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Adapa SR, Hunter GA, Amin NE, Marinescu C, Borsky A, Sagatys EM, Sebti SM, Reuther GW, Ferreira GC, Jiang RH. Porphyrin overdrive rewires cancer cell metabolism. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302547. [PMID: 38649187 PMCID: PMC11035860 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
All cancer cells reprogram metabolism to support aberrant growth. Here, we report that cancer cells employ and depend on imbalanced and dynamic heme metabolic pathways, to accumulate heme intermediates, that is, porphyrins. We coined this essential metabolic rewiring "porphyrin overdrive" and determined that it is cancer-essential and cancer-specific. Among the major drivers are genes encoding mid-step enzymes governing the production of heme intermediates. CRISPR/Cas9 editing to engineer leukemia cell lines with impaired heme biosynthetic steps confirmed our whole-genome data analyses that porphyrin overdrive is linked to oncogenic states and cellular differentiation. Although porphyrin overdrive is absent in differentiated cells or somatic stem cells, it is present in patient-derived tumor progenitor cells, demonstrated by single-cell RNAseq, and in early embryogenesis. In conclusion, we identified a dependence of cancer cells on non-homeostatic heme metabolism, and we targeted this cancer metabolic vulnerability with a novel "bait-and-kill" strategy to eradicate malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swamy R Adapa
- USF Genomics Program, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gregory A Hunter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Narmin E Amin
- https://ror.org/01xf75524 Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Marinescu
- USF Genomics Program, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Borsky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Sagatys
- https://ror.org/01xf75524 Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Said M Sebti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gary W Reuther
- https://ror.org/01xf75524 Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gloria C Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rays Hy Jiang
- USF Genomics Program, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Kamalyan M, Mohammadi M. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria five years observation with standard treatment: a case report. Oxf Med Case Reports 2024; 2024:omad151. [PMID: 38292155 PMCID: PMC10823327 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of diseases characterized by a deficiency of enzymes in the haem biosynthetic pathway. Congenital Erythropoietic porphyria is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder lacking uroporphyrinogen III synthase. This inherited deficiency results in accumulating uroporphyrinogen I and coproporphyrinogen I in the bone marrow, skin, bones, and other tissues, ultimately excreted via urine and faeces. Clinical manifestations include severe photosensitivity on open body parts with blisters, scarring, hypertrichosis, and mutilations. We describe the first case of CEP in Armenia, with a diagnosis performed in Centre Francais Des (LBMR) Porphyries (France, Paris). It concerns a 22-year-old Armenian man suffering from photosensitivity, excessive hair growth, mutilation, and pink urine discolouration. The five years of follow-up have revealed worsening symptomatology despite preventative measures and demonstrate that standard recommendations did not alleviate the patient's deteriorating conditions. A cure with an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant is under strong consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Kamalyan
- Department of Hematology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
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3
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Key J, Gispert S, Koepf G, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Reichlmeir M, Auburger G. Translation Fidelity and Respiration Deficits in CLPP-Deficient Tissues: Mechanistic Insights from Mitochondrial Complexome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17503. [PMID: 38139332 PMCID: PMC10743472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial matrix peptidase CLPP is crucial during cell stress. Its loss causes Perrault syndrome type 3 (PRLTS3) with infertility, neurodegeneration, and a growth deficit. Its target proteins are disaggregated by CLPX, which also regulates heme biosynthesis via unfolding ALAS enzymes, providing access for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). Despite efforts in diverse organisms with multiple techniques, CLPXP substrates remain controversial. Here, avoiding recombinant overexpression, we employed complexomics in mitochondria from three mouse tissues to identify endogenous targets. A CLPP absence caused the accumulation and dispersion of CLPX-VWA8 as AAA+ unfoldases, and of PLPBP. Similar changes and CLPX-VWA8 co-migration were evident for mitoribosomal central protuberance clusters, translation factors like GFM1-HARS2, the RNA granule components LRPPRC-SLIRP, and enzymes OAT-ALDH18A1. Mitochondrially translated proteins in testes showed reductions to <30% for MTCO1-3, the mis-assembly of the complex IV supercomplex, and accumulated metal-binding assembly factors COX15-SFXN4. Indeed, heavy metal levels were increased for iron, molybdenum, cobalt, and manganese. RT-qPCR showed compensatory downregulation only for Clpx mRNA; most accumulated proteins appeared transcriptionally upregulated. Immunoblots validated VWA8, MRPL38, MRPL18, GFM1, and OAT accumulation. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed CLPX binding to MRPL38, GFM1, and OAT, so excess CLPX and PLP may affect their activity. Our data mechanistically elucidate the mitochondrial translation fidelity deficits which underlie progressive hearing impairment in PRLTS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Key
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriele Koepf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Marina Reichlmeir
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Georg Auburger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
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Ma J, Jiang P, Huang Y, Lu C, Tian G, Xiao X, Meng Y, Xiong X, Cheng B, Wang D, Lu H. Oxidative stress contributes to flumioxazin-induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2737-2746. [PMID: 37712518 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Flumioxazin is a widely applied herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds, including aquatic plants. Current evidence suggests that flumioxazin could induce cardiac defects (ventricular septal defects) in vertebrates, but the underlining mechanisms remain unclear. Because of the inhibitory effect of flumioxazin on polyphenol oxidase, the assumption is made that flumioxazin-induced cardiotoxicity is caused by oxidative stress. To verify whether oxidative stress plays an important role in flumioxazin-induced cardiotoxicity, we compared the differences in heart phenotype, oxidative stress level, apoptosis, and gene expression between flumioxazin exposure and a normal environment, and we also tested whether cardiotoxicity could be rescued with astaxanthin. The results showed that flumioxazin induced both cardiac malformations and the abnormal gene expression associated with cardiac development. Cardiac malformations included pericardial edema, cardiac linearization, elongated heart, cardiomegaly, cardiac wall hypocellularity, myocardial cell atrophy with a granular appearance, and a significant gap between the myocardial intima and the adventitia. An increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis was observed in the cardiac region of zebrafish after exposure to flumioxazin. The antioxidant astaxanthin reversed the cardiac malformations, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression of genes for cardiac developmental and apoptosis regulation induced by flumioxazin. In addition, flumioxazin also activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway genes (aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 [ahr2], cytochrome p450 family subfamily a [cyp1a1], and b [cyp1b1]) and increased the concentration of porphyrins. The results suggest that excessive ROS production, which could be mediated through AhR, led to apoptosis, contributing to the cardiotoxicity of flumioxazin in zebrafish embryos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2737-2746. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Ma
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Nudear Industry Ganzhou Geotechnech Investigation & Design Group Company Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Food College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guiyou Tian
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Solid Waste Recycling, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Meng
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiong
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
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Balogun O, Nejak-Bowen K. The Hepatic Porphyrias: Revealing the Complexities of a Rare Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:446-459. [PMID: 37973028 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders that are caused by defects in heme biosynthesis pathway enzymes. The result is accumulation of heme precursors, which can cause neurovisceral and/or cutaneous photosensitivity. Liver is commonly either a source or target of excess porphyrins, and porphyria-associated hepatic dysfunction ranges from minor abnormalities to liver failure. In this review, the first of a three-part series, we describe the defects commonly found in each of the eight enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis. We also discuss the pathophysiology of the hepatic porphyrias in detail, covering epidemiology, histopathology, diagnosis, and complications. Cellular consequences of porphyrin accumulation are discussed, with an emphasis on oxidative stress, protein aggregation, hepatocellular cancer, and endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we review current therapies to treat and manage symptoms of hepatic porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwashanu Balogun
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Liver Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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6
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Zhang ML, Zhao X, Li WX, Wang XY, Niu M, Zhang H, Chen YL, Kong DX, Gao Y, Guo YM, Bai ZF, Zhao YL, Tang JF, Xiao XH. Yin/Yang associated differential responses to Psoralea corylifolia Linn. In rat models: an integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics study. Chin Med 2023; 18:102. [PMID: 37592331 PMCID: PMC10433582 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (BGZ) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome (Yangsyn) with good curative effect and security. However, BGZ was also reported to induce liver injury in recent years. According to TCM theory, taking BGZ may induce a series of adverse reactions in patients with kidney-yin deficiency syndrome (Yinsyn), which suggests that BGZ-induced liver damage may be related to its unreasonable clinical use. AIM OF THE STUDY Liver injury caused by TCM is a rare but potentially serious adverse drug reaction, and the identification of predisposed individuals for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains challenging. The study aimed to investigate the differential responses to BGZ in Yangsyn and Yinsyn rat models and identify the corresponding characteristic biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The corresponding animal models of Yangsyn and Yinsyn were induced by hydrocortisone and thyroxine + reserpine respectively. Body weight, organ index, serum biochemistry, and Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining were used to evaluate the liver toxicity effect of BGZ on rats with Yangsyn and Yinsyn. Transcriptomics and metabonomics were used to screen the representative biomarkers (including metabolites and differentially expressed genes (DEGs)) changed by BGZ in Yangsyn and Yinsyn rats, respectively. RESULTS The level changes of liver organ index, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), suggested that BGZ has liver-protective and liver-damaging effects on Yangsyn and Yinsyn rats, respectively, and the results also were confirmed by the pathological changes of liver tissue. The results showed that 102 DEGs and 27 metabolites were significantly regulated related to BGZ's protective effect on Yangsyn, which is mainly associated with the glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, pantothenate, and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis pathways. While 28 DEGs and 31 metabolites, related to the pathway of pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, were significantly regulated for the BGZ-induced liver injury in Yinsyn. Furthermore, 4 DEGs (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1 (Aldh1b1), solute carrier family 25 member 25 (Slc25a25), Pim-3 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (Pim3), out at first homolog (Oaf)) and 4 metabolites (phosphatidate, phosphatidylcholine, N-Acetylleucine, biliverdin) in the Yangsyn group and 1 DEG [galectin 5 (Lgals5)] and 1 metabolite (5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate) in Yinsyn group were significantly correlated to the ALT and AST levels of BGZ treated and untreated groups (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) ≥ 0.9). CONCLUSIONS Yinsyn and Yangsyn are the predisposed syndromes for BGZ to exert liver damage and liver protection respectively, which are mainly related to the regulation of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. The results further suggest that attention should be paid to the selection of predisposed populations when using drugs related to the regulation of energy metabolism, and the Yinsyn/Yangsyn animal models based on the theory of TCM syndromes may be a feasible method for identifying the susceptible population to receive TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xia Li
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Long Chen
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - De-Xin Kong
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Guo
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Fang Bai
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin-Fa Tang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Hussain Z, Qi Q, Zhu J, Anderson KE, Ma X. Protoporphyrin IX-induced phototoxicity: Mechanisms and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108487. [PMID: 37392940 PMCID: PMC10529234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an intermediate in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Abnormal accumulation of PPIX due to certain pathological conditions such as erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria causes painful phototoxic reactions of the skin, which can significantly impact daily life. Endothelial cells in the skin have been proposed as the primary target for PPIX-induced phototoxicity through light-triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. Current approaches for the management of PPIX-induced phototoxicity include opaque clothing, sunscreens, phototherapy, blood therapy, antioxidants, bone marrow transplantation, and drugs that increase skin pigmentation. In this review, we discuss the present understanding of PPIX-induced phototoxicity including PPIX production and disposition, conditions that lead to PPIX accumulation, symptoms and individual differences, mechanisms, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Hussain
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Porphyria Laboratory and Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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8
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Qu X, Yin F, Pei M, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Lu S, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Qin H. Modulation of Intratumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum to Enhance Sonodynamic Therapy for Colorectal Cancer with Reduced Phototoxic Skin Injury. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37201179 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral pathogens can contribute to cancer progression and affect therapeutic response. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a core pathogen of colorectal cancer (CRC), is an important cause of low therapeutic efficacy and metastasis. Thus, the modulation of intratumoral pathogens may provide a target for cancer therapy and metastasis inhibition. Herein, we propose an intratumoral F. nucleatum-modulating strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of CRC and inhibiting lung metastasis by designing an antibacterial nanoplatform (Au@BSA-CuPpIX), which produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound and exhibited strong antibacterial activity. Importantly, Au@BSA-CuPpIX reduced the levels of apoptosis-inhibiting proteins by inhibiting intratumoral F. nucleatum, thereby enhancing ROS-induced apoptosis. In vivo results demonstrated that Au@BSA-CuPpIX effectively eliminated F. nucleatum to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for orthotopic CRC and inhibit lung metastasis. Notably, entrapped gold nanoparticles reduced the phototoxicity of metalloporphyrin accumulated in the skin during tumor treatment, preventing severe inflammation and damage to the skin. Therefore, this study proposes a strategy for the elimination of F. nucleatum in CRC to enhance the therapeutic effect of SDT, thus providing a promising paradigm for improving cancer treatment with fewer toxic side effects and promoting the clinical translational potential of SDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qu
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Fang Yin
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Manman Pei
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shengwei Lu
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Precision Medicine Center, Taizhou Central Hospital, 999 Donghai Road, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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Fujii J, Soma Y, Matsuda Y. Biological Action of Singlet Molecular Oxygen from the Standpoint of Cell Signaling, Injury and Death. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104085. [PMID: 37241826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy transfer to ground state triplet molecular oxygen results in the generation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), which has potent oxidizing ability. Irradiation of light, notably ultraviolet A, to a photosensitizing molecule results in the generation of 1O2, which is thought to play a role in causing skin damage and aging. It should also be noted that 1O2 is a dominant tumoricidal component that is generated during the photodynamic therapy (PDT). While type II photodynamic action generates not only 1O2 but also other reactive species, endoperoxides release pure 1O2 upon mild exposure to heat and, hence, are considered to be beneficial compounds for research purposes. Concerning target molecules, 1O2 preferentially reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid peroxidation. Enzymes that contain a reactive cysteine group at the catalytic center are vulnerable to 1O2 exposure. Guanine base in nucleic acids is also susceptible to oxidative modification, and cells carrying DNA with oxidized guanine units may experience mutations. Since 1O2 is produced in various physiological reactions in addition to photodynamic reactions, overcoming technical challenges related to its detection and methods used for its generation would allow its potential functions in biological systems to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuya Soma
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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10
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Tran PT, Tawornchat P, Kleuser B, Lohan SB, Schleusener J, Meinke MC, Darvin ME. Red- and Near-Infrared-Excited Autofluorescence as a Marker for Acute Oxidative Stress in Skin Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Ex Vivo and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051011. [PMID: 37237877 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is increasing worldwide and skin is exposed to high levels of pollution daily, causing oxidative stress and other negative consequences. The methods used to determine oxidative stress in the skin are invasive and non-invasive label-free in vivo methods, which are severely limited. Here, a non-invasive and label-free method to determine the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure on skin ex vivo (porcine) and in vivo (human) was established. The method is based on the measurement of significant CS-exposure-induced enhancement in red- and near-infrared (NIR)-excited autofluorescence (AF) intensities in the skin. To understand the origin of red- and NIR-excited skin AF, the skin was exposed to several doses of CS in a smoking chamber. UVA irradiation was used as a positive control of oxidative stress in the skin. The skin was measured with confocal Raman microspectroscopy before CS exposure, immediately after CS exposure, and after skin cleaning. CS exposure significantly increased the intensity of red- and NIR-excited skin AF in a dose-dependent manner in the epidermis, as confirmed by laser scanning microscopy AF imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. UVA irradiation enhanced the intensity of AF, but to a lower extent than CS exposure. We concluded that the increase in red- and NIR-excited AF intensities of the skin after CS exposure could clearly be related to the induction of oxidative stress in skin, where skin surface lipids are mainly oxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Tran
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Parichat Tawornchat
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Menezes PR, Trufen CEM, Lichtenstein F, Pellegrina DVDS, Reis EM, Onuki J. Transcriptome profile analysis reveals putative molecular mechanisms of 5-aminolevulinic acid toxicity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 738:109540. [PMID: 36746260 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the first precursor of the heme biosynthesis pathway, accumulated in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an inherited metabolic disease characterized by porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency. An increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported as a long-term manifestation in symptomatic AIP patients. 5-ALA is an α-aminoketone prone to oxidation, yielding reactive oxygen species and 4,5-dioxovaleric acid. A high concentration of 5-ALA presents deleterious pro-oxidant potential. It can induce apoptosis, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered expression of carcinogenesis-related proteins. Several hypotheses of the increased risk of HCC rely on the harmful effect of elevated 5-ALA in the liver of AIP patients, which could promote a pro-carcinogenic environment. We investigated the global transcriptional changes and perturbed molecular pathways in HepG2 cells following exposure to 5-ALA 25 mM for 2 h and 24 h using DNA microarray. Distinct transcriptome profiles were observed. 5-ALA '25 mM-2h' upregulated 10 genes associated with oxidative stress response and carcinogenesis. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes by KEGG, Reactome, MetaCore™, and Gene Ontology, showed that 5-ALA '25 mM-24h' enriched pathways involved in drug detoxification, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell death/survival, cell cycle, and mitochondria dysfunction corroborating the pro-oxidant properties of 5-ALA. Furthermore, our results disclosed other possible processes such as senescence, immune responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and also some putative effectors, such as sequestosome, osteopontin, and lon peptidase 1. This study provided additional knowledge about molecular mechanisms of 5-ALA toxicity which is essential to a deeper understanding of AIP and HCC pathophysiology. Furthermore, our findings can contribute to improving the efficacy of current therapies and the development of novel biomarkers and targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies for AHP/AIP and associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regina Menezes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Madureira Trufen
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Excelência para Descoberta de Novos Alvos Moleculares, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Flavio Lichtenstein
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Excelência para Descoberta de Novos Alvos Moleculares, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Moraes Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janice Onuki
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Excelência para Descoberta de Novos Alvos Moleculares, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Murotomi K, Umeno A, Shichiri M, Tanito M, Yoshida Y. Significance of Singlet Oxygen Molecule in Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032739. [PMID: 36769060 PMCID: PMC9917472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, play an important role in the onset and progression of disease, as well as in aging. Singlet oxygen can be formed non-enzymatically by chemical, photochemical, and electron transfer reactions, or as a byproduct of endogenous enzymatic reactions in phagocytosis during inflammation. The imbalance of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant networks with the generation of singlet oxygen increases oxidative stress, resulting in the undesirable oxidation and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of singlet oxygen production in vivo and methods for the evaluation of damage induced by singlet oxygen. The involvement of singlet oxygen in the pathogenesis of skin and eye diseases is also discussed from the biomolecular perspective. We also present our findings on lipid oxidation products derived from singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation in glaucoma, early diabetes patients, and a mouse model of bronchial asthma. Even in these diseases, oxidation products due to singlet oxygen have not been measured clinically. This review discusses their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis. Recent developments in singlet oxygen scavengers such as carotenoids, which can be utilized to prevent the onset and progression of disease, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Aya Umeno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-751-8234
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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13
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Noninvasive Digital Method for Determining Inflammation after Dental Implantation. BIOPHYSICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/biophysica2040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that the luminescent diagnostic of oral fluid allows the determination of the severity of inflammatory markers after implantation. The noninvasive diagnostic method, which is used, allows the rapid detection of the stages of development of the inflammatory process after intraosseous implantation and prevents the development of complications in the postoperative period.
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14
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Medriano CA, Bae S. Acute exposure to microplastics induces metabolic disturbances and gut dysbiosis in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114125. [PMID: 36183426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge of the ecotoxicological impacts of MPs at the environmentally relevant concentration on freshwater animals, even though numerous studies have demonstrated the toxic effects of MPs on living organisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used as a model organism to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure of virgin MPs on changes in metabolome and gut microbiota. High-throughput untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provided comprehensive insights into the metabolic responses of zebrafish exposed to PE (polyethylene) and PES (polyester) MPs. Statistical analysis of metabolomics data indicated that 39 and 27 metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylserine, triglyceride, glycosphingolipid, psychosine, 8-amino-7-oxononanoate, cholesterol fatty acid ester, phosphatidylinositol, n-Triacontanol, were significantly altered in PE- and PES-exposed zebrafish, respectively. Furthermore, the enrichment pathway analysis unveiled the synthesis of the structural and functional lipids, signaling molecules, fatty alcohol metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, which was considerably perturbated in MPs-exposed zebrafish. In addition, high-throughput DNA sequencing was conducted to examine changes in gut microbiota in the MPs-treated zebrafish. The MPs exposure increased in the relative abundance of Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, while the relative abundance of Firmicutes declined in MPs-treated zebrafish. Also, microbial diversity and linear discriminant analyses indicated microbiota dysbiosis, metabolomic dysregulation, and oxidative stress. Taken together, the acute exposure of MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations could disrupt the metabolic interaction via the microbiota-gut-liver-brain relationship, implying gastrointestinal and neurological/immune disorders in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Angelo Medriano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Di Bartolomeo L, Irrera N, Campo GM, Borgia F, Motolese A, Vaccaro F, Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Condorelli AG, Motolese A, Vaccaro M. Drug-Induced Photosensitivity: Clinical Types of Phototoxicity and Photoallergy and Pathogenetic Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:876695. [PMID: 36238932 PMCID: PMC9552952 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.876695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced photosensitivity (DIP) is a common cutaneous adverse drug reaction, resulting from the interaction of ultraviolet radiations, mostly ultraviolet A, with drugs. DIP includes phototoxicity and photoallergy. A phototoxic reaction is obtained when topical and systemic drugs or their metabolites absorb light inducing a direct cellular damage, while a photoallergic reaction takes place when the interaction between drugs and ultraviolet radiations causes an immune cutaneous response. Clinically, phototoxicity is immediate and appears as an exaggerated sunburn, whereas photoallergy is a delayed eczematous reaction. DIP may show several clinical subtypes. In this mini-review we report the pathogenetic mechanisms and causative drugs of DIP. We offer a detailed description of DIP clinical features in its classical and unusual subtypes, such as hyperpigmentation/dyschromia, pseudoporphyria, photo-onycolysis, eruptive teleangiectasia, pellagra-like reaction, lichenoid reaction, photodistributed erythema multiforme and subacute/chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. We described how physicians may early recognize and manage DIP, including diagnostic tests to rule out similar conditions. We made suggestions on how to improve sun exposure behaviors of patients at risk of DIP by means of an aware use of sunscreens, protective clothing and recent technologic tools. We highlighted the lack of sun safety programs addressed to patients at risk of DIP, who need a formal education about their condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maurizio Campo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alfonso Motolese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Vaccaro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Grazia Condorelli
- S.C. Dermatologia, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia-IRCCS, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Grazia Condorelli
| | - Alberico Motolese
- S.C. Dermatologia, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia-IRCCS, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Di Pierro E, Granata F, De Canio M, Rossi M, Ricci A, Marcacci M, De Luca G, Sarno L, Barbieri L, Ventura P, Graziadei G. Recognized and Emerging Features of Erythropoietic and X-Linked Protoporphyria. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12010151. [PMID: 35054318 PMCID: PMC8775248 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) are inherited disorders resulting from defects in two different enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway, i.e., ferrochelatase (FECH) and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase-2 (ALAS2), respectively. The ubiquitous FECH catalyzes the insertion of iron into the protoporphyrin ring to generate the final product, heme. After hemoglobinization, FECH can utilize other metals like zinc to bind the remainder of the protoporphyrin molecules, leading to the formation of zinc protoporphyrin. Therefore, FECH deficiency in EPP limits the formation of both heme and zinc protoporphyrin molecules. The erythroid-specific ALAS2 catalyses the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), from the union of glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A, in the first step of the pathway in the erythron. In XLP, ALAS2 activity increases, resulting in the amplified formation of ALA, and iron becomes the rate-limiting factor for heme synthesis in the erythroid tissue. Both EPP and XLP lead to the systemic accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in blood, erythrocytes, and tissues causing the major symptom of cutaneous photosensitivity and several other less recognized signs that need to be considered. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of EPP and XLP in recent years, a complete understanding of the factors governing the variability in clinical expression and the severity (progression) of the disease remains elusive. The present review provides an overview of both well-established facts and the latest findings regarding these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (G.D.L.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0255036155
| | - Francesca Granata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (G.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Michele De Canio
- Porphyria and Rare Diseases Centre, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.D.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Mariateresa Rossi
- Department of Dermatology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Andrea Ricci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Matteo Marcacci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Giacomo De Luca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (G.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Luisa Sarno
- Department of Dermatology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Luca Barbieri
- Porphyria and Rare Diseases Centre, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.D.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Paolo Ventura
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Giovanna Graziadei
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (G.D.L.); (G.G.)
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17
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Liu C, Miyahara H, Dai J, Cui X, Li Y, Kang X, Higuchi K, Mori M. Involvement of increased endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of cataracts in BALB.NCT-Cpox nct mice. Exp Eye Res 2021; 215:108905. [PMID: 34968474 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct is a mutant mouse model for hereditary cataracts. We previously uncovered that the primary cause of the cataracts of BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct is a mutation in the coproporphyrinogen oxidase (Cpox) gene. Because of the mutation, excessive coproporphyrin is accumulated in the BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct lens. In this study, we analyzed the changes in transcriptome and proteins in the lenses of 4- and 12-week-old BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct to further elucidate the molecular etiology of cataracts in this mouse strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was increased in the BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct lens that induced persistent activation of the PERK signaling pathway of the ER stress response. Also, levels of crystallin transcripts and proteins were reduced in the BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct lens. Analysis of proteins disclosed aggregation of crystallins and keratins prior to the manifestation of cataracts in 4-week-old BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct mice. At 12 weeks of age, insoluble crystallins were accumulated in the cataractous BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct lens. Overall, our data suggest the following sequence of events in the BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct lens: accumulated coproporphyrin induces the aggregation of proteins including crystallins. Aggregated proteins increase ER stress that, in turn, leads to the repression of global translation of proteins including crystallins. The decline in the molecular chaperone crystallin aggravates aggregation and insolubilization of proteins. This vicious cycle would eventually lead to cataracts in BALB.NCT-Cpoxnct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of Respiratory, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| | - Hiroki Miyahara
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Jian Dai
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Xiaoran Cui
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Xiaojing Kang
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Higuchi
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Mori
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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Ricci A, Guida CC, Manzini P, Cuoghi C, Ventura P. Kidney Involvement in Acute Hepatic Porphyrias: Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2324. [PMID: 34943561 PMCID: PMC8700387 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of rare disorders originating from an enzyme dysfunction in the pathway of heme biosynthesis. Depending on the specific enzyme involved, porphyrias manifest under drastically different clinical pictures. The most dramatic presentation of the four congenital acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs: acute intermittent porphyria-AIP, ALAD deficiency, hereditary coproporphyria-HCP, and porphyria variegata-VP) consists of potentially life-threatening neurovisceral attacks, for which givosiran, a novel and effective siRNA-based therapeutic, has recently been licensed. Nonetheless, the clinical manifestations of acute porphyrias are multifaceted and do not limit themselves to acute attacks. In particular, porphyria-associated kidney disease (PAKD) is a distinct, long-term degenerating condition with specific pathological and clinical features, for which a satisfactory treatment is not available yet. In PAKD, chronic tubule-interstitial damage has been most commonly reported, though other pathologic features (e.g., chronic fibrous intimal hyperplasia) are consistent findings. Given the relevant role of the kidney in porphyrin metabolism, the mechanisms possibly intervening in causing renal damage in AHPs are different: among others, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced oxidative damage on mitochondria, intracellular toxic aggregation of porphyrins in proximal tubular cells, and derangements in the delicate microcirculatory balances of the kidney might be implicated. The presence of a variant of the human peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2), with a greater affinity to its substrates (including ALA), might confer a greater susceptibility to kidney damage in patients with AHPs. Furthermore, a possible effect of givosiran in worsening kidney function has been observed. In sum, the diagnostic workup of AHPs should always include a baseline evaluation of renal function, and periodic monitoring of the progression of kidney disease in patients with AHPs is strongly recommended. This review outlines the role of the kidney in porphyrin metabolism, the available evidence in support of the current etiologic and pathogenetic hypotheses, and the known clinical features of renal involvement in acute hepatic porphyrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ricci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, Regional Reference Centre for Diagnosing and Management of Porphyrias, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudio Carmine Guida
- Interregional Reference Center for the Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Porphyria, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Viale Cappuccini, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Paola Manzini
- Transfusion Medicine and Blood Establishment, Regional Reference Centre for Diagnosis and Management of Porphyrias, University Hospital City of Science and Health of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Chiara Cuoghi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, Regional Reference Centre for Diagnosing and Management of Porphyrias, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Paolo Ventura
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, Regional Reference Centre for Diagnosing and Management of Porphyrias, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (C.C.)
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de Souza PVS, Badia BDML, Farias IB, Pinto WBVDR, Oliveira ASB. Acute Hepatic Porphyria: Pathophysiological Basis of Neuromuscular Manifestations. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:715523. [PMID: 34646118 PMCID: PMC8502968 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.715523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyria represents a rare, underdiagnosed group of inherited metabolic disorders due to hereditary defects of heme group biosynthesis pathway. Most patients have their definite diagnosis after several years of complex and disabling clinical manifestations and commonly after life-threatening acute neurovisceral episodes or severe motor handicap. Many key studies in the last two decades have been performed and led to the discovery of novel possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and to the development of new therapeutic purposes, including small interfering RNA-based therapy, specifically driven to inhibit selectively delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase production and decrease the recurrence number of severe acute presentation for most patients. Several distinct mechanisms have been identified to contribute to the several neuromuscular signs and symptoms. This review article aims to present the current knowledge regarding the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved with the acute and chronic presentation of acute hepatic porphyria and to highlight the relevance of such content for clinical practice and in decision making about therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Mattos Lombardi Badia
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Braga Farias
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Lopes de Andrade V, Serrazina D, Mateus ML, Batoréu C, Aschner M, Marreilha Dos Santos AP. Multibiomarker approach to assess the magnitude of occupational exposure and effects induced by a mixture of metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115684. [PMID: 34437931 PMCID: PMC8449837 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metals and metalloids including lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) can occur as mixtures in occupational contexts, such as mines. These chemicals are all known to be neurotoxic and provoke changes in heme metabolism also known to induce neurotoxicity. The objective of this work was to propose a multi-biomarker (BM) methodology to screen subjects exposed to the mixture of Pb, As and Mn and assess the severity of their exposure/effects, in an individual basis. The urinary levels of the metals, dela-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphyrins were determined in Portuguese miners and in a control group. The combination of Pb and As urinary levels had the highest capability to identify subjects occupationally exposed to this mixture in mines, as evaluated through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) (A = 98.2%; p < 0.05), allowing that 94.2% of 86 studied subjects were properly identified and the generation of an equation indicating the odd of a subject be considered as exposed to the metal mixture. The combination of urinary ALA and porphyrins revealed to be best one to be applied in the assessment of subjects with high, intermediate, and low magnitudes of exposure/effects, with 95.7% of 46 miners classified correctly according to their severity sub-group and allowing to generate equations, which can be applied in new subjects. The proposed methodology showed a satisfactory performance, evaluating in an integrated manner the magnitude of exposure/effects of the exposed workers, may contributing to improve the control of their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lopes de Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - D Serrazina
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M L Mateus
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Batoréu
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - A P Marreilha Dos Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Kořený L, Oborník M, Horáková E, Waller RF, Lukeš J. The convoluted history of haem biosynthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:141-162. [PMID: 34472688 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of haem to transfer electrons, bind diatomic gases, and catalyse various biochemical reactions makes it one of the essential biomolecules on Earth and one that was likely used by the earliest forms of cellular life. Since the description of haem biosynthesis, our understanding of this multi-step pathway has been almost exclusively derived from a handful of model organisms from narrow taxonomic contexts. Recent advances in genome sequencing and functional studies of diverse and previously neglected groups have led to discoveries of alternative routes of haem biosynthesis that deviate from the 'classical' pathway. In this review, we take an evolutionarily broad approach to illuminate the remarkable diversity and adaptability of haem synthesis, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, showing the range of strategies that organisms employ to obtain and utilise haem. In particular, the complex evolutionary histories of eukaryotes that involve multiple endosymbioses and horizontal gene transfers are reflected in the mosaic origin of numerous metabolic pathways with haem biosynthesis being a striking case. We show how different evolutionary trajectories and distinct life strategies resulted in pronounced tensions and differences in the spatial organisation of the haem biosynthesis pathway, in some cases leading to a complete loss of a haem-synthesis capacity and, rarely, even loss of a requirement for haem altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Kořený
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice (Budweis), 31, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Horáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice (Budweis), 31, Czech Republic
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23
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Maitra D, Pinsky BM, Soherawardy A, Zheng H, Banerjee R, Omary MB. Protein-aggregating ability of different protoporphyrin-IX nanostructures is dependent on their oxidation and protein-binding capacity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100778. [PMID: 34023387 PMCID: PMC8253973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are rare blood disorders caused by genetic defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway and are associated with the accumulation of high levels of porphyrins that become cytotoxic. Porphyrins, due to their amphipathic nature, spontaneously associate into different nanostructures, but very little is known about the cytotoxic effects of these porphyrin nanostructures. Previously, we demonstrated the unique ability of fluorescent biological porphyrins, including protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX), to cause organelle-selective protein aggregation, which we posited to be a major mechanism by which fluorescent porphyrins exerts their cytotoxic effect. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that PP-IX-mediated protein aggregation is modulated by different PP-IX nanostructures via a mechanism that depends on their oxidizing potential and protein-binding ability. UV–visible spectrophotometry showed pH-mediated reversible transformations of PP-IX nanostructures. Biochemical analysis showed that PP-IX nanostructure size modulated PP-IX-induced protein oxidation and protein aggregation. Furthermore, albumin, the most abundant serum protein, preferentially binds PP-IX dimers and enhances their oxidizing ability. PP-IX binding quenched albumin intrinsic fluorescence and oxidized His-91 residue to Asn/Asp, likely via a previously described photo-oxidation mechanism for other proteins. Extracellular albumin protected from intracellular porphyrinogenic stress and protein aggregation by acting as a PP-IX sponge. This work highlights the importance of PP-IX nanostructures in the context of porphyrias and offers insights into potential novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Maitra
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
| | | | - Amenah Soherawardy
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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24
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Courrol LC, de Oliveira Silva FR, Masilamani V. SARS-CoV-2, hemoglobin and protoporphyrin IX: Interactions and perspectives. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102324. [PMID: 33965601 PMCID: PMC8123386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 attacks hemoglobin through its structural protein ORF3a, dissociating the iron from the heme, as iron is necessary by cell machinery for virus replication. In this process protoporphyrin (PpIX) is released. Methods The decrease in the hemoglobin levels observed in patients with Covid-19 is frequently accompanied by an increase in PpIX levels. This evidence was confirmed by the quantification of PpIX by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PpIX emission is observed in its two characteristic bands at approximately 635 nm and 705 nm. Results This paper searches to understand the role of heme and PpIX inside the cells. Perspectives on the use of PpIX fluorescence as a sensor to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the tissue, blood, urine, or feces to map the evolution and severity of the disease or to monitor the response of the Covid-19 treatment modalities were described. Conclusion Fluorescence spectroscopy could be adopted as an excellent diagnostic technique for Covid-19, of low cost and high sensitivity. This method can potentially be used as a marker to monitor the response to the treatments. Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapies using the endogenous PpIX increased in the acute phase of the disease, could be employed for Covid-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valdivel Masilamani
- King Saud University, Physics and Astronomy Department, Laser Group, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Bragazzi Cunha J, Elenbaas JS, Maitra D, Kuo N, Azuero-Dajud R, Ferguson AC, Griffin MS, Lentz SI, Shavit JA, Omary MB. Acitretin mitigates uroporphyrin-induced bone defects in congenital erythropoietic porphyria models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9601. [PMID: 33953217 PMCID: PMC8100164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare genetic disorder leading to accumulation of uro/coproporphyrin-I in tissues due to inhibition of uroporphyrinogen-III synthase. Clinical manifestations of CEP include bone fragility, severe photosensitivity and photomutilation. Currently there is no specific treatment for CEP, except bone marrow transplantation, and there is an unmet need for treating this orphan disease. Fluorescent porphyrins cause protein aggregation, which led us to hypothesize that uroporphyrin-I accumulation leads to protein aggregation and CEP-related bone phenotype. We developed a zebrafish model that phenocopies features of CEP. As in human patients, uroporphyrin-I accumulated in the bones of zebrafish, leading to impaired bone development. Furthermore, in an osteoblast-like cell line, uroporphyrin-I decreased mineralization, aggregated bone matrix proteins, activated endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupted autophagy. Using high-throughput drug screening, we identified acitretin, a second-generation retinoid, and showed that it reduced uroporphyrin-I accumulation and its deleterious effects on bones. Our findings provide a new CEP experimental model and a potential repurposed therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bragazzi Cunha
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, USA.
| | - Jared S Elenbaas
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University, Saint Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, USA
| | - Ning Kuo
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, USA
| | - Rodrigo Azuero-Dajud
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, USA
| | - Allison C Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Megan S Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen I Lentz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Jordan A Shavit
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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26
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Acoba MG, Alpergin ESS, Renuse S, Fernández-Del-Río L, Lu YW, Khalimonchuk O, Clarke CF, Pandey A, Wolfgang MJ, Claypool SM. The mitochondrial carrier SFXN1 is critical for complex III integrity and cellular metabolism. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108869. [PMID: 33730581 PMCID: PMC8048093 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) mediate the passage of small molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), enabling regulated crosstalk between compartmentalized reactions. Despite MCs representing the largest family of solute carriers in mammals, most have not been subjected to a comprehensive investigation, limiting our understanding of their metabolic contributions. Here, we functionally characterize SFXN1, a member of the non-canonical, sideroflexin family. We find that SFXN1, an integral IMM protein with an uneven number of transmembrane domains, is a TIM22 complex substrate. SFXN1 deficiency leads to mitochondrial respiratory chain impairments, most detrimental to complex III (CIII) biogenesis, activity, and assembly, compromising coenzyme Q levels. The CIII dysfunction is independent of one-carbon metabolism, the known primary role for SFXN1 as a mitochondrial serine transporter. Instead, SFXN1 supports CIII function by participating in heme and α-ketoglutarate metabolism. Our findings highlight the multiple ways that SFXN1-based amino acid transport impacts mitochondrial and cellular metabolic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Grace Acoba
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ebru S Selen Alpergin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lucía Fernández-Del-Río
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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27
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Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. People with blood disorders can be more vulnerable during COVID-19 pandemic: A hypothesis paper. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103080. [PMID: 33608217 PMCID: PMC7874911 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The world has been encountered with COVID-19 pandemic since at the beginning of 2020 and the number of infected people by COVID-19 is increasing every day. Despite various studies conducted by researchers and doctors, no treatment has been developed until now, therefore self-protection and isolation are strongly recommended to stop the spread of the virus. The elderly population and people with chronic diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer are categorized as risk groups, however, we suggest that people with hemoglobinopathies or porphyria can be described as risk groups as well. Current in silico studies have revealed that the COVID-19 virus can attack heme and hemoglobin metabolisms which are responsible for the oxygen transport to the tissues, iron metabolism, elevated levels of oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Data of the in silico study have been supported with the biochemistry and hemogram results of the COVID-19 patients, for instance hemoglobin levels decreased and serum ferritin and C-reactive protein levels increased. Indicated biochemistry biomarkers are tightly associated with inflammation, iron overload, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, since people with hemoglobinopathies or porphyria have already impaired heme and hemoglobin metabolism, COVID-19 infection can enhance the adverse effects of impaired hemoglobin metabolism and accelerate the progression of severe symptoms in patients with hemoglobinopathies or porphyria compared to the normal individuals. Thus those people can be considered as a risk group and extra precautions should be applied for them to protect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Li P, Maitra D, Kuo N, Bonkovsky HL, Omary MB. Geographic prevalence variation and phenotype penetrance in porphyria: insights from a Chinese population database. Blood Adv 2021; 5:12-15. [PMID: 33570620 PMCID: PMC7805317 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; and
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; and
| | - Ning Kuo
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; and
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Molecular Medicine & Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine/NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; and
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29
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Bustad HJ, Kallio JP, Vorland M, Fiorentino V, Sandberg S, Schmitt C, Aarsand AK, Martinez A. Acute Intermittent Porphyria: An Overview of Therapy Developments and Future Perspectives Focusing on Stabilisation of HMBS and Proteostasis Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E675. [PMID: 33445488 PMCID: PMC7827610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease with low clinical penetrance, caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, which encodes the third enzyme in the haem biosynthesis pathway. In susceptible HMBS mutation carriers, triggering factors such as hormonal changes and commonly used drugs induce an overproduction and accumulation of toxic haem precursors in the liver. Clinically, this presents as acute attacks characterised by severe abdominal pain and a wide array of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and, in the long-term setting, the development of primary liver cancer, hypertension and kidney failure. Treatment options are few, and therapies preventing the development of symptomatic disease and long-term complications are non-existent. Here, we provide an overview of the disorder and treatments already in use in clinical practice, in addition to other therapies under development or in the pipeline. We also introduce the pathomechanistic effects of HMBS mutations, and present and discuss emerging therapeutic options based on HMBS stabilisation and the regulation of proteostasis. These are novel mechanistic therapeutic approaches with the potential of prophylactic correction of the disease by totally or partially recovering the enzyme functionality. The present scenario appears promising for upcoming patient-tailored interventions in AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene J. Bustad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Juha P. Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Marta Vorland
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Valeria Fiorentino
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (V.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (V.F.); (C.S.)
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Aasne K. Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
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30
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Souza PVSD, Badia BDML, Farias IB, Gonçalves EA, Pinto WBVDR, Oliveira ASB. Acute hepatic porphyrias for the neurologist: current concepts and perspectives. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:68-80. [PMID: 33656101 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute hepatic porphyrias represent an expanding group of complex inherited metabolic disorders due to inborn errors of metabolism involving heme biosynthesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review the main clinical and therapeutic aspects associated with acute hepatic porphyrias. METHODS The authors provided a wide non-systematic review of current concepts and recently acquired knowledge about acute hepatic porphyrias. RESULTS Acute neurovisceral attacks are the most common and life-threatening presentation of this group and are often considered the main clinical manifestation by clinicians during differential diagnosis and the start of proper diagnostic work-up for acute porphyrias. However, atypical presentations with central nervous system involvement, neuropsychiatric disturbances, and some subtypes with photosensitivity usually make the definite diagnosis difficult and late. Early therapeutic interventions are essential during emergency treatment and intercritical periods to avoid recurrent severe presentations. The availability of new disease-modifying therapeutic proposals based on small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapies, complementary to the classic intravenous glucose infusion and hemin-based treatments, emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and genetic counseling of patients. CONCLUSIONS This review article highlights the main biochemical, pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of acute hepatic porphyrias in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Mattos Lombardi Badia
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Braga Farias
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Augusto Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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de Oliveira Neves AC, Galván I. Models for human porphyrias: Have animals in the wild been overlooked?: Some birds and mammals accumulate significant amounts of porphyrins in the body without showing the injurious symptoms observed in human porphyrias. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000155. [PMID: 33155299 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Humans accumulate porphyrins in the body mostly during the course of porphyrias, diseases caused by defects in the enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway and that produce acute attacks, skin lesions and liver cancer. In contrast, some wild mammals and birds are adapted to accumulate porphyrins without injurious consequences. Here we propose viewing such physiological adaptations as potential solutions to human porphyrias, and suggest certain wild animals as models. Given the enzymatic activity and/or the patterns of porphyrin excretion and accumulation, the fox squirrel, the great bustard and the Eurasian eagle owl may constitute overlooked models for different porphyrias. The Harderian gland of rodents, where large amounts of porphyrins are synthesized, presents an underexplored potential for understanding the carcinogenic/toxic effect of porphyrin accumulation. Investigating how these animals avoid porphyrin pathogenicity may complement the use of laboratory models for porphyrias and provide new insights into the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
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EBF1-Correlated Long Non-coding RNA Transcript Levels in 3rd Trimester Maternal Blood and Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:541-549. [PMID: 32959224 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) before labor onset could aid in prediction, triage, and stratification for testing interventions. In this study we examined maternal blood EBF1-correlated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in relation to sPTB. We retrieved all lncRNA transcripts from a public gene expression dataset (GSE59491) derived from maternal blood in trimesters 2 and 3 from a Canadian cohort with a matched set of sPTB (n = 51) and term births (n = 106). LncRNA transcripts differentially expressed (limma moderated t-tests) in sPTB vs. term were tested for correlations (Pearson) with EBF1 mRNA levels in the same blood samples. Using logistic regression, EBF1-correlated lncRNAs were divided into tertiles and assessed in relation to odds of sPTB. Two lncRNA transcripts in the 3rd trimester maternal blood were differentially expressed between sPTB and term births (all p < 0.001 and FDR < 0.250) and positively and negatively correlated with EBF1 mRNA levels. They were as follows: (1) LINC00094 r = 0.196 (95% CI: 0.039 to 0.344), p = 0.015, and BH adjusted p = 0.022 and (2) LINC00870 r = - 0.303 (95% CI: - 0.441 to - 0.152), p < 0.001, and BH adjusted p < 0.001. As compared with term births, sPTBs were more likely to be in the highest tertile of LINC00870 (odds ratio (OR) = 4.08 (95% CI 1.60, 10.40), p = 0.003) and the lowest tertile of LINC00094 (OR = 5.16 (95% CI 1.96, 13.61), p < 0.001). Two sPTB-associated EBF1-correlated lncRNAs (LINC00870 and LINC00094) had multiple potential enhancers containing EBF1 binding site(s). Our current findings, along with previous reports linking EBF1 and sPTB, motivate additional research on the EBF1 gene-related gene expression and regulation in relation to sPTB within other cohorts and within laboratory-based models.
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Oxidative stress in human facial skin observed by ultraweak photon emission imaging and its correlation with biophysical properties of skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9626. [PMID: 32541901 PMCID: PMC7295759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with skin ageing and disease in humans. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress on the skin in vivo using conventional invasive methods. In this study, we performed two-dimensional imaging of ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) generated by excited species in oxidative reaction to determine regional variations in oxidative stress in human facial skin and analysed the relationship between UPE intensity and biophysical properties in vivo. UPE imaging of the facial skin of volunteers revealed regional variations in oxidative stress. The nose, its surrounding regions, and the area between eyebrows showed higher UPE intensity than other facial regions, indicating high oxidative stress in these regions. In contrast, only the region surrounding the eyes showed age-related alterations in UPE intensity; moreover, wrinkle score in these regions was correlated with UPE intensity. These results suggest that oxidative stress in the skin induces wrinkle formation. UPE intensity was correlated with porphyrin score in the skin; however, no correlation was observed between UPE intensity and skin colour parameters. This study provides insights into the treatment of facial skin areas vulnerable to ageing and helps improve our understanding of topical skin diseases related to oxidative stress.
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Stölzel U, Doss MO, Schuppan D. Clinical Guide and Update on Porphyrias. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:365-381.e4. [PMID: 31085196 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Physicians should be aware of porphyrias, which could be responsible for unexplained gastrointestinal, neurologic, or skin disorders. Despite their relative rarity and complexity, most porphyrias can be easily defined and diagnosed. They are caused by well-characterized enzyme defects in the complex heme biosynthetic pathway and are divided into categories of acute vs non-acute or hepatic vs erythropoietic porphyrias. Acute hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficient porphyria) manifest in attacks and are characterized by overproduction of porphyrin precursors, producing often serious abdominal, psychiatric, neurologic, or cardiovascular symptoms. Patients with variegate porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria can present with skin photosensitivity. Diagnosis relies on measurement of increased urinary 5-aminolevulinic acid (in patients with aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficient porphyria) or increased 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen (in patients with other acute porphyrias). Management of attacks requires intensive care, strict avoidance of porphyrinogenic drugs and other precipitating factors, caloric support, and often heme therapy. The non-acute porphyrias are porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria, X-linked protoporphyria, and the rare congenital erythropoietic porphyria. They lead to the accumulation of porphyrins that cause skin photosensitivity and occasionally severe liver damage. Secondary elevated urinary or blood porphyrins can occur in patients without porphyria, for example, in liver diseases, or iron deficiency. Increases in porphyrin precursors and porphyrins are also found in patients with lead intoxication. Patients with porphyria cutanea tarda benefit from iron depletion, hydroxychloroquine therapy, and, if applicable, elimination of the hepatitis C virus. An α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue can reduce sunlight sensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria or X-linked protoporphyria. Strategies to address dysregulated or dysfunctional steps within the heme biosynthetic pathway are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Stölzel
- Saxony Porphyria Center, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Manfred O Doss
- German Competence Center for Porphyria Diagnosis and Consultation, Marburg, Germany; Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Maitra D, Carter EL, Richardson R, Rittié L, Basrur V, Zhang H, Nesvizhskii AI, Osawa Y, Wolf MW, Ragsdale SW, Lehnert N, Herrmann H, Omary MB. Oxygen and Conformation Dependent Protein Oxidation and Aggregation by Porphyrins in Hepatocytes and Light-Exposed Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:659-682.e1. [PMID: 31173894 PMCID: PMC6889786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Porphyrias are caused by porphyrin accumulation resulting from defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway that typically lead to photosensitivity and possible end-stage liver disease with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Our aims were to study the mechanism of porphyrin-induced cell damage and protein aggregation, including liver injury, where light exposure is absent. METHODS Porphyria was induced in vivo in mice using 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine or in vitro by exposing human liver Huh7 cells and keratinocytes, or their lysates, to protoporphyrin-IX, other porphyrins, or to δ-aminolevulinic acid plus deferoxamine. The livers, cultured cells, or porphyrin exposed purified proteins were analyzed for protein aggregation and oxidation using immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Consequences on cell-cycle progression were assessed. RESULTS Porphyrin-mediated protein aggregation required porphyrin-photosensitized singlet oxygen and porphyrin carboxylate side-chain deprotonation, and occurred with site-selective native protein methionine oxidation. Noncovalent interaction of protoporphyrin-IX with oxidized proteins led to protein aggregation that was reversed by incubation with acidified n-butanol or high-salt buffer. Phototoxicity and the ensuing proteotoxicity, mimicking porphyria photosensitivity conditions, were validated in cultured keratinocytes. Protoporphyrin-IX inhibited proteasome function by aggregating several proteasomal subunits, and caused cell growth arrest and aggregation of key cell proliferation proteins. Light-independent synergy of protein aggregation was observed when porphyrin was applied together with glucose oxidase as a secondary peroxide source. CONCLUSIONS Photo-excitable porphyrins with deprotonated carboxylates mediate protein aggregation. Porphyrin-mediated proteotoxicity in the absence of light, as in the liver, requires porphyrin accumulation coupled with a second tissue oxidative injury. These findings provide a potential mechanism for internal organ damage and photosensitivity in porphyrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Dhiman Maitra, PhD, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7720 Medical Science Building II, 1137 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622. fax: (734) 936–8813.
| | - Eric L. Carter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rani Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Yoichi Osawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew W. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen W. Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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