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Imtiaz F, Rashid J, Kumar R, Eniola JO, Barakat MAEF, Xu M. Recent advances in visible light driven inactivation of bloom forming blue-green algae using novel nano-composites: Mechanism, efficiency and fabrication approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118251. [PMID: 38278506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, algae have proved to be a water pollutant due to global warming, climate change, and the unregulated addition of organic compounds in water bodies from diffused resources. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are severely affecting the health of humans and aquatic ecosystems. Among available anti-blooming technologies, semiconductor photocatalysis has come forth as an effective alternative. In the recent past, literature has been modified extensively with a decisive knowledge regarding algal invasion, desired preparation of nanomaterials with enhanced visible light absorption capacity and mechanisms for algal cell denaturation. The motivation behind this review article was to gather algal inactivation data in a systematic way based on various research studies, including the construction of nanoparticles and purposely to test their anti-algal activities under visible irradiation. Additionally, this article mentions variety of starting materials employed for preparation of various nano-powders with focus on their synthesis routes, analytical techniques as well as proposed mechanisms for lost cellular integrity in context of reduced chlorophyll' a' level, cell rapture, cell leakage and damages to other physiological constituents; credited to oxidative damage initiated by reactive oxidation species (ROS). Various floating and recyclable composited catalysts Ag2CO3-N: GO, Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8, Ag2CrO4-g-C3N4-TiO2/mEP proved to be game-changers owing to their enhanced VL absorption, adsorption, stability, separation and reusability. An outlook for the generalized limitations of published reports, cost estimations for practical implementation, issues and challenges faced by nano-photocatalysts and possible opportunities for future studies are also proposed. This review will be able to provide vast insights for coherent fabrication of catalysts, breakthroughs in experimental methodologies and help in elaboration of damage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Imtiaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jamshaid Rashid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; BNU-HKUST Laboratory for Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamiu O Eniola
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abou El-Fetouh Barakat
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Central Metallurgical R & D Institute, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ming Xu
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory for Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
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Huang X, Li C, Wei T, Liu N, Yao Y, Wang Z, Hu Y, Fang Q, Guan S, Xue Y, Wu T, Zhang T, Tang M. Oropharyngeal aspirated Ag/TiO 2 nanohybrids: Transformation, distribution and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168309. [PMID: 37944607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of Ag-loaded TiO2 nanohybrids photocatalysts on environment and energy increases the lung exposure risk to humans. Ag/TiO2 nanohybrids inhalation can cause pulmonary toxicity, and there are concerns about whether the loaded silver can be released and cause toxic effects on extrapulmonary organs. Therefore, in this study, the possible biotransformation, biodistribution, and toxicity of oropharyngeal aspirated Ag/TiO2 nanohybrids were investigated first time in vitro and in vivo to answer this question. Firstly, the results of biotransformation showed that the ultrafine silver nanoparticles (~3.5 nm, 2 w/w%) loaded on the surface of nano-TiO2 (~25 nm) could agglomerate and release in Gamble's solution, and the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanohybrids agglomerates increased from about 200 nm to 1 μm. Furthermore, after exposure 10 mg/kg Ag/TiO2 nanohybrids to C57BL/6 J male mice by oropharyngeal aspiration weekly, the biodistribution results showed that the released silver could result in blood, liver, and brain distribution within 28 d. Finally, body weight, organ coefficient, blood biochemical indicators of liver and kidney function, and pathological images demonstrated that although silver could release and lead to extrapulmonary organ distribution, it did not cause obvious extrapulmonary organ damage. The original lung was still the main toxicity and accumulation target organ of Ag/TiO2 nanohybrids, which mainly manifested as the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects that should be focused on in the future. Therefore, this study is of great significance in evaluating the safety of Ag-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles and predicting their toxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Congcong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yongshuai Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shujing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Yang C, Yi C, Liao Q, Li N, Zhao Y. Ultrasonication-assisted synthesis of CN-TiO 2 and its photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac under visible light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3667-3675. [PMID: 35442155 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2068382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, CN codoped TiO2 nanoparticles (CN-TiO2) were fabricated by solvothermal and low temperature calcination methods with the aid of ultrasonication. According to the number of ultrasonic treatments used in the preparation process, the samples were named NN, YN, NY and YY. The characteristics of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were employed to analyse the effect of the ultrasonic treatment step in the synthetic process. The results showed that ultrasonication can increase the CN content in TiO2, reduce the band gap energy, and improve the catalytic performance of the CN-TiO2, and the effect of secondary ultrasound is particularly obvious. The YY obtained by two-step ultrasonication with the lowest band gap energy of 3.07 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the CN-TiO2 was evaluated using the degradation of diclofenac (DCF) under visible light irradiation (white LED strips with an emission wavelength of 450 nm). It was observed that the YY exhibited significantly superior DCF degradation activity. When using 0.4 g L-1 of YY, an excellent DCF degradation of 97% could be reached, which is 1.4 times that of NN (without ultrasonication). Moreover, YY had good visible light photocatalytic activity, and the degradation efficiency of YY for DCF under visible light was comparable to that of a xenon lamp. Therefore, ultrasonication played a critical role in the enhancement of photocatalytic activity during the synthesis of CN-TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences (Provincial Appraisal Center for Ecological and Environmental Engineering), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liao
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences (Provincial Appraisal Center for Ecological and Environmental Engineering), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences (Provincial Appraisal Center for Ecological and Environmental Engineering), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Seid MG, Son A, Cho K, Byun J, Hong SW. Doped and immobilized titanium dioxide photocatalysts as a potential source of nitrosamine formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119573. [PMID: 36621279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized and visible-light-active titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used for water treatment. However, the accelerated generation of degradation byproducts is a potential risk of TiO2-based photocatalysis. This study aimed to investigate the structural effect of engineered TiO2 samples on the formation of major nitrosamines during photocatalysis. The nitrogen-containing impurities and leached metal ions from doped-TiO2 samples could exacerbate nitrosamine formation potential (FP) in distilled water, secondary effluent, and chloraminated water. Doped-TiO2 with 2-ethylimidazole, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and N-carbon nanotubes could leach in the range of 47-64 ng L-1 nitrosamines (including N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosopyrrolidine) even under dark conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the role of metal dopants on nitrosamine-FP during the chloramination of precursors such as dimethylamine and microcystin-LR. Metal ions such as Cu that leached from the metal-doped catalysts may catalyze the nitrosamine-FP. Therefore, pre-purification (washing) and immobilization of doped-TiO2 samples on substrates are suggested to remove a considerable amount of nitrosamines. However, during the prolonged tryout, the selection of substrates was critical. Polymeric supports, such as polyimide and polyvinylpyrrolidone, can produce up to 85 ng L-1 nitrosamine, whereas TiO2 immobilized onto steel mesh can remove nitrosamine formation during photocatalytic oxidation followed by chloramination. This study systematically screened a diverse range of dopants, supports, and solvents in engineered TiO2 photocatalysts, in 61 samples, and provided novel insights into their effect on nitrosamine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Aseom Son
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehye Byun
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Yu B, Li X, He M, Li Y, Ding J, Zhong Y, Zhang H. Selective production of singlet oxygen for harmful cyanobacteria inactivation and cyanotoxins degradation: Efficiency and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129940. [PMID: 36108496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the impact of singlet oxygen (1O2) on the characteristics and inactivation of harmful cyanobacterial organic matter is limited. In this study, the feasibility of using an improved single-iron doped graphite-like phase carbon nitride catalyst (FeCN) to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalytic production of 1O2 to inactivate four harmful cyanobacteria was investigated. The inactivation efficiencies at 30 min were 92.77%, 66.84%, 91.06%, and 93.45% for Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), Nodularia harveyana, Oscillatoria sp., and Nostoc sp., respectively. This was associated with adjusting experimental parameters, such as the FeCN and PMS doses and initial pH, to obtain the maximum 1O2 yield. The quenching experiment results and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed that 1O2 generated via the non-radical pathway might play a dominant role in inactivating harmful cyanobacteria and degrading harmful algal toxins (Microcystin-LR and Nodularin). In addition, the FeCN-PMS system not only effectively destroyed the integrity of harmful cyanobacterial cells but also effectively degraded cyanobacterial toxins, thereby preventing severe secondary contamination by cell rupture. A possible removal mechanism was proposed. This reveals the potential of 1O2 to simultaneously inactivate harmful cyanobacteria and degrade harmful cyanobacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhi Yu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xizi Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengfan He
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuchi Zhong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Synthesis and Characterization of N and Fe-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for 2,4-Dimethylaniline Mineralization. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152538. [PMID: 35893506 PMCID: PMC9331849 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of developing low-cost N- and Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalysts for investigating the mineralization of 2,4-dimethylaniline (2,4-DMA). With a single anatase phase, the photocatalysts showed high thermal stability with mass losses of less than 2%. The predominant oxidative state is Ti4+, but there is presence of Ti3+ associated with oxygen vacancies. In materials with N, doping was interstitial in the NH3/NH4+ form and for doping with Fe, there was a presence of Fe-Ti bonds (indicating substitutional occupations). With an improved band gap energy from 3.16 eV to 2.82 eV the photoactivity of the photocatalysts was validated with an 18 W UVA lamp (340–415 nm) with a flux of 8.23 × 10−6 Einstein s−1. With a size of only 14.45 nm and a surface area of 84.73 m2 g−1, the photocatalyst doped with 0.0125% Fe mineralized 92% of the 2,4-DMA in just 180 min. While the 3% N photocatalyst with 12.27 nm had similar performance at only 360 min. Factors such as high surface area, mesoporous structure and improved Ebg, and absence of Fe peak in XPS analysis indicate that doping with 0.0125% Fe caused a modification in TiO2 structure.
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Xochihua Juan JL, Solis Maldonado C, Luna Sánchez RA, Enciso Díaz OJ, Rojas Ronquillo MR, Sandoval-Rangel L, Pineda Aguilar N, Ramos Delgado NA, Martínez-Vargas DX. TiO2 doped with europium (Eu): Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance on pesticide degradation under solar irradiation. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tang X, Steinman AD, Xue Q, Xu Y, Xie L. Simultaneous electrochemical removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and sulfamethoxazole and its ecologic impacts on Vallisneria spiralis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152769. [PMID: 34990666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the simultaneous removal effects of electrochemical oxidation with boron-doped diamond anodes at different current densities were tested on Microcystis aeruginosa and sulfamethoxazole. Flow cytometry and non-invasive micro-test technology were applied to study the physiological states of M. aeruginosa and Vallisneria spiralis leaf cells. As the current density increased, the degradation effect of electrochemical oxidation on sulfamethoxazole and microcystin-LR increased and exceeded 60% within 6 h. In addition, population density of M. aeruginosa, fluorescence response of chlorophyll a, and cytoplasmic membrane integrity decreased, whereas the proportion of cells with excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased. The effect of electrochemical oxidation on the cell population of M. aeruginosa continued after the power was turned off. The physiological state of V. spiralis leaf cells was not severely affected at 10 mA/cm2 for 24 h. Higher current intensity and longer electrolysis time would induce apoptosis or necrosis. In order to achieve a higher target pollutant removal effect and simultaneously avoid damage to the lake ecosystem, the current intensity of the electrochemical oxidation device should not exceed 10 mA/cm2, and a single electrolysis treatment should range from 6 h to 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Systematic Study of Effective Hydrothermal Synthesis to Fabricate Nb-Incorporated TiO 2 for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051633. [PMID: 35268863 PMCID: PMC8911348 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fuel cells are expected to serve as next-generation energy conversion devices owing to their high energy density, high power, and long life performance. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for determining the performance of fuel cells; therefore, using catalysts to promote the ORR is essential for realizing the practical applications of fuel cells. Herein, we propose Nb-incorporated TiO2 as a suitable alternative to conventional Pt-based catalysts, because Nb doping has been reported to improve the conductivity and electron transfer number of TiO2. In addition, Nb-incorporated TiO2 can induce the electrocatalytic activity for the ORR. In this paper, we report the synthesis method for Nb-incorporated TiO2 through a hydrothermal process with and without additional load pressures. The electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples for the ORR was also demonstrated. In this process, the samples obtained under various load pressures exceeding the saturated vapor pressure featured a high content of Nb and crystalline TiNb2O7, resulting in an ellipsoidal morphology. X-ray diffraction results also revealed that, on increasing the Nb doping amounts, the diffraction peak of the anatase TiO2 shifted to a lower angle and the full width at half maximum decreased. This implies that the Ti atom is exchanged with the Nb atom during this process, resulting in a decrease in TiO2 crystallinity. At a doping level of 10%, Nb-incorporated TiO2 exhibited the best electrocatalytic activity in terms of the oxygen reduction current (iORR) and onset potential for the ORR (EORR); this suggests that 10% Nb-doped samples have the potential for enhancing electrocatalytic activity.
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Menezes I, Capelo-Neto J, Pestana CJ, Clemente A, Hui J, Irvine JTS, Nimal Gunaratne HQ, Robertson PKJ, Edwards C, Gillanders RN, Turnbull GA, Lawton LA. Comparison of UV-A photolytic and UV/TiO 2 photocatalytic effects on Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystin analogues: A pilot scale study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113519. [PMID: 34411798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, the high cost of supplying UV irradiation has prevented the widespread application of UV photolysis and titanium dioxide based photocatalysis in removing undesirable organics in the water treatment sector. To overcome this problem, the use of UV-LEDs (365 nm) for photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis applying TiO2 coated glass beads under UV-LED illumination (365 nm) in a pilot scale reactor for the elimination of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystin analogues (MC-LR, -LY, -LW, -LF) with a view to deployment in drinking water reservoirs was investigated. UV-A (365 nm) photolysis was shown to be more effective than the UV/TiO2 photocatalytic system for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and microcystins. During photolysis, cell density significantly decreased over 5 days from an initial concentration of 5.8 × 106 cells mL-1 until few cells were left. Both intra- and extracellular microcystin concentrations were significantly reduced by 100 and 92 %, respectively, by day 5 of the UV treatment for all microcystin analogues. During UV/TiO2 treatment, there was great variability between replicates, making prediction of the effect on cyanobacterial cell and toxin behavior difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Menezes
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
| | - José Capelo-Neto
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Carlos J Pestana
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Clemente
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jianing Hui
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - John T S Irvine
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - H Q Nimal Gunaratne
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K J Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ross N Gillanders
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A Turnbull
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Experimental Investigation on the Sputtering Process for Tantalum Oxynitride Thin Films. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal oxynitrides are compounds between nitrides and oxides with a certain level of photocatalytic functions. The purpose of this study is to investigate an appropriate range of oxygen flow rate during sputtering for depositing tantalum oxynitride films. The sputtering process was carried out under fixed nitrogen but variable oxygen flow rates. Post rapid thermal annealing was conducted at 800 °C for 5 min to transform the as-deposited amorphous films into crystalline phases. The material characterizations of annealed films include X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy for identifying crystal structures; scanning electron microscope for examining surface morphology; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine surface elemental compositions; four-point probe and Hall effect analysis to evaluate electrical resistivity; UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy for quantifying optical properties and optical bandgaps. To assess the photocatalytic function of oxynitride films, the degradation of methyl orange in de-ionized water was examined under continuous irradiation by a simulated solar light source for six hours. Results indicate that crystalline tantalum oxynitride films can be obtained if the O2 flow rate is chosen to be 0.25–1.5 sccm along with 10 sccm of N2 and 20 sccm of Ar. In particular, films deposited between 0.25 and 1.5 sccm O2 flow have higher efficiency in photodegradation on methyl orange due to a more comprehensive formation of oxynitrides.
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Liang Q, Liu X, Wang J, Liu Y, Liu Z, Tang L, Shao B, Zhang W, Gong S, Cheng M, He Q, Feng C. In-situ self-assembly construction of hollow tubular g-C 3N 4 isotype heterojunction for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis: Experiments and theories. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123355. [PMID: 32659580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A highly reactive hollow tubular g-C3N4 isotype heterojunction (SCN-CN) was designed to enhance visible light absorption and manipulate the directed transfer of electrons and holes. The results of UV-vis DRS, XPS valence band and DFT theoretical calculations indicated S doping increases the visible-light absorption capacity and changed the ba nd gap structure of g-C3N4 (CN), resulting in the transfer of electrons from the CN to the SCN and holes from the SCN to the CN under visible light. In addition, the tubular structure of the SCN-CN facilitated the transfer of electrons in the longitudinal direction, which reduced charge carrier recombination. Furthermore, the optical properties, electronic structure, and electron transfer of SCN-CN were also studied by experiments and theoretical calculations. The antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and dye Rhodamine B (RHB) were subjected to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of SCN-CN. The scavenger tests and ESR data showed that the h+, ·O2- and ·OH worked together in the photocatalytic process. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation pathway was analyzed by LC-MS. This study synthesized a hollow tubular CN isotype heterojunction with high visible-light photocatalytic performance and provided a theoretical basis for CN isotype heterojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Binbin Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, PR China
| | - Shanxi Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qingyun He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Chengyang Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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Serrà A, Philippe L, Perreault F, Garcia-Segura S. Photocatalytic treatment of natural waters. Reality or hype? The case of cyanotoxins remediation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116543. [PMID: 33137522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles recent advances and challenges in the photocatalytic treatment of natural water by analyzing the remediation of cyanotoxins. The review frames the treatment need based on the occurrence, geographical distribution, and legislation of cyanotoxins in drinking water while highlighting the underestimated global risk of cyanotoxins. Next, the fundamental principles of photocatalytic treatment for remediating cyanotoxins and the complex degradation pathway for the most widespread cyanotoxins are presented. The state-of-the-art and recent advances on photocatalytic treatment processes are critically discussed, especially the modification strategies involving TiO2 and the primary operational conditions that determine the scalability and integration of photocatalytic reactors. The relevance of light sources and light delivery strategies are shown, with emphasis on novel biomimicry materials design. Thereafter, the seldomly-addressed role of water-matrix components is thoroughly and critically explored by including natural organic matter and inorganic species to provide future directions in designing highly efficient strategies and scalable reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serrà
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland.
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - François Perreault
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA.
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He X, Wang A, Wu P, Tang S, Zhang Y, Li L, Ding P. Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR by modified TiO 2 photocatalysis: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140694. [PMID: 32673915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most toxic and commonly encountered cyanotoxin, is produced by harmful cyanobacterial blooms and potentially threatens human and ecosystems health. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis is attracting growing attention and has been considered as an efficient, environmentally friendly and promising solution to eliminate MC-LR in the aquatic ecosystems. Over recent decades, scientific efforts have been directed towards the understanding of fundamentals, modification strategies, and application potentials of TiO2 photocatalysis in degrading MC-LR. In this article, recent reports have been reviewed and progress has been summarized in the development of heterogeneous TiO2-based photocatalysts for MC-LR photodegradation under visible, UV, or solar light. The proposed photocatalytic principles of TiO2 and destruction of MC-LR have been thoroughly discussed. Specifically, some main modification methods for improving the drawbacks and performance of TiO2 nanoparticle were highlighted, including element doping, semiconductor coupling, immobilization, floatability amelioration and magnetic separation. Moreover, the performance evaluation metrics quantum yield (QY) and figure of merit (FOM) were used to compare different photocatalysts in MC-LR degradation. The best performance was seen in N-TiO2 with QY and FOM values of 2.20E-07 molecules/photon and 1.00E-11 mol·L/(g·J·h). N-TiO2 or N-TiO2-based materials may be excellent options for photocatalyst design in terms of MC-LR degradation. Finally, a summary of the remaining challenges and perspectives on new tendencies in this exciting frontier and still an emerging area of research were addressed accordingly. Overall, the present review will offer a deep insight for understanding the photodegradation of MC-LR with modified TiO2 to further inspire researchers that work in associated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghou He
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- University School of South China Hengyang Medical School, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shibiao Tang
- Central South University School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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15
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Removal of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Microcystins from Drinking Water by Electrocoagulation. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1836264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and microcystins are some of the well-known chemical contaminants in drinking water in the USA. Despite the availability of filtration technologies like ion-exchange resins, activated-carbon, and high-pressure membrane filters, these contaminants still remain widespread in the environment. In the present study, two innovative aspects of electrocoagulation techniques were tested, (a) cheap and easy-to-operate field-unit instead of hi-tech electrocoagulation and (b) reverse-polarity instead of conventional polarity, and applied to remove PFOA and microcystins from drinking water sources. The method presented here outperformed commercial activated-carbon filtration by nearly 40%. When the efficiency of electrocoagulation was examined in terms of voltage discharge, pH, and reverse-polarity, the results averaged 80% decontamination for individual treatment, while their combined effects produced 100% detoxification in 10–40 minutes, exceeding recently published results. The method shows great economic promise for water and wastewater treatment and chemical recycling.
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16
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Kokkinos P, Mantzavinos D, Venieri D. Current Trends in the Application of Nanomaterials for the Removal of Emerging Micropollutants and Pathogens from Water. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092016. [PMID: 32357416 PMCID: PMC7248945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Water resources contamination has a worldwide impact and is a cause of global concern. The need for provision of clean water is becoming more and more demanding. Nanotechnology may support effective strategies for the treatment, use and reuse of water and the development of next-generation water supply systems. The excellent properties and effectiveness of nanomaterials make them particularly suitable for water/wastewater treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main categories of nanomaterials used in catalytic processes (carbon nanotubes/graphitic carbon nitride (CNT/g-C3N4) composites/graphene-based composites, metal oxides and composites, metal–organic framework and commercially available nanomaterials). These materials have found application in the removal of different categories of pollutants, including pharmaceutically active compounds, personal care products, organic micropollutants, as well as for the disinfection of bacterial, viral and protozoa microbial targets, in water and wastewater matrices. Apart from reviewing the characteristics and efficacy of the aforementioned nanoengineered materials for the removal of different pollutants, we have also recorded performance limitations issues (e.g., toxicity, operating conditions and reuse) for their practical application in water and wastewater treatment on large scale. Research efforts and continuous production are expected to support the development of eco-friendly, economic and efficient nanomaterials for real life applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Kokkinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6972025932
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Danae Venieri
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
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Chiesa M, Giamello E, Livraghi S, Paganini MC, Polliotto V, Salvadori E. Electron magnetic resonance in heterogeneous photocatalysis research. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:444001. [PMID: 31311893 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab32c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of electron magnetic resonance techniques, and in particular of CW-EPR, to the experimental research on photocatalytic phenomena is illustrated in this paper with selected examples. In the first part of the paper the role of EPR in unravelling the nature and the features of extrinsic point defects in semiconducting oxides is epitomized using the important example of the photoactive nitrogen center in various semiconducting oxides. In the second part we describe how EPR can monitor the processes that follow the initial photoinduced charge separation in photocatalysis, namely the stabilisation, migration and surface reactivity of electrons and holes. Finally, we will discuss how the role of EPR in photocatalysis is not limited to monitor phenomena occurring in the solid or at its surface but it can be extended to the investigation of the liquid phase by employing the spin trapping techniques to monitor the nature and the concentration of the reactive free radicals formed along the photocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125., Torino, Italy
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18
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A Comparative Study of Microcystin-LR Degradation by UV-A, Solar and Visible Light Irradiation Using Bare and C/N/S-Modified Titania. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In an endeavor to tackle environmental problems, the photodegradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most common and toxic cyanotoxins, produced by the cyanobacteria blooms, was examined using nanostructured TiO2 photocatalysts (anatase, brookite, anatase–brookite, and C/N/S co-modified anatase–brookite) under UV-A, solar and visible light irradiation. The tailoring of TiO2 properties to hinder the electron–hole recombination and improve MC-LR adsorption on TiO2 surface was achieved by altering the preparation pH value. The highest photocatalytic efficiency was 97% and 99% with degradation rate of 0.002 mmol L−1 min−1 and 0.0007 mmol L−1 min−1 under UV and solar irradiation, respectively, using a bare TiO2 photocatalyst prepared at pH 10 with anatase to brookite ratio of ca. 1:2.5. However, the bare TiO2 samples were hardly active under visible light irradiation (25%) due to a large band gap. Upon UV, solar and vis irradiation, the complete MC-LR degradation (100%) was obtained in the presence of C/N/S co-modified TiO2 with a degradation rate constant of 0.26 min−1, 0.11 min−1 and 0.04 min−1, respectively. It was proposed that the remarkable activity of co-modified TiO2 might originate from its mixed-phase composition, mesoporous structure, and non-metal co-modification.
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19
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Bai M, Zheng Q, Zheng W, Li H, Lin S, Huang L, Zhang Z. •OH Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Degradation of Toxins in Drinking Water Treatment System. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:144-152. [PMID: 30782556 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms continue to serve as one of the most serious global issues threatening water supply and human health. During cyanobacterial bloom season, a large •OH-yield equipment was developed and installed after coagulation settling in a 12000 ton/day drinking water treatment system in Xiamen, China. An •OH concentration of 7.76∼57.8 μmol/L was formed by using the oxygen activated species generated by strong ionisation discharge combining with the effect of water jet cavitation. •OH pre-treatment at a dose of 1.0 mg/L inactivated cyanobacterial blooms in the process of conveying bloom water within only 20s, which were then removed by sand filtration. Under SEM observation, dominant Microcystis sp. colonies connected by mucilage were dispersed into individuals that still retained the cell integrity, indicating no release of intracellular organic matter (IOM). According to a flow cytometry analysis, the main cause of •OH inactivation was the breakage of DNA strands. Meanwhile, the •OH-mineralized microcystin-LR was by breaking the C=C conjugated diene bond and crucial opening the persistent benzene ring to carboxylic acid m/z 158.0. During •OH pre-treatment of 1.0 mg/L and NaClO disinfection of 0.5 mg/L, all water quality indexes and disinfection by-product (DBP) contents complied with the Chinese Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water. Therefore, the •OH based on the strong ionisation discharge showed great prospect for large-scale drinking water treatment in the removal of cyanobacterial blooms while retaining cell integrity as well as the degradation of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qilin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shaoyun Lin
- Xiamen Water Group Co., Ltd, Xiamen, 361008, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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20
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Khadgi N, Upreti AR. Photocatalytic degradation of Microcystin-LR by visible light active and magnetic, ZnFe 2O 4-Ag/rGO nanocomposite and toxicity assessment of the intermediates. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:441-451. [PMID: 30654258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to study photocatalytic degradation of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a cyanotoxin known to cause acute as well as chronic toxicity and even mortality. The nanocomposite (NC) based on zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) was modified with graphene oxide (GO) and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance its photocatalytic properties under visible light. The so-formed ZnFe2O4-Ag/rGO NC exhibited superior performance in visible light allowing complete degradation of MC-LR within 120 min of treatment with pseudo rate constant, k = 0.0515 min-1, several times greater than other photocatalysts, TiO2 (k = 0.0009 min-1), ZnFe2O4 (k = 0.0021 min-1), ZnFe2O4-Ag (k = 0.0046 min-1) and ZnFe2O4/rGO (k = 0.007 min-1) respectively. The total organic carbon analysis revealed that only 22% of MC-LR was mineralized on 120 min of treatment time indicating presence of different intermediate by-products. The intermediates formed during photocatalytic treatment were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) based on which probable degradation pathways were proposed. The attack from OH radicals formed during the photocatalytic process resulted to hydroxylation and subsequent cleavage of diene bond. The toxicity assessment with Daphnia magna revealed that the degradation process has alleviated toxicity of the MC-LR and no toxic intermediates were formed during the treatment which is very important from eco-toxicological view point. Therefore, ZnFe2O4-Ag/rGO has a good potential in the field of environmental applications as visible light active and magnetic photocatalyst with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirina Khadgi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Akhanda Raj Upreti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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Lin W, Guo H, Wang L, Zhang D, Wu X, Li L, Li D, Tang R. Nitrite Enhances MC-LR-Induced Changes on Splenic Oxidation Resistance and Innate Immunity in Male Zebrafish. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E512. [PMID: 30513985 PMCID: PMC6315824 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hazardous contaminants, such as nitrite and microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), are released into water bodies during cyanobacterial blooms and may adversely influence the normal physiological function of hydrobiontes. The combined effects of nitrite and MC-LR on the antioxidant defense and innate immunity were evaluated through an orthogonal experimental design (nitrite: 0, 29, 290 μM; MC-LR: 0, 3, 30 nM). Remarkable increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels have suggested that nitrite and/or MC-LR exposures induce oxidative stress in fish spleen, which were indirectly confirmed by significant downregulations of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as transcriptional levels of antioxidant enzyme genes cat1, sod1 and gpx1a. Simultaneously, nitrite and MC-LR significantly decreased serum complement C3 levels as well as the transcriptional levels of splenic c3b, lyz, il1β, ifnγ and tnfα, and indicated that they could jointly impact the innate immunity of fish. The severity and extent of splenic lesions were aggravated by increased concentration of nitrite or MC-LR and became more serious in combined groups. The damages of mitochondria and pseudopodia in splenic macrophages suggest that oxidative stress exerted by nitrite and MC-LR aimed at the membrane structure of immune cells and ultimately disrupted immune function. Our results clearly demonstrate that nitrite and MC-LR exert synergistic suppressive effects on fish innate immunity via interfering antioxidant responses, and their joint toxicity should not be underestimated in eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Honghui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lingkai Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xueyang Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Rong Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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22
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Han C, Machala L, Medrik I, Prucek R, Kralchevska RP, Dionysiou DD. Degradation of the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR using iron-based photocatalysts under visible light illumination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19435-19443. [PMID: 28677041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and low-cost method to synthesize iron(III) oxide nanopowders in large quantity was successfully developed for the photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Two visible light-active iron(III) oxide samples (MG-9 calcined at 200 °C for 5 h and MG-11 calcined at 180 °C for 16 h) with a particle size of 5-20 nm were prepared via thermal decomposition of ferrous oxalate dihydrate in air without any other modifications such as doping. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The samples exhibited similar phase composition (a mixture of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3), particle size distribution (5-20 nm), particle morphology, and degree of agglomeration, but different specific surface areas (234 m2 g-1 for MG-9 and 207 m2 g-1 for MG-11). The results confirmed higher photocatalytic activity of the catalyst with higher specific surface area. The highest photocatalytic activity of the sample to decompose MC-LR was observed at solution pH of 3.0 and catalyst loading of 0.5 g L-1 due to large amount of MC-LR adsorption, but a little iron dissolution of 0.0065 wt% was observed. However, no iron leaching was observed at pH 5.8 even though the overall MC-LR removal was slightly lower than at pH 3.0. Thus, the pH 5.8 could be an appropriate operating condition for the catalyst to avoid problems of iron contamination by the catalyst. Moreover, magnetic behavior of γ-Fe2O3 gives a possibility for an easy separation of the catalyst particles after their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changseok Han
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Libor Machala
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivo Medrik
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radina P Kralchevska
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA.
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Khan S, Han C, Khan HM, Boccelli DL, Nadagouda MN, Dionysiou DD. Efficient degradation of lindane by visible and simulated solar light-assisted S-TiO 2 /peroxymonosulfate process: Kinetics and mechanistic investigations. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Using fluorescence immunochromatographic test strips based on quantum dots for the rapid and sensitive determination of microcystin-LR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2213-2220. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Aziz NAA, Palaniandy P, Aziz HA, Dahlan I. Review of the Mechanism and Operational Factors Influencing the Degradation Process of Contaminants in Heterogenous Photocatalysis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14769685673665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the principles and mechanisms involved in the process of heterogenous photocatalysis. The goal of photocatalysis is to remove persistent organic pollutants as well as microorganisms present in contaminated water. With the help of a semiconductor photocatalyst, solar photons are utilised to generate electron–hole pairs in the oxidation process, forming hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. There are several types of semiconductor photocatalyst available, the most widely used being titanium dioxide (TiO2). The effects of various operating factors influencing the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, such as pH, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration, light intensity and wavelength, and oxidising agents are discussed. Heterogenous photocatalysis technology has been used in wastewater treatment during the last decade, and has been growing in efficiency ever since. From previous studies of different applications, it will be shown that this process is simple, cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, there are some minor disadvantages associated with its use in water purification, which are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Aiin Ab Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Puganeshwary Palaniandy
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Irvan Dahlan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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26
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Wang F, Wu Y, Gao Y, Li H, Chen Z. Effect of humic acid, oxalate and phosphate on Fenton-like oxidation of microcystin-LR by nanoscale zero-valent iron. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Fotiou T, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, O'Shea KE, Dionysiou DD, Hiskia A. Assessment of the roles of reactive oxygen species in the UV and visible light photocatalytic degradation of cyanotoxins and water taste and odor compounds using C-TiO2. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:52-61. [PMID: 26724439 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Visible light (VIS) photocatalysis has large potential as a sustainable water treatment process, however the reaction pathways and degradation processes of organic pollutants are not yet clearly defined. The presence of cyanobacteria cause water quality problems since several genera can produce potent cyanotoxins, harmful to human health. In addition, cyanobacteria produce taste and odor compounds, which pose serious aesthetic problems in drinking water. Although photocatalytic degradation of cyanotoxins and taste and odor compounds have been reported under UV-A light in the presence of TiO2, limited studies have been reported on their degradation pathways by VIS photocatalysis of these problematic compounds. The main objectives of this work were to study the VIS photocatalytic degradation process, define the reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved and elucidate the reaction mechanisms. We report carbon doped TiO2 (C-TiO2) under VIS leads to the slow degradation of cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), while taste and odor compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, were not appreciably degraded. Further studies were carried-out employing several specific radical scavengers (potassium bromide, isopropyl alcohol, sodium azide, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and probes (coumarin) to assess the role of different ROS (hydroxyl radical OH, singlet oxygen (1)O2, superoxide radical anion [Formula: see text] ) in the degradation processes. Reaction pathways of MC-LR and CYN were defined through identification and monitoring of intermediates using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for VIS in comparison with UV-A photocatalytic treatment. The effects of scavengers and probes on the degradation process under VIS, as well as the differences in product distributions under VIS and UV-A, suggested that the main species in VIS photocatalysis is [Formula: see text] , with OH and (1)O2 playing minor roles in the degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Fotiou
- Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes and Environmental Analysis, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes and Environmental Analysis, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Water Quality Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), Oropou 156, 11146, Galatsi, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DBCEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes and Environmental Analysis, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
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28
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Karthikeyan S, Dionysiou DD, Lee AF, Suvitha S, Maharaja P, Wilson K, Sekaran G. Hydroxyl radical generation by cactus-like copper oxide nanoporous carbon catalysts for microcystin-LR environmental remediation. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00888c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper oxide supported on nanoporous activated carbon (CuO-NPAC) is reported for the aqueous phase catalytic degradation of cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Karthikeyan
- Environmental Technology Division
- Council of Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) – Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
- Chennai 600 020
- India
| | | | - Adam F. Lee
- European Bioenergy Research Institute
- Aston University
- Birmingham B4 7ET
- UK
| | - S. Suvitha
- Environmental Technology Division
- Council of Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) – Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
- Chennai 600 020
- India
| | - P. Maharaja
- Environmental Technology Division
- Council of Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) – Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
- Chennai 600 020
- India
| | - Karen Wilson
- European Bioenergy Research Institute
- Aston University
- Birmingham B4 7ET
- UK
| | - G. Sekaran
- Environmental Technology Division
- Council of Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) – Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
- Chennai 600 020
- India
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29
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Xue B, Sun T, Wu JK, Mao F, Yang W. AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites: ultrasound-assisted preparation, visible-light induced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and antibacterial activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 22:1-6. [PMID: 24853106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by an ultrasound-assisted precipitation process and subsequent low-temperature (350°C) calcination. The crystal phase, morphology and optical properties of the AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. After calcination, the crystallite size of AgI nanoparticles in the AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites decreased, and visible light absorption intensity of the AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites was significantly enhanced. The AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites after calcination exhibited the superior photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation and killing of Escherichia coli under visible light irradiation. The improvement of photocatalytic activity could be attributed to two reasons, namely, reduced crystallite size and enhanced visible light absorption of AgI nanoparticles in calcined AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites. The trapping experiments demonstrated that superoxide radical (O2(-)) and holes (h(+)) were the main reactive species for the photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The ultrasound-assisted preparation approach is efficient and facile, which promotes large-scale production and application of AgI/TiO2 nanocomposites in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, disinfection and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Ji-Kui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Fang Mao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China
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30
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Fotiou T, Triantis T, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A. Photocatalytic degradation of cylindrospermopsin under UV-A, solar and visible light using TiO2. Mineralization and intermediate products. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119 Suppl:S89-S94. [PMID: 24846598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are considered an important water quality problem, since several genera can produce toxins, called cyanotoxins that are harmful to human health. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid-like potent cyanotoxin that has been reported in water reservoirs and lakes worldwide. In this paper the removal of CYN from water by UV-A, solar and visible light photocatalysis was investigated. Two different commercially available TiO2 photocatalysts were used, i.e., Degussa P25 and Kronos-vlp7000. Complete degradation of CYN was achieved with both photocatalysts in 15 and 40 min under UV-A and 40 and 120 min under solar light irradiation, for Degussa P25 and Kronos vlp-7000 respectively. Experiments in the absence of photocatalysts showed that direct photolysis was negligible. Under visible light irradiation only the Kronos vlp-7000 which is a visible light activated catalyst was able to degrade CYN. A number of intermediates were identified and a complete degradation pathway is proposed, leading to the conclusion that hydroxyl radical attack is the main mechanism followed. TOC and inorganic ions (NO2-, NO3-, SO4(2-) and NH4+) determinations suggested that complete mineralization of CYN was achieved under UV-A in the presence of Degussa P25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Fotiou
- Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes (Solar Energy - Environment), Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Triantis
- Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes (Solar Energy - Environment), Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Water Quality Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), Oropou 156, 11146 Galatsi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes (Solar Energy - Environment), Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
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31
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Szeto W, Li J, Huang H, Xuan J, Leung DYC. Novel urchin-like Fe2O3@SiO2@TiO2 microparticles with magnetically separable and photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08070c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 3D spiny nanostructured TiO2 photocatalyst with a γ-Fe2O3 core possesses good activity under UVC light, reusability and magnetically separable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Szeto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Jiantao Li
- FRIPP
- China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
- Fushun
- China
| | - Haibao Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jin Xuan
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
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32
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Yan S, Zhang D, Song W. Mechanistic considerations of photosensitized transformation of microcystin-LR (cyanobacterial toxin) in aqueous environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:111-118. [PMID: 25016104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most common cyanotoxins, is produced by harmful cyanobacteria. The current study focuses on the photosensitized transformation of MC-LR in dissolved organic matter (DOM) enriched solutions under solar simulated irradiation. It appears that the direct energy transfer of triplet excited state DOM with MC-LR plays a key role and leads to photosensitized isomerization of Adda side chain. Furthermore a micro-heterogeneous mechanism has been proposed. Size exclude chromatograph (SEC) has been applied to explore the adsorption of MC-LR on the DOM. The adsorption phenomenon supported the fact that the pseudo first-order photodegradation rates showed positive correlation with the adsorption. The photo-transformation rate of MC-LR increases as pH decreases which is also the result of the adsorptive interaction of MC-LR with DOM. Finally two bulk water parameters (TOC and UV350 nm) have been applied to predict the photodegradation rates of MC-LR in the varied water matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Danny Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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33
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Guarisco C, Palmisano G, Calogero G, Ciriminna R, Di Marco G, Loddo V, Pagliaro M, Parrino F. Visible-light driven oxidation of gaseous aliphatic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyls via TiO2 sensitized by a perylene derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11135-11141. [PMID: 24469771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized P25 TiO2 was prepared by wet impregnation with a home-prepared perylene dye, i.e., N,N'-bis(2-(1-piperazino)ethyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic acid diimide dichloride (PZPER). Energy levels of PZPER were found to be compatible with those of TiO2 allowing fast electron transfer. The obtained catalyst has been characterized and used in the gas-phase partial oxidation of aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. The reaction was carried out under cut-off (λ > 400 nm) simulated solar radiation in O2 atmosphere. The perylene derivative allowed a good absorbance of visible radiation thanks to its low optical energy gap (2.6 eV) which was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. The optimal organic sensitizing amount was found to be 5.6 % w/w in terms of yield in carbonyl derivatives. Moreover, no change in reactivity/selectivity was observed after 10-h irradiation thus confirming the catalyst stability. Yields into formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were 67, 70, and 96 %, respectively. No significant amounts of organic byproducts were detected but for methanol oxidation, whereas a minor amount of the substrate degraded to CO2.
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34
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Chiang LF, Doong RA. Cu-TiO2 nanorods with enhanced ultraviolet- and visible-light photoactivity for bisphenol A degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 277:84-92. [PMID: 24556011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microwave-assisted sol-gel method and chemical reduction were used to synthesize Cu-TiO2 nanorod composites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of UV and visible lights. The electron microscopic images showed that the Cu nanoparticles at 4.5±0.1nm were well-deposited onto the surface of TiO2 nanorods after chemical reduction of Cu ions by NaBH4. The X-ray diffractometry patterns and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results indicated that Cu species on the Cu-TiO2 nanorods were mainly the mixture of Cu2O and Cu(0). The Cu-TiO2 nanorods showed excellent photocatalytic activity toward BPA photodegradation under the irradiation of UV and visible lights. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) for BPA photodegradation by 7wt% Cu-TiO2 nanorods were 18.4 and 3.8 times higher than those of as-synthesized TiO2 nanorods and Degussa P25 TiO2, respectively, under the UV light irradiation. In addition, the kobs for BPA photodegradation by 7wt% Cu-TiO2 nanorods increased by a factor of 5.8 when compared with that of Degussa P25 TiO2 under the irradiation of 460±40nm visible light. Results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using one-dimensional Cu-TiO2 nanorods for photocatalytic degradation of BPA and other pharmaceutical and personal care products in water and wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fen Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-An Doong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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35
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Visible light active TiO2 photocatalytic filtration membranes with improved permeability and low energy consumption. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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One-step solvothermal synthesis of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity in the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI). CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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He T, Guo X, Zhang K, Feng Y, Wang X. Synthesis and characterization of B–N co-doped mesoporous TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Fotiou T, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, Pastrana-Martínez LM, Likodimos V, Falaras P, Silva AM, Hiskia A. Photocatalytic Degradation of Microcystin-LR and Off-Odor Compounds in Water under UV-A and Solar Light with a Nanostructured Photocatalyst Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide–TiO2 Composite. Identification of Intermediate Products. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400382r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), Oropou
156, 11146 Galatsi, Athens, Greece
| | - Luisa M. Pastrana-Martínez
- LCM—Laboratory of Catalysis
and Materials−Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465
Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Adrián M.T. Silva
- LCM—Laboratory of Catalysis
and Materials−Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465
Porto, Portugal
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39
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Xiao H, Song H, Xie H, Huang W, Tan J, Wu J. Transformation of acetaminophen using manganese dioxide-mediated oxidative processes: reaction rates and pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 250-251:138-146. [PMID: 23434488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the oxidative transformation kinetics of acetaminophen (APAP) by δ-MnO2 under different conditions. APAP was rapidly oxidized by δ-MnO2 with the generation of Mn(2+). The measured APAP reaction rate considerably increased with an increase in initial δ-MnO2 and APAP concentration, but decreased as pH increased. The APAP reaction rate also increased with an increase in temperature. The addition of inorganic ions (Mn(2+), Ca(2+), and Fe(3+)) and substituted phenols (guaiacol, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid) as co-solutes remarkably decreased the transformation rate of APAP. The UV-Vis absorption spectra exhibited the π → π* transition, typical for aromatic rings. In addition, the intensity of the absorption peak gradually improved with increasing reaction time, suggesting that APAP can polymerize to form oligomers. Moreover, the secondary mass spectra of the dimers elucidated that the dimers were formed by the covalent bonding of phenol aromatic rings. Moreover, the higher-degree oligomers were formed by the coupling polymerization of phenolic and anilidic groups of dimers. These results are useful in understanding the fate of APAP in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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40
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Likodimos V, Han C, Pelaez M, Kontos AG, Liu G, Zhu D, Liao S, de la Cruz AA, O’Shea K, Dunlop PSM, Byrne JA, Dionysiou DD, Falaras P. Anion-Doped TiO2 Nanocatalysts for Water Purification under Visible Light. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3034575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vlassis Likodimos
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials,
Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Changseok Han
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program,
School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Miguel Pelaez
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program,
School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Athanassios G. Kontos
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials,
Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program,
School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, United States
- Laboratory Plant Nutrition and Ecological
Environment Res., Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- Laboratory Plant Nutrition and Ecological
Environment Res., Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuijiao Liao
- Laboratory Plant Nutrition and Ecological
Environment Res., Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Armah A. de la Cruz
- Office of Research
and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Kevin O’Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, United States
| | | | - J. Anthony Byrne
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, University of Ulster, U.K
| | - Dionysios D. Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program,
School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, United States
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, 20537 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials,
Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
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41
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Xia W, Zhang X, Xu L, Wang Y, Lin J, Zou R. Facile and economical synthesis of metal–organic framework MIL-100(Al) gels for high efficiency removal of microcystin-LR. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Han C, Andersen J, Pillai SC, Fagan R, Falaras P, Byrne JA, Dunlop PSM, Choi H, Jiang W, O’Shea K, Dionysiou DD. Chapter Green Nanotechnology: Development of Nanomaterials for Environmental and Energy Applications. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1124.ch012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changseok Han
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Joel Andersen
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Suresh C. Pillai
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Rachel Fagan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - J. Anthony Byrne
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Patrick S. M. Dunlop
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Hyeok Choi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Kevin O’Shea
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
| | - Dionysios D. Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, U.S.A
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST) FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Parakevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0308, U.S.A
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