ-specific adverse events such as cardiotoxicity. In March 2006, a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome occurred during a first-in-human study with TGN1412 (a CD28-specific superagonist mAb), resulting in a range of recommendations to improve the safety of initial human clinical studies with mAbs. Here, we review some of the adverse effects encountered with mAb therapies, and discuss advances in preclinical testing and antibody technology aimed at minimizing the risk of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor T Hansel
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, UK.
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28
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Soto PC, Stein LL, Hurtado-Ziola N, Hedrick SM, Varki A. Relative over-reactivity of human versus chimpanzee lymphocytes: implications for the human diseases associated with immune activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4185-95. [PMID: 20231688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although humans and chimpanzees share >99% identity in alignable protein sequences, they differ surprisingly in the incidence and severity of some common diseases. In general, humans infected with various viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, appear to develop stronger reactions and long-term complications. Humans also appear to suffer more from other diseases associated with over-reactivity of the adaptive immune system, such as asthma, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we show that human T cells are more reactive than chimpanzee T cells to a wide variety of stimuli, including anti-TCR Abs of multiple isotypes, l-phytohemagglutin, Staphylococcus aureus superantigen, a superagonist anti-CD28 Ab, and in MLRs. We also extend this observation to B cells, again showing a human propensity to react more strongly to stimuli. Finally, we show a relative increase in activation markers and cytokine production in human lymphocytes in response to uridine-rich (viral-like) ssRNA. Thus, humans manifest a generalized lymphocyte over-reactivity relative to chimpanzees, a finding that is correlated with decreased levels of inhibitory sialic acid-recognizing Ig-superfamily lectins (Siglecs; particularly Siglec-5) on human T and B cells. Furthermore, Siglec-5 levels are upregulated by activation in chimpanzee but not human lymphocytes, and human T cell reactivity can be downmodulated by forced expression of Siglec-5. Thus, a key difference in the immune reactivity of chimp and human lymphocytes appears to be related to the differential expression of Siglec-5. Taken together, these data may help explain human propensities for diseases associated with excessive activation of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Soto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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29
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Leber A, Teles A, Zenclussen AC. Regulatory T Cells and Their Role in Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:445-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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30
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Amaral MC, Alves JD. Pathogenesis of multi-organic failure in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:525-8. [PMID: 19186222 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-organic failure in the context of autoimmune diseases is a multi-factorial condition where different pathways concur to produce a global system breakdown. Some of these pathways include the coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin and complement cascades which in normal conditions work together to provide a comprehensive response to injury. In pathologic conditions these regulatory mechanisms are replaced by positive feed-back loops. The common response pattern is the activation of the immune system via endothelium activation. Furthermore, these different plasma-driven mechanisms may induce standardised endothelial cell responses of which the most relevant are the activation of p38, JNK, NF-kbeta and IRF-3 pathways. In this paper we review the common points between these major pathways and how they become activated, contributing to a global clinical picture. We present two examples of apparently different clinical settings, caused by the same global dysfunction: the Macrophage Activation Syndrome and the iatrogenic "cytokine storm" triggered by the administration of anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412 in a phase 1 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Amaral
- Department of Pharmacology, Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Lisbon, Curry Cabral Hospital, Portugal
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31
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Isaacs JD. Therapeutic T-cell manipulation in rheumatoid arthritis: past, present and future. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1461-8. [PMID: 18503092 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that RA is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Early attempts at disease modulation using strategies such as CD4 mAbs were severely hampered by a lack of biomarkers of autoreactivity. Recently, however, co-stimulation blockade has emerged as an effective treatment for RA. Alongside a greatly improved mechanistic understanding of immune regulation, this has rekindled hopes for authentic and robust immune programming. The final pieces of the jigsaw are not yet in place for RA but, in other disciplines, emerging treatment paradigms such as non-mitogenic anti-CD3 mAbs, autoantigenic peptides and even cellular therapies are providing hope for a future in which immunopathology can be specifically and vigorously curtailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Wilson Horne Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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32
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Waibler Z, Sender LY, Merten C, Hartig R, Kliche S, Gunzer M, Reichardt P, Kalinke U, Schraven B. Signaling signatures and functional properties of anti-human CD28 superagonistic antibodies. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1708. [PMID: 18320029 PMCID: PMC2246163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Superagonistic CD28 antibodies (CD28SAs) activate T lymphocytes without concomitant perturbation of the TCR/CD3-complex. In rodents these reagents induce the preferential expansion of regulatory T cells and can be used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Unexpectedly, the humanized CD28 superagonist TGN1412 caused severe and life threatening adverse effects during a recently conducted phase I clinical trail. The underlying molecular mechanisms are as yet unclear. We show that TGN1412 as well as the commercially available CD28 superagonist ANC28.1 induce a delayed but extremely sustained calcium response in human naïve and memory CD4+ T cells but not in cynomolgus T lymphocytes. The sustained Ca++-signal was associated with the activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways and together these events culminated in the rapid de novo synthesis of high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Importantly, sustained transmembranous calcium flux, activation of Src-kinases as well as activation of PI3K were found to be absolutely required for CD28SA-mediated production of IFN-gamma and IL-2. Collectively, our data suggest a molecular basis for the severe side effects caused by TGN1412 and impinge upon the relevance of non-human primates as preclinical models for reagents that are supposed to modify the function of human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Merten
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Reichardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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33
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Teft WA, Madrenas J. Molecular determinants of inverse agonist activity of biologicals targeting CTLA-4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3631-7. [PMID: 17785798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of CD28 or CTLA-4 with some biologicals can activate T cells due to an unexpected superagonist or inverse agonist activity, respectively. The risk of such an outcome limits the therapeutic development of these reagents. Thus, identifying the molecular determinants of superagonist/inverse agonist properties for biologicals targeting costimulatory/inhibitory receptors has not only fundamental value but also important therapeutic implications. In this study, we show that ligation of CTLA-4 with either soluble B7.1 Ig (but not B7.2 Ig) or with a recombinant bispecific in-tandem single chain Fv known as 24:26 induces TCR-independent, T cell activation. Such an inverse agonist activity requires CD28 expression and high CTLA-4 expression and is not seen when CTLA-4 is ligated by membrane-bound B7.1 or B7.2. At the molecular level, the inverse agonist activity of B7.1 Ig or 24:26 correlates with their ability to induce the formation of unique dimer-based, CTLA-4 oligomers on the T cell surface and involves CTLA-4 signaling through its cytoplasmic domain. Our results provide a potential mechanism to explain and to predict inverse agonist activity for CTLA-4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Teft
- FOCIS Centre for Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapeutics, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Gribble EJ, Sivakumar PV, Ponce RA, Hughes SD. Toxicity as a result of immunostimulation by biologics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:209-34. [PMID: 17428152 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved highly effective mechanisms of surveillance and defense against foreign pathogens, and is also thought to act in surveillance and suppression of cancer. Thus, a predominant goal of immune system-based therapies is to normalize or enhance the host immune response in the areas of infectious disease and oncology. This review considers general approaches used for therapeutic immunostimulation, alterations in immune response mechanisms that occur with these treatments and the syndromes that commonly arise as a result of these changes. Because nonclinical studies of these therapies are conducted in animal models as the basis for predicting potential human toxicities, this review also considers the value of nonclinical testing to predict human toxicity.
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35
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Isaacs JD. T cell immunomodulation--the Holy Grail of therapeutic tolerance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:418-25. [PMID: 17611158 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept and practice of therapeutic tolerance has successfully been applied to animal models of autoimmunity and transplantation for more than 2 decades. Finally, there are encouraging signs of its translation to clinical practice. Short courses of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody therapy have provided lasting benefits in recent-onset type 1 diabetes in association with evidence for the induction of immunoregulatory mechanisms. Co-stimulation blockade with abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) will soon be licensed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis - over the past year phase III studies have demonstrated impressive improvement in subjective and objective signs of the disease. T cell depletion is in development for several conditions, again with recent studies demonstrating evidence of immune regulation in some instances. More specific antigen-directed peptide therapies have also been applied to atopic asthma, type 1 diabetes, and adult and juvenile arthritis. The tragic sequelae of the phase I trial of TGN1412 at Northwick Park demonstrated the delicate, but unpredictable, therapeutic ratio of some T-cell-directed treatments and, in the UK, have led to new guidelines for early-phase clinical trials of immune-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Isaacs
- Wilson Horne Immunotherapy Centre and Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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36
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Tomoiu A, Larbi A, Fortin C, Dupuis G, Fulop T. Do membrane rafts contribute to human immunosenescence? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1100:98-110. [PMID: 17460168 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1395.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with an alteration of the immune response called immunosenescence. It is now well accepted that all parts of the immune system, the adaptive as well as the innate, undergo immunosenescence. However, the adaptive immune response and especially T cell functions are the most affected by aging. Aging is associated with profound changes in lymphocytes subpopulations, however, the functional changes within these subsets are more important to elucidate. Indeed, T cells present functional modifications resulting in a decreased clonal expansion and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. So there should be an alteration in the activation process of T cells with aging involving the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 receptor signaling cascades. The alterations in membrane rafts composition and function can underline this altered activation of T cells with aging and then contribute to human immunosenescence. The experimental data in favor of this hypothesis will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andru Tomoiu
- Research Center on Aging, Immunology Program, Geriatric Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvedere sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Bakács T, Mehrishi JN, Szabados T, Varga L, Szabó M, Tusnády G. T Cells Survey the Stability of the Self: A Testable Hypothesis on the Homeostatic Role of TCR-MHC Interactions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 144:171-82. [PMID: 17541288 DOI: 10.1159/000103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lifetime of an individual, every single gene will have undergone mutation on about 10(10) separate occasions. Nevertheless, cancer occurs mainly with advancing age. Here, we hypothesize that the evolutionary pressure driving the creation of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was primarily the homeostatic surveillance of the genome. The subtly variable T cells may in fact constitute an evolutionary link between the invariable innate and hypervariable B cell systems. The new model is based on the homeostatic role of T cells, suggesting that molecular complementarity between the positively selected TCR and the self peptide-presenting major histocompatibility complex molecules establishes and regulates homeostasis, strictly limiting variations of its components. Notwithstanding, the 'homeostatic role of T cells' model offers a more realistic explanation as to how a naïve clonal immune system can cope with the much faster replicating pathogens, despite a limited repertoire that is capable of facing only a small fraction of the vast antigenic universe at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Bakács
- Department of Probability, Alfred Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Mehrishi JN, Szabó M, Bakács T. Some aspects of the recombinantly expressed humanised superagonist anti-CD28 mAb, TGN1412 trial catastrophe lessons to safeguard mAbs and vaccine trials. Vaccine 2007; 25:3517-23. [PMID: 17397974 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We consider essential, still ignored, basic research aspects of the failed clinical trial (13 March 2006) of a recombinantly expressed humanised superagonist anti-CD28 mAb, TGN14122. Without hindsight, if for approval of the first ever recombinantly expressed anti-CD28 mAb use in humans attention had been paid to the physico-chemical factors and receptor saturation, the possible catastrophe will have been predictable and preventable. To understand what went wrong and, crucially, to prevent any future disasters to safeguard human health, safety and welfare, the information provided is likely to be of wide interest. We present calculations to show CD28 receptors on T cells of the six healthy volunteers by the anti-CD28 mAb superagonist, TGN1412. This led to the over activation of T cells and the violent cytokine storm precipitating the cascade and the release of endogenous molecules affecting other cells. Monocytes and plasma cells are likely to have been affected. We discuss briefly the role of neutrophils and activation releasing the surface-located sialidase affecting cell coats, such as, of T lymphocytes exposing galactose receptors that could have been involved in antigen presenting cell interactions. The role of the cell surface thiols of lymphocytes in forming mixed disulphides with endogenous ligands and in the REDOX system are briefly mentioned. Consideration of these various factors and a critical evaluation of the receptor occupancy data before injecting 0.1 mg/kg TGN1412 will have rung alarm bells about possible serious side effects and the catastrophe will have been averted.
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39
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Farzaneh L, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F. The strange case of TGN1412. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:129-34. [PMID: 16783575 PMCID: PMC11030174 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - N. Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL-1551, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - F. Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
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40
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Kerstan A, Armbruster N, Leverkus M, Hünig T. Cyclosporin A abolishes CD28-mediated resistance to CD95-induced apoptosis via superinduction of caspase-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7689-97. [PMID: 17114439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Costimulation of T cells via CD28 promotes both proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. In this study, we show that the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) fully reverses resistance to CD95-mediated cell death after TCR/CD28 costimulation or superagonistic anti-CD28 mAb stimulation of primary rat lymph node T cells. This effect correlated with a pronounced superinduction of caspase-3 on both mRNA and protein levels, whereas its main antagonist, X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, was unaffected by inclusion of CsA. Apoptosis triggered by CD95 cross-linking was characterized by robust caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, CsA sensitization to CD95-mediated apoptosis of CD28-activated T cells did not alter mRNA stability of superinduced caspase-3 mRNA, suggesting a transcriptional regulation of the caspase-3 gene. Addition of Ca(2+) ionophores to TCR/CD28 or superagonistic CD28-stimulated cells reduced caspase-3 levels, further supporting a role for Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways in negatively regulating caspase-3. Taken together, these findings suggest that CsA promotes sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis in CD28-stimulated T cells by superinduction of the caspase-3 gene via a mechanism involving suppression of the calcineurin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kerstan
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Strand V, Kimberly R, Isaacs JD. Biologic therapies in rheumatology: lessons learned, future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:75-92. [PMID: 17195034 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade biologic therapies such as monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins have revolutionized the management of rheumatic disease. By targeting key cytokines and immune cells biologics have provided more specific therapeutic interventions with less immunosuppression. Clinical use, however, has revealed that their theoretical simplicity hides a more complex reality. Efficacy, toxicity and even pharmacodynamic effects can deviate from those predicted, as poignantly illustrated by the catastrophic effects witnessed during the first-into-human administration of TGN1412. This review summarizes lessons gleaned from practical experience and discusses how these can inform future discovery and development of new biologic therapies for rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Strand
- Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University, 306 Ramona Road, Portola Valley, California 94028, USA
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42
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Hünig T. Manipulation of Regulatory T‐Cell Number and Function with CD28‐Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Adv Immunol 2007; 95:111-48. [PMID: 17869612 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(07)95004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor or "regulatory" CD4 T cells play a key role in the control of autoimmunity and overshooting immune responses to foreign antigens, but can also obstruct effective anticancer therapies. The homeostasis and activation of these regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is tightly connected to that of effector CD4 T cells via the costimulatory receptor CD28 and the cytokine IL-2: Both subsets require costimulation to be activated by antigen, and Treg cells additionally depend on IL-2 produced by effector CD4 T cells in a costimulation-dependent fashion. Depending on the therapeutic aim, blockade, or stimulation of CD28 with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can therefore profoundly affect the size and activity of the Treg compartment. In this chapter, experiments performed in rodents with distinct types of CD28-specific mAb, and the recent failure to translate CD28-driven Treg activation into humans, are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, Brett SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, Panoskaltsis N. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1018-28. [PMID: 16908486 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa063842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1400] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Six healthy young male volunteers at a contract research organization were enrolled in the first phase 1 clinical trial of TGN1412, a novel superagonist anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody that directly stimulates T cells. Within 90 minutes after receiving a single intravenous dose of the drug, all six volunteers had a systemic inflammatory response characterized by a rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines and accompanied by headache, myalgias, nausea, diarrhea, erythema, vasodilatation, and hypotension. Within 12 to 16 hours after infusion, they became critically ill, with pulmonary infiltrates and lung injury, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Severe and unexpected depletion of lymphocytes and monocytes occurred within 24 hours after infusion. All six patients were transferred to the care of the authors at an intensive care unit at a public hospital, where they received intensive cardiopulmonary support (including dialysis), high-dose methylprednisolone, and an anti-interleukin-2 receptor antagonist antibody. Prolonged cardiovascular shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome developed in two patients, who required intensive organ support for 8 and 16 days. Despite evidence of the multiple cytokine-release syndrome, all six patients survived. Documentation of the clinical course occurring over the 30 days after infusion offers insight into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the absence of contaminating pathogens, endotoxin, or underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Suntharalingam
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom.
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Dingermann T, Winckler T, Zündorf I. [Death of a super agonist]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2006; 35:281-4. [PMID: 16886503 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200690078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Legrand N, Cupedo T, van Lent AU, Ebeli MJ, Weijer K, Hanke T, Spits H. Transient accumulation of human mature thymocytes and regulatory T cells with CD28 superagonist in “human immune system” Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Blood 2006; 108:238-45. [PMID: 16514056 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and quick reconstitution of T-cell compartments in lymphopenic patients is of great importance to prevent opportunistic infections, but remains difficult to achieve. Human T-cell proliferation in a T-cell-receptor (TCR)-independent manner is possible in vitro with superagonist anti-CD28 antibodies, and such molecules are therefore promising therapeutic tools. Here, we investigated the in vivo effects of superagonist anti-CD28 treatment on human developing and mature T cells, in the recently developed model of “human immune system” BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Our results show that superagonist anti-CD28 treatment transiently induces a 7-fold increase in thymocyte numbers and up to 18-fold accumulation of mature thymocytes. The increased thymic production lead to transient accumulation of mature T cells in the periphery at the peak of treatment effect (day 6). In addition, long-term peripheral T-cell depletion was induced. Furthermore, the concomitant selective expansion and accumulation of suppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells was induced in a transient manner. Superagonist anti-CD28 therapy could therefore be of clinical interest in humans, both for beneficial effect on thymic T-cell production as well as regulatory T-cell accumulation. (Blood. 2006;108:238-245)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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