Enhancement of blood–brain barrier penetration and the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol

Lactoferrin as a Candidate Multifunctional Therapeutic in Synucleinopathies

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with well-established antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and iron-binding properties. Emerging evidence suggests that Lf also plays a neuroprotective role, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders characterized by protein aggregation, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation is a pathological hallmark of PD and other synucleinopathies, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and disease progression. Recent studies indicate that Lf may interfere with aSyn aggregation, iron chelation, and modulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Additionally, Lf's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and its potential impact on the gut-brain axis highlight its promise as a therapeutic agent. This review explores Lf's mechanisms of action in synucleinopathies, its potential as a disease-modifying therapy, and innovative delivery strategies that could enhance its clinical applicability. By addressing the pathological and therapeutic dimensions of aSyn aggregation, we propose Lf as a compelling candidate for future research and clinical development in neurodegenerative diseases.

Synergistic anticancer activity of resveratrol-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and sunitinib in colorectal cancer treatment

The development of novel and effective treatment strategies, particularly through drug combinations, can significantly enhance therapeutic outcomes. This study explores the innovative combination of resveratrol (RES), a phenolic compound, with sunitinib (SUNI), a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for targeting human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. We identified a synergistic effect at a SUNI:RES ratio of 1:8, based on their half-maximal inhibitory concentration values. Increasing the dosage of the combined treatment led to a notable reduction in cell viability, observed in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional cell cultures. To improve RES therapeutic efficacy, drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA-RES) were successfully fabricated with an average diameter of 178.4 ± 4.6 nm. The combination of PLGA-RES and free SUNI at the optimal ratio exhibited enhanced anticancer activity, reducing cell viability by approximately 25 and 15% more than PLGA-RES and free SUNI alone, respectively, in 2D cultures. Moreover, this combination therapy demonstrated superior effectiveness in treating HT-29 spheroids over 24 and 48 h. These findings highlight the potential of this combined approach to improve colorectal cancer treatment outcomes.

Cost-effective isolation of Viburnum opulus-derived nanovesicles and evaluation of their cytotoxic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties on human glioblastoma cell line U87MG

Glioblastoma is the most common and highly invasive glial tumor, significantly reducing patient survival. Current therapeutic approaches have limited success rates. Plant-derived nanovesicles are a rapidly developing area, recognized for their exceptional biofunctional properties, and are emerging as a promising approach in cancer treatment. The present study focuses on the isolation of nanovesicles from Viburnum opulus fruits using a cost-effective method that includes a polymer-based exosome precipitation buffer and size exclusion chromatography, followed by their characterization. Morphological analysis via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed nanovesicles ranging from oval to elliptical shapes, with average diameters of 54.23 nm and 41.21 nm, respectively. Dynamic light scattering analysis determined the average size of 45.36 nm indicating the presence of nanovesicles, and the zeta potential was - 2.87 mV. Biochemical characterization showed total protein and phenolic concentrations of 1534 ± 97.78 µg/ml and 4.270 ± 0.66 mg gallic acid equivalents/L, respectively, with total antioxidant status values of 3.83 ± 0.37 mmol Trolox equivalents/L. Based on IC50 values, these nanovesicles were 7.5 times more toxic to U87MG human glioblastoma cells compared to healthy human dermal fibroblasts. Analyses including clonogenic cell survival, wound healing, apoptosis, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status were continued on only U87MG cells, as human dermal fibroblasts showed a low response to nanovesicle treatment. Qualitative and quantitative assessments demonstrated that Viburnum opulus-derived nanovesicles effectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration. Due to their non-toxic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, these nanovesicles hold significant potential in glioblastoma management.

Inosine exerts dopaminergic neuroprotective effects via mitigation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Transformation of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β into a mature IL-1β via active inflammasome may be related to the progression of PD. Therefore, the modification of inflammasome activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD. Inosine has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. In this study, we evaluated inosine's inhibitory effects on the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be related to the dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of inosine. Inosine suppresses lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BV-2 microglial cells dose dependently. When SH-SY5Y cells were treated with conditioned medium from BV-2 cells treated with LPS and inosine, an NLRP3 inhibitor, or a caspase-1 inhibitor, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells was reduced indicating that LPS-induced microglial inflammasome activation could contribute to neuronal death. Inosine's modulatory effect on NLRP3 inflammasome activity appears to rely on the adenosine A2A and A3 receptors activation, as A2A or A3 receptor antagonists reversed the amelioration of NLRP3 activation by inosine. In addition, inosine treatment attenuated intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production mediated by LPS and this effect might be related to attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity, as the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine ameliorated LPS-induced activation of the inflammasome. Finally, we assessed the inosine's neuroprotective effects via inflammasome activity modulation in mice receiving an intranigral injection of LPS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LPS caused a significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, which was mitigated by inosine treatment. LPS increased NLRP3 expression in IBA1-positive microglial cells, which was attenuated by inosine injection. These findings indicate that inosine can rescue neurons from LPS-induced injury by ameliorating NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Therefore, inosine could be applied as an intervention for neuroinflammatory diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

Deciphering the Power of Resveratrol in Mitophagy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications

Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic compound, has garnered significant attention for its therapeutic potential in various pathological conditions. This review explores how RES modulates mitophagy-the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. RES promotes the initiation and execution of mitophagy by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial clearance, reducing reactive oxygen species production, and mitigating apoptosis, thereby preserving mitochondrial integrity. Additionally, RES regulates mitophagy through the activation of key molecular targets such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), deacetylases (SIRT1 and SIRT3), and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) pathways, demonstrating substantial therapeutic effects in multiple disease models. We provide a detailed account of the biosynthetic pathways, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic characteristics of RES, focusing on its role in mitophagy modulation and implications for medical applications. Potential adverse effects associated with its clinical use are also discussed. Despite its promising therapeutic properties, the clinical application of RES is limited by issues of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles. Future research should concentrate on enhancing RES bioavailability and developing derivatives that precisely modulate mitophagy, thereby unlocking new avenues for disease therapy.

Nanotechnology to Overcome Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical structure that maintains brain homeostasis by selectively regulating nutrient influx and waste efflux. Not surprisingly, it is often compromised in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to its involvement in these pathologies, the BBB also represents a significant challenge for drug delivery into the central nervous system. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely explored as drug carriers capable of overcoming this barrier and effectively transporting therapies to the brain. However, their potential to directly address and ameliorate BBB dysfunction has received limited attention. In this review, we examine how NPs enhance drug delivery across the BBB to treat neurodegenerative diseases and explore emerging strategies to restore the integrity of this vital structure.

Astaxanthin-loaded brain-permeable liposomes for Parkinson's disease treatment via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cardinal motor symptoms resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although current medications may alleviate its symptoms, Parkinson's disease remains incurable. Astaxanthin is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent; however, its high susceptibility to oxidative degradation and low aqueous solubility limit its therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to improve the pharmaceutical properties and neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin for Parkinson's disease treatment by using lactoferrin-conjugated astaxanthin-loaded liposomes (Lf-ASX-LPs). We successfully formulated Lf-ASX-LPs with high encapsulation efficiency (97.6%) and favorable physical characteristics (diameter: 109.8 ± 1.1 nm; polydispersity index: 0.18 ± 0.01; zeta potential: - 9.5 ± 1.1 mV). Lf-functionalized liposomes demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake and permeation in a Transwell® study, showing a 16.7-fold higher internalization in SH-SY5Y cells over 24 h than those without Lf conjugation. Additionally, Lf functionalization enhanced brain penetration ability, as demonstrated by a biodistribution study using nude mice, compared to LPs without Lf conjugation. In vitro, Lf-ASX-LPs reduced cell loss by 20.1% and oxygen species by 30.0%, ameliorated the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential under 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced toxicity by 40.1%, and reduced extracellular nitric oxide levels under lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity by 32.0%, indicating cytoprotective and antioxidant effects. In a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model, treatment with Lf-ASX-LPs resulted in 5.0-, 3.1-, and 5.6-fold increases in dopamine levels, TH+ fiber density, and TH+ neurons, respectively, restoring dopaminergic neuron damage. The developed formulation also alleviated behavioral impairment and neuroinflammation, reducing astrocyte and microglial activation in the striatum and substantia nigra of the MPTP-treated animals. Thus, our formulation of Lf-ASX-LPs represents a promising strategy for providing neuroprotection and retarding Parkinson's disease progression.

Jiawei Kongsheng Zhenzhong Pill (JKZP) Alleviates Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Hippocampal Synaptic Damage via S100A10/tPA/BDNF Pathway

AIMS

To evaluate the effects of Jiawei Kongsheng Zhenzhong Pill (JKZP) on rats with ischemic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and investigate the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The components of JKZP were analyzed using Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The MCI rat model was prepared through gradual bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). The cognitive function, hippocampal pathological lesions, dendritic spine damage, synapse-related, and S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10)/tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway-associated molecules alterations were measured. Primary hippocampus neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury, and JKZP-containing serum was utilized for treatment. Lentiviral-infected neurons were constructed with S100A10 knockdown using RNAi technology to investigate whether JKZP exerted its anti-MCI effects via S100A10/tPA/BDNF pathway.

RESULTS

A total of 64 major components, including β-asarone, ferulic acid, loganin, senkyunolide H, and cryptotanshinone, were identified by Q-Orbitrap HRMS technology. JKZP had a notable impact on enhancing the cognitive abilities of rats with MCI. JKZP reduced the damage to the hippocampal CA1 region neuron and synaptic structure, reversed the decrease in dendritic spines, and increased the expressions of synapse-associated proteins such as synaptophysin (SYN), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). Furthermore, JKZP treatment dramatically reduced the ratio of protein of BDNF (proBDNF)/mature BDNF (mBDNF) by activating S100A10/tPA, which was confirmed in primary hippocampus neurons in vitro. Moreover, sh-S100A10 tremendously mitigated the inhibitory action of JKZP on OGD/R-mediated synapse injury, decreased the activity of tPA, and thus improved the downstream pathway targets' ratio, proBDNF/mBDNF.

CONCLUSIONS

These results manifested that JKZP promoted neurological recovery after chronic cerebral ischemia by alleviating synaptic damage and activating the S100A10/tPA/BDNF pathway, thereby providing a novel perspective and a solid foundation against MCI.

ROS Regulation in CNS Disorder Therapy: Unveiling the Dual Roles of Nanomedicine

The treatment of brain diseases has always been the focus of attention. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), most small molecule drugs are difficult to reach the brain, leading to undesirable therapeutic outcomes. Recently, nanomedicines that can cross the BBB and precisely target lesion sites have emerged as thrilling tools to enhance the early diagnosis and treat various intractable brain disorders. Extensive research has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of brain diseases, including brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, or traumatic brain injury, making ROS a potential therapeutic target. In this review, on the structure and function of BBB as well as the mechanisms are first elaborated through which nanomedicine traverses it. Then, recent studies on ROS production are summarized through photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for treating brain tumors, and ROS depletion for treating NDDs. This provides valuable guidance for the future design of ROS-targeted nanomedicines for brain disease treatment. The ongoing challenges and future perspectives in developing nanomedicine-based ROS management for brain diseases are also discussed and outlined.

HDAC6 inhibitor-loaded brain-targeted nanocarrier-mediated neuroprotection in methamphetamine-driven Parkinson's disease

The dynamic equilibrium between acetylation and deacetylation is vital for cellular homeostasis. Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder marked by α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation and dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra, is associated with a disruption of this balance. Therefore, correcting this imbalance with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represents a promising treatment strategy for PD. CAY10603 (CAY) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor. However, because of its poor water solubility and short biological half-life, it faces clinical limitations. Herein, we engineered lactoferrin-decorated CAY-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (denoted as PLGA@CAY@Lf NPs) to effectively counter methamphetamine (Meth)-induced PD. PLGA@CAY@Lf NPs showed enhanced blood-brain barrier crossing and significant brain accumulation. Notably, CAY released from PLGA@CAY@Lf NPs restored the disrupted acetylation balance in PD, resulting in neuroprotection by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction, suppressing reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting α-syn accumulation. Additionally, PLGA@CAY@Lf NPs treatment normalized dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase levels, reduced neuroinflammation, and improved behavioral impairments. These findings underscore the potential of PLGA@CAY@Lf NPs in treating Meth-induced PD and suggest that an innovative HDAC6-inhibitor-based strategy can be used to treat PD.

Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improved Oral Bioavailability of Relugolix: Preparation and Evaluation

Purpose

To improve the oral absorption of relugolix (RLGL), which has low oral bioavailability due to its low solubility and being a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). A solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of relugolix (RLGL-S-SMEDDS) was prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The composition of the solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) was selected by solubility study and pseudo-ternary phase diagram, and further optimized by Design-Expert optimization design. The optimized RLGL-S-SMEDDS were evaluated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology analysis, thermodynamic stability, drug release, flow properties, transporter pathways in Caco-2 cells, the influence of excipients on the intestinal transporters, transport within Caco-2 cell monolayers and transport in lymphocyte. In vivo pharmacokinetic study and toxicological study were also conducted.

Results

The optimum formulation for self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) consists of Ethyl Oleate (26% of the weight), Solutol HS15 (49% of the weight), Transcutol HP (25% of the weight) and loaded relugolix (4.8 mg/g). The S-SMEDDS was then formed by adsorbing 2.4 g of SMEDDS onto 1 g of hydrophilic-200 silica. In phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 6.8) release medium containing 1% tween 80, the vitro release studies showed 86% cumulative drug release for RLGL-S-SMEDDS and 3.6% cumulative drug release for RLGL suspensions. In vitro cellular uptake experiments revealed that the uptake of RLGL-S-SMEDDS by Caco-2 cells was three times higher than that of free RLGL, and that S-SMEDDS can enhance the drug absorption through lymphatic absorption and inhibition of intestinal transporter. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation demonstrated that the oral bioavailability of RLGL-S-SMEDDS was 1.9 times higher than that of RLGL-suspensions. There was no apparent cardiac, hepatic, splenic, pulmonary or renal toxicity on the surface discovered by pathological analysis after oral administration.

Conclusion

It is evident that S-SMEDDS may be a safe and effective method to improve oral absorption of drugs with low oral bioavailability.

Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier: A New Strategy for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a highly selective barrier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), and its main function is to protect the brain from foreign substances. This physiological property plays a crucial role in maintaining CNS homeostasis, but at the same time greatly limits the delivery of drug molecules to the CNS, thus posing a major challenge for the treatment of neurological diseases. Given that the high incidence and low cure rate of neurological diseases have become a global public health problem, the development of effective BBB penetration technologies is important for enhancing the efficiency of CNS drug delivery, reducing systemic toxicity, and improving the therapeutic outcomes of neurological diseases. This review describes the physiological and pathological properties of the BBB, as well as the current challenges of trans-BBB drug delivery, detailing the structural basis of the BBB and its role in CNS protection. Secondly, this paper reviews the drug delivery strategies for the BBB in recent years, including physical, biological and chemical approaches, as well as nanoparticle-based delivery technologies, and provides a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness, advantages and limitations of these delivery strategies. It is hoped that the review in this paper will provide valuable references and inspiration for future researchers in therapeutic studies of neurological diseases.

The Potential Application of Resveratrol and Its Derivatives in Central Nervous System Tumors

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plants, has been extensively studied for its broad spectrum of beneficial biological effects. These encompass its potent antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-aging capabilities, cardioprotective functions, and neuroprotective potential. The diverse biological actions of resveratrol extend beyond these well-established properties. It also exerts a significant impact on metabolic processes and bioavailability, and critically, it demonstrates the ability to effectively traverse the blood-brain barrier. This capacity to penetrate the central nervous system renders resveratrol a promising therapeutic agent for the management of central nervous system malignancies, as it has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and modulate key signaling cascades, such as PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, and NF-kB. The multifaceted nature of resveratrol's biological effects, including its influence on diverse physiological processes, underscores its potential as a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of central nervous system tumors.

Bioactive compounds regulate appetite through the melanocortin system: a review

Obesity, a significant health crisis, arises from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Enhancing appetite regulation has garnered substantial attention from researchers as a novel and effective strategy for weight management. The melanocortin system, situated in the hypothalamus, is recognized as a critical node in the regulation of appetite. It integrates long-term and short-term hormone signals from the periphery as well as nutrients, forming a complex network of interacting feedback mechanisms with the gut-brain axis, significantly contributing to the regulation of energy homeostasis. Appetite regulation by bioactive compounds has been a focus of intensive research due to their favorable safety profiles and easy accessibility. These bioactive compounds, derived from a variety of plant and animal sources, modulate the melanocortin system and influence appetite and energy homeostasis through multiple pathways: central nervous system, peripheral hormones, and intestinal microbiota. Here, we review the anatomy, function, and receptors of the melanocortin system, outline the long-term and short-term regulatory hormones that act on the melanocortin system, and discuss the bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action that exert a regulatory effect on appetite by targeting the melanocortin system. This review contributes to a better understanding of how bioactive compounds regulate appetite via the melanocortin system, thereby providing nutritional references for citizens' dietary preferences.

Comparison of Drug Delivery Systems with Different Types of Nanoparticles in Terms of Cellular Uptake and Responses in Human Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and Astrocytes

Background/Objectives: The key components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and the capillary basement membrane. The BBB serves as the main barrier for drug delivery to the brain and is the most restrictive endothelial barrier in the body. Nearly all large therapeutic molecules and over 90% of small-molecule drugs cannot cross the BBB. To overcome this challenge, nanotechnology, particularly drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (NPs), have gained significant attention. Methods: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and albumin-based NPs (bovine/human), with or without transferrin (Tf) ligands (BSA, HSA, BSA-Tf, HSA-Tf), and nanolipid carriers (NLC) were synthesized. The interactions of these NPs with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), human brain vascular pericytes (hBVPs), and human astrocytes (hASTROs) were analyzed. Results: At doses of 15.62 µg/mL, 31.25 µg/mL, and 62.5 µg/mL, none of the NPs caused toxic effects on hBMECs, hBVPs, or hASTROs after 3 h of incubation. All NPs were internalized by the cells, but BSA-Tf and HSA-Tf showed significantly higher uptake in hBMECs in a dose-dependent manner. Ultrastructural analysis revealed notable differences between NP formulation and cell type. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of ligand-targeted NPs to selectively interact with BBB endothelial cells. Ultrastructural analysis reveals distinct cellular processing pathways for various NP formulations across BBB-associated cell types, with autophagy emerging as a crucial mechanism for NP handling in pericytes and astrocytes. Changes in NP chemical properties upon biological exposure present significant challenges for nanomedicine design, emphasizing the need for further investigation into NP interactions at the cellular and subcellular levels.

Hydrogen-releasing magnesium hydrogel mitigates post laminectomy epidural fibrosis through inhibition of neutrophil extracellular traps

Epidural fibrosis is a primary contributor to the failure of laminectomy surgeries, leading to the development of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Post-laminectomy, neutrophils infiltrate the surgical site, generating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that contribute to epidural fibrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in mediating NETs formation. Molecular hydrogen, recognized for its selective antioxidant properties and biosafety, emerges as a potential therapeutic gas in suppressing epidural fibrosis. In this study, we developed an in-situ hydrogen release hydrogel that inhibits the formation of NETs and mitigates epidural scarring. Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) microspheres served as a hydrogen source, coated with PLGA to regulate hydrogen release. These microspheres (Mg@PLGA) were then incorporated into a PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive hydrogel (Mg@PLGA@Gel), providing a surgical implant for sustained, long-term hydrogen release. In vitro experiments confirmed the biocompatibility of the system, demonstrating that hydrogen produced by Mg@PLGA effectively neutralizes neutrophil intracellular ROS and inhibits NETs formation. Histological analyses, including H&E staining, MRI, Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry, collectively indicate that Mg@PLGA@Gel is biocompatible and effectively inhibits epidural fibrosis post-laminectomy. Furthermore, Mg@PLGA@Gel inhibits ROS accumulation and NETs formation at the surgical site. These findings suggest that Mg@PLGA@Gel ensures continuous, therapeutic hydrogen concentration, providing relief from epidural fibrosis in a laminectomy mouse model. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.

Phenolic-enabled nanotechnology: a new strategy for central nervous system disease therapy

Polyphenolic compounds have received tremendous attention in biomedicine because of their good biocompatibility and unique physicochemical properties. In recent years, phenolic-enabled nanotechnology (PEN) has become a hotspot of research in the medical field, and many promising studies have been reported, especially in the application of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Polyphenolic compounds have superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and can easily cross the blood‒brain barrier, as well as protect the nervous system from metabolic damage and promote learning and cognitive functions. However, although great advances have been made in this field, a comprehensive review regarding PEN-based nanomaterials for CNS therapy is lacking. A systematic summary of the basic mechanisms and synthetic strategies of PEN-based nanomaterials is beneficial for meeting the demand for the further development of novel treatments for CNS diseases. This review systematically introduces the fundamental physicochemical properties of PEN-based nanomaterials and their applications in the treatment of CNS diseases. We first describe the different ways in which polyphenols interact with other substances to form high-quality products with controlled sizes, shapes, compositions, and surface chemistry and functions. The application of PEN-based nanomaterials in the treatment of CNS diseases is then described, which provides a reference for subsequent research on the treatment of CNS diseases.

Polyesters and Polyester Nano- and Microcarriers for Drug Delivery

Many therapies require the transport of therapeutic compounds or substances encapsulated in carriers that reduce or, if possible, eliminate their direct contact with healthy tissue and components of the immune system, which may react to them as something foreign and dangerous to the patient's body. To date, inorganic nanoparticles, solid lipids, micelles and micellar aggregates, liposomes, polymeric micelles, and other polymer assemblies were tested as drug carriers. Specifically, using polymers creates a variety of options to prepare nanocarriers tailored to the chosen needs. Among polymers, aliphatic polyesters are a particularly important group. The review discusses controlled synthesis of poly(β-butyrolactone)s, polylactides, polyglycolide, poly(ε-caprolactone), and copolymers containing polymacrolactone units with double bonds suitable for preparation of functionalized nanoparticles. Discussed are syntheses of aliphatic polymers with controlled molar masses ranging from a few thousand to 106 and, in the case of polyesters with chiral centers in the chains, with controlled microstructure. The review presents also a collection of methods useful for the preparation of the drug-loaded nanocarriers: classical, developed and mastered more recently (e.g., nanoprecipitation), and forgotten but still with great potential (by the direct synthesis of the drug-loaded nanoparticles in the process comprising monomer and drug). The article describes also in-vitro and model in-vivo studies for the brain-targeted drugs based on polyester-containing nanocarriers and presents a brief update on the clinical studies and the polyester nanocarrier formulation approved for application in the clinics in South Korea for the treatment of breast, lung, and ovarian cancers.

Key Lipoprotein Receptor Targeted Echinacoside-Liposomes Effective Against Parkinson's Disease in Mice Model

Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal loss in PD remain unknown, and there are currently no effective treatments for PD-associated neurodegeneration. Echinacoside (ECH) is known for its neuroprotective effects, which include scavenging cellular reactive oxygen species and promoting mitochondrial fusion. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the bioavailability of ECH in the brain, posing a significant challenge to its use in PD treatment.

Methods

We synthesized and characterized PEGylated ECH liposomes (ECH@Lip) and peptide angiopep-2 (ANG) modified liposomes (ECH@ANG-Lip). The density of ANG in ANG-Lip was optimized using bEnd.3 cells. The brain-targeting ability of the liposomes was assessed in vitro using a transwell BBB model and in vivo using an imaging system and LC-MS. We evaluated the enhanced neuroprotective properties of this formulation in a the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model.

Results

The ECH@ANG-Lip demonstrated significantly higher whole-brain uptake compared to ECH@Lip and free ECH. Furthermore, ECH@ANG-Lip was more effective in mitigating MPTP-induced behavioral impairment, oxidative stress, dopamine depletion, and dopaminergic neuron death than both ECH@Lip and free ECH.

Conclusion

The formulation used in our study significantly enhanced the neuroprotective efficacy of ECH in the MPTP-induced PD model. Thus, ECH@ANG-Lip shows considerable potential for improving the bioavailability of ECH and providing neuroprotective effects in the brain.

Microfluidics-enabled mesenchymal stem cell derived Neuron like cell membrane coated nanoparticles inhibit inflammation and apoptosis for Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second largest group of neurodegenerative diseases, and its existing drug treatments are not satisfactory. Natural cell membrane drugs are used for homologous targeting to enhance efficacy. In this study, microfluidic electroporation chip prepared mesenchymal stem cell-derived neuron-like cell membrane-coated curcumin PLGA nanoparticles (MM-Cur-NPs) was synthesized and explored therapeutic effect and mechanism in PD. MM-Cur-NPs can protect neuron from damage, restore mitochondrial membrane potential and reduce oxidative stress in vitro. In PD mice, it also can improve movement disorders and restore damaged TH neurons. MM-Cur-NPs was found to be distributed in the brain and metabolized with a delay within 24 h. After 1 h administration, MM-Cur-NPs were distributed in brain with a variety of neurotransmitters were significantly upregulated, such as dopamine. Differentially expressed genes of RNA-seq were enriched in the inflammation regulation, and it was found the up-expression of anti-inflammatory factors and inhibited pro-inflammatory factors in PD. Mechanically, MM-Cur-NPs can not only reduce neuronal apoptosis, inhibit the microglial marker IBA-1 and inflammation, but also upregulate expression of neuronal mitochondrial protein VDAC1 and restore mitochondrial membrane potential. This study proposes a therapeutic strategy provide neuroprotective effects through MM-Cur-NPs therapy for PD.

Enhancing the Bioavailability of Resveratrol: Combine It, Derivatize It, or Encapsulate It?

Overcoming the limited bioavailability and extensive metabolism of effective in vitro drugs remains a challenge that limits the translation of promising drugs into clinical trials. Resveratrol, despite its well-reported therapeutic benefits, is not metabolically stable and thus has not been utilized as an effective clinical drug. This is because it needs to be consumed in large amounts to overcome the burdens of bioavailability and conversion into less effective metabolites. Herein, we summarize the more relevant approaches to modify resveratrol, aiming to increase its biological and therapeutic efficacy. We discuss combination therapies, derivatization, and the use of resveratrol nanoparticles. Interestingly, the combination of resveratrol with established chemotherapeutic drugs has shown promising therapeutic effects on colon cancer (with oxaliplatin), liver cancer (with cisplatin, 5-FU), and gastric cancer (with doxorubicin). On the other hand, derivatizing resveratrol, including hydroxylation, amination, amidation, imidation, methoxylation, prenylation, halogenation, glycosylation, and oligomerization, differentially modifies its bioavailability and could be used for preferential therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the encapsulation of resveratrol allows its trapping within different forms of shells for targeted therapy. Depending on the nanoparticle used, it can enhance its solubility and absorption, increasing its bioavailability and efficacy. These include polymers, metals, solid lipids, and other nanoparticles that have shown promising preclinical results, adding more "hype" to the research on resveratrol. This review provides a platform to compare the different approaches to allow directed research into better treatment options with resveratrol.

The role of mTORC1/TFEB axis mediated lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy impairment in fluoride neurotoxicity and the intervention effects of resveratrol

Elevated exposures to fluoride have been linked to neurological diseases. Identifying mechanisms of fluoride neurotoxicity and finding ways for prevention and treatment of epidemic fluorosis are important issues of public health. In this study, fluoride inhibited TFEB nuclear translocation by activating p-mTORC1/p-p70S6K, thus inhibiting lysosomal biogenesis, leading to dysfunctional lysosome accumulation, which further negatively affected autophagosome and lysosome fusion, thus impairing autophagy degradation, evidenced by the blocked conversion of LC3II to LC3I, and the increased p62 levels. Interestingly, RSV alleviated rats' cognition by improving fluoride-induced nerve damage and promoted lysosomal biogenesis demonstrated by the increased nucleus translocation of TFEB via inhibiting p-mTORC1 and p-p70S6K, the decreased expression of LC3II and p62. Collectively, we clarified the correlation between fluoride neurotoxicity and mTORC1/TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Meanwhile, RSV appeared to be a promising drug for the prevention and treatment of epidemic fluorosis.

Collision of herbal medicine and nanotechnology: a bibliometric analysis of herbal nanoparticles from 2004 to 2023

BACKGROUND

Herbal nanoparticles are made from natural herbs/medicinal plants, their extracts, or a combination with other nanoparticle carriers. Compared to traditional herbs, herbal nanoparticles lead to improved bioavailability, enhanced stability, and reduced toxicity. Previous research indicates that herbal medicine nanomaterials are rapidly advancing and making significant progress; however, bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping for herbal nanoparticles are currently lacking. We performed a bibliometric analysis by retrieving publications related to herbal nanoparticles from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database spanning from 2004 to 2023. Data processing was performed using the R package Bibliometrix, VOSviewers, and CiteSpace.

RESULTS

In total, 1876 articles related to herbal nanoparticles were identified, originating from various countries, with China being the primary contributing country. The number of publications in this field increases annually. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Saveetha University in India are prominent research institutions in this domain. The Journal "International Journal of Nanomedicine" has the highest number of publications. The number of authors of these publications reached 8234, with Yan Zhao, Yue Zhang, and Huihua Qu being the most prolific authors and Yan Zhao being the most frequently cited author. "Traditional Chinese medicine," "drug delivery," and "green synthesis" are the main research focal points. Themes such as "green synthesis," "curcumin," "wound healing," "drug delivery," and "carbon dots" may represent emerging research areas.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study findings assist in identifying the latest research frontiers and hot topics, providing valuable references for scholars investigating the role of nanotechnology in herbal medicine.

Citrate-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with agomelatine provide neuronal therapy in acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion of rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammasome

Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion are related to various situations like injuries after various traumas, oxidative stress, increased calcium ion, capillary hypoperfusion, microvascular hyperpermeability, leukocyte infiltration, and blood-brain barrier disruption. An antidepressant Agomelatine which is a melatonin receptor (MT1/MT2) agonist and serotonin receptor (5-HT2C) antagonist has been reported by studies to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In our study, we aimed to detect the effects of citrate-coated silver nanoparticle-loaded agomelatine application on neurodegeneration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagic and apoptotic cell death, inflammation, and P2X7R expression in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model to facilitate the passage of blood-brain barrier. Forty two Sprague-Dawley rats in total were divided into six equal groups (n:7) and applications were performed. Acute cerebral injury in the ischemia-reperfusion model was created 2 h after internal carotid artery ligation in rats and then at the 2nd hour of reperfusion citrate-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with Agomelatine were applied. Twenty four hours later, neurologic analysis on animals in experimental groups was performed, animals were decapitated and GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α parameters were examined after taking blood and the cerebral tissue samples. As a result, it was determined that ischemia-reperfusion caused endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cerebral tissues and thus caused cellular injury.

Jiawei Kongsheng Zhenzhong Pill: marker compounds, absorption into the serum (rat), and Q-markers identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

Background: The Jiawei Kongsheng Zhenzhong pill (JKZP), a Chinese herbal prescription comprised of eight Chinese crude drugs, has been historically employed to treat neurological and psychological disorders. Nevertheless, the ambiguous material basis severely hindered its progress and application. Purpose: The current study aimed to establish a rapid analytical method for identifying the chemical components of the JKZP aqueous extract and the components absorbed into the rat serum to investigate the quality markers (Q-markers) responsible for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP. Methods: The qualitative detection of the chemical components, prototype components, and metabolites of the aqueous extracts of JKZP, as well as the serum samples of rats that were administered the drug, was performed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. This analysis combined information from literature reports and database comparisons. Moreover, the study was conducted to anticipate the potential Q-markers for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP based on the "five principles" of Q-marker determination. Results: A total of 67 compounds and 111 serum components (comprising 33 prototypes and 78 metabolites) were detected and identified. Combining the principles of quality transmission and traceability, compound compatibility environment, component specificity, effectiveness, and measurability, the study predicted that five key compounds, namely, senkyunolide H, danshensu, echinacoside, loganin, and 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose, may serve as potential pharmacological bases for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP. Conclusion: To summarize, the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique can be employed to rapidly and accurately identify compounds in JKZP. Five active compounds have been predicted to be the Q-markers for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP. This discovery serves as a reference for improving quality, advancing further research and development, and utilizing Chinese herbal prescriptions.

Intra-articular administration of PLGA resveratrol sustained-release nanoparticles attenuates the development of rat osteoarthritis

Our previous studies have confirmed that resveratrol (RSV) can prevent the development of osteoarthritis through a variety of mechanisms, such as apoptosis inhibition, autophagy induction and SIRT 1 activation. However, the pharmaceutical application of RSV is mainly limited by its low bioavailability. Here, we designed and synthesized RSV-loaded poly (D, l-lactide-coglycolide acid) (PLGA)-nanoparticles (NPs). The average particle size, polydispersity index and positive charge of RSV-loaded PLGA NPs were 50.40 nm, 0.217 and 12.57 mV, respectively. These nanoparticles had marked encapsulation efficiency (92.35 %) and drug loading (15.1 %) for RSV. It was found that RSV-loaded PLGA NPs not only inhibited the apoptosis of chondrocytes induced by IL-1, but also rescued GAG loss in vitro. Pharmacokinetic data showed that RSV-loaded PLGA NPs demonstrated a significantly profound and prolonged concentration profile in joint tissues, with quantifiable RSV concentrations over 35 days. The therapeutic effects of RSV-loaded PLGA NPs were then examined in rat osteoarthritis models. In vitro magnetic resonance imaging results showed that RSV-loaded PLGA NPs treatment dramatically reduced both T1ρ and T2 relaxation times at 4, 8, 12 weeks during administration, implying that cartilage destruction was alleviated. Histological assessments showed that RSV-loaded PLGA NPs significantly improved osteoarthritis symptoms. Gene expression analysis revealed that osteoarthritis mediator genes were downregulated in rats treated with RSV-PLGA NPs. Mechanistic studies indicated that RSV-loaded PLGA NPs inhibit apoptosis and promote autophagy. Collectively, this study demonstrates that intra-articular delivery of RSV via PLGA NPs might be an effective therapeutic approach for osteoarthritis.

Exploring Chinese herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: insights into microglia and signaling pathways

Ischemic stroke is a prevalent clinical condition affecting the central nervous system, characterized by a high mortality and disability rate. Its incidence is progressively rising, particularly among younger individuals, posing a significant threat to human well-being. The activation and polarization of microglia, leading to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, are widely recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) boasts a rich historical background, notable efficacy, and minimal adverse effects. It exerts its effects by modulating microglia activation and polarization, suppressing inflammatory responses, and ameliorating nerve injury through the mediation of microglia and various associated pathways (such as NF-κB signaling pathway, Toll-like signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, among others). Consequently, this article focuses on microglia as a therapeutic target, reviewing relevant pathway of literature on TCHMs to mitigate neuroinflammation and mediate IS injury, while also exploring research on drug delivery of TCHMs. The ultimate goal is to provide new insights that can contribute to the clinical management of IS using TCHMs.

Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing

Topical drug delivery is widely used in various diseases because of the advantages of not passing through the gastrointestinal tract, avoiding gastrointestinal irritation and hepatic first-pass effect, and reaching the lesion directly to reduce unnecessary adverse reactions. The skin helps the organism to defend itself against a huge majority of external aggressions and is one of the most important lines of defense of the body. However, the skin's strong barrier ability is also a huge obstacle to the effectiveness of topical medications. Allowing the bioactive, composition in a drug to pass through the stratum corneum barrier as needed to reach the target site is the most essential need for the bioactive, composition to exert its therapeutic effect. The state of the skin barrier, the choice of delivery system for the bioactive, composition, and individualized disease detection and dosing planning influence the effectiveness of topical medications. Nowadays, enhancing transdermal absorption of topically applied drugs is the hottest research area. However, enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs is not the first choice to improve the effectiveness of all drugs. Excessive transdermal absorption enhances topical drug accumulation at non-target sites and the occurrence of adverse reactions. This paper introduces topical drug delivery strategies to improve drug effectiveness from three perspectives: skin barrier, drug delivery system and individualized drug delivery, describes the current status and shortcomings of topical drug research, and provides new directions and ideas for topical drug research.

Polyphenols and Diets as Current and Potential Nutrition Senotherapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Findings from Clinical Trials

Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, plays an important role in age-related conditions among older adults. Targeting senescent cells and its phenotype may provide a promising strategy to delay the onset or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review article, we investigated efficacy and safety of nutrition senotherapy in AD, with a focus on the role of polyphenols as current and potential nutrition senotherapeutic agents, as well as relevant dietary patterns. Promising results with neuroprotective effects of senotherapeutic agents such as quercetin, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin-gallate, curcumin and fisetin were reported from preclinical studies. However, in-human trials remain limited, and findings were inconclusive. In future, nutrition senotherapeutic agents should be studied both individually and within dietary patterns, through the perspective of cellular senescence and AD. Further studies are warranted to investigate bioavailability, dosing regimen, long term effects of nutrition senotherapy and provide better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Collaboration between researchers needs to be established, and methodological limitations of current studies should be addressed.

Resveratrol Inhibits Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) by Targeting the MAPK Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND

With conventional cancer treatments facing limitations, interest in plant-derived natural products as potential alternatives is increasing. Although resveratrol has demonstrated antitumor effects in various cancers, its impact and mechanism on nasopharyngeal carcinoma remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to systematically investigate the anti-cancer effects of resveratrol on nasopharyngeal carcinoma using a combination of experimental pharmacology, network pharmacology, and molecular docking approaches.

METHODS

CCK-8, scratch wound, and transwell assays were employed to confirm the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. H&E and TUNEL stainings were used to observe the morphological changes and apoptosis status of resveratrol-treated cells. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated using a network pharmacology approach. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were utilized to validate key signaling pathways.

RESULTS

Resveratrol inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, ultimately inducing apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that resveratrol may exert its anti-nasopharyngeal carcinoma effect mainly through the MAPK pathway. Immunohistochemistry results from clinical cases showed MAPK signaling activation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Western blotting validated the targeting effect of resveratrol, demonstrating significant inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking supported its multi-target role with MAPK, TP53, PIK3CA, SRC, etc. Conclusion: Resveratrol has shown promising potential in inhibiting human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by primarily targeting the MAPK pathway. These findings position resveratrol as a potential therapeutic agent for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Neuroprotective Effects of Microglial Membrane-Derived Biomimetic Particles for Spinal Cord Injury

Inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses caused by secondary injury following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is an attractive strategy in treating traumatic SCI. However, the efficacy of drugs is severely limited owing to the poor penetration of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Here, inspired by cell chemotaxis and related chemokines production at the lesion sites of SCI, the microglial membrane is selected to construct a drug delivery system with the ability to cross the BSCB and target the lesions. PR@MM is prepared based on the assembly of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and resveratrol (RSV) followed by microglial membrane (MM) coating. Compared to that of the uncoated nanoparticles, the enrichment of PR@MM at the lesion sites of SCI increases, which is beneficial to achieve lesion targeting of RSV and exert therapeutic functions. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that PR@MM has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory effects, which ultimately promotes the recovery of locomotory function after SCI. Therefore, this microglial membrane-based drug delivery system provides a promising biomimetic nanomedicine for targeted therapy for SCI.

Polyphenols in Inner Ear Neurobiology, Health and Disease: From Bench to Clinics

There is substantial experimental and clinical interest in providing effective ways to both prevent and slow the onset of hearing loss. Auditory hair cells, which occur along the basilar membrane of the cochlea, often lose functionality due to age-related biological alterations, as well as from exposure to high decibel sounds affecting a diminished/damaged auditory sensitivity. Hearing loss is also seen to take place due to neuronal degeneration before or following hair cell destruction/loss. A strategy is necessary to protect hair cells and XIII cranial/auditory nerve cells prior to injury and throughout aging. Within this context, it was proposed that cochlea neural stem cells may be protected from such aging and environmental/noise insults via the ingestion of protective dietary supplements. Of particular importance is that these studies typically display a hormetic-like biphasic dose-response pattern that prevents the occurrence of auditory cell damage induced by various model chemical toxins, such as cisplatin. Likewise, the hormetic dose-response also enhances the occurrence of cochlear neural cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. These findings are particularly important since they confirmed a strong dose dependency of the significant beneficial effects (which is biphasic), whilst having a low-dose beneficial response, whereas extensive exposures may become ineffective and/or potentially harmful. According to hormesis, phytochemicals including polyphenols exhibit biphasic dose-response effects activating low-dose antioxidant signaling pathways, resulting in the upregulation of vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Modulation of the vitagene network through polyphenols increases cellular resilience mechanisms, thus impacting neurological disorder pathophysiology. Here, we aimed to explore polyphenols targeting the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway to neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies that can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, thus preventing auditory hair cell and XIII cranial/auditory nerve cell degeneration. Furthermore, we explored techniques to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy.

Nanophytomedicines as Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson's Disease

Phytochemicals are promising therapeutics for various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, their efficacy, pharmacokinetic properties, and penetration across the blood-brain barrier can be improved using delivery systems such as nanoparticles. We reviewed recently published work in which nanoparticles were used to deliver phytochemicals toward PD treatment. The studies show that nanoparticles not only improve the pharmacological effect of the phytochemicals but also enable targeting to the brain and crossing of the blood-brain barrier. Various ligands were added to the nanoparticles to improve blood-brain barrier transportation. The promising findings from the published studies reveal that more research into nanophytomedicine approaches as therapeutic targets for PD is warranted, especially since they have the potential to protect against key features of PD, including α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dopaminergic neuronal death. Furthermore, future directions should involve smart designs to tailor nanoparticles for improved therapeutic delivery by modifying their features, such as architecture, surface and material properties, targeting ligands, and responsiveness.

Engineering CAR-NK cell derived exosome disguised nano-bombs for enhanced HER2 positive breast cancer brain metastasis therapy

HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis (HER2+ BCBM) is a refractory malignancy with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. The efficacies of conventional treatments, including radiation and the FDA-approved drug trastuzumab, are compromised due to their significant obstacles, such as limited penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), off-target effects on HER2+ tumor cells, and systemic adverse reactions, ultimately resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. In order to address these challenges, a novel biomimetic nanoplatform was created, which consisted of a combination of chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cell-derived exosomes (ExoCAR), and a nanobomb (referred to as Micelle). This nanoplatform, known as ExoCAR/T7@Micelle, was designed to enhance the effectiveness of antitumor treatment by disrupting ferroptosis defense mechanisms. Due to the transferrin receptor binding peptide (T7) modification and CAR expression on the exosome surface, the nanoplatform successfully traversed the blood-brain barrier and selectively targeted HER2+ breast cancer cells. Moreover, integration of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) -amplified and photodynamic therapy (PDT)-based nanobomb facilitated the spatiotemporal release of the cargos at specific sites. Upon systemic administration of ExoCAR/T7@Micelle, mice with orthotopic HER2+ BCBM demonstrated a robust antitumor response in vivo, leading to a significant extension in survival time. Furthermore, histological analyses and blood index studies revealed no discernible side effects. Collectively, this study is the first to indicate the possibility of HER2+ BCBM therapy with a CAR-NK cell-derived biomimetic drug delivery system.

Emerging strategies to fabricate polymeric nanocarriers for enhanced drug delivery across blood-brain barrier: An overview

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as an essential interface between central nervous system (CNS) and its periphery, allowing selective permeation of ions, gaseous molecules, and other nutrients to maintain metabolic functions of brain. Concurrently, it restricts passage of unsolicited materials from bloodstream to CNS which could otherwise lead to neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and other brain cancers, drugs must reach CNS. Among various materials developed for this purpose, a few judiciously selected polymeric nanocarriers are reported to be highly prospective to facilitate BBB permeation. However, the challenge of transporting drug-loaded nanomaterials across this barrier remains formidable. Herein a concise analysis of recently employed strategies for designing polymeric nanocarriers to deliver therapeutics across BBB is presented. Impacts of 3Ss, namely, size, shape, and surface charge of polymeric nanocarriers on BBB permeation along with different ligands used for nanoparticle surface modification to achieve targeted delivery have been scrutinized. Finally, we elucidated future research directions in the context of designing smart polymeric nanocarriers for BBB permeation. This work aims to guide researchers engaged in polymeric nanocarrier design, helping them navigate where to begin, what challenges to address, and how to proceed effectively.

Targeting the central nervous system: From synthetic nanoparticles to extracellular vesicles-Focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are an accelerating global health problem as life expectancy rises worldwide. Despite their significant burden in public health systems to date, the existing treatments only manage the symptoms without slowing down disease progression. Thus, the ongoing neurodegenerative process remains untreated. Moreover, the stronghold of the brain-the blood-brain barrier (BBB)-prevents drug penetrance and dwindles effective treatments. In the last years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have become a promising approach to target and treat these disorders related to the central nervous system (CNS). PLGA based nanoparticles (NPs) were the first employed DDS for effective drug delivery. However, the poor drug loading capacity and localized immunogenicity prompted the scientific community to move to another DDS such as lipid-based NPs. Despite the lipid NPs' safety and effectiveness, their off-target accumulation together with the denominated CARPA (complement activation-related pseudo allergy) reaction has limited their complete clinical translation. Recently, biological NPs naturally secreted by cells, termed as extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising more complex biocompatible DDS. In addition, EVs act as dual players in NDs treatment, as a "cell free" therapy themselves, as well as new biological NPs with numerous characteristics that qualify them as promising carriers over synthetic DDS. The present review aims to display advantages, drawbacks, current limitations and future prospective of the previously cited synthetic and biological DDS to enter the brain and treat one of 21st century most challenging diseases, NDs. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.

Dual receptor specific nanoparticles targeting EGFR and PD-L1 for enhanced delivery of docetaxel in cancer therapy

Dual-receptor targeted (DRT) nanoparticles which contain two distinct targeting agents may exhibit higher cell selectivity, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells than single-ligand targeted nanoparticle systems without additional functionality. The purpose of this study is to prepare DRT poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for targeting the delivery of docetaxel (DTX) to the EGFR and PD-L1 receptor positive cancer cells such as human glioblastoma multiform (U87-MG) and human non-small cell lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Anti-EGFR and anti-PD-L1 antibody were decorated on DTX loaded PLGA nanoparticles to prepare DRT-DTX-PLGA via. single emulsion solvent evaporation method. Physicochemical characterizations of DRT-DTX-PLGA, such as particle size, zeta-potential, morphology, and in vitro DTX release were also evaluated. The average particle size of DRT-DTX-PLGA was 124.2 ± 1.1 nm with spherical and smooth morphology. In the cellular uptake study, the DRT-DTX-PLGA endocytosed by the U87-MG and A549 cells was single ligand targeting nanoparticle. From the in vitro cell cytotoxicity, and apoptosis studies, we reported that DRT-DTX-PLGA exhibited high cytotoxicity and enhanced the apoptotic cell compared to the single ligand-targeted nanoparticle. The dual receptor mediated endocytosis of DRT-DTX-PLGA showed a high binding affinity effect that leads to high intracellular DTX concentration and exhibited high cytotoxic properties. Thus, DRT nanoparticles have the potential to improve cancer therapy by providing selectivity over single-ligand-targeted nanoparticles.

Conjugation, Prodrug, and Co-Administration Strategies in Support of Nanotechnologies to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Phytochemicals in the Central Nervous System

Phytochemicals, produced as secondary plant metabolites, have shown interesting potential therapeutic activities against neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic processes compromise their therapeutic use, and several strategies are currently proposed for overcoming these issues. The present review summarises strategies for enhancing the central nervous system's phytochemical efficacy. Particular attention has been paid to the use of phytochemicals in combination with other drugs (co-administrations) or administration of phytochemicals as prodrugs or conjugates, particularly when these approaches are supported by nanotechnologies exploiting conjugation strategies with appropriate targeting molecules. These aspects are described for polyphenols and essential oil components, which can improve their loading as prodrugs in nanocarriers, or be part of nanocarriers designed for targeted co-delivery to achieve synergistic anti-glioma or anti-neurodegenerative effects. The use of in vitro models, able to simulate the blood-brain barrier, neurodegeneration or glioma, and useful for optimizing innovative formulations before their in vivo administration via intravenous, oral, or nasal routes, is also summarised. Among the described compounds, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, geraniol, and cinnamaldehyde can be efficaciously formulated to attain brain-targeting characteristics, and may therefore be therapeutically useful against glioma or neurodegenerative diseases.

Boosting Glioblastoma Therapy with Targeted Pyroptosis Induction

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive cancer that currently lacks effective treatments. Pyroptosis has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer, but there is still a need for new pyroptosis boosters to target cancer cells. In this study, it is reported that Aloe-emodin (AE), a natural compound derived from plants, can inhibit GBM cells by inducing pyroptosis, making it a potential booster for pyroptosis-mediated GBM therapy. However, administering AE is challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its non-selectivity. To overcome this obstacle, AE@ZIF-8 NPs are developed, a biomineralized nanocarrier that releases AE in response to the tumor's acidic microenvironment (TAM). Further modification of the nanocarrier with transferrin (Tf) and polyethylene glycol-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) improves its penetration through the BBB and tumor targeting, respectively. The results show that AE-NPs (Tf-PEG-PLGA modified AE@ZIF-8 NPs) significantly increase the intracranial distribution and tumor tissue accumulation, enhancing GBM pyroptosis. Additionally, AE-NPs activate antitumor immunity and reduce AE-related toxicity. Overall, this study provides a new approach for GBM therapy and offers a nanocarrier that is capable of penetrating the BBB, targeting tumors, and attenuating toxicity.

Intranasal Polymeric and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for CNS Drug Delivery

Nanomedicine is currently focused on the design and development of nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery to the brain to address unmet clinical needs for treating neuropsychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Polymer and lipid-based drug carriers are advantageous for delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) due to their safety profiles, drug-loading capacity, and controlled-release properties. Polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) are reported to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and have been extensively assessed in in vitro and animal models of glioblastoma, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disease. Since approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of intranasal esketamine for treatment of major depressive disorder, intranasal administration has emerged as an attractive route to bypass the BBB for drug delivery to the CNS. NPs can be specifically designed for intranasal administration by tailoring their size and coating with mucoadhesive agents or other moieties that promote transport across the nasal mucosa. In this review, unique characteristics of polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers desirable for drug delivery to the brain are explored in addition to their potential for drug repurposing for the treatment of CNS disorders. Progress in intranasal drug delivery using polymeric and lipid-based nanostructures for the development of treatments of various neurological diseases are also described.

Biocompatible, bacteria-targeting resveratrol nanoparticles fabricated by Mannich molecular condensation for accelerating infected wound healing

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and long-term inflammation can delay wound healing and cause tissue damage, while bacterial infection aggravates the wound environment further. It is impossible to resolve all these thorny problems simultaneously with a wound dressing that has only one function. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of resveratrol (Res) have been proven. However, the effect of Res is non-selective, and high levels of Res can inhibit cell growth and promote oxidation. Res is also difficult to dissolve and possesses insufficient antibacterial properties, so its role is limited. In this study, Res was assembled via Mannich reaction into nanoparticles and functionalized by phenylboric acid, giving rise to targeting bacteria and solving the water-insoluble dilemma of Res. In comparison with Trolox, the assembled Res NPs performed better at scavenging ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Furthermore, Res NPs that targeted bacteria also showed high biocompatibility at concentrations five times higher than pure Res. The activities of Res NPs were comparable to free Res in downregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and reducing intracellular excessive ROS. The gel embedded with Res NPs accelerated the formation of granulation tissue, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization, facilitating wound healing. The present study suggests that functionalized polyphenol-based materials are preferably suited to the development of tissue engineering biomaterials.

Natural product-based pharmacological studies for neurological disorders

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and diseases are expected to rise sharply in the coming years, partly because of the world's aging population. Medicines for the treatment of the CNS have not been successfully made. Inadequate knowledge about the brain, pharmacokinetic and dynamic errors in preclinical studies, challenges with clinical trial design, complexity and variety of human brain illnesses, and variations in species are some potential scenarios. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are multifaceted and lack identifiable etiological components, and the drugs developed to treat them did not meet the requirements of those who anticipated treatments. Therefore, there is a great demand for safe and effective natural therapeutic adjuvants. For the treatment of NDDs and other memory-related problems, many herbal and natural items have been used in the Ayurvedic medical system. Anxiety, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), as well as a plethora of other neuropsychiatric disorders, may benefit from the use of plant and food-derived chemicals that have antidepressant or antiepileptic properties. We have summarized the present level of knowledge about natural products based on topological evidence, bioinformatics analysis, and translational research in this review. We have also highlighted some clinical research or investigation that will help us select natural products for the treatment of neurological conditions. In the present review, we have explored the potential efficacy of phytoconstituents against neurological diseases. Various evidence-based studies and extensive recent investigations have been included, which will help pharmacologists reduce the progression of neuronal disease.

Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease

An increasing number of the population all around the world suffer from age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disorder presents different signs of genetic, epigenetic and environmental origin, and molecular, cellular and intracellular dysfunction. At the molecular level, α-synuclein (αSyn) was identified as the principal molecule constituting the Lewy bodies (LB). The gut microbiota participates in the pathogenesis of PD and may contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons through mitochondrial dysfunction. The most important pathogenetic link is an imbalance of Ca²⁺ ions, which is associated with redox imbalance in the cells and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that cause these disorders and their cause-and-effect relationships are considered. As a constituent of environmental factors, the example of organophosphates (OPs) is also reviewed. The role of endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of PD is discussed, and a ‘triple hit hypothesis’ is proposed as a modification of Braak’s dual hit one. In the absence of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, more and more evidence is emerging about the positive impact of nutritional structure and healthy lifestyle on the state of blood vessels and the risk of developing these diseases.

Striatal miR-183-5p inhibits methamphetamine-induced locomotion by regulating glucocorticoid receptor signaling

MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated striatal gene regulation may play an important role in methamphetamine (METH) addiction. This study aimed to identify changes in novel miRNAs and their target genes during METH self-administration and investigate their roles in METH-induced locomotion. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that mir-183-5p was upregulated in the striatum of METH self-administered rats, and target gene prediction revealed that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, Nr3c1, was a potential target gene for mir-183-5p. We confirmed that single and repeated METH administrations increased METH-induced locomotion and plasma corticosterone levels in rats. Additionally, increased miR-185-5p expression and decreased GR gene expression were observed only in the repeated-METH-injection group but not in the single-injection group. We then investigated the effects of miR-183-5p on METH-induced locomotion using a miR-183-5p mimic and inhibitor. Injection of a mir-183-5p mimic in the striatum of rats attenuated METH-induced locomotion, whereas injection of a miR-183-5p inhibitor enhanced the locomotor activity in METH-administered rats. Furthermore, the miR-183-5p mimic reduced the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) whereas the inhibitor increased it. Taken together, these results indicate that repeated METH injections increase striatal miR-183-5p expression and regulate METH-induced locomotion by regulating GR expression in rats, thereby suggesting a potential role of miR-183-5p as a novel regulator of METH-induced locomotion.

Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala Berry Promotes Antioxidant Response and Suppresses Glutamate-Induced Cell Death via SIRT1/Nrf2 Survival Pathway in Hippocampal HT22 Neuronal Cells

Excessive glutamate neurotransmitters result in oxidative neurotoxicity, similar to neurodegeneration. An indigenous berry of Thailand, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CNP), has been recognized for its robust antioxidants. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of CNP fruit extracts on antioxidant-related survival pathways against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The extract showed strong antioxidant capability and had high total phenolic and flavonoid contents, particularly resveratrol. Next, the protective effects of the CNP extract or resveratrol on the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity were examined in HT22 hippocampal cells. Our investigation showed that the pretreatment of cells with the CNP extract or resveratrol attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death via suppression of apoptosis cascade by inhibiting the levels of cleaved- and pro-caspase-3 proteins. The CNP extract and resveratrol suppressed the intracellular ROS by increasing the mRNA expression level of antioxidant enzymes (SODs, GPx1, and CAT). We found that this extract and resveratrol significantly increased SIRT1 expression as a survival-related protein. Moreover, they also promoted the activity of the Nrf2 protein translocation into the nucleus and could bind to the promoter containing the antioxidant response element, inducing the expression of the downstream GPx1-antioxidant protein. Our data illustrate that the CNP extract and resveratrol inhibit apoptotic neuronal death via glutamate-induced oxidative neurotoxicity in HT22 cells through the activation of the SIRT1/Nrf2 survival mechanism.

Research Advances of Lactoferrin in Electrostatic Spinning, Nano Self-Assembly, and Immune and Gut Microbiota Regulation

Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally present iron-binding globulin with the structural properties of an N-lobe strongly positively charged terminus and a cage-like structure of nano self-assembly encapsulation. These unique structural properties give it potential for development in the fields of electrostatic spinning, targeted delivery systems, and the gut-brain axis. This review will provide an overview of LF's unique structure, encapsulation, and targeted transport capabilities, as well as its applications in immunity and gut microbiota regulation. First, the microstructure of LF is summarized and compared with its homologous ferritin, revealing both structural and functional similarities and differences between them. Second, the electrostatic interactions of LF and its application in electrostatic spinning are summarized. Its positive charge properties can be applied to functional environmental protection packaging materials and to improving drug stability and antiviral effects, while electrostatic spinning can promote bone regeneration and anti-inflammatory effects. Then the nano self-assembly behavior of LF is exploited as a cage-like protein to encapsulate bioactive substances to construct functional targeted delivery systems for applications such as contrast agents, antibacterial dressings, anti-cancer therapy, and gene delivery. In addition, some covalent and noncovalent interactions of LF in the Maillard reaction and protein interactions and other topics are briefly discussed. Finally, LF may affect immunological function via controlling the gut microbiota. In conclusion, this paper reviews the research advances of LF in electrostatic spinning, nano self-assembly, and immune and gut microbiota regulation, aiming to provide a reference for its application in the food and pharmaceutical fields.

Evaluation of Resveratrol and Piceatannol Anticonvulsant Potential in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder which affects 50 million people worldwide. Patients with epilepsy may present cognitive deficits and psychological impairment. Currently, 30% of patients fail to respond to any available antiseizure drug, and a significant number of patients do not well tolerate the offered treatments. Then, it is necessary to find out alternatives for controlling epileptic seizures. Studies have shown that despite its neuroprotective effects, resveratrol shows poor anticonvulsant properties. Resveratrol analog, piceatannol, possesses higher biological activity than resveratrol and could be an alternative to control seizure. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of resveratrol and piceatannol in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Only the experimental positive control (diazepam) showed anticonvulsant effect in this study. In addition, no behavioral changes were observed 24 h after seizure occurrence. Finally, the expression of genes related to neuronal activity (c-fos), neurogenesis (p70S6Ka and p70S6Kb), inflammatory response (interleukin 1β), and cell apoptosis (caspase-3) did not change by pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Therefore, we failed to observe any anticonvulsant and neuroprotective potential of resveratrol and piceatannol in adult zebrafish. However, resveratrol and piceatannol benefits in epilepsy are not discharged, and more studies are necessary.