1
|
Rottmayer K, Schwarze M, Jassoy C, Hoffmann R, Loeffler-Wirth H, Lehmann C. Potential of a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:273. [PMID: 38666885 PMCID: PMC11047883 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 play a pivotal role in the definition of whether patients are infected, the understanding of viral epidemiology, the screening of convalescent sera for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and in obtaining a better understanding of the immune response towards the virus. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a bead-based multiplex assay. This assay allowed for the simultaneous testing of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1, S2, RBD, and nucleocapsid moieties and S1 of seasonal coronaviruses hCoV-22E, hCoV-HKU1, hCoV-NL63, and hCoV-OC43, as well as MERS and SARS-CoV. We compared the bead-based multiplex assay with commercial ELISA tests. We tested the sera of 27 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals who were previously tested with different ELISA assays. Additionally, we investigated the reproducibility of the results by means of multiple testing of the same sera. Finally, the results were correlated with neutralising assays. In summary, the concordance of the qualitative results ranged between 78% and 96% depending on the ELISA assay and the specific antigen. Repeated freezing-thawing cycles resulted in reduced mean fluorescence intensity, while the storage period had no influence in this respect. In our test cohort, we detected up to 36% of sera positive for the development of neutralising antibodies, which is in concordance with the bead-based multiplex and IgG ELISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rottmayer
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Schwarze
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, IZBI, Leipzig University, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Claudia Lehmann
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bernhard J, Theuring S, van Loon W, Mall MA, Seybold J, Kurth T, Rubio-Acero R, Wieser A, Mockenhaupt FP. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Berlin Kindergarten Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study, September 2021. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:405. [PMID: 38671622 PMCID: PMC11049115 DOI: 10.3390/children11040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 serology may be helpful to retrospectively understand infection dynamics in specific settings including kindergartens. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in individuals connected to kindergartens in Berlin, Germany in September 2021. Children, staff, and household members from 12 randomly selected kindergartens were interviewed on COVID-19 history and sociodemographic parameters. Blood samples were collected on filter paper. SARS-CoV-2 anti-S and anti-N antibodies were assessed using Roche Elecsys. We assessed seroprevalence and the proportion of so far unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 infections. We included 277 participants, comprising 48 (17.3%) kindergarten children, 37 (13.4%) staff, and 192 (69.3%) household members. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were present in 65.0%, and 52.7% of all participants were vaccinated. Evidence of previous infection was observed in 16.7% of kindergarten children, 16.2% of staff, and 10.4% of household members. Undiagnosed infections were observed in 12.5%, 5.4%, and 3.6%, respectively. Preceding infections were associated with facemask neglect. In conclusion, two-thirds of our cohort were SARS-CoV-2 seroreactive in September 2021, largely as a result of vaccination in adults. Kindergarten children showed the highest proportion of non-vaccine-induced seropositivity and an increased proportion of previously unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 infection. Silent infections in pre-school children need to be considered when interpreting SARS-CoV-2 infections in the kindergarten context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Bernhard
- Institute of International Health, Charité Center for Global Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.T.); (W.v.L.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Stefanie Theuring
- Institute of International Health, Charité Center for Global Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.T.); (W.v.L.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Welmoed van Loon
- Institute of International Health, Charité Center for Global Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.T.); (W.v.L.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Joachim Seybold
- Medical Directorate, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Institute of Public Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Raquel Rubio-Acero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80802 Munich, Germany (A.W.)
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80802 Munich, Germany (A.W.)
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 80802 Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), 80779 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank P. Mockenhaupt
- Institute of International Health, Charité Center for Global Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.T.); (W.v.L.); (F.P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pinheiro GSMA, Lemos SMA, Martins IDA, Januário GC, Cintra ML, Farias AVSR, Oliveira RMDS, Januário JN, Azevedo VMGDO, Bentes AA, Alves CRL. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 gestational exposure and risk factors on neurodevelopment until 12 months: A prospective cohort study in Brazil. Early Hum Dev 2024; 188:105918. [PMID: 38104363 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of SARS-CoV-2 gestational exposure on child development remain inconclusive. AIMS To analyze the effects of SARS-CoV-2 gestational exposure on neurodevelopment until 12 months. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study conducted in five municipalities in Southeast Brazil from August 2021 to September 2022. SUBJECTS Infants were recruited from a serological survey performed during neonatal screening and followed up to 12 months old. We included 224 infants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and 225 non-exposed, according to the serology results of the newborn as well as their mothers and the maternal antenatal RT-PCR results. OUTCOME MEASURES Developmental assessments were performed at 6 and 12 months using the Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children-Brazilian Version (SWYC-BR). Children with suspected developmental delay (SDD) at 6 and 12 months were considered at high risk for developmental delay (HRDD). Additionally, risk factors associated with SDD were examined. RESULTS There were 111 children identified with SDD and 52 with HRDD. SARS-CoV-2 gestational exposure was not associated with SDD. Exposure in the first gestational trimester increased SDD risk by 2.15 times compared to the third. Cesarean delivery predicted SDD (OR 1.56; 95%CI 1.01-2.42) and HRDD (OR 1.91; 95%CI 1.04-3.48). Additionally, suspected maternal depression predicted SDD (OR 1.76; 95%CI 1.01-3.10). CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 gestational exposure did not increase the developmental delay risk. However, our findings suggest that the earlier the gestational exposure, the greater the developmental delay risk at 12 months. Cesarean delivery and suspected maternal depression increased the developmental delay risk, independent of virus exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stela Maris Aguiar Lemos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Araújo Martins
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cintra Januário
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Papa João Paulo II, 4143. Cidade Administrativa - Serra Verde, Belo Horizonte, MG 31630-900, Brazil
| | - Mila Lemos Cintra
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Nélio Januário
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
| | | | - Aline Almeida Bentes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Regina Lindgren Alves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stern D, Meyer TC, Treindl F, Mages HW, Krüger M, Skiba M, Krüger JP, Zobel CM, Schreiner M, Grossegesse M, Rinner T, Peine C, Stoliaroff-Pépin A, Harder T, Hofmann N, Michel J, Nitsche A, Stahlberg S, Kneuer A, Sandoni A, Kubisch U, Schlaud M, Mankertz A, Schwarz T, Corman VM, Müller MA, Drosten C, de la Rosa K, Schaade L, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. A bead-based multiplex assay covering all coronaviruses pathogenic for humans for sensitive and specific surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21846. [PMID: 38071261 PMCID: PMC10710470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological assays measuring antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are key to describe the epidemiology, pathobiology or induction of immunity after infection or vaccination. Of those, multiplex assays targeting multiple antigens are especially helpful as closely related coronaviruses or other antigens can be analysed simultaneously from small sample volumes, hereby shedding light on patterns in the immune response that would otherwise remain undetected. We established a bead-based 17-plex assay detecting antibodies targeting antigens from all coronaviruses pathogenic for humans: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV strains 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63. The assay was validated against five commercial serological immunoassays, a commercial surrogate virus neutralisation test, and a virus neutralisation assay, all targeting SARS-CoV-2. It was found to be highly versatile as shown by antibody detection from both serum and dried blot spots and as shown in three case studies. First, we followed seroconversion for all four endemic HCoV strains and SARS-CoV-2 in an outbreak study in day-care centres for children. Second, we were able to link a more severe clinical course to a stronger IgG response with this 17-plex-assay, which was IgG1 and IgG3 dominated. Finally, our assay was able to discriminate recent from previous SARS-CoV-2 infections by calculating the IgG/IgM ratio on the N antigen targeting antibodies. In conclusion, due to the comprehensive method comparison, thorough validation, and the proven versatility, our multiplex assay is a valuable tool for studies on coronavirus serology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja C Meyer
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fridolin Treindl
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Mages
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Krüger
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Krüger
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M Zobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marica Grossegesse
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rinner
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Peine
- Immunization Unit (FG 33), Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Stoliaroff-Pépin
- Immunization Unit (FG 33), Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Harder
- Immunization Unit (FG 33), Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Hofmann
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Stahlberg
- Central Epidemiological Laboratory (FG 22), Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Kneuer
- Central Epidemiological Laboratory (FG 22), Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Sandoni
- Central Epidemiological Laboratory (FG 22), Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kubisch
- Central Epidemiological Laboratory (FG 22), Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schlaud
- Central Epidemiological Laboratory (FG 22), Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Mankertz
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients (FG 12), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Corporate Member, Freie Universität Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Corporate Member, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin de la Rosa
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peterhoff D, Wiegrebe S, Einhauser S, Patt AJ, Beileke S, Günther F, Steininger P, Niller HH, Burkhardt R, Küchenhoff H, Gefeller O, Überla K, Heid IM, Wagner R. Population-based study of the durability of humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242536. [PMID: 37868969 PMCID: PMC10585261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality are key markers of humoral immunity. However, there is substantial uncertainty about their durability. We investigated levels and temporal change of SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality. We analyzed sera (8 binding, 4 avidity assays for spike-(S-)protein and nucleocapsid-(N-)protein; neutralization) from 211 seropositive unvaccinated participants, from the population-based longitudinal TiKoCo study, at three time points within one year after infection with the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a significant decline of neutralization titers and binding antibody levels in most assays (linear mixed regression model, p<0.01). S-specific serum avidity increased markedly over time, in contrast to N-specific. Binding antibody levels were higher in older versus younger participants - a difference that disappeared for the asymptomatic-infected. We found stronger antibody decline in men versus women and lower binding and avidity levels in current versus never-smokers. Our comprehensive longitudinal analyses across 13 antibody assays suggest decreased neutralization-based protection and prolonged affinity maturation within one year after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wiegrebe
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arisha J. Patt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans H. Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schiffner J, Eisemann N, Baltus H, Jensen S, Wunderlich K, Schuesseler S, Eicker C, Teegen B, Boniakowsky D, Solbach W, Mischnik A. Dynamics of immunity over time: decline of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and T-cell responses after mRNA vaccination in residents and health care workers in nursing homes and homes with assisted living support. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 11:Doc02. [PMID: 37830111 PMCID: PMC10565841 DOI: 10.3205/id000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Background In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of immunity over time by measuring anti SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses (interferon-gamma release assay) after two doses of vaccines in residents and health care workers (HCW). Mostly, 224 (98%) residents and 244 (89%) HCW received two doses of mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNTech); the rest of the participants received heterologous vaccinations with mRNA and vector vaccines. The study was conducted at the time when the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 prevailed. Methods We analyzed blood samples of 228 residents (median age 83.8 years) and of 273 HCW (median age 49.7 years) from five nursing homes and one home for the elderly with assisted living support at one specific time point. Participants received two vaccinations. The blood samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibody and T-cell responses. Results The initial immune responses in the younger participants were about 30% higher than in the older age group. Over time the estimated mean of the parameters (estimated from the study sample for the total population) decreased in all groups within the maximum observation period of 232 days. Comorbidities such as coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus reduced the initial immune responses regardless of age. With regard to measured IgG antibody levels, absolute values decreased over time, whereas the interferon-gamma response remained at a constant level between day 120 and 180 and seemed to be less dependent on the time elapsed after vaccination. Conclusions Based on our data, it does not seem possible to determine a reliable threshold of robust immunity, but we suggest that high titres of neutralizing capacity and interferon-gamma response might be an indicator of protection against severe COVID-19 courses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Eisemann
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Hannah Baltus
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sina Jensen
- Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bianca Teegen
- Klinisch-Immunologisches Labor Stoecker, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Werner Solbach
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Luebeck, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kroidl I, Winter S, Rubio-Acero R, Bakuli A, Geldmacher C, Eser TM, Déak F, Horn S, Zielke A, Ahmed MIM, Diepers P, Guggenbühl J, Frese J, Bruger J, Puchinger K, Reich J, Falk P, Markgraf A, Fensterseifer H, Paunovic I, Thomschke A, Pritsch M, Riess F, Saathoff E, Hoelscher M, Olbrich L, Castelletti N, Wieser A. Studying temporal titre evolution of commercial SARS-CoV-2 assays reveals significant shortcomings of using BAU standardization for comparison. Virol J 2023; 20:200. [PMID: 37658454 PMCID: PMC10474769 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies has become one of the main epidemiological tools to survey the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but also vaccination response. The WHO made available a set of well-characterized samples derived from recovered individuals to allow normalization between different quantitative anti-Spike assays to defined Binding Antibody Units (BAU). METHODS To assess sero-responses longitudinally, a cohort of ninety-nine SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive subjects was followed up together with forty-five vaccinees without previous infection but with two vaccinations. Sero-responses were evaluated using a total of six different assays: four measuring anti-Spike proteins (converted to BAU), one measuring anti-Nucleocapsid proteins and one SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization. Both cohorts were evaluated using the Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA anti-S1 IgG and the Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 assay. RESULTS In SARS-CoV-2-convalesce subjects, the BAU-sero-responses of Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA anti-S1 IgG and Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 peaked both at 47 (43-51) days, the first assay followed by a slow decay thereafter (> 208 days), while the second assay not presenting any decay within one year. Both assay values in BAUs are only equivalent a few months after infection, elsewhere correction factors up to 10 are necessary. In contrast, in infection-naive vaccinees the assays perform similarly. CONCLUSION The results of our study suggest that the establishment of a protective correlate or vaccination booster recommendation based on different assays, although BAU-standardised, is still challenging. At the moment the characteristics of the available assays used are not related, and the BAU-standardisation is unable to correct for that.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Winter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Rubio-Acero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abhishek Bakuli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tabea M Eser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Flora Déak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sacha Horn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Zielke
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paulina Diepers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Guggenbühl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Frese
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Bruger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Puchinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Reich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Philine Falk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Alisa Markgraf
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Fensterseifer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ivana Paunovic
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Thomschke
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Riess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmar Saathoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma QL, Huang FM, Guo W, Feng KY, Huang T, Cai YD. Machine Learning Classification of Time since BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccination Based on Array-Measured Antibody Activity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1304. [PMID: 37374086 DOI: 10.3390/life13061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines trigger an immunological response that includes B and T cells, with B cells producing antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 immunity weakens over time after vaccination. Discovering key changes in antigen-reactive antibodies over time after vaccination could help improve vaccine efficiency. In this study, we collected data on blood antibody levels in a cohort of healthcare workers vaccinated for COVID-19 and obtained 73 antigens in samples from four groups according to the duration after vaccination, including 104 unvaccinated healthcare workers, 534 healthcare workers within 60 days after vaccination, 594 healthcare workers between 60 and 180 days after vaccination, and 141 healthcare workers over 180 days after vaccination. Our work was a reanalysis of the data originally collected at Irvine University. This data was obtained in Orange County, California, USA, with the collection process commencing in December 2020. British variant (B.1.1.7), South African variant (B.1.351), and Brazilian/Japanese variant (P.1) were the most prevalent strains during the sampling period. An efficient machine learning based framework containing four feature selection methods (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, light gradient boosting machine, Monte Carlo feature selection, and maximum relevance minimum redundancy) and four classification algorithms (decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and support vector machine) was designed to select essential antibodies against specific antigens. Several efficient classifiers with a weighted F1 value around 0.75 were constructed. The antigen microarray used for identifying antibody levels in the coronavirus features ten distinct SARS-CoV-2 antigens, comprising various segments of both nucleocapsid protein (NP) and spike protein (S). This study revealed that S1 + S2, S1.mFcTag, S1.HisTag, S1, S2, Spike.RBD.His.Bac, Spike.RBD.rFc, and S1.RBD.mFc were most highly ranked among all features, where S1 and S2 are the subunits of Spike, and the suffixes represent the tagging information of different recombinant proteins. Meanwhile, the classification rules were obtained from the optimal decision tree to explain quantitatively the roles of antigens in the classification. This study identified antibodies associated with decreased clinical immunity based on populations with different time spans after vaccination. These antibodies have important implications for maintaining long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fei-Ming Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kai-Yan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Owusu-Boaitey N, Russell TW, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Levin AT, Herrera-Esposito D. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200809. [PMID: 37227301 PMCID: PMC10283460 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSerological surveys have been the gold standard to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dynamics of the epidemic, and disease severity. Serological assays have decaying sensitivity with time that can bias their results, but there is a lack of guidelines to account for this phenomenon for SARS-CoV-2.AimOur goal was to assess the sensitivity decay of seroassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dependence of this decay on assay characteristics, and to provide a simple method to correct for this phenomenon.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology studies. We included studies testing previously diagnosed, unvaccinated individuals, and excluded studies of cohorts highly unrepresentative of the general population (e.g. hospitalised patients).ResultsOf the 488 screened studies, 76 studies reporting on 50 different seroassays were included in the analysis. Sensitivity decay depended strongly on the antigen and the analytic technique used by the assay, with average sensitivities ranging between 26% and 98% at 6 months after infection, depending on assay characteristics. We found that a third of the included assays departed considerably from manufacturer specifications after 6 months.ConclusionsSeroassay sensitivity decay depends on assay characteristics, and for some types of assays, it can make manufacturer specifications highly unreliable. We provide a tool to correct for this phenomenon and to assess the risk of decay for a given assay. Our analysis can guide the design and interpretation of serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and quantify systematic biases in the existing serology literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, United States
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Herrera-Esposito
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Ciencia de Datos y Aprendizaje Automático, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Offergeld R, Preußel K, Zeiler T, Aurich K, Baumann-Baretti BI, Ciesek S, Corman VM, Dienst V, Drosten C, Görg S, Greinacher A, Grossegesse M, Haller S, Heuft HG, Hofmann N, Horn PA, Houareau C, Gülec I, Jiménez Klingberg CL, Juhl D, Lindemann M, Martin S, Neuhauser HK, Nitsche A, Ohme J, Peine S, Sachs UJ, Schaade L, Schäfer R, Scheiblauer H, Schlaud M, Schmidt M, Umhau M, Vollmer T, Wagner FF, Wieler LH, Wilking H, Ziemann M, Zimmermann M, der Heiden MA. Monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Prevalence of Antibodies in a Large, Repetitive Cross-Sectional Study of Blood Donors in Germany—Results from the SeBluCo Study 2020–2022. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040551. [PMID: 37111436 PMCID: PMC10144823 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance is important to adapt infection control measures and estimate the degree of underreporting. Blood donor samples can be used as a proxy for the healthy adult population. In a repeated cross-sectional study from April 2020 to April 2021, September 2021, and April/May 2022, 13 blood establishments collected 134,510 anonymised specimens from blood donors in 28 study regions across Germany. These were tested for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleocapsid, including neutralising capacity. Seroprevalence was adjusted for test performance and sampling and weighted for demographic differences between the sample and the general population. Seroprevalence estimates were compared to notified COVID-19 cases. The overall adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence remained below 2% until December 2020 and increased to 18.1% in April 2021, 89.4% in September 2021, and to 100% in April/May 2022. Neutralising capacity was found in 74% of all positive specimens until April 2021 and in 98% in April/May 2022. Our serosurveillance allowed for repeated estimations of underreporting from the early stage of the pandemic onwards. Underreporting ranged between factors 5.1 and 1.1 in the first two waves of the pandemic and remained well below 2 afterwards, indicating an adequate test strategy and notification system in Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Offergeld
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karina Preußel
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeiler
- German Red Cross Blood Service West, 58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Konstanze Aurich
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 39120 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victor M. Corman
- Institute of Virology, German National Reference Laboratory for Coronavirus, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, German National Reference Laboratory for Coronavirus, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Görg
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck/Kiel, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans-Gert Heuft
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology/Blood Bank, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ilay Gülec
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - David Juhl
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck/Kiel, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Silke Martin
- Bavarian Red Cross Blood Service, Herzog-Heinrich-Str. 2, 80336 München, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Ohme
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Eldagsener Straße 38, 31832 Springe, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich J. Sachs
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Langhansstr. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schlaud
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Umhau
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Franz F. Wagner
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Eldagsener Straße 38, 31832 Springe, Germany
| | | | | | - Malte Ziemann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck/Kiel, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cosgun Y, Emanet N, Kamiloglu AÖ, Grage-Griebenow E, Hohensee S, Saschenbrecker S, Steinhagen K, Korukluoglu G. Humoral Immune Response to CoronaVac in Turkish Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020216. [PMID: 36851093 PMCID: PMC9967599 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While most approved vaccines are based on the viral spike protein or its immunogenic regions, inactivated whole-virion vaccines (e.g., CoronaVac) contain additional antigens that may enhance protection. This study analyzes short-term humoral responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) and nucleocapsid (NCP) protein in 50 Turkish adults without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection after CoronaVac immunization. Samples were collected before vaccination (t0), 28-29 days after the first vaccine dose and prior to the second dose (t1), as well as 14-15 days after the second dose (t2). Anti-S1 IgG and IgA as well as anti-NCP IgG were quantified using ELISA. At t1, seroconversion rates for anti-S1 IgG, anti-S1 IgA and anti-NCP IgG were 30.0%, 28.0% and 4.0%, respectively, increasing significantly to 98.0%, 78.0% and 40.0% at t2. The anti-NCP IgG median (t2) was below the positivity cut-off, while anti-S1 IgG and IgA medians were positive. Anti-S1 IgG levels strongly correlated with anti-S1 IgA (rs = 0.767, p < 0.001) and anti-NCP IgG (rs = 0.683, p < 0.001). In conclusion, two CoronaVac doses induced significant increases in antibodies against S1 and NCP. Despite strong correlations between the antibody concentrations, the median levels and seroconversion rates of S1-specific responses exceed those of NCP-specific responses as early as two weeks after the second vaccine dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Cosgun
- National Arboviruses and Viral Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, Microbiology Reference Laboratories Department, Public Health General Directorate of Turkey, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Nergis Emanet
- Virology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | | | - Evelin Grage-Griebenow
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susann Hohensee
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandra Saschenbrecker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-3032-1617
| | - Katja Steinhagen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- National Arboviruses and Viral Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, Microbiology Reference Laboratories Department, Public Health General Directorate of Turkey, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jonczyk R, Stanislawski N, Seiler LK, Ahani S, Bueltemeier A, Stahl F, Beutel S, Blume H, Hauß C, Melk A, Paulsen M, Stiesch M, Winkel A, Pott PC, Saletti G, González-Hernández M, Kaiser FK, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Blume C. Comparison of two antibody screening systems for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in recovered and vaccinated subjects - test performance and possible indicators for immunity. J Clin Virol 2022; 157:105322. [PMID: 36279696 PMCID: PMC9576262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2-infection or vaccination is relevant to discover subclinical cases and recognize patients with a possible immunity. OBJECTIVES Test performance, effects of age, time-point of seroconversion and immune status regarding neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and T-cell-reactivity were investigated. STUDY DESIGN Two antibody assays (Viramed-Test for S/N-specific IgG, Roche-Test for N-specific IgA, -M, -G) were evaluated with classified samples. In total, 381 subjects aged 6-99 years, who had either recovered from the disease or had been vaccinated, were screened for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. This screening was part of an open observational study with working adults. Additionally, children and adults were analyzed in a longitudinal COVID-19 study in schools. For immunity evaluation, virus neutralization tests and ELISpot tests were performed in a subgroup of subjects. RESULTS Viramed revealed a slightly lower test performance than Roche, but test quality was equally well in samples from very young or very old donors. The time-point of seroconversion after the respective immunization detected by the two tests was not significantly different. N-specific antibodies, detected with Roche, highly correlated with NAbs in recovered subjects, whereas a positive Viramed-Test result was paralleled by a positive ELISpot result. CONCLUSION Viramed-Test was not as sensitive as Roche-Test, but highly specific and beneficial to distinguish between recovered and vaccinated status. For both tests correlations with humoral and cellular immunity were found. Of note, the expected early detection of IgA and IgM by the Roche-Test did not prove to be an advantage over IgG testing by Viramed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Architectures and Systems Group, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa K. Seiler
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Somayeh Ahani
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Bueltemeier
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Blume
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Architectures and Systems Group, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mira Paulsen
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp-Cornelius Pott
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariana González-Hernández
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Karola Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu WD, Wang JT, Chao TL, Ieong SM, Tsai YM, Kuo PH, Tsai MJ, Chen YJ, Li GC, Ho SY, Chen HH, Huang YS, Hung CC, Chen YC, Chang SY, Chang SC. Evolution of neutralizing antibodies and cross-activity against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 in patients recovering from COVID-19. J Formos Med Assoc 2022:S0929-6646(22)00436-3. [PMID: 36496300 PMCID: PMC9705194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients recovering from COVID-19 may need vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 because acquired immunity from primary infection may wane, given the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Understanding the trends of anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibody titers in patients recovering from COVID-19 may inform the decision made on the appropriate interval between recovery and vaccination. METHODS Participants aged 20 years or older and diagnosed with COVID-19 between January and December, 2020 were enrolled. Serum specimens were collected every three months from 10 days to 12 months after the onset of symptom for determinations of anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain with D614G mutation, alpha, gamma and delta variants. RESULTS Of 19 participants, we found a decreasing trend of geometric mean titers of anti-spike IgG from 560.9 to 217 and 92 BAU/mL after a 4-month and a 7-month follow-up, respectively. The anti-spike IgG titers declined more quickly in the ten participants with severe or critical disease than the nine participants with only mild to moderate disease between one month and seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection (-8.49 vs - 2.34-fold, p < 0.001). The neutralizing activity of the convalescent serum specimens collected from participants recovering from wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infection against different variants was lower, especially against the delta variants (p < 0.01 for each variant with Wuhan strain as reference). CONCLUSION Acquired immunity from primary infection with SARS-CoV-2 waned within 4-7 months in COVID-19 patients, and neutralizing cross-activities against different SARS-CoV-2 variants were lower compared with those against wild-type strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Da Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Tay Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei City 10002, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Man Ieong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Tsai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jui Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Chi Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yuan Ho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hou Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Center of Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author. Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei City 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chwen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Repeated cardiopulmonary performance measurements in young competitive handball players with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:197. [PMID: 36419174 PMCID: PMC9685117 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 virus and its long-term consequences in adolescents have a global impact on upcoming medical issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a SARS-CoV-2 infection on cardiorespiratory parameters in young athletes. METHODS In a cohort study involving repeated measurements during a six-month period, cardiorespiratory parameters were assessed in infected (SCoV) and non-infected (noSCoV) athletes. We evaluated handball players (17.2 ± 1.0 years) via performance diagnostics and a specific examination after a SARS-CoV-2 infection or without. RESULTS We observed no significant differences between the two groups at the first visit. But between the first and second visit, the SCoV group's maximum power output was significantly lower than the noSCoV group's (- 48.3 ± 12.5; p ≤ 0.01 vs. - 15.0 ± 26.0 W; p = 0.09). At the second visit, lung diffusion capacity (DLCO/VA, %predicted) did not differ between groups (111.6 ± 11.5 vs. 116.1 ± 11.8%; p = 0.45). HR during comparative stress showed no group differences. The SCoV group's mean oxygen uptake during incremental exercise was lower (Two-way-ANOVA: 1912 vs. 2106 ml; p ≤ 0.01; mean difference: - 194 ml; 95% CI - 317 to - 71); we also noted a significantly lower stroke volume course during exercise (Two-way-ANAOVA: 147.5 vs. 169.5 ml; mean difference: - 22 ml; p ≤ 0.01; 95% CI - 34.2 to - 9.9). The probability of premature ventricular complexes after a SARS-CoV-2 infection yielded an odds ratio of 1.6 (95% CI 0.24-10.81). CONCLUSIONS The physical performance of young athletes infected with SARS-CoV-2 was impaired. This decreased performance is probably due to cardiac and/or peripheral deconditioning. Studies with larger cohorts are needed to make more profound conclusions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Engelmann P, Löwe B, Brehm TT, Weigel A, Ullrich F, Addo MM, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Lohse AW, Toussaint A. Risk factors for worsening of somatic symptom burden in a prospective cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1022203. [PMID: 36337508 PMCID: PMC9631939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about risk factors for both Long COVID and somatic symptoms that develop in individuals without a history of COVID-19 in response to the pandemic. There is reason to assume an interplay between pathophysiological mechanisms and psychosocial factors in the etiology of symptom persistence. Objective Therefore, this study investigates specific risk factors for somatic symptom deterioration in a cohort of German adults with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods German healthcare professionals underwent SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody testing and completed self-rating questionnaires at baseline and 21 months later between April 2020 and February 2022. Differences in variables between the time points were analyzed and a regression analysis was performed to predict somatic symptom deterioration at follow-up. Results Seven hundred fifty-one adults completed both assessments. Until follow-up, n = 58 had contracted SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by serology. Between baseline and follow-up, signs of mental and physical strain increased significantly in the sample. Symptom expectations associated with COVID-19 and a self-reported history of COVID-19, but not serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, significantly predicted somatic symptom deterioration at follow-up. A further predictor was baseline psychological symptom burden. Conclusions This study supports a disease-overarching biopsychosocial model for the development of burdensome somatic symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and supports research findings that symptom burden may be more related to the psychosocial effects of the pandemic than to infection itself. Future studies on Long COVID should include SARS-CoV-2 negative control groups and consider symptom burden prior to infection in order to avoid an overestimation of prevalence rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Engelmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Petra Engelmann
| | - Bernd Löwe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Weigel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Toussaint
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Isgrò MA, Trillò G, Russo L, Tornesello AL, Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Miscio L, Normanno N, Bianchi AAM, Buonaguro FM, Cavalcanti E. Bimodal antibody-titer decline following BNT162b2 mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in healthcare workers of the INT - IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale" Cancer Center (Naples, Italy). Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:40. [PMID: 35902961 PMCID: PMC9333344 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines [BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna)] have shown high efficacy, with very modest side effects in limiting transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and in preventing the severe COVID-19 disease, characterized by a worrying high occupation of intensive care units (ICU), high frequency of intubation and ultimately high mortality rate. At the INT, in Naples, only the BNT162b2/Pfizer vaccine has been administered to cancer patients and healthcare professionals aged 16 and over. In the present study, the antibody response levels and their decline were monitored in an interval of 6–9 months after vaccine administration in the two different cohorts of workers of the INT – IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale" Cancer Center (Naples, Italy): the group of individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated with a single dose; and that of individuals negative for previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated with two doses 21 days apart. Methods Specific anti-RBD (receptor-binding domain) titers against trimeric spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 by Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA immunoassay were determined in serum samples of 27 healthcare workers with a previously documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 123 healthcare workers without, during antibody titers’ monitoring. Moreover, geometric mean titers (GMT) and relative fold changes (FC) were calculated. Results Bimodal titer decline was observed in both previously infected and uninfected SARS-CoV-2 subjects. A first rapid decline was followed by a progressive slow decline in the 6/9 month-period before the further vaccine boost. The trend was explained by 2 different mathematical models, exponential and power function, the latter revealing as predictive of antibody titer decline either in infected or in not previously infected ones. The value of the prolonged lower vaccine titer was about 1 log below in the 6/9-month interval after the single dose for previously infected individuals with SARS-CoV-2 and the two doses for those not previously infected. The titer change, after the boost dose administration, on the other hand, was ≥ 1.5 FC higher than the titers at the 6/9-month time-points in both cohorts. A similar quantitative immune titer was observed in both cohorts 8 days after the last boost dose. The subsequent immunoresponse trend remains to be verified. Discussion The results show that a very rapid first decline, from the highest antibody peak, was followed by a very slow decline which ensured immune protection lasting more than 6 months. The apparent absence of adverse effects of the rapid decline on the vaccine's immune protective role has been related to a large majority of low avidity antibodies induced by current vaccines. High avidity antibodies with prolonged anti-transmission efficacy show a longer half-life and are lost over a longer interval period. The cellular immunity, capable of preventing severe clinical diseases, lasts much longer. The unbalanced dual activity (cellular vs humoral) while effective in limiting ICU pressure and overall mortality, does not protect against transmission of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in high circulation of the virus among unvaccinated subjects, including the younger population, and the continuous production of variants characterized by changes in transmissibility and pathogenicity. The high mutation rate, peculiar to the RNA virus, can however lead to a dual opposite results: selection of defective and less efficient viruses up to extinction; risk of more efficiently transmitted variants as the current omicron pandemic. Conclusions In conclusion the current bimodal antibody-titer decline, following BNT162b2 mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, needs a further extended analysis to verify the protective borderline levels of immunity and the optimal administration schedule of vaccine boosters. Our current results can contribute to such goal, besides a direct comparison of other FDA-approved and candidate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giusy Trillò
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Russo
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Miscio
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Ernesta Cavalcanti
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barreira GA, Santos EHD, Pereira MFB, Rodrigues KA, Rocha MC, Kanunfre KA, Marques HHDS, Okay TS. Technical performance of a lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases and at different times after vaccination: comparison with enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e49. [PMID: 35858039 PMCID: PMC9281580 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the technical performance of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and compared LFIA results with chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) results and an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA). To this end, a total of 216 whole blood or serum samples from three groups were analyzed: the first group was composed of 68 true negative cases corresponding to blood bank donors, healthy young volunteers, and eight pediatric patients diagnosed with other coronavirus infections. The serum samples from these participants were obtained and stored in a pre-COVID-19 period, thus they were not expected to have COVID-19. In the second group of true positive cases, we chose to replace natural cases of COVID-19 by 96 participants who were expected to have produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies 30-60 days after the vaccine booster dose. The serum samples were collected on the same day that LFIA were tested either by EIA or CLIA. The third study group was composed of 52 participants (12 adults and 40 children) who did or did not have anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies due to specific clinical scenarios. The 12 adults had been vaccinated more than seven months before LFIA testing, and the 40 children had non-severe COVID-19 diagnosed using RT-PCR during the acute phase of infection. They were referred for outpatient follow-up and during this period the serum samples were collected and tested by CLIA and LFIA. All tests were performed by the same healthcare operator and there was no variation of LFIA results when tests were performed on finger prick whole blood or serum samples, so that results were grouped for analysis. LFIA's sensitivity in detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 90%, specificity 97.6%, efficiency 93%, PPV 98.3%, NPV 86.6%, and likelihood ratio for a positive or a negative result were 37.5 and 0.01 respectively. There was a good agreement (Kappa index of 0.677) between LFIA results and serological (EIA or CLIA) results. In conclusion, LFIA analyzed in this study showed a good technical performance and agreement with reference serological assays (EIA or CLIA), therefore it can be recommended for use in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases of COVID-19 and to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody production induced by vaccination and the antibodies decrease over time. However, LFIAs should be confirmed by using reference serological assays whenever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Acca Barreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilly Henrique Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Alessandra Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mussya Cisotto Rocha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Kanunfre
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thelma Suely Okay
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Torresi J, Edeling MA, Nolan T, Godfrey DI. A Complementary Union of SARS-CoV2 Natural and Vaccine Induced Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914167. [PMID: 35911696 PMCID: PMC9326230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has progressed considerably since the COVID-19 pandemic was first declared on the 11th of March in 2020. Recovery from infection is associated with the development of protective immune responses, although over time these become less effective against new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Consequently, reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 variants is not infrequent and has contributed to the ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines have had a tremendous impact on reducing infection and particularly the number of deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, waning of vaccine induced immunity plus the emergence of new variants has necessitated the use of boosters to maintain the benefits of vaccination in reducing COVID-19 associated deaths. Boosting is also beneficial for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and developed natural immunity, also enhancing responses immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review summarizes our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, the risks of reinfection with emerging variants and the very important protective role vaccine boosting plays in both vaccinated and previously infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Edeling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pereson MJ, Neukam K, Amaya L, Bare P, Echegoyen N, Badano MN, Lucero A, Martelli A, Garcia GH, Videla C, Martínez AP, Di Lello FA. 'Heterologous Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) / mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccination' - Author's reply. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1514-1515. [PMID: 35724868 PMCID: PMC9212580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matías J Pereson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karin Neukam
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, UCEIMP. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla. Seville, Spain
| | - Lucas Amaya
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, UCEIMP. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Bare
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Echegoyen
- Virology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC". Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Noel Badano
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Lucero
- Virology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC". Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Martelli
- Virology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC". Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel H Garcia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Videla
- Virology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC". Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo P Martínez
- Virology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC". Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico A Di Lello
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lohse S, Sternjakob-Marthaler A, Lagemann P, Schöpe J, Rissland J, Seiwert N, Pfuhl T, Müllendorff A, Kiefer LS, Vogelgesang M, Vella L, Denk K, Vicari J, Zwick A, Lang I, Weber G, Geisel J, Rech J, Schnabel B, Hauptmann G, Holleczek B, Scheiblauer H, Wagenpfeil S, Smola S. German federal-state-wide seroprevalence study of 1 st SARS-CoV-2 pandemic wave shows importance of long-term antibody test performance. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:52. [PMID: 35603305 PMCID: PMC9117207 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable data on the adult SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate in Germany are still scarce. We performed a federal state-wide cross-sectional seroprevalence study named SaarCoPS, that is representative for the adult population including elderly individuals and nursing home residents in the Saarland. Methods Serum was collected from 2940 adults via stationary or mobile teams during the 1st pandemic wave steady state period. We selected an antibody test system with maximal specificity, also excluding seroreversion effects due to a high longitudinal test performance. For the calculations of infection and fatality rates, we accounted for the delays of seroconversion and death after infection. Results Using a highly specific total antibody test detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses over more than 180 days, we estimate an adult infection rate of 1.02% (95% CI: [0.64; 1.44]), an underreporting rate of 2.68-fold (95% CI: [1.68; 3.79]) and infection fatality rates of 2.09% (95% CI: (1.48; 3.32]) or 0.36% (95% CI: [0.25; 0.59]) in all adults including elderly individuals, or adults younger than 70 years, respectively. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of study design and test performance for seroprevalence studies, particularly when seroprevalences are low. Our results provide a valuable baseline for evaluation of future pandemic dynamics and impact of public health measures on virus spread and human health in comparison to neighbouring countries such as Luxembourg or France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Paul Lagemann
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöpe
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rissland
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Nastasja Seiwert
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfuhl
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Alana Müllendorff
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Laurent S Kiefer
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Vogelgesang
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Luca Vella
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Denk
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Julia Vicari
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anabel Zwick
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Lang
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gero Weber
- Physical Geography and Environmental Research, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- Central Laboratory, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Rech
- Ministry of Health, Social Affairs, Women and the Family, 66119 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabel
- Ministry of Health, Social Affairs, Women and the Family, 66119 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gunter Hauptmann
- Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Saarland, 66113 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Holleczek
- Ministry of Health, Social Affairs, Women and the Family, 66119 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland Cancer Registry, 66117 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jeulin H, Labat C, Duarte K, Toupance S, Nadin G, Craus D, Georgiopoulos I, Gantois I, Goehringer F, Benetos A. Anti-spike IgG antibody kinetics following the second and third doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:2552-2560. [PMID: 35484977 PMCID: PMC9115082 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Duration of post‐vaccination protection against COVID‐19 in nursing home (NH) residents is a critical issue. The objective of this study was to estimate the duration of the IgG(S) response to the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine in NH residents with (COV‐Yes) or without (COV‐No) history of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Methods A 574 COV‐Yes and COV‐No NH residents were included in 2 cohorts: Main (n = 115, median age 87 years) or Confirmatory (n = 459, median age 89 years). IgG(S) quantification was carried out at three different time points following the BNT162b2 vaccine: three (1st) and seven (2nd) months after the 2nd dose, and 1 month after the 3rd dose (3rd quantification) in the Main cohort, and twice (2nd and 3rd) in the Confirmatory cohort. The seroneutralization capacity according to COVID‐19 history was also measured in a subgroup of patients. Results Neutralization capacity was strongly correlated with IgG(S) levels (R2:76%) without any difference between COV‐Yes and COV‐No groups for the same levels of IgG(S). After the 2nd dose, duration of the assumed robust protection (IgG(S) >264 BAU/ml) was two‐fold higher in the COV‐Yes vs. COV‐No group: 12.60 (10.69–14.44) versus 5.76 (3.91–8.64) months, with this advantage mainly due to the higher IgG(S) titers after the 2nd dose and secondary to a slower decay over time. After the 3rd dose, duration of robust protection was estimated at 11.87 (9.88–14.87) (COV‐Yes) and 8.95 (6.85–11.04) (COV‐No) months. These results were similar in both cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance In old subjects living in NH, history of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection provides a clear advantage in the magnitude and duration of high IgG(S) titers following the 2nd dose. Importantly, the 3rd dose induces a much more pronounced IgG(S) response than the 2nd dose in COV‐No subjects, the effect of which should be able to ensure a prolonged protection against severe forms of COVID‐19 in these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Jeulin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Carlos Labat
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Kevin Duarte
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy Brabois, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pluridisciplinaire (CIC-P) 14-33, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Simon Toupance
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Denis Craus
- Maison Médicale F-54110 Rosières-aux-Salines, France
| | - Ioannis Georgiopoulos
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy Brabois, Department of Clinical Geriatrics, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Gantois
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy Brabois, Department of Clinical Geriatrics, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - François Goehringer
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy Brabois, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Athanase Benetos
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy Brabois, Department of Clinical Geriatrics, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cameron A, Bohrhunter JL, Porterfield CA, Mangat R, Karasick MH, Pearson Z, Angeloni S, Pecora ND. Simultaneous Measurement of IgM and IgG Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Spike, RBD, and Nucleocapsid Multiplexed in a Single Assay on the xMAP INTELLIFLEX DR-SE Flow Analyzer. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0250721. [PMID: 35389244 PMCID: PMC9045264 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02507-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiplex capabilities of the new xMAP INTELLIFLEX DR-SE flow analyzer were explored by modifying a serological assay previously used to characterize the IgG antibody to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goal was to examine the instrument's performance and to simultaneously measure IgM and IgG antibody responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a single assay. Specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were investigated in 310 symptomatic case patients using a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and simultaneous detection of IgM and IgG. Neutralization potential was studied using the addition of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to block antibody binding. A profile extending to 180 days from symptom onset (DFSO) was described for antibodies specific to each viral antigen. Generally, IgM levels peaked and declined rapidly ∼3-4 weeks following infection, whereas S- and RBD-specific IgG plateaued at 80 DFSO. ACE2 more effectively prevented IgM and IgG binding in convalescent cases > 30 DFSO, suggesting those antibodies had greater neutralization potential. This work highlighted the multiplex and multi-analyte potential of the xMAP INTELLIFLEX DR-SE, and provided further evidence for antigen-specific IgM and IgG trajectories in acute and convalescent cases. IMPORTANCE The xMAP INTELLIFLEX DR-SE enabled simultaneous and semi-quantitative detection of both IgM and IgG to three different SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a single assay. The assay format is advantageous for rapid and medium-throughput profiling using a small volume of specimen. The xMAP INTELLIFLEX DR-SE technology demonstrated the potential to include numerous SARS-CoV-2 antigens; future work could incorporate multiple spike protein variants in a single assay. This could be an important feature for assessing the serological response to emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jessica L. Bohrhunter
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Claire A. Porterfield
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rupinder Mangat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael H. Karasick
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Zachary Pearson
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Nicole D. Pecora
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Štěpánek L, Janošíková M, Štěpánek L, Nakládalová M, Boriková A. The kinetics and predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to eight months after symptomatic COVID-19: a Czech cross-sectional study. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3731-3738. [PMID: 35419860 PMCID: PMC9088611 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibodies indicates protection against (re)infection, however, the knowledge of their long‐term kinetics is limited. This study analyzed the presence of COVID‐19‐induced antibodies in unvaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) over the period of 1–8 months post symptom onset (SO) and explored the determinants of persisting immunoglobulin (Ig) seropositivity. Six hundred sixty‐two HCWs were interviewed for anamnestic data and tested for IgG targeting the spike protein (S1 and S2) and IgM targeting the receptor‐binding domain. A Cox regression model was used to explore potential predictors of seropositivity with respect to the time lapse between SO and serology testing. 82.9% and 44.7% of HCWs demonstrated IgG and IgM seropositivity, respectively, with a mean interval of 83 days between SARS‐CoV‐2 detection and serology testing. On average, HCWs reported seven symptoms in the acute phase lasting 20 days. IgG seropositivity rates among HCWs decreased gradually to 80%, 50%, and 35% at 3, 6, and 8 months after SO, while IgM seropositivity fell rapidly to 60%, 15%, and 0% over the same time intervals. The number of symptoms was the only predictor of persisting IgG seropositivity (odds ratio [OR] 1.096, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003–1.199, p = 0.043) and symptom duration a predictor of IgM seropositivity (OR 1.011, 95% CI 1.004–1.017, p = 0.002). Infection‐induced anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG rates drop to a third in seropositive participants over the course of 8 months. Symptom count and duration in the acute phase of COVID‐19 are both relevant to the subsequent kinetics of antibody responses. 60% and 35% of subjects maintain IgG seropositivity 6‐ and 8‐month post COVID‐19. Characteristics of the acute phase of COVID‐19 are relevant for antibody responses. The number of symptoms of acute COVID‐19 predicts persisting IgG seropositivity. Symptom duration predicts persisting IgM seropositivity. Anamnestic data may serve as simple predictors of seropositivity post COVID‐19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Štěpánek
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Janošíková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Štěpánek
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Nakládalová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Boriková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Humoral immunity in dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals and in booster-vaccinated COVID-19-convalescent subjects. Infection 2022; 50:1475-1481. [PMID: 35403960 PMCID: PMC8995884 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The immune response to COVID-19-vaccination differs between naïve vaccinees and those who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Longitudinal quantitative and qualitative serological differences in these two distinct immunological subgroups in response to vaccination are currently not well studied.
Methods
We investigate a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naïve and COVID-19-convalescent individuals immediately after vaccination and 6 months later. We use different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) variants and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) to measure IgG serum titers, IgA serum reactivity, IgG serum avidity and neutralization capacity by ACE2 receptor competition.
Results
Anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers decline over time in dually vaccinated COVID-19 naïves whereas titers in single dose vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents are higher and more durable. Similarly, antibody avidity is considerably higher among boosted COVID-19 convalescent subjects as compared to dually vaccinated COVID-19-naïve subjects. Furthermore, sera from boosted convalescents inhibited the binding of spike-protein to ACE2 more efficiently than sera from dually vaccinated COVID-19-naïve subjects.
Conclusions
Long-term humoral immunity differs substantially between dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve and COVID-19-convalescent individuals. Booster vaccination after COVID-19 induces a more durable humoral immune response in terms of magnitude and quality as compared to two-dose vaccination in a SARS-CoV-2-naïve background.
Collapse
|