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Flores-Aldaba KA, Vázquez-Marmolejo AV, Vargas-Villarreal J, Ocampo-Candiani J, Cantú-Álvarez MG, Espinoza-Martínez PE, Salinas-Carmona MC, Vera-Cabrera L. Immune response in BALB/c mice to an attenuated strain of Nocardiabrasiliensis. Microb Pathog 2025; 204:107612. [PMID: 40252937 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/21/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently developed an attenuated strain of Nocardia brasiliensis HUJEG-1, named NBP200, through 200 continuous passaging. When administered to naïve mice, this attenuated strain confers resistance to infection with the wild-type strain. Although the immune response to the parental strain has been previously studied, the analysis of the immune response to the attenuated strain will help to understand the immune mechanisms involved in resistance against this microorganism. METHODS Initially, experimental mice were divided into two groups and infected with either the attenuated or the wild-type strain to compare their responses. After 12 weeks, animals initially inoculated with NBP200 were challenged with the wild-type isolate (NBP0), while a control group of the same age was infected with NBP0. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze surface and intracellular markers, including gamma interferon, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17, in order to assess Th-cell responses in the spleen and infected footpad. Sera were collected at various time points for ELISAs and Western blot assays in order to characterize the humoral immune response. RESULTS Levels of gamma interferon and IL-4 cells were similar in both groups, whether inoculated with the attenuated or wild-type strain. However, concentrations of IL-17 and IL-10 were notably higher in animals inoculated with the wild-type strain, especially at 90 days post-inoculation. In the mice inoculated with the attenuated strain there were not any observable mycetoma lesions, and the quantity of IL-10+ or IL-17+ cells was minimal. In the re-infected animals, the most significant difference was observed in the Treg response during the late stage, where an immunosuppressive microenvironment was not observed. IgG levels in mice infected with either NBP0 or NBP200 were similar. In contrast, those inoculated with NBP200 and challenged with NBP0 exhibited a robust humoral response characterized by antibodies against P61, as well as to other proteins not previously reported, including those with molecular weights of 13.8-, 15.8-, 66-, and 69-kDa. CONCLUSIONS The attenuated strain and the re-infected group exhibited different modulation of the Th cell response. Immunized animals with NBP200 and challenged with NBP0, showed a rapid and strong IgG antibody response. These changes may be potential factors contributing to the protective immunity against the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Flores-Aldaba
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigación Dermatológica, Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico; Servicio de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Ocampo-Candiani
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigación Dermatológica, Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Mayra G Cantú-Álvarez
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigación Dermatológica, Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | | - Lucio Vera-Cabrera
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigación Dermatológica, Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico.
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Villareal-Rivota B, Meneses-Preza YG, Campillo-Navarro M, Ruiz-Sánchez BP, Soria-Castro R, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Donis-Maturano L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Chávez-Blanco AD, Estrada-Parra S, Hernández-Pando R, Chacón-Salinas R. Impaired control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mast cell-deficient Kit W-sh/W-sh mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2025; 150:102587. [PMID: 39612800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem with diverse clinical manifestations. Different cells of the immune response participate in containing the infection, mainly through the development of granulomas. Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic cells that participate in the immune response to different pathogens, and in vitro evidence indicates that they can be activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MCs in a murine TB model. We observed that KitW-sh/W-sh mast cell-deficient mice showed increased bacterial load in the lungs and the spleen compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, MC-deficient mice showed fewer pulmonary granulomas but an early higher inflammatory infiltrate. Interestingly, serum cytokine levels were altered in MC-deficient mice, which showed increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-22 during the early phase of the infection but increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-21 during the late phase of the infection. These results show that mast cells play an important role during Mtb infection by modulating the immune response to the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Villareal-Rivota
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yatsiri G Meneses-Preza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Patricia Ruiz-Sánchez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Soria-Castro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Faculty of Higher Studies-Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla de Baz, 54090, Mexico
| | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma D Chávez-Blanco
- División de Ciencia Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Maciag K, Plumlee CR, Cohen SB, Gern BH, Urdahl KB. Reappraising the Role of T Cell-Derived IFN-γ in Restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Murine Lung. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:339-346. [PMID: 38912839 PMCID: PMC11249196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
T cells producing IFN-γ have long been considered a stalwart for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but their relative importance to pulmonary immunity has been challenged by murine studies that achieved protection by adoptively transferred Mtb-specific IFN-γ-/- T cells. Using IFN-γ-/- T cell chimeric mice and adoptive transfer of IFN-γ-/- T cells into TCRβ-/-δ-/- mice, we demonstrate that control of lung Mtb burden is in fact dependent on T cell-derived IFN-γ, and, furthermore, mice selectively deficient in T cell-derived IFN-γ develop exacerbated disease compared with T cell-deficient control animals, despite equivalent lung bacterial burdens. Deficiency in T cell-derived IFN-γ skews infected and bystander monocyte-derived macrophages to an alternative M2 phenotype and promotes neutrophil and eosinophil influx. Our studies support an important role for T cell-derived IFN-γ in pulmonary immunity against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Khanna H, Gupta S, Sheikh Y. Cell-Mediated Immune Response Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Potential Therapeutic Impact. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:244-259. [PMID: 38607324 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2024.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune response is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) control. Understanding of pathophysiology and role played by different cell mediators is essential for vaccine development and better management of patients with M.tb. A complex array of cytokines and chemokines are involved in the immune response against M.tb; however, their relative contribution in protection remains to be further explored. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding regarding the cytokine and chemokine profiles in M.tb infection in order to assist research in the field to pursue new direction in prevention and control. We have also summarized recent findings on vaccine trials that have been developed and or are under trials that are targeting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshika Khanna
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Yasmeen Sheikh
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Maciag K, Plumlee C, Cohen S, Gern B, Urdahl K. Re-appraising the role of T-cell derived interferon gamma in restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the murine lung: T-cell derived IFNγ is required to restrict pulmonary Mtb. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588086. [PMID: 38617280 PMCID: PMC11014638 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
T cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) have long been considered a stalwart for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but their relative importance to pulmonary immunity has been challenged by murine studies which achieved protection by adoptively transferred Mtb-specific IFNγ-/- T cells. Using IFNγ-/- T cell chimeric mice and adoptive transfer of IFNγ-/- T cells into TCRβ-/-δ-/- mice, we demonstrate that control of lung Mtb burden is in fact dependent on T cell-derived IFNγ, and furthermore, mice selectively deficient in T cell-derived IFNγ develop exacerbated disease compared to T cell-deficient controls despite equivalent lung bacterial burdens. Deficiency in T cell-derived IFNγ skews infected and bystander monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to an alternative M2 phenotype, and promotes neutrophil and eosinophil influx. Our studies support an important role for T cell-derived IFNγ in pulmonary immunity against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington
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K J, Joshi JL, Kansal H, Chopra V, Garg K, Girdhar N, Sharma K, Deshwal R, Sharma S. Association of IL4RA and IL-8 polymorphism in predicting susceptibility to tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2023; 94. [PMID: 37565285 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2023.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes an infectious bacterial disease frequently affecting the lungs. With two fatalities from tuberculosis (TB) occurring every three minutes, India has the highest disease burden. The etiology of TB has been linked to IL-8 and IL-4RA. Thus, the impact of the IL4RAQ576R and IL8 gene polymorphisms on TB susceptibility was assessed. 301 healthy and 301 TB patients participated in a cross-sectional study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to identify the genotype of the IL4RAQ576R and IL-8 +781 C/T gene polymorphism. The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression to evaluate the risk of TB with IL4RAQ576R and IL-8 +781 C/T polymorphism. A significant association was found between IL-4RA (p=0.04) and IL-8 +781 C/T (p=0.03) in TB. Further, when clinical symptoms were compared with both polymorphisms, two of them, i.e., cough in IL-4RA576R (p=0.04) and breathlessness (p=0.01) in IL-8 +781 C/T, showed a significant association. Moreover, different combinations of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were made, and the 3-risk allele shows a significant protective role (p=0.02). There is considerable evidence showing that M. tuberculosis causes TB, an infectious disease that is genetically predisposed. The results of our study also showed that IL-4 RA Q576R and IL-8 +781 C/T played a significant protective function against TB, confirming the claim mentioned earlier. However, only the cough in IL-4RA576R and the dyspnea in IL-8 +781 C/T exhibited a significant co-relation in TB patients when symptoms were examined. Additionally, the combined effects of the two SNPs were investigated, and it was discovered that the 3-risk allele has a strong association with TB. Therefore, the polymorphisms mentioned earlier, which may also be influenced by ethnicity, may significantly impact the chance of developing TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish K
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Jawahar Lal Joshi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Heena Kansal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala.
| | - Vishal Chopra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Kranti Garg
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Nidhi Girdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Karan Sharma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Rishabh Deshwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Patiala.
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala.
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Temu TM, Polyak SJ, Wanjalla CN, Mandela NA, Dabee S, Mogaka JN, Masyuko S, Longernecker C, Shakil S, Chohan B, Page ST, Lacourse SM, Gitura B, Crothers K, Oyugi J, Jaspan H, Farquhar C, Zifodya JS. Latent tuberculosis is associated with heightened levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines among Kenyan men and women living with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2023; 37:1065-1075. [PMID: 36928263 PMCID: PMC10155699 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have persistent immune activation associated with increased risk for non-AIDS related diseases. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), endemic in Africa, may contribute to this immune dysregulation. We evaluated the impact of HIV and TB co-infection on plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines among Kenyan adults. METHODS We compared data from 221 PWH on long-term ART and 177 HIV-negative adults examining biomarkers of pro-[sCD14, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-12p70, IL-17A] and anti(IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) inflammatory cytokines, by HIV/LTBI status (HIV+LTBI+, HIV+LTBI-, HIV-LTBI+, HIV-LTBI-). LTBI was diagnosed based on a positive QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus test in the absence of active TB symptoms. Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations of HIV, LTBI, and HIV/LTBI status with biomarkers adjusting for clinical factors including HIV-specific factors. RESULTS Half of the participants were women and 52% had LTBI. HIV was independently associated with higher sCD14, IL-15, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5. LTBI was independently associated with higher TNF-α, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-13 in adjusted models ( P < 0.05). LTBI status was associated with higher IL-4 and IL-12p70 only among PWH, but not HIV-negative participants ( P < 0.05 for interactions). In multivariate analysis, only HIV+LTBI+ demonstrated elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A, IL4, IL-5, IL-13 in comparison to the HIV-LTBI- ( P < 0.05 for all). The effect of LTBI on cytokines among PWH was independent of CD4 + T-cell count and ART duration. CONCLUSIONS Despite viral suppression, persons with HIV and LTBI exhibit abnormal cytokine production accompanied by high concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tecla M. Temu
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Smritee Dabee
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Jerusha N. Mogaka
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chris Longernecker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Saate Shakil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Bhavna Chohan
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Sylvia M. Lacourse
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Julius Oyugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Carey Farquhar
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jerry S. Zifodya
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana, USA
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Maurizio E, Rossi UA, Trangoni MD, Rossetti CA. Cytokine expression profile of B. melitensis-infected goat monocyte-derived macrophages. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152375. [PMID: 36913828 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Brucella parasitize the macrophage where is able to replicate and modulate the immune response in order to establish a chronic infection. The most adequate response to control and eliminate Brucella infection is a type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated effector immunity. Research in immune response of B. melitensis-infected goats is relatively scarce. In this study, we first evaluated changes in the gene expression of cytokines, a chemokine (CCL2) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of goat macrophage cultures derived from monocytes (MDMs) infected for 4 and 24 h with Brucella melitensis strain 16 M. TNFα, IL-1β and iNOS, and IL-12p40, IFNγ and also iNOS were significantly expressed (p < 0.05) at 4 and 24 h respectively, in infected compared to non-infected MDMs. Therefore, the in vitro challenge of goat MDMs with B. melitensis promoted a transcriptional profile consistent with a type 1 response. However, when the immune response to B. melitensis infection was contrasted between MDM cultures phenotypically restrictive or permissive to intracellular multiplication of B. melitensis 16 M, it was observed that the relative IL-4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in permissive macrophage cultures with respect to restrictive cultures (p < 0.05), independently of the time p.i. A similar trend, although non-statistical, was recorded for IL-10, but not for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the up-expression profile of inhibitory instead of pro-inflammatory cytokines could explain, in part, the difference observed in the ability to restrict intracellular replication of Brucella. In this sense, the present results make a significant contribution to the knowledge of the immune response induced by B. melitensis in macrophages of its preferential host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Maurizio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Ursula A Rossi
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Trangoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Molecular (IABIMO), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Rossetti
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bickel J, Bermudez LE. Induction of killing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis in macrophages by cytokine stimulated innate-like lymphoid cells is negatively affected by the pathogen. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00326-4. [PMID: 36662342 PMCID: PMC10397143 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is a common environmental bacterium that causes infection in immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV/AIDS, or patients with chronic lung disease such as cystic fibrosis. There are many strains of MAH with varying levels of virulence. Infection with MAH strains 100 and 104 has been associated with different immune responses in mice and outcome of the disease. While MAH 100 infection tends to be cleared from mice, MAH 104 is virulent and grows in host tissue. What is currently unknown are the mechanisms related to this difference in host defense and virulence. Our hypothesis is that differences in circulating innate lymphocytes response are associated with increased protection from infection. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are lymphoid cells with an important role in regulation of innate immune systems. ILCs can be categorized into three subpopulations ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3 based on their cytokine production and regulatory transcription factors. Investigation was carried out on how macrophage anti-MAH response change depending on activation by primary mouse lymphocytes activated with IL-12, IL-33, and IL-23, triggering differentiation into ILC-like subpopulations. Our results do not affirm the role of any one ILC subpopulation in macrophage anti-M. avium ability. Our findings instead support the conclusion that MAH infection of macrophages suppresses the stimulatory function of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Bickel
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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10
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Evaluation of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis used as a heat-killed vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7401-7412. [PMID: 34774361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is one of the most important chronic infectious diseases in livestock. This disease is difficult to control because of its inefficient management (test and cull strategy and inadequate biosecurity). Thus, the development of an effective vaccine is essential. In this study, we evaluated a local virulent strain (6611) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as an inactivated vaccine in comparison with the Silirum vaccine in mouse model and cattle. Regarding the mice model, only the groups vaccinated with 6611 showed lower colony forming unit (CFU) counts with a lower lesion score in the liver in comparison to the control group at 6 and 12 weeks post-challenge (wpc). The immune response was predominantly humoral (IgG1), although both vaccinated groups presented a cellular response with IFNγ production as well, but the 6611 group had also significant production of IL-2, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF, and IL-10. In cattle, the 6611 vaccinated group was the only one that maintained significant antibody values at the end of the trial, with significant production of IgG2 and IFNγ. No PPDb reactor was detected in the vaccinated animals, according to the intradermal caudal fold tuberculin test. Our results indicate that the 6611 local strain protected mice from challenge with a virulent strain, by inducing a humoral and cellular immune response. In the bovine, the natural host, the evaluated vaccine also induced humoral and cellular immune responses, with higher levels of CD4 + CD25+ and CD8 + CD25+ T cells populations than the commercial vaccine. Despite the encouraging results obtained in this study, an experimental challenge trial in cattle is mandatory to evaluate the efficacy of our candidate vaccine in the main host.
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Nosik M, Ryzhov K, Rymanova I, Sobkin A, Kravtchenko A, Kuimova U, Pokrovsky V, Zverev V, Svitich O. Dynamics of Plasmatic Levels of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in HIV-Infected Individuals with M. tuberculosis Co-Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112291. [PMID: 34835417 PMCID: PMC8624412 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV have profound effects on the immune system, which can lead to the activation of viral replication and negatively regulate the activation of T cells. Dysregulation in the production of cytokines necessary to fight HIV and M. tuberculosis may ultimately affect the results of the treatment and be important in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and TB. This work presents the results of a study of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1RA) in drug-naïve patients with dual infection of HIV/TB at the late stages of HIV-infection, with newly diagnosed HIV and TB, and previously untreated HIV in the process of receiving antiretroviral (ART) and TB treatment vs. a cohort of patients with HIV monoinfection and TB monoinfection. The study revealed that during a double HIV/TB infection, both Th1 and Th2 immune responses are suppressed, and a prolonged dysregulation of the immune response and an increased severity of the disease in pulmonary/extrapulmonary tuberculosis is observed in HIV/TB co-infection. Moreover, it was revealed that a double HIV/TB infection is characterized by delayed and incomplete recovery of immune activity. High levels of IL-6 were detected in patients with HIV/TB co-infection before initiation of dual therapy (2.1-fold increase vs. HIV), which persisted even after 6 months of treatment (8.96-fold increase vs. HIV), unlike other cytokines. The persistent enhanced expression of IL-6 in patients with dual HIV/TB co-infection allows the consideration of it as a potential marker of early detection of M. tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed a statistical trend towards an increase in the incidence of IRIS in patients with high IL-1Ra levels (in the range of 1550–2500 pg/mL): OR = 4.3 (95%CI 3.7–14.12, p = 0.53), which also allows IL-1Ra to be considered as a potential predictive biomarker of the development of TB-IRIS and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nosik
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantin Ryzhov
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
| | - Irina Rymanova
- G.A. Zaharyan Moscow Tuberculosis Clinic, Department for Treatment of TB Patients with HIV Infection, 125466 Moscow, Russia; (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexandr Sobkin
- G.A. Zaharyan Moscow Tuberculosis Clinic, Department for Treatment of TB Patients with HIV Infection, 125466 Moscow, Russia; (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexey Kravtchenko
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (U.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Ulyana Kuimova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (U.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (U.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vitaly Zverev
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
| | - Oxana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
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12
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Madan R, Pandit K, Bhati L, Kumar H, Kumari N, Singh S. Mining the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome for identification of potential T-cell epitope based vaccine candidates. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104996. [PMID: 34044044 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of protective antigens for designing a high-efficacy tuberculosis vaccine is the need of the hour. Till date only 7% of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome has been explored for discovering antigens capable of activating T-cell responses. Therefore, it becomes crucial to screen the remaining Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome for more immunodominant T-cell epitopes. An extensive knowledge of the epitopes recognized by our immune system can aid this process of finding potential T cell antigens for development of a better TB vaccine. In the present in-silico study, 237 proteins belonging to the 'virulence, detoxification, and adaptation' category of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome were targeted for T-cell epitope screening. 50825 MHC Class I and 49357 MHC Class II epitopes were generated using NetMHC3.4 and IEDB servers respectively and tested for their antigenicity and cytokine stimulation. The highest antigenic epitopes were analyzed for their world population coverage and epitope conservancy. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to corroborate the binding affinities and structural stability of the peptide-MHC complexes. We predicted a total of 3 MHC Class I (ILLKMCWPA, FAVGMNVYV, and SLAGNSAKV) and 7 MHC Class II (DLTIGFFLHIPFPPV, RPDLTIGFFLHIPFP, LTIGFFLHIPFPPVE, VLVFALVVALVYLQF, LVFALVVALVYLQFR, PNLVAARFIQLTPVY, and LVLVFALVVALVYLQ) epitopes that can be promising vaccine candidates. These predicted epitopes belong to 6 distinct proteins: Rv0169 (mce1a), Rv3490 (ostA), Rv3496 (mce4D), Rv1085c, Rv0563 (HtpX), Rv3497c (mce4C). All these proteins are expressed at different stages in the life cycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and thus, the predicted epitopes could be employed as candidates for designing a multistage-multiepitopic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Madan
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Kushankur Pandit
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Lavi Bhati
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Hindesh Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Neha Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
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13
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Banerjee U, Baloni P, Singh A, Chandra N. Immune Subtyping in Latent Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:595746. [PMID: 33897680 PMCID: PMC8059438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.595746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) poses a major roadblock in the global effort to eradicate tuberculosis (TB). A deep understanding of the host responses involved in establishment and maintenance of TB latency is required to propel the development of sensitive methods to detect and treat LTBI. Given that LTBI individuals are typically asymptomatic, it is challenging to differentiate latently infected from uninfected individuals. A major contributor to this problem is that no clear pattern of host response is linked with LTBI, as molecular correlates of latent infection have been hard to identify. In this study, we have analyzed the global perturbations in host response in LTBI individuals as compared to uninfected individuals and particularly the heterogeneity in such response, across LTBI cohorts. For this, we constructed individualized genome-wide host response networks informed by blood transcriptomes for 136 LTBI cases and have used a sensitive network mining algorithm to identify top-ranked host response subnetworks in each case. Our analysis indicates that despite the high heterogeneity in the gene expression profiles among LTBI samples, clear patterns of perturbation are found in the immune response pathways, leading to grouping LTBI samples into 4 different immune-subtypes. Our results suggest that different subnetworks of molecular perturbations are associated with latent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushashi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Baloni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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14
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Ivanyi J. Tuberculosis vaccination needs to avoid 'decoy' immune reactions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102021. [PMID: 33254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current search for a new effective vaccine against tuberculosis involves selected antigens, vectors and adjuvants. These are being evaluated usually by their booster inoculation following priming with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The purpose of this article is to point out, that despite being attenuated of virulence, priming with BCG may still involve immune mechanisms, which are not favourable for protection against active disease. It is postulated, that the responsible 'decoy' constituents selected during the evolution of pathogenic tubercle bacilli may be involved in the evasion from bactericidal host resistance and stimulate immune responses of a cytokine phenotype, which lead to the transition from latent closed granulomas to reactivation with infectious lung cavities. The decoy mechanisms appear as favourable for most infected subjects but leading in a minority of cases to pathology which can effectively transmit the infection. It is proposed that construction and development of new vaccine candidates could benefit from avoiding decoy-type immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Guy's Campus of Kings College London, SE1, 1UL, United kingdom.
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15
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Dwyer RA, Witte C, Buss P, Goosen WJ, Miller M. Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black ( Diceros bicornis) and White ( Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580476. [PMID: 33330701 PMCID: PMC7672123 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of tuberculosis (TB) resulting from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have been recorded in captive white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros. More recently, cases have been documented in free-ranging populations of both species in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) endemic areas of South Africa. There is limited information on risk factors and transmission patterns for MTBC infections in African rhinoceros, however, extrapolation from literature on MTBC infections in other species and multi-host systems provides a foundation for understanding TB epidemiology in rhinoceros species. Current diagnostic tests include blood-based immunoassays but distinguishing between subclinical and active infections remains challenging due to the lack of diagnostic techniques. In other species, demographic risk factors for MTBC infection include sex and age, where males and adults are generally at higher risk than females and younger individuals. Limited available historical information reflects similar age- and sex-associated patterns for TB in captive black and white rhinoceros, with more reports of MTBC-associated disease in black rhinoceros than in white rhinoceros. The degree of MTBC exposure in susceptible wildlife depends on their level of interaction, either directly with other infected individuals or indirectly through MTBC contaminated environments, which is dependent on the presence and abundance of infected reservoir hosts and the amount of MTBC shed in their excreta. Captive African rhinoceros have shown evidence of MTBC shedding, and although infection levels are low in free-ranging rhinoceros, there is a risk for intraspecies transmission. Free-ranging rhinoceros in bTB endemic areas may be exposed to MTBC from other infected host species, such as the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), through shared environmental niches, and resource co-utilization. This review describes current knowledge and information gaps regarding the epidemiology of TB in African rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dwyer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carmel Witte
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Menge C. The Role of Escherichia coli Shiga Toxins in STEC Colonization of Cattle. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090607. [PMID: 32967277 PMCID: PMC7551371 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cattle are persistently colonized with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and represent a major source of human infections with human-pathogenic STEC strains (syn. enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)). Intervention strategies most effectively protecting humans best aim at the limitation of bovine STEC shedding. Mechanisms enabling STEC to persist in cattle are only partialy understood. Cattle were long believed to resist the detrimental effects of Shiga toxins (Stxs), potent cytotoxins acting as principal virulence factors in the pathogenesis of human EHEC-associated diseases. However, work by different groups, summarized in this review, has provided substantial evidence that different types of target cells for Stxs exist in cattle. Peripheral and intestinal lymphocytes express the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3syn. CD77) in vitro and in vivo in an activation-dependent fashion with Stx-binding isoforms expressed predominantly at early stages of the activation process. Subpopulations of colonic epithelial cells and macrophage-like cells, residing in the bovine mucosa in proximity to STEC colonies, are also targeted by Stxs. STEC-inoculated calves are depressed in mounting appropriate cellular immune responses which can be overcome by vaccination of the animals against Stxs early in life before encountering STEC. Considering Stx target cells and the resulting effects of Stxs in cattle, which significantly differ from effects implicated in human disease, may open promising opportunities to improve existing yet insufficient measures to limit STEC carriage and shedding by the principal reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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17
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Zhao Y, Jiao Y, Wang L. Hesperidin methyl chalcone alleviates spinal tuberculosis in New Zealand white rabbits by suppressing immune responses. J Spinal Cord Med 2020; 43:532-539. [PMID: 30124375 PMCID: PMC7480517 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1507805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Spinal tuberculosis (ST) refers to tuberculosis resulted from infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the spinal cord. Hesperidin methyl chalcone (HMC) is a flavonoid derivative from citrus fruits with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of HMC in treating ST in New Zealand white rabbit model. Design and Setting: Rabbits were infected in the sixth lumbar vertebral bodies with or without Mtb strain H37Rv followed by treatments with HMC. Outcome Measures: 10 weeks post treatments, the adjacent vertebral tissues were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of transcription factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) in lymphocytes were determined using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 as well as interferon (IFN)-γ were also assessed using ELISA. Western blot was used to determine the effects of HMC on the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, p65, and IκBα in the signal transduction of NF-κB pathways. Results: HMC significantly attenuated the granulation in adjacent vertebral bone tissues. The expression of p65, IL-4, IL-10, and MCP-1 was reduced. The NF-κB pathway was suppressed, in which the phosphorylation of IκBα, IKKα/β, and p65 was inhibited whereas the relative level of IκBα was increased. Conclusion: HMC could serve as a therapeutic option to effectively inhibit granulomas formation through downregulation of MCP-1, IL-4, IL-10, and NF-κB in the treatment of ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence to: Lei Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyun Cang, Beijing100700, People’s Republic of China; Tel.: +86-010-84013151, Fax.: +86-010-84013151.
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18
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Omanakuttan M, Konatham HR, Dirisala VR, Jeevan A, Mawatwal S, Dhiman R, Ly LH, McMurray D. Prokaryotic Expression, In Vitro Biological Analysis, and In Silico Structural Evaluation of Guinea Pig IL-4. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:104-110. [PMID: 31758487 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 is a signature cytokine of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells that play a major role in shaping immune responses. Its role in highly relevant animal model of tuberculosis (TB) like guinea pig has not been studied till date. In the current study, the guinea pig IL-4 gene was cloned and expressed using a prokaryotic expression vector (pET30 a(+)). This approach yielded a recombinant protein of 19 kDa as confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis and named as recombinant guinea pig (rgp)IL-4 protein. The authenticity of the expression of rgpIL-4 protein was further verified through polyclonal anti-IL4 antiserum raised in rabbits that showed specific and strong binding with the recombinant protein. The biological activity of the rgpIL-4 was ascertained in RAW264.7 cells where LPS-treated nitric oxide (NO) production was found to be suppressed in the presence of this protein. The three-dimensional structure of guinea pig IL-4 was predicted by utilizing the template structure of human interleukin-4, which shared a sequence homology of 58%. The homology modeling result showed clear resemblance of guinea pig IL-4 structure with the human IL-4. Taken together, our study indicates that the newly expressed, biologically active rgpIL-4 protein could provide deeper understanding of the immune responses in guinea pig to different infectious diseases like TB and non-infectious ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Omanakuttan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Hanumohan R Konatham
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India.
| | - Amminikutty Jeevan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Lan H Ly
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David McMurray
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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19
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BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c protect type 2 diabetic mice against tuberculosis via different participation of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 32194998 PMCID: PMC7067831 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity between Tuberculosis (TB) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the greatest contributors to the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) in low- and middle-income countries. T2D compromises key steps of immune responses against M. tuberculosis and it might affect the protection afforded by vaccine candidates against TB. We compared the protection and immune response afforded by the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate versus that of wild-type BCG in mice with T2D. Vaccination with both BCGΔBCG1419c, BCG or infection with M. tuberculosis reduced weight loss, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance during T2D progression, suggesting that metabolic changes affecting these parameters were affected by mycobacteria. For control of acute TB, and compared with non-vaccinated controls, BCG showed a dominant T CD4+ response whereas BCGΔBCG1419c showed a dominant T CD8+/B lymphocyte response. Moreover, BCG maintained an increased response in lung cells via IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4, while BCGΔBCG1419c increased IFN-γ but reduced IL-4 production. As for chronic TB, and compared with non-vaccinated controls, both BCG strains had a predominant presence of T CD4+ lymphocytes. In counterpart, BCGΔBCG1419c led to increased presence of dendritic cells and an increased production of IL-1 β. Overall, while BCG effectively reduced pneumonia in acute infection, it failed to reduce it in chronic infection, whereas we hypothesize that increased production of IL-1 β induced by BCGΔBCG1419c contributed to reduced pneumonia and alveolitis in chronic TB. Our results show that BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c protect T2D mice against TB via different participation of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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20
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Keikha M, Soleimanpour S, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Karbalaei M. The mystery of tuberculosis pathogenesis from the perspective of T regulatory cells. Meta Gene 2020; 23:100632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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21
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Pooran A, Davids M, Nel A, Shoko A, Blackburn J, Dheda K. IL-4 subverts mycobacterial containment in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02242-2018. [PMID: 31097521 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02242-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is poorly understood. The role of interleukin (IL)-4, the archetypal T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine, in the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis remains unclear.Blood and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were obtained from participants with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) (n=23) and presumed latent TB infection (LTBI) (n=22). Messenger RNA expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and its splice variant IL-4δ2 were determined by real-time PCR. The effect of human recombinant (hr)IL-4 on mycobacterial survival/containment (CFU·mL-1) was evaluated in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages co-cultured with mycobacterial antigen-primed effector T-cells. Regulatory T-cell (Treg) and Th1 cytokine levels were evaluated using flow cytometry.In blood, but not BAL, IL-4 mRNA levels (p=0.02) and the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio (p=0.01) was higher in TB versus LTBI. hrIL-4 reduced mycobacterial containment in infected macrophages (p<0.008) in a dose-dependent manner and was associated with an increase in Tregs (p<0.001), but decreased CD4+Th1 cytokine levels (CD4+IFN-γ+ p<0.001; CD4+TNFα+ p=0.01). Blocking IL-4 significantly neutralised mycobacterial containment (p=0.03), CD4+IFNγ+ levels (p=0.03) and Treg expression (p=0.03).IL-4 can subvert mycobacterial containment in human macrophages, probably via perturbations in Treg and Th1-linked pathways. These data may have implications for the design of effective TB vaccines and host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Pooran
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Nel
- Dept of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aubrey Shoko
- Centre for Proteomics and Genomics Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Blackburn
- Dept of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Dept of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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22
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Khan A, Bakhru P, Saikolappan S, Das K, Soudani E, Singh CR, Estrella JL, Zhang D, Pasare C, Ma Y, Sun J, Wang J, Hunter RL, Tony Eissa N, Dhandayuthapani S, Jagannath C. An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:34. [PMID: 31396406 PMCID: PMC6683161 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine against tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills millions of people each year. BCG variably protects children, but not adults against tuberculosis. BCG evades phagosome maturation, autophagy, and reduces MHC-II expression of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affecting T-cell activation. To bypass these defects, an autophagy-inducing, TLR-2 activating C5 peptide from Mtb-derived CFP-10 protein was overexpressed in BCG in combination with Ag85B. Recombinant BCG85C5 induced a robust MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation to CD4 T cells in vitro, and elicited stronger TH1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα) from APCs of C57Bl/6 mice increasing phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK. BCG85C5 also enhanced MHC-II surface expression of MΦs by inhibiting MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase that degrades MHC-II. BCG85C5 infected APCs from MyD88 or TLR-2 knockout mice showed decreased antigen presentation. Furthermore, BCG85C5 induced LC3-dependent autophagy in macrophages increasing antigen presentation. Consistent with in vitro effects, BCG85C5 markedly expanded both effector and central memory T cells in C57Bl/6 mice protecting them against both primary aerosol infection with Mtb and reinfection, but was less effective among TLR-2 knockout mice. Thus, BCG85C5 induces stronger and longer lasting immunity, and is better than BCG against tuberculosis of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sankaralingam Saikolappan
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Kishore Das
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Emily Soudani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christopher R. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jaymie L. Estrella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
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Macrophage infection with combinations of BCG mutants reduces induction of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and increases IL-4. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Mansury D, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Badiee A, Tafaghodi M, Nikpoor AR, Amini Y, Jaafari MR. Enhancement of the effect of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis using DDA/TDB liposomes containing a fusion protein of HspX, PPE44, and EsxV. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:370-377. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1557674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Mansury
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Divangahi M, Khan N, Kaufmann E. Beyond Killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Disease Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2976. [PMID: 30619333 PMCID: PMC6305711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense strategies against infectious diseases are comprised of both host resistance and disease tolerance. Resistance is the ability of the host to prevent invasion or to eliminate the pathogen, while disease tolerance is defined by limiting the collateral tissue damage caused by the pathogen and/or the immune response without exerting direct effects on pathogen growth. Our incomplete understanding of host immunity against tuberculosis (TB) is predominately rooted in our bias toward investigating host resistance. Thus, we must refocus our efforts to understand the entire spectrum of immunity against M. tuberculosis to control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology McGill University, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nargis Khan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology McGill University, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva Kaufmann
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology McGill University, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Evaluation of Immune Responses to a DNA Vaccine Encoding Ag85a-Cfp10 Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an Animal Model. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.65689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Yuan C, Qu ZL, Tang XL, Liu Q, Luo W, Huang C, Pan Q, Zhang XL. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan Induces IL-10-Producing B Cells and Hinders CD4 +Th1 Immunity. iScience 2018; 11:13-30. [PMID: 30572206 PMCID: PMC6299163 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Th1/interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated responses in mycobacterial infection has been well established. However, little is known about B cell-mediated immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Interleukin (IL)-10-producing B cells (B10 cells), a subset of B regulatory cells (Bregs), are implicated in modulating the immune response. Herein, we found that B10 cells were significantly increased in patients with tuberculosis. Furthermore, mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), a major surface lipoglycan component from Mtb, induced a significant increase in B10 cells, which enriched in CD5+ B1a B cells. ManLAM induced IL-10 production mainly by activating MyD88/PI3K/AKT/Ap-1 and K63-linked ubiquitination of NF-κB essential modulator/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways in B cells via Toll-like receptor 2. IL-10 production by ManLAM-treated B cells further inhibited CD4+ Th1 polarization, leading to increased susceptibility to mycobacterial infection compared with ManLAM-treated IL-10−/− B group. Thus, we report a new immunoregulation mechanism in which Mtb ManLAM-induced B10 cells negatively regulate host anti-TB cellular immunity. Mtb mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) induces IL-10 production in B cells ManLAM-induced B10 cells enrich in CD5+ B1a B cells ManLAM binding with TLR2 triggers MyD88 signaling pathways of B cells ManLAM-induced B10 cells hinder CD4+Th1 immunity during Mtb infection in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiangan, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Zi-Lu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China.
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28
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Gao X, Wu C, Wang X, Xu H, Wu Y, Li Y, Jia Y, Wei C, He W, Wang Y, Zhang B. The DosR antigen Rv1737c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers inflammation regulation in tuberculosis infection. Scand J Immunol 2018; 89:e12729. [PMID: 30372549 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify the potential risk factors for activating latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this study, we evaluated the immune function of Rv1737c, which is a latency-associated antigen of dormancy survival regulator (DosR) of M. tuberculosis in a mouse model. Our data showed that mice pretreated with recombinant Rv1737c (rRv1737c) exhibited higher levels of antigen-specific antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgA) than sham-treated mice. Following Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge, rRv1737c adjuvanted with cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) induced diffuse lung inflammation and fibrosis compared to the control mice. The inflammatory pathogenesis due to rRv1737c pre-exposure was associated with a switch in the macrophage phenotype from M1 to activated M2 and was characterized by IL-10 production. Intracellular cytokine analysis further showed that the rRv1737c-pretreated mice exhibited an increased frequency of Th2 cells in the lungs, lymph nodes and spleen after BCG challenge. Furthermore, IFN-γ expression increased in the lungs after rRv1737c pretreatment compared to that in the sham mice. Accordingly, lung cells from rRv1737c-immunized mice stimulated with killed BCG produced higher levels of multiple cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6. The results confirmed that the pathological features of rRv1737c promoted inflammation. Overall, our findings provide direct evidence of the pro-inflammatory function of rRv1737c in a murine model of BCG infection, indicating that Rv1737c is a pathogenic antigen of M. tuberculosis and may be key to the recurrence of latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gao
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cong Wu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Wu
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanjuan Jia
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaojun Wei
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenhua He
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benzhong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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29
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Wang W, Yang B, Cui Y, Zhan Y. Isoliquiritigenin attenuates spinal tuberculosis through inhibiting immune response in a New Zealand white rabbit model. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:369-377. [PMID: 29962851 PMCID: PMC6019872 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal tuberculosis (ST) is the tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections in spinal curds. Isoliquiritigenin 4,2′,4′-trihydroxychalcone, ISL) is an anti-inflammatory flavonoid derived from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), a Chinese traditional medicine. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ISL in treating ST in New Zealand white rabbit models. In the model, rabbits (n=40) were infected with Mtb strain H37Rv or not in their 6th lumbar vertebral bodies. Since the day of infection, rabbits were treated with 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of ISL respectively. After 10 weeks of treatments, the adjacent vertebral bone tissues of rabbits were analyzed through Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The relative expression of Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), transcription factor κB (NF-κB) p65 in lymphocytes were verified through reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The serum level of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were evaluated through ELISA. The effects of ISL on the phosphorylation of IκBα, IKKα/β and p65 in NF-κB signaling pathways were assessed through western blotting. In the results, ISL has been shown to effectively attenuate the granulation inside adjacent vertebral tissues. The relative level of MCP-1, p65 and IL-4 and IL-10 were retrieved. NF-κB signaling was inhibited, in which the phosphorylation of p65, IκBα and IKKα/β were suppressed whereas the level of IκBα were elevated. In conclusion, ISL might be an effective drug that inhibited the formation of granulomas through downregulating MCP-1, NF-κB, IL-4 and IL-10 in treating ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Record Room, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Baozhi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Chest Hospital, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
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Bai X, Aerts SL, Verma D, Ordway DJ, Chan ED. Epidemiologic Evidence of and Potential Mechanisms by Which Second-Hand Smoke Causes Predisposition to Latent and Active Tuberculosis. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e22. [PMID: 29984040 PMCID: PMC6026693 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have linked cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease although much fewer have studied second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. Our goal is to review the epidemiologic link between SHS and TB as well as to summarize the effects SHS and direct CS on various immune cells relevant for TB. PubMed searches were performed using the key words "tuberculosis" with "cigarette," "tobacco," or "second-hand smoke." The bibliography of relevant papers were examined for additional relevant publications. Relatively few studies associate SHS exposure with TB infection and active disease. Both SHS and direct CS can alter various components of host immunity resulting in increased vulnerability to TB. While the epidemiologic link of these 2 health maladies is robust, more definitive, mechanistic studies are required to prove that SHS and direct CS actually cause increased susceptibility to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine and Office of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shanae L. Aerts
- Department of Medicine and Office of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Deepshikha Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Diane J. Ordway
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine and Office of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, USA
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31
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Wirunsawanya K, Bolger DT. Surprising pathological and clinical manifestations of miliary tuberculosis. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223360. [PMID: 29754134 PMCID: PMC5965806 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a surprising pathological finding of miliary tuberculosis (TB) in a 49-year-old Chuukese, immunocompetent woman who was initially admitted to the hospital for a 1-month duration of chronic abdominal pain and intermittent fevers. Her clinical symptoms did not improve despite treatment with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam. Based on the primary abdominal CT findings suggesting advanced ovarian cancer with omental metastatic disease, further workup with omental core biopsy was performed and demonstrated acute neutrophilic necrosis without malignant cells or granulomata. Within the omental tissue, however, many organisms stained positive for acid-fast bacilli despite lack of typical granulomata. The diagnosis of genitourinary TB was confirmed by urine Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampin automated molecular rapid nucleic acid amplification test. The chest CT showed a millet seed pattern of infiltration which is a hallmark for miliary TB. After initiation of multidrug TB therapy, her fever and abdominal pain drastically improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Thomas Bolger
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Hospitalist Program, Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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32
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal studies showed that male subjects had lower activity of immune response to infections than female subjects, which may increase the risk of the development of tuberculosis in male population. This study intended to investigate the risk of incident tuberculosis in male and female adults in Taiwan. DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. SETTING The present analyses used data of Taiwan National Health Interview Survey 2001, 2005 and 2009, National Register of Deaths Dataset, and National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2013. PARTICIPANTS A total of 43 424 subjects with a mean age of 43.04 years were analysed. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of tuberculosis. RESULTS During 381 561 person-years of follow-up period, incident tuberculosis was recognised in 268 individuals. The incidence rates of tuberculosis were 97.56 and 43.24 per 100 000 person-years among male and female participants, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves comparing male and female subjects showed statistical significance (log-rank test, P value<0.01). After adjusting for subjects' demographics and comorbidities, men showed increased risks of incident tuberculosis (adjusted HR, 1.68; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.34; P value<0.01) compared with women. On subgroup analysis, after stratifying by age, smoking and alcohol use, men had a higher risk of incident tuberculosis than women in all patient subgroups, except those who were current smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that men had a higher risk of incident tuberculosis than women. Future tuberculosis control programmes should particularly target the male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Feng Yen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for InfectiousDisease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung MedicalUniversity, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Hu
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Sports and Health, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Ko
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hung Chuang
- Center for Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Injury and Diseases, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-ju Lai
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Puli Branch of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan
- Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dachen Chu
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Yin Y, Lian K, Zhao D, Tao C, Chen X, Tan W, Wang X, Xu Z, Hu M, Rao Y, Zhou X, Pan Z, Zhang X, Jiao X. A Promising Listeria-Vectored Vaccine Induces Th1-Type Immune Responses and Confers Protection Against Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:407. [PMID: 29034213 PMCID: PMC5626977 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deaths associated with tuberculosis (TB) is rising and accounted for 1.4 million deaths in 2015 many of which were due to drug-resistant bacteria. Vaccines represent an important medical intervention, but the current Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is not ideal for the protection of teenagers and adults. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed. In this study, we designed a novel vaccine using an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes strain carrying fusion antigen FbpB-ESAT-6 (rLM) and characterized its safety and protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in mice. Compared to the wild type strain yzuLM4 and parental strain LMΔactA/plcB (LM1-2), the virulence of rLM was significantly reduced as judged by its infectious kinetics and LD50 dose. Further characterization of intravenous immunization showed that prime-boost vaccination significantly increased the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-6), and enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) CTLs activity, suggesting that rLM could elicit potent Th1/Th17 responses. More importantly, rLM significantly conferred the protection against M.tb H37Rv challenge. Collectively, our findings indicated that rLM is a novel and useful tool to prevent M.tb infection, and can be potentially be used to boost BCG-primed immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengwu Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maozhi Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Rao
- ABSL-3 Lab, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin'an Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
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Farsiani H, Mosavat A, Soleimanpour S, Sadeghian H, Akbari Eydgahi MR, Ghazvini K, Sankian M, Aryan E, Jamehdar SA, Rezaee SA. Fc-based delivery system enhances immunogenicity of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate consisting of the ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2189-201. [PMID: 27138226 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat despite chemotherapy and Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Therefore, a safer and more effective vaccine against TB is urgently needed. This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a recombinant fusion protein consisting of early secreted antigenic target protein 6 kDa (ESAT-6), culture filtrate protein 10 kDa (CFP-10) and the Fc-domain of mouse IgG2a as a novel subunit vaccine. The recombinant expression vectors (pPICZαA-ESAT-6:CFP-10:Fcγ2a and pPICZαA-ESAT-6:CFP-10:His) were transferred into Pichia pastoris. After SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, the immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins was evaluated in mice. When both recombinant proteins (ESAT-6:CFP-10:Fcγ2a and ESAT-6:CFP-10:His) were used for vaccination, Th1-type cellular responses were induced producing high levels of IFN-γ and IL-12. However, the Fc-tagged recombinant protein induced more effective Th1-type cellular responses with a small increase in IL-4 as compared to the BCG and ESAT-6:CFP-10:His groups. Moreover, mice primed with BCG and then supplemented with ESAT-6:CFP-10:Fcγ2a produced the highest levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 in immunized groups. The findings indicate that when Fcγ2a is fused to the ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex, as a delivery vehicle, there could be an increase in the immunogenicity of this type of subunit vaccine. Therefore, additional investigations are necessary for the development of appropriate Fc-based tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghian
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aryan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad, Iran.
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Abstract
Miliary tuberculosis (TB) results from a massive lymphohematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and is characterized by tiny tubercles evident on gross pathology resembling millet seeds in size and appearance. The global HIV/AIDS pandemic and widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs and biologicals have altered the epidemiology of miliary TB. Considered to be predominantly a disease of infants and children in the pre-antibiotic era, miliary TB is increasingly being encountered in adults as well. The clinical manifestations of miliary TB are protean and nonspecific. Atypical clinical presentation often delays the diagnosis. Clinicians, therefore, should have a low threshold for suspecting miliary TB. Focused, systematic physical examination helps in identifying the organ system(s) involved, particularly early in TB meningitis, as this has therapeutic significance. Fundus examination for detecting choroid tubercles offers a valuable clinical clue for early diagnosis, as their presence is pathognomonic of miliary TB. Imaging modalities help in recognizing the miliary pattern, defining the extent of organ system involvement. Examination of sputum, body fluids, image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or biopsy from various organ sites, needle biopsy of the liver, bone marrow aspiration, and biopsy should be done to confirm the diagnosis. Cytopathological, histopathological, and molecular testing (e.g., Xpert MTB/RIF and line probe assay), mycobacterial culture, and drug susceptibility testing must be carried out as appropriate and feasible. Miliary TB is uniformly fatal if untreated; therefore, early initiation of specific anti-TB treatment can be lifesaving. Monitoring for complications, such as acute kidney injury, air leak syndromes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adverse drug reactions such as drug-induced liver injury, and drug-drug interactions (especially in patients coinfected with HIV/AIDS), is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Alladi Mohan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, India
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Han C, Wang T, Jiang HQ, Ma JX, Tian P, Zang JC, Ma XL. An Animal Model of Modic Changes by Embedding Autogenous Nucleus Pulposus inside Subchondral Bone of Lumbar Vertebrae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35102. [PMID: 27713567 PMCID: PMC5054372 DOI: 10.1038/srep35102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of Modic changes (MCs) in animal model was vital for research of MCs. Fifty-four rabbits were divided into a sham group, a muscle embedment group (ME group) and nucleus pulposus (NP) embedment group (NPE group). In the NPE group, the discs were exposed by the lumbar anterolateral surgical approach. A needle was used to puncture the L5 vertebral body close to the endplate. NP was extracted by a syringe from L1/2 intervertebral discs and then injected into the drilled hole of subchondral bone. The muscle embedment group and sham group had the same procedure and drill method as the NP embedment group. Some pieces of muscle were put into the hole in the ME group, but nothing was put into the hole in the sham group. After the operation, MRI scan and molecular biology tests were applied. The signal changes were found in the NPE group; while the sham group and the ME group showed no significant signal change. Histological observation confirmed that there was abnormal tissue proliferation in imbed site. High expression of IL-4, IL-17 and IFN-γ were detected in the NPE group. The embedment of NP into subchondral bone can create an animal model of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Jiang
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
| | - Peng Tian
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
| | - Jia-Cheng Zang
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin City 300211, PR China
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Savolainen LE, Kantele A, Knuuttila A, Pusa L, Karttunen R, Valleala H, Tuuminen T. Combined Expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNA by Recall PBMCs Moderately Discriminates Active Tuberculosis from Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Miscellaneous Inflammatory Underlying Conditions. Front Immunol 2016; 7:239. [PMID: 27379100 PMCID: PMC4905973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New biomarkers are needed for discriminating active tuberculosis (TB) from latent TB infection (LTBI), especially in vulnerable groups representing the major diagnostic challenge. This pilot study was carried out to explore the diagnostic potential of selected genes, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, and FoxP3, associated with TB immunity and immunopathology. IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, and FoxP3 mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) from antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with active TB (n = 25); patients with miscellaneous inflammatory disorders and concomitant LTBI (n = 20), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being the most predominant in the group (n = 11); and in healthy Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccinees (n = 8). While the levels of FoxP3 mRNA did not differ between the tested groups, the cumulative expression levels of purified protein derivative-stimulated IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNAs were found to distinguish active TB from the whole group of LTBI with 48% sensitivity and 85% specificity. When restricting the LTBI group to RA cases only, the sensitivity was 56% and specificity 100%. When interpreting the result as positive in at least one of the mRNAs IFN-γ, IL-17, or IL-4, sensitivity of 64% and specificities of 75% (heterogeneous group of LTBI) or 100% (LTBI with RA) were achieved. Moderate discrimination of active TB from LTBI with miscellaneous inflammatory underlying conditions by using combined quantitative expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNA seems not to be of high diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Savolainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aija Knuuttila
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Liana Pusa
- Länsi-Uusimaa Hospital , Tammisaari , Finland
| | - Riitta Karttunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Valleala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tamara Tuuminen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre Joint Authority Enterprise, Mikkeli, Finland
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Sharma SK, Mohan A, Sharma A. Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2016; 3:13-27. [PMID: 31723681 PMCID: PMC6850233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Miliary tuberculosis (TB), is a fatal form of disseminated TB characterized by tiny tubercles evident on gross pathology similar to innumerable millet seeds in size and appearance. Global HIV/AIDS pandemic and increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs have altered the epidemiology of miliary TB. Keeping in mind its protean manifestations, clinicians should have a low threshold for suspecting miliary TB. Careful physical examination should focus on identifying organ system involvement early, particularly TB meningitis, as this has therapeutic significance. Fundus examination for detecting choroid tubercles can help in early diagnosis as their presence is pathognomonic of miliary TB. Imaging modalities help in recognizing the miliary pattern, define the extent of organ system involvement and facilitate image guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or biopsy from various organ sites. Sputum or BAL fluid examination, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid studies, fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy of the lymph nodes, needle biopsy of the liver, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, testing of body fluids must be carried out. GeneXpert MTB/RIF, line probe assay, mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing must be carried out as appropriate and feasible. Treatment of miliary TB should be started at the earliest as this can be life saving. Response to first-line anti-TB drugs is good. Screening and monitoring for complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), adverse drug reactions like drug-induced liver injury, drug-drug interactions, especially in patients co-infected with HIV/AIDS, are warranted. Sparse data are available from randomized controlled trials regarding optimum regimen and duration of anti-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K. Sharma
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Alladi Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 110 060, India
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Qualls JE, Murray PJ. Immunometabolism within the tuberculosis granuloma: amino acids, hypoxia, and cellular respiration. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:139-52. [PMID: 26490974 PMCID: PMC4779414 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) granulomas are compact, organized agglomerations of infected and uninfected macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, and other immune cells. Within the granuloma, several unique metabolic adaptations occur to modify the behavior of immune cells, potentially favoring bacterial persistence balanced with protection against immunopathology. These include the induction of arginase-1 in macrophages to temper nitric oxide (NO) production and block T cell proliferation, inhibition of oxygen-requiring NO production in hypoxic regions, and induction of tryptophan-degrading enzymes that modify T cell proliferation and function. The spatial and time-dependent organization of granulomas further influences immunometabolism, for example through lactate production by activated macrophages, which can induce arginase-1. Although complex, the metabolic changes in and around TB granulomas can be potentially modified by host-directed therapies. While elimination of the TB bacilli is often the goal of any anti-TB therapy, host-directed approaches must also account for the possibility of immunopathologic damage to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Peter J Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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40
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Rangel-Santiago JF, Baay-Guzman GJ, Duran-Padilla MA, Lopez-Bochm KA, Garcia-Romero BL, Hernandez-Cueto DD, Pantoja-Escobar G, Vega MI, Hernandez-Pando R, Huerta-Yepez S. A novel role of Yin-Yang-1 in pulmonary tuberculosis through the regulation of the chemokine CCL4. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 96:87-95. [PMID: 26786659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the etiological agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB); this disease remains a worldwide health problem. Yin-Yang-1 (YY1) plays a major role in the maintenance and progression of some pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of YY1 in TB remains unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of YY1 in the regulation of CCL4 and its implication in TB. We determined whether YY1 regulates CCL4 using reporter plasmids, ChIP and siRNA assays. Immunohistochemistry and digital pathology were used to measure the expression of YY1 and CCL4 in a mouse model of TB. A retrospective comparison of patients with TB and control subjects was used to measure the expression of YY1 and CCL4 using tissue microarrays. Our results showed that YY1 regulates the transcription of CCL4; moreover, YY1, CCL4 and TGF-β were overexpressed in the lung tissues of mice with TB during the late stages of the disease and the tissues of TB patients. The expression of CCL4 and TGF-β correlated with YY1 expression. In conclusion, YY1 regulates CCL4 transcription; moreover, YY1 is overexpressed in experimental and human TB and is positively correlated with CCL4 and TGF-β expression. Therefore, treatments that decrease YY1 expression may be a new therapeutic strategy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus F Rangel-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Mexico City, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina J Baay-Guzman
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco A Duran-Padilla
- Servicio de Patologia, Hospital General de Mexico "Eduardo Liceaga", Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla A Lopez-Bochm
- Servicio de Patologia, Hospital General de Mexico "Eduardo Liceaga", Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz L Garcia-Romero
- Servicio de Patologia, Hospital General de Mexico "Eduardo Liceaga", Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel D Hernandez-Cueto
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mario I Vega
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, CMN SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Pathology Experimental Section, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Mexico City, Mexico.
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Biraro IA, Egesa M, Kimuda S, Smith SG, Toulza F, Levin J, Joloba M, Katamba A, Cose S, Dockrell HM, Elliott AM. Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on immune responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis: an open label randomised, controlled, exploratory study. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:438. [PMID: 26493989 PMCID: PMC4619204 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the renewed emphasis to implement isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in Sub-Saharan Africa, we investigated the effect of IPT on immunological profiles among household contacts with latent tuberculosis. METHODS Household contacts of confirmed tuberculosis patients were tested for latent tuberculosis using the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFN) assay and tuberculin skin test (TST). HIV negative contacts aged above 5 years, positive to both QFN and TST, were randomly assigned to IPT and monthly visits or monthly visits only. QFN culture supernatants from enrolment and six months' follow-up were analysed for M.tb-specific Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory cytokines by Luminex assay, and for M.tb-specific IgG antibody concentrations by ELISA. Effects of IPT were assessed as the net cytokine and antibody production at the end of six months. RESULTS Sixteen percent of contacts investigated (47/291) were randomised to IPT (n = 24) or no IPT (n = 23). After adjusting for baseline cytokine or antibody responses, and for presence of a BCG scar, IPT (compared to no IPT) resulted in a relative decline in M.tb-specific production of IFN gamma (adjusted mean difference at the end of six months (bootstrap 95% confidence interval (CI), p-value) -1488.6 pg/ml ((-2682.5, -294.8), p = 0.01), and IL- 2 (-213.1 pg/ml (-419.2, -7.0), p = 0.04). A similar decline was found in anti-CFP-10 antibody levels (adjusted geometric mean ratio (bootstrap 95% CI), p-value) 0.58 ((0.35, 0.98), p = 0.04). We found no effect on M.tb-specific Th2 or regulatory or Th17 cytokine responses, or on antibody concentrations to PPD and ESAT-6. CONCLUSIONS IPT led to a decrease in Th1 cytokine production, and also in the anti CFP-10 antibody concentration. This could be secondary to a reduction in mycobacterial burden or as a possible direct effect of isoniazid induced T cell apoptosis, and may have implications for protective immunity following IPT in tuberculosis-endemic countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN15705625. Registered on 30(th) September 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Andia Biraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Moses Egesa
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Simon Kimuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Frederic Toulza
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jonathan Levin
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Achilles Katamba
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Stephen Cose
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Complexity and Controversies over the Cytokine Profiles of T Helper Cell Subpopulations in Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:639107. [PMID: 26495323 PMCID: PMC4606092 DOI: 10.1155/2015/639107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the TB-causing bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is considered a public health problem with enormous social impact. Disease progression is determined mainly by the balance between the microorganism and the host defense systems. Although the immune system controls the infection, this control does not necessarily lead to sterilization. Over recent decades, the patterns of CD4+ T cell responses have been studied with a goal of complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the maintenance of latent or active tuberculosis infection and of the clinical cure after treatment. Conflicting results have been suggested over the years, particularly in studies comparing experimental models and human disease. In recent years, in addition to Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles, new standards of cellular immune responses, such as Th9, Th22, and IFN-γ-IL-10 double-producing Th cells, discussed here, have also been described. Additionally, many new roles and cellular sources have been described for IL-10, demonstrating a critical role for this cytokine as regulatory, rather than merely pathogenic cytokine, involved in the establishment of chronic latent infection, in the clinical cure after treatment and in keeping antibacillary effector mechanisms active to prevent immune-mediated damage.
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Expression Profiles of Cytokine mRNAs in the Pleural Fluid Reveal Differences Among Tuberculosis, Malignancies, and Pneumonia-Exudative Pleural Effusions. Lung 2015; 193:1001-7. [PMID: 26407584 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) and malignant diseases are the most common causes of lymphocytic pleural effusion in adults. Serum and pleural fluid cytokine levels have been analyzed to help in the differential diagnosis, but with limited results. PURPOSE This study investigates transcription levels of selected cytokine genes in pleural effusion of patients under investigation for TB. METHODS This was a prospective study that included adult patients under investigation for pleural effusion in Brazil. The expression of 19 cytokine genes was analyzed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The majority of cytokine-related genes expressed in pleural fluid of TB patients were similar in non-TB patients, except for RORA and RORC genes, which showed a statistically higher level in TB. All cytokines in the Th17 pattern were induced in TB patients' pleural fluid. Patients with malignant pleural effusion expressed higher levels of IFN-α1, IFN-β1, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-6, and suppression of TGFβ-1. CONCLUSION There is still a lot to understand about the cytokine roles in the pro- and anti-inflammatory environment of exudative pleural effusions. The data presented here showed an increased expression of Th17 pattern cytokines genes in TB patients that could be used as markers to differentiate tuberculous pleuritis from other common causes of exudative pleural effusion.
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Rapovy SM, Zhao J, Bricker RL, Schmidt SM, Setchell KDR, Qualls JE. Differential Requirements for L-Citrulline and L-Arginine during Antimycobacterial Macrophage Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3293-300. [PMID: 26311904 PMCID: PMC6432794 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbicidal NO production is reliant on inducible NO synthase-mediated L-arginine metabolism in macrophages (MΦs). However, L-arginine supply can be restricted by arginase activity, resulting in inefficient NO output and inhibition of antimicrobial MΦ function. MΦs circumvent this by converting L-citrulline to L-arginine, thereby resupplying substrate for NO production. In this article, we define the metabolic signature of mycobacteria-infected murine MΦs supplied L-arginine, L-citrulline, or both amino acids. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we determined that L-arginine synthesized from L-citrulline was less effective as a substrate for arginase-mediated L-ornithine production compared with L-arginine directly imported from the extracellular milieu. Following Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection and costimulation with IFN-γ, we observed that MΦ arginase activity did not inhibit production of NO derived from L-citrulline, contrary to NO inhibition witnessed when MΦs were cultured in L-arginine. Furthermore, we found that arginase-expressing MΦs preferred L-citrulline over L-arginine for the promotion of antimycobacterial activity. We expect that defining the consequences of L-citrulline metabolism in MΦs will provide novel approaches for enhancing immunity, especially in the context of mycobacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Rapovy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Junfang Zhao
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebecca L Bricker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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Expression pattern of transcription factors and intracellular cytokines reveals that clinically cured tuberculosis is accompanied by an increase in Mycobacterium-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:591237. [PMID: 26000298 PMCID: PMC4427018 DOI: 10.1155/2015/591237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem and is the second biggest cause of death by infectious disease worldwide. Here, we investigate in vitro the Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cytokines and transcriptional factors produced after Mycobacterium-specific antigen stimulation in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, clinically cured pulmonary tuberculosis, and healthy donors with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST+). Together, our data indicate that clinical cure after treatment increases the percentages of Mycobacterium-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells compared with those found in active-TB and TST+ healthy donors. These results show that the host-parasite equilibrium in latent TB breaks in favor of the microorganism and that the subsequent clinical recovery posttreatment does not return the percentage levels of such cells to those observed in latent tuberculosis. Additionally, our results indicate that rather than showing an increase in the percentage of Mycobacterium-specific Tregs, active-TB patients display lower Th1 : Treg and Th17 : Treg ratios. These data, together with lower Th1 : Th2 and Th17 : Th2 ratios, may indicate a mechanism by which the breakdown of the host-parasite equilibrium leads to active-TB and changes in the repertoire of Mycobacterium-specific Th cells that are associated with clinical cure after treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Ghazalsofala R, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H, Vakili R, Ghazvini K, Heidarnejad F, Sobhani S, Valizadeh N, Azami M, Rahimzadegan M, Asnaashari A. Evaluation of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells and FoxP3 and CTLA-4 gene Expression in Patients wwith Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis in Northeast of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17726. [PMID: 26034548 PMCID: PMC4449857 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's second most common infectious disease after Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AID) and the most frequent cause of mortality especially in developing countries. T regulatory (Treg) cells, which have suppressive activity and express forkhead winged-helix family transcriptional repressor p3 (FoxP3), suppress the immune responses against pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There are controversial results regarding the role of FoxP3 expressing cells in the blood of patients with TB. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells, and FoxP3 and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene expressions in peripheral blood of patients with tuberculosis and patients with positive tuberculin skin test before and after Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) activation with Purified Protein Derivative (PPD). Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Peripheral Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of 29 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB and 19 patients with positive tuberculin skin test. The PBMCs were activated with PPD for 72 hours. Activated cells were harvested, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. A real-time Taqman method was designed and optimized for evaluation of Foxp3 gene expression and SYBR Green method was used and optimized for evaluation of CTLA-4 gene expression. A flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells between the two groups. Expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 in peripheral blood of patients with newly diagnosed TB was significantly lower than the control group after and before activation with PPD. Conclusions: The expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 in PBMCs of patients with newly diagnosed TB was low, which might suggest that Treg cells may be sequestered in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Ghazalsofala
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Rosita Vakili
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidarnejad
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Somaye Sobhani
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Marayam Azami
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Rahimzadegan
- Infection Diseases Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Amir Asnaashari
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Amir Asnaashari, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: + 98-38002376, E-mail:
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Willcocks S, Wren BW. Shared characteristics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungi contribute to virulence. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:657-68. [PMID: 24957092 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiologic agent of tuberculosis, exacts a heavy toll in terms of human morbidity and mortality. Although an ancient disease, new strains are emerging as human population density increases. The emergent virulent strains appear adept at steering the host immune response from a protective Th1 type response towards a Th2 bias, a feature shared with some pathogenic fungi. Other common characteristics include infection site, metabolic features, the composition and display of cell surface molecules, the range of innate immune receptors engaged during infection, and the ability to form granulomas. Literature from these two distinct fields of research are reviewed to propose that the emergent virulent strains of M. tuberculosis are in the process of convergent evolution with pathogenic fungi, and are increasing the prominence of conserved traits from environmental phylogenetic ancestors that facilitate their evasion of host defenses and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Willcocks
- The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Rahman MA, Sobia P, Dwivedi VP, Bhawsar A, Singh DK, Sharma P, Moodley P, Van Kaer L, Bishai WR, Das G. Mycobacterium tuberculosis TlyA Protein Negatively Regulates T Helper (Th) 1 and Th17 Differentiation and Promotes Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14407-17. [PMID: 25847237 PMCID: PMC4505508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is an ancient pathogen and a major cause of death worldwide. Although various virulence factors of M. tuberculosis have been identified, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. TlyA is a virulence factor in several bacterial infections and is evolutionarily conserved in many Gram-positive bacteria, but its function in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis has not been elucidated. Here, we report that TlyA significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. We show that a TlyA mutant M. tuberculosis strain induces increased IL-12 and reduced IL-1β and IL-10 cytokine responses, which sharply contrasts with the immune responses induced by wild type M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, compared with wild type M. tuberculosis, TlyA-deficient M. tuberculosis bacteria are more susceptible to autophagy in macrophages. Consequently, animals infected with the TlyA mutant M. tuberculosis organisms exhibited increased host-protective immune responses, reduced bacillary load, and increased survival compared with animals infected with wild type M. tuberculosis. Thus, M. tuberculosis employs TlyA as a host evasion factor, thereby contributing to its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aejazur Rahman
- From the School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Parveen Sobia
- From the School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- From the School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Aakansha Bhawsar
- the Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Singh
- the Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- the North Eastern Region Biotechnology Programme Management Cell, Defense Colony, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashini Moodley
- From the School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - William R Bishai
- the Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1001, and
| | - Gobardhan Das
- From the School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001 South Africa, the Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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49
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Heitmann L, Abad Dar M, Schreiber T, Erdmann H, Behrends J, Mckenzie ANJ, Brombacher F, Ehlers S, Hölscher C. The IL-13/IL-4Rα axis is involved in tuberculosis-associated pathology. J Pathol 2014; 234:338-50. [PMID: 24979482 PMCID: PMC4277691 DOI: 10.1002/path.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) is a leading global health threat and still constitutes a major medical challenge. However, mechanisms governing tissue pathology during post-primary TB remain elusive, partly because genetically or immunologically tractable animal models are lacking. In human TB, the demonstration of a large relative increase in interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 expression, which correlates with lung damage, indicates that a subversive T helper (TH)2 component in the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may undermine protective immunity and contribute to reactivation and tissue pathology. Up to now, there has been no clear evidence regarding whether IL-4/IL-13-IL-4 receptor-α (Rα)-mediated mechanisms may in fact cause reactivation and pathology. Unfortunately, the virtual absence of centrally necrotizing granulomas in experimental murine TB is associated with a poor induction of a TH2 immune response. We therefore hypothesize that, in mice, an increased production of IL-13 may lead to a pathology similar to human post-primary TB. In our study, aerosol Mtb infection of IL-13-over-expressing mice in fact resulted in pulmonary centrally necrotizing granulomas with multinucleated giant cells, a hypoxic rim and a perinecrotic collagen capsule, with an adjacent zone of lipid-rich, acid-fast bacilli-containing foamy macrophages, thus strongly resembling the pathology in human post-primary TB. Granuloma necrosis (GN) in Mtb-infected IL-13-over-expressing mice was associated with the induction of arginase-1-expressing macrophages. Indirect blockade of the endogenous arginase inhibitor l-hydroxyarginine in Mtb-infected wild-type mice resulted in a strong arginase expression and precipitated a similar pathology of GN. Together, we here introduce an experimental TB model that displays many features of centrally necrotizing granulomas in human post-primary TB and demonstrate that IL-13/IL-4Rα-dependent mechanisms leading to arginase-1 expression are involved in TB-associated tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Heitmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Germany; Priority Research Area 'Infections', Research Centre Borstel, Germany
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50
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Bini EI, Mata Espinosa D, Marquina Castillo B, Barrios Payán J, Colucci D, Cruz AF, Zatarain ZL, Alfonseca E, Pardo MR, Bottasso O, Pando RH. The influence of sex steroid hormones in the immunopathology of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93831. [PMID: 24722144 PMCID: PMC3983091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between men and women suffering pulmonary tuberculosis is 7/3 in favor to males. Sex hormones could be a significant factor for this difference, considering that testosterone impairs macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, while estrogens are proinflammatory mediator’s inducer. The aim of this work was to compare the evolution of tuberculosis in male and female mice using a model of progressive disease. BALB/c mice, male and female were randomized into two groups: castrated or sham-operated, and infected by the intratracheal route with a high dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Mice were euthanized at different time points and in their lungs were determined bacilli loads, inflammation, cytokines expression, survival and testosterone levels in serum. Non-castrated male mice showed significant higher mortality and bacilli burdens during late disease than female and castrated male animals. Compared to males, females and castrated males exhibited significant higher inflammation in all lung compartments, earlier formation of granulomas and pneumonia, while between castrated and non-castrated females there were not significant differences. Females and castrated males expressed significant higher TNF-α, IFN γ, IL12, iNOS and IL17 than non-castrated males during the first month of infection. Serum Testosterone of males showed higher concentration during late infection. Orchidectomy at day 60 post-infection produced a significant decrease of bacilli burdens in coexistence with higher expression of TNFα, IL-12 and IFNγ. Thus, male mice are more susceptible to tuberculosis than females and this was prevented by castration suggesting that testosterone could be a tuberculosis susceptibility factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Isabel Bini
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
- Immunology Institute, Medical Sciences Faculty, Santa Fe, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Dulce Mata Espinosa
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | - Brenda Marquina Castillo
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | - Jorge Barrios Payán
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | - Darío Colucci
- Immunology Institute, Medical Sciences Faculty, Santa Fe, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Francisco Cruz
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | - Zyanya Lucía Zatarain
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | - Edgar Alfonseca
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | | | - Oscar Bottasso
- Immunology Institute, Medical Sciences Faculty, Santa Fe, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rogelio Hernández Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section. Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
- * E-mail:
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