NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH in mice

Mechanical stress overload promotes NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated osteoarthritis synovitis and fibrosis through Piezo1

Mechanical stress is a pivotal factor in the development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Piezo1, an innovative mechanosensitive ion channel, plays a key role in detecting variations in mechanical stress and transforming them into electrical signals. This research focuses on examining how Piezo1 influences synovial inflammation and fibrosis induced by mechanical stress in KOA, as well as delving into the potential underlying mechanisms. In vivo, pathological changes and immunohistochemical staining were conducted on both normal and overexercise rat synovial tissues to analyze the expression of Piezo1 and the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways. In vitro utilized a cell stretcher to replicate the mechanical conditions seen in KOA. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis-related markers were assessed to investigate the impact of Piezo1 on mechanical stress in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Subsequently, following cell stretching interventions, the effects on synovial inflammation and fibrosis were observed with the use of the Piezo1 inhibitor GsMTx4 or the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. Mechanical stress significantly promoted the activation of Piezo1, increased the phosphorylation ratio of p65, and elevated the levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both in vitro and in vivo, mechanical stress also promoted the occurrence and development of synovial fibrosis, with significant increases in the expression levels of fibrosis-related markers. Under mechanical stress overload, upregulation of Piezo1 can promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the fibrotic process in synovium through the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Update in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease management: role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes without significant alcohol consumption. It is closely associated with sedentarism, hypercaloric diets, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and genetic predisposition. NAFLD comprises a spectrum of liver disorders, from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic (NASH) and liver cirrhosis. The complex etiological mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis; therefore, its management is challenging. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a class of antidiabetic drugs, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their ability to improve key metabolic parameters, including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. This review explores the cellular mechanisms by which SGLT2i, either as monotherapy or combined with other treatments, modulate signaling pathways involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, we examine their effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, which are critical drivers of NAFLD progression. This review is intended to summarize the multiple benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors and to educate healthcare providers on the therapeutic potential of these drugs in order to foster their incorporation into effective NAFLD management plans.

The Protective Role of Baicalin in the Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Different Diseases

The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome consists of pro-caspase-1, NLRP3 and apoptosis-related speckle-like protein (ASC). It can detect multiple microorganisms, endogenous danger signals and environmental stimulus including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), urate, cholesterol crystals, and so on, thereby forming activated NLRP3 inflammasome. During the course of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, pro-caspase-1 is transformed into activated caspase-1 that results in the maturation and secretion of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. The dysfunction of NLRP3 inflammasome participates in multiple diseases such as liver diseases, renal diseases, nervous system diseases and diabetes. Baicalin is the primary bioactive component of Scutellaria baicalensis, which has been used since ancient times. Baicalin has many types of biological functions, such as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor and antioxidant. More and more evidence suggests that baicalin regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in different diseases. However, the mechanism is still elusive. Here, we reviewed the progress of baicalin regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in many kinds of diseases to lay a foundation for future researches.

Broxyquinoline targets NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome activation and alleviate NLRP3-associated inflammatory diseases

The NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is responsible for various pathogenic and non-pathogenic damage signals and plays a critical role in host defense against pathogens and physiological damage. However, inflammasome activation and its subsequent effects also lead to a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we identified broxyquinoline, an FDA-approved antimicrobial drug, as a effective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. Broxyquinoline suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release, but did not affect NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, broxyquinoline directly targets Arg165 of NLRP3 protein, thus preventing NEK7-NLRP3 interaction, NLRP3 oligomerization, and ASC speck formation, without affecting the NF-κB pathway. Consequently, broxyquinoline significantly attenuated the progression of monosodium urate (MSU)-induced peritonitis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in murine models. In conclusion, we demonstrated that broxyquinoline directly targets the NLRP3 protein to suppress the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and provide a promising therapeutic agent for NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.

Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis triggers NLRP3-cGAS-STING axis-dependent hepatic fibrosis and honokiol intervention effects

BACKGROUND

Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is crucial for sustaining human health and physiological function. Although the detrimental effects of chronic cholesterol overload on hepatic injury and fibrosis are well documented, the molecular mechanisms driving this pathology remain incompletely understood.

PURPOSE

This study investigates the mechanistic role of chronic cholesterol overload in driving liver fibrosis and evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of honokiol as a targeted intervention.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

High-cholesterol models induced by cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol in human HepG2 cells or induced by cholesterol crystals in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages were established. We also examined the effect of cholesterol on the livers of mice following a 20-week regimen of high-cholesterol diets.

RESULTS

Excess cholesterol interfered with normal cholesterol metabolism both in vitro and in vivo, and led to liver damage and fibrosis in vivo. Further research showed that cholesterol exposure triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation and programmed cell death called pyroptosis; induced an increase in mitochondrial ROS and a disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis, followed by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore; and finally induced cellular DNA damage, resulting in the translocation of the double-stranded DNA fragment into the cytoplasm and the activation of the DNA-sensing adaptor STING. The activation of the NLRP3-cGAS-STING axis initiated the downstream cascade reaction and up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-β, thus facilitating liver damage and fibrosis. Furthermore, honokiol, an active ingredient in Magnolia officinalis, could alleviate liver damage and fibrosis by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and the cGAS-STING pathway.

CONCLUSION

Systematic evidence shows that cholesterol induces liver fibrosis through the activation of the NLRP3-cGAS-STING signaling axis and that honokiol demonstrates interventional efficacy in mitigating this process.

Reviewing the function of macrophages in liver disease

INTRODUCTION

The liver is a central metabolic organ, but is also hosting a unique immune microenvironment to sustain homeostasis and proper defense measures against injury threats in healthy individuals. Liver macrophages, mostly represented by the tissue-resident Kupffer cells and bone marrow- or monocyte-derived macrophages, are intricately involved in various aspects of liver homeostasis and disease, including tissue injury, inflammation, fibrogenesis and repair mechanisms.

AREAS COVERED

We review recent findings on defining the liver macrophage landscape and their functions in liver diseases with the aim of highlighting potential targets for therapeutic interventions. A comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify relevant literature up to date.

EXPERT OPINION

Liver macrophages orchestrate key homeostatic and pathogenic processes in the liver. Thus, targeting liver macrophages represents an attractive strategy for drug development, e.g. to ameliorate liver inflammation, steatohepatitis or fibrosis. However, translation from fundamental research to therapies remains challenging due to the versatile nature of the liver macrophage compartment. Recent and major technical advances such as single-cell and spatially-resolved omics approaches deepened our understanding of macrophage biology at a molecular level. Yet, further studies are needed to identify suitable, etiology- and stage-dependent strategies for the treatment of liver diseases.

Imidazole-Based ALK5 Inhibitor Attenuates TGF-β/Smad-Mediated Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Hepatic Fibrogenesis

Liver fibrosis resulting from severe liver damage is a major clinical problem for which effective pharmacological drugs and treatment strategies are lacking. TGF-β, a hallmark of liver fibrosis, has been shown to promote ALK5 phosphorylation in an activated state. Hence, the suppression of ALK5 signal transduction has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this study, the imidazole derivative J-1149, which exhibited inhibitory activity against ALK5, was synthesized to exert antifibrotic effects, and the inhibition mechanisms were uncovered. Our findings suggested that J-1149 significantly attenuated HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis by acting on the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Concurrently, the potential of J-1149 to impede the P2X7R/NLRP3 axis, curtail the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and reduce liver fibrogenesis was also highlighted. These results demonstrated that J-1149 is a promising candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

High uric acid exacerbates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through NLRP3 inflammasome and Gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis

Hyperuricemia is independently associated with an increased risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association remain unclear. We first analyzed the association between intrahepatic UA levels and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. We subsequently generated hepatic-specific glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9)-knockout mice and GSDMD knockout (GSDMD-/-) mice to explore the role of intrahepatic UA in GSDMD-induced pyroptosis in NASH. We found that high intrahepatic UA levels were positively related to GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in NASH mice. The inhibition of hepatic UA production by allopurinol alleviated hepatic inflammation and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in NASH mice. Hepatic-specific knockout of Glut9 significantly decreased intrahepatic UA levels, attenuated NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-Caspase-1-GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in hepatocytes, and ameliorated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in different mouse models of NASH. Further experiments revealed that inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway obviously blocked UA-induced pyroptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes. Additionally, GSDMD deficiency markedly reversed hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in NASH mice. In conclusion, our results showed that high UA could induce NLRP3-Caspase1-GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis, thereby aggravating NASH in mice.

Magnoflorine alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating lipid metabolism, mitophagy and inflammation

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent liver condition associated with metabolic syndrome, often aggravated by inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of magnoflorine, an alkaloid with known anti-inflammatory properties, in ameliorating NAFLD by modulating mitochondrial autophagy and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD. Magnoflorine (5 and 10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage daily for 16 weeks. Liver and serum samples were analyzed for lipid profiles, inflammation markers, and autophagy-related proteins, and liver histology was examined to assess changes.

RESULTS

Magnoflorine treatment improved dyslipidemia in NAFLD mice, shown by decreased serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-C, and increased HDL-C. Histological analysis showed reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, with less lipid droplet accumulation and hepatocyte ballooning. Western blot results indicated upregulation of Parkin and PINK1, and downregulation of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1, with lower serum IL-1β levels, reflecting reduced inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

Magnoflorine offers a promising approach for mitigating NAFLD progression through modulating mitochondrial autophagy and inhibiting inflammation.

Oroxylin A ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating oxidative stress and ferroptosis through the Nrf2 pathway

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and progressive liver disorder posing a global health challenge. Oroxylin A, a naturally occurring flavonoid, with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of oroxylin A and unravel its molecular mechanisms in mitigating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in murine models. Wild-type (WT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice were administered a HFD to generate in vivo models, while free fatty acids-treated HepG2 cells served as the in vitro model. To investigate the effects of oroxylin A, serum and liver biochemical markers, hepatic histology, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress were assessed in a NAFLD mouse model. The underlying mechanisms of oroxylin A were further explored through Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analysis. Oroxylin A mitigated hepatic steatosis and injury by reducing liver index, AST, ALT, TG, and TC levels, improving histology, and restoring lipid metabolism. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests demonstrated improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, oroxylin A suppressed inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis, while enhancing antioxidant defenses, and improving mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, oroxylin A activated the Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4/SLC7A11 axis, upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1. These effects were abolished in Nrf2-/- mice. In vitro results were consistent, and molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and CETSA confirmed its direct Keap1 binding. Oroxylin A protects against NAFLD by modulating the Nrf2 pathway, reducing oxidative stress and ferroptosis, making it a promising candidate for clinical NAFLD therapy.

GPNMB regulates the differentiation and transformation of monocyte-derived macrophages during MASLD

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an increasingly concerning global health issue characterized by pronounced hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis. Hepatic monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are crucial in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis under MASLD. Nevertheless, the precise functions of MDMs and the underlying mechanisms governing their differentiation remain inadequately elucidated. In this study, we revealed an orchestrator of this process: Glycoprotein Non-Metastatic Melanoma Protein B (GPNMB), one of the characteristic genes of MDMs. Notably, myeloid-specific Gpnmb-knockout contributed to the retention of resident Kupffer cells (KCs) and rerouted monocyte differentiation towards a monocyte-derived macrophage subset that occupies the Kupffer cell niche (MoKC subset, resembling resident KCs), thereby impeding the formation of hepatic lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs). This transition has a profound impact, manifested in significantly reduced steatosis and modestly decreased liver fibrosis in myeloid-specific Gpnmb-knockout mice. In conclusion, our research clarifies the complex interactions between Gpnmb and MDMs and underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting Gpnmb within MDMs to manage MASLD.

Dehydrotrametenolic acid methyl ester, a triterpenoid of Poria cocos, alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via targeting Caspase-1 in mice

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has emerged as a prevalent chronic liver disease with a huge unmet clinical need. A few studies have reported the beneficial effects of Poria cocos Wolf (P. cocos) extract on NASH mice, but the active components were still unknown. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of dehydrotrametenolic acid methyl ester (ZQS5029-1), a lanosterol-7,9(11)-diene triterpenes in P. cocos, in a high-fat diet plus CCl4 induced murine NASH model and a GAN diet induced ob/ob murine NASH model. The NASH mice were treated with ZQS5029-1 (75 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. We showed that ZQS5029-1 treatment markedly relieved liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis in both the murine NASH models. We found that ZQS5029-1 treatment significantly suppressed hepatic NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in both the NASH murine models, and blocked lipopolysaccharides (LPS)+adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)/Nigericin-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Kupffer cells in vitro. We demonstrated that ZQS5029-1 directly bound to the H236 residue of mouse Caspase-1, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The effects of ZQS5029-1 on macrophage-hepatocyte/HSC crosstalk were analyzed using the supernatants from macrophages preconditioned with LPS + ATP introduced into hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We found that the conditioned medium from the BMDMs induced injury and death, as well as lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, and activation of HSCs; these effects were blocked by conditioned medium from BMDMs treated with ZQS5029-1. Moreover, the protective effects of ZQS5029-1 on hepatocytes and HSCs were eliminated by H236A-mutation of Caspase-1. We conclude that ZQS5029-1 is a promising lead compound for the treatment of NASH by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through targeting Caspase-1 and regulating the macrophage-hepatocyte/HSC crosstalk.

Discovery, synthesis, and biological mechanism evaluation of novel quinoline derivatives as potent NLRP3 inhibitors

Targeting NLRP3 is a highly promising strategy for treating uncontrolled inflammation, which can cause a wide range of diseases or promote disease progression. More NLRP3-targeting inhibitors with different scaffolds are needed to increase the chances of developing safe and effective NLRP3 inhibitors and treating inflammation in different tissues. Here, we discovered the novel quinoline analogues that exhibit potent inhibitory activity against the NLRP3/IL-1β pathway in J774A.1, BMDMs, and human peripheral blood cells. Mechanistic studies confirmed W16 may directly target NLRP3 and block the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. In vitro studies demonstrated that W16 has potent anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis model. Our findings demonstrated that W16 is a potential lead compound targeting NLRP3 and deserves further investigation for the treatment of NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases.

Oryzanol ameliorates MCD-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in mice via gut microbiota reprogramming and TLR4/NF-κB signaling suppression

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) has emerged as a major global health concern that affects about a quarter of the global population. Recently, host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions have emerged as key mechanistic pathways in MASH development. Oryzanol (ORY), a rice bran bioactive compound, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. Here, we investigated the potential of ORY in alleviating MASH and its association with gut microbiota and MASH progression. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed normal chow diet or methionine-choline-deficient diet and received ORY supplementation at 300 mg/kg/day via gavage for 4 wk. Liver injury, inflammation, lipid accumulation, and TLR4/NF-κB signaling protein levels were assessed. In addition, changes in gut microbiota diversity and abundance across groups were evaluated using 16S rDNA sequencing. Our results demonstrated that ORY significantly reduced lipid accumulation and liver enzymes, ameliorated liver and ileum damage, and restored intestinal barrier function in MASH mice. Furthermore, ORY decreased plasma lipopolysaccharide levels, and inflammatory cytokines and downregulated TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein levels in the liver. ORY enhanced tight junction protein level (ZO-1, occludin) in the gut. Microbial analysis revealed that ORY positively impacted Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance, promoted beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and inhibited harmful bacteria such as Mucispirillum, Bacteroides, and Colidextribacter. Notably, ORY increased Akkermansia abundance, potentially modulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways. ORY exerted restorative and reversible effects on the pathophysiological damage within the gut-liver axis in MASH mice. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the modulation of the gut microbiota and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that oryzanol (ORY), a bioactive rice bran compound, alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in mice by reducing lipid accumulation and inflammation. ORY beneficial effects are associated to the modulation of gut microbiota, enhancing gut barrier integrity, and lowering endotoxemia and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest ORY potential in MASH prevention and treatment, highlighting its influence on gut-liver axis dynamics.

Knockout of Trpc6 attenuates T2DM-induced liver injury and inflammation by inhibiting CN-NFAT2-NLRP3 signalling in mice

Diabetic liver disease is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that poses significant harm to patients. Transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) is a non-selective cation channel with calcium permeability, playing a key role in signalling pathways associated with liver disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Trpc6 knockout on liver injury and its regulation of the calcineurin (CN)-nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) signalling pathway in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were measured to assess liver function, while haematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and Masson staining were used to evaluate pathological injury. Nile Red and Oil Red O staining were performed to assess hepatic lipid deposition. Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry were used to analyse fibrosis- and inflammation-related markers in mouse liver tissues. The results showed that Trpc6 knockout had no significant effect on hepatic lipid deposition, CD36 expression, or phosphorylated phospholipase C levels in the liver tissues of mice with T2DM. However, Trpc6 knockout significantly inhibited NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, thereby alleviating liver injury and fibrosis in mice with T2DM. Further findings indicated that Trpc6 knockout markedly reduced CN and NFAT2 expression in T2DM liver tissues and resisted intracellular calcium overload in liver cells in vitro. This study suggests that Trpc6 knockout attenuates T2DM-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting hepatocyte calcium overload and suppressing the CN-NFAT2-NLRP3 signalling pathway.

Evaluation of the efficacy of cell-penetrating monoclonal antibodies targeting intracellular p-NLRP3S295 in alleviating hepatotoxicant-induced NAFLD

NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a key driver of hepatotoxicant-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Phosphorylation of NLRP3 at serine 295 (p-NLRP3S295) is crucial for pyroptosis. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been designed to target extracellular molecules or cell membrane surface receptors and have achieved progress in NAFLD treatment. However, research on mAbs targeting intracellular biomarkers for NAFLD treatment remains limited. In this study, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with ATP, or palmitic acid (PA) were used to induce p-NLRP3S295-dependent pyroptosis and inflammation mediated by lipotoxicity in hepatocytes in vitro. We generated a specific anti-p-NLRP3S295 mAb (14C7) and internalized it into hepatocytes via an enhanced TAT-based intracellular delivery system (eTAT), which inhibited p-NLRP3S295-dependent pyroptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes subjected to simulated lipotoxic injury and in the livers of NAFLD mice. The recombinant mAb@p-NLRP3S295 expression system was constructed with 14C7. The intracellularly expressed recombinant monoclonal antibody (R-mAb) efficiently blocked p-NLRP3S295-dependent pyroptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes exposed to hepatotoxicant through the proteasome degradation pathway mediated by tripartite motif-containing 40 (TRIM40). In conclusion, this study presents a novel approach for the targeted inhibition of p-NLRP3S295 through intracellular recombinant mAbs, offering new insights into the treatment of hepatotoxicant-related NAFLD via specific intracellular targeting.

Pathophysiological underpinnings of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is emerging as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, reflecting the global epidemics of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Beyond its strong association with excess adiposity, MASLD encompasses a heterogeneous population that includes individuals with normal body weight ("lean MASLD") highlighting the complexity of its pathogenesis. This disease results from a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, epigenetic modifications, and environmental factors, which converge to disrupt metabolic homeostasis. Adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance trigger an overflow of lipids to the liver, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hepatocellular injury. These processes promote hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis, driven by cross talk among hepatocytes, immune cells, and hepatic stellate cells, with key contributions from gut-liver axis perturbations. Recent advances have unraveled pivotal molecular pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β signaling, Notch-induced osteopontin, and sphingosine kinase 1-mediated responses, that orchestrate fibrogenic activation. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies. This review integrates current knowledge on the pathophysiology of MASLD, emphasizing emerging concepts such as lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), epigenetic alterations, hepatic extracellular vesicles, and the relevance of extrahepatic signals. It also discusses novel therapeutic strategies under investigation, aiming to provide a comprehensive and structured overview of the evolving MASLD landscape for both basic scientists and clinicians.

Identification of pyroptosis-associated gene to predict fibrosis and reveal immune characterization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Despite advances in research, studies on predictive models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)-related fibrosis remain limited. Identifying new biomarkers to distinguish Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) from NAFLD would aid in the treatment of NASH. Gene expression and clinical profiles of NAFL and NASH patients were collected from databases. Differentially expressed genes with prognostic value were used to construct predictive model. Validation of fibrosis stage-related pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) was performed using Sprague-Dawley rats liver fibrosis models induced by CCl4 or PS. Immune cell infiltration assessment demonstrated that stromal score, immune score, and ESTIMATE score were higher in patients with NASH compared to those with NAFL. BAX, BAK1, PYCARD, and NLRP3 were identified as hub genes that exhibit a strong correlation with fibrosis stage. Additionally, the expression of these genes was increased in fibrotic liver tissues induced by CCl4 and PS. The pyroptosis-associated gene signature effectively predicts the degree of liver fibrosis in NASH patients. Our study indicates that BAX, BAK1, PYCARD, and NLRP3 might serve as biomarkers for NASH-associated fibrosis.

Punicalagin relieves hepatic injury by antioxidation and enhancement of autophagy in diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Hepatic injury induced by many factors play a central role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Punicalagin (PUN) is a major antioxidant polyphenolic compound extracted from pomegranates. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of PUN on liver injury induced by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Therefore, the effects and mechanistic action of PUN on NASH mouse model induced by choline-deficient, L-amino acid- defined, high-fat (CDAAH) diet were investigated in vivo. Wild-type or nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) KO mice were fed with CDAAH diet to induce NASH and then treated with PUN (100, 300 or 500 mg kg- 1 day- 1) by gavage for 12 weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected to assess liver function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy pathological status. The results showed that 300 mg/kg PUN was the optimal concentration for relieving hepatic injury in NASH, characterized by decreased activities of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver lactate dehydrogenase activity and histopathological structural damage, and showed a hepatoprotective effect against NASH. PUN significantly reduced the level of liver inflammation and Txnip-NLRP3 signaling pathway in NASH mice. PUN reduced oxidative stress by reducing liver malondialdehyde levels and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. PUN may also attenuate oxidative stress and induce autophagy through the p62/Nrf2 and AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. More importantly, we found that these protective effects of PUN were attributed to enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and autophagy activity, which was mediated by the activation of the Nrf2 pathway using Nrf2 KO mice. In summary, the present results indicate that PUN successfully relieved NASH-induced liver damage by upregulating Nrf2 signaling and autophagy.

Unlocking the gut-liver axis: microbial contributions to the pathogenesis of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation and subsequent inflammation. This condition is closely linked to metabolic syndrome and obesity, with its prevalence rising due to sedentary lifestyles and high-calorie diets. The pathogenesis of MAFLD involves multiple factors, including insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in MAFLD development, with dysbiosis contributing to liver inflammation through various mechanisms, such as enhanced intestinal permeability and the translocation of bacterial products like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, influence hepatic function and immune responses, with potential implications for disease progression. Specific gut microbiome signatures have been identified in MAFLD patients, offering potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Moreover, gut-derived toxins, such as endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides, trimethylamine-N-oxide and bacterial metabolites, significantly influence liver damage and inflammation, highlighting the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and hepatic health. This review comprehensively examines the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and MAFLD, focusing on underlying pathogenic mechanisms, potential biomarkers, and emerging microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies for disease management.

Treatment of IL-18-binding protein biologics suppresses fibrotic progression in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis, with enhanced interleukin-18 (IL-18) signaling. IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP) neutralizes IL-18, but its therapeutic potential in MASH is unclear. We find elevated IL-18BP and IL-18 levels in patients with MASH and mice, with free IL-18 correlating with disease severity. IL-18 stimulates interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production in CD4 T cells, increasing hepatic IL-18BP. IL-18BP-deficient mice show worsened liver inflammation and fibrosis. We develop a human IL-18BP biologics (APB-R3) and inject it to mice to evaluate its pharmacologic efficacy. APB-R3 significantly improves MASH in reducing fibrosis and inflammation and inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation via the cGMP pathway. This study proposes that abrogation of IL-18 signaling by boosting IL-18BP can strongly inhibit the development of MASH-induced fibrosis, and our engineered IL-18BP biologics can become a promising therapeutic candidate for curing MASH.

Discovery of Novel Sulfonylurea NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multiple Inflammatory Diseases

NLRP3 inflammasome is critical in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. A series of novel sulfonylurea-based NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors was designed and synthesized. Notably, compound 15 exhibited the potent NLRP3 inhibitory activity, effectively suppressing IL-1β secretion in THP-1 (IC50 = 23 nM), demonstrating better efficacy compared to MCC950. It selectively inhibits NLRP3 activation by disrupting inflammasome assembly, with no effect on NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. Molecular docking showed that the 1-methyl-4-(methylamino)piperidine moiety forms a novel hydrogen bond with Asp662 in the hydrophilic region of NLRP3. Additionally, compound 15 displayed excellent pharmacokinetic properties with 99.6% oral bioavailability in mice. It exhibited superior efficacy in acute peritonitis and diabetic kidney disease models, surpassing MCC950. Tissue distribution studies confirmed that compound 15 specifically targeted the gut and showed efficacy in an IBD model, comparable to MCC950. These findings highlight compound 15 as a promising lead for novel oral NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.

Ginseng and its functional components in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: therapeutic effects and multi-target pharmacological mechanisms

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common type of chronic liver disease and its incidence is increasing. Its disease progression is closely related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Effective treatment is currently lacking. The traditional Chinese medicine ginseng (Panax ginseng) shows unique advantages in NAFLD intervention, but its complex compositional system and molecular mechanism network still need to be systematically analyzed.

Objective

This paper systematically integrates evidence from nearly 20 years of research to elucidate the multi-target pharmacological mechanism of ginseng for the treatment of NAFLD.

Methods

Relevant information was sourced from Pubmed, Web of science, Embase and CNKI databases. Using BioRender and visio to draw biomedical illustrations.

Results

The active ingredients of ginseng contain 2 classes of saponins (tetracyclic triterpene saponins, pentacyclic triterpene saponins and other modified types) and non-saponins. Different cultivation methods, processing techniques and extraction sites have expanded the variety of ginseng constituents and demonstrated different pharmacological activities. Studies have shown that ginseng and its functional components have the ability to regulate lipid metabolism disorders, inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, insulin resistance, disruption of intestinal flora structure, cell death and senescence. Demonstrates the potential of ginseng for the treatment of NAFLD.

Conclusion

This study reveals for the first time the integrative mechanism of ginseng in the treatment of NAFLD through the tertiary mode of action of "multi-component multi-target multi-pathway". The multilevel modulatory ability of ginseng provides a new direction for the development of comprehensive therapeutic strategies for NAFLD.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and treatment advances

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), a highly prevalent malignancy, poses a significant global health challenge. Its pathogenesis is intricate and multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, and cirrhosis are known to significantly elevate the risk of developing HCC. The underlying biological processes driving HCC are equally complex, encompassing aberrant activation of molecular signaling pathways, dysregulation of hepatocellular differentiation and angiogenesis, and immune dysfunction. This review delves into the multifaceted nature of HCC, exploring its etiology and the intricate molecular signaling pathways involved in its development. We examine the role of immune dysregulation in HCC progression and discuss the potential of emerging therapeutic strategies, including immune-targeted therapy and tumor-associated macrophage interventions. Additionally, we explore the potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers in inhibiting tumor growth. By elucidating the complex interplay of factors contributing to HCC, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease and highlight promising avenues for future research and therapeutic development.

Hidden in the Fat: Unpacking the Metabolic Tango Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are closely related, with rapidly increasing prevalence globally, driving significant public health concerns. Both conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, which contribute to their co-occurrence and progression. While the clinical implications of this overlap, including increased cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic risk, are well recognized, current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain insufficient due to the clinical and individuals' heterogeneity and complexity of these diseases. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and MASLD, identify critical gaps in our understanding, and highlight existing challenges in early detection and treatment. Despite advancements in biomarkers and therapeutic interventions, the need for a comprehensive, integrated approach remains. The review also discusses emerging therapies targeting specific pathways, the potential of precision medicine, and the growing role of artificial intelligence in enhancing research and clinical management. Future research is urgently needed to combine multi-omics data, precision medicine, and novel biomarkers to better understand the complex interactions between MetS and MASLD. Collaborative, multidisciplinary efforts are essential to develop more effective diagnostic tools and therapies to address these diseases on a global scale.

Unveiling the nexus: pyroptosis and its crucial implications in liver diseases

Pyroptosis, a distinctive form of programmed cell death orchestrated by gasdermin proteins, manifests as cellular rupture, accompanied by the release of inflammatory factors. While pyroptosis is integral to anti-infection immunity, its aberrant activation has been implicated in tumorigenesis. The liver, as the body's largest metabolic organ, is rich in various enzymes and governs metabolism. It is also the primary site for protein synthesis. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of pyroptosis as a significant player in the pathogenesis of specific liver diseases, exerting a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological processes. A comprehensive exploration of pyroptosis can unveil its contributions to the development and regression of conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, offering innovative perspectives for clinical prevention and treatment. This review consolidates current knowledge on key molecules involved in cellular pyroptosis and delineates their roles in liver diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of leveraging pyroptosis as a novel or existing anti-cancer strategy.

ErTao decoction alleviates liver fibrosis by suppressing STING-mediated macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasome activation

BACKGROUND

Liver fibrosis (LF) is a common pathological process in the progression of multiple chronic liver diseases to cirrhosis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. The incomplete understanding of its mechanisms has led to a lack of clinically effective therapeutic options. ErTao decoction (ETD, ), a derivative combining the components of Erchen Decoction and Taohong Siwu Decoction, is rooted in the traditional Chinese medicine theory of "phlegm-dampness-blood stasis". However, the precise mechanism by which ETD exerts its therapeutic effects in LF remains unclear.

PURPOSE

The purpose of study was to investigate the protective effect of ETD and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism on LF.

METHODS

In this study, we employed a multifaceted approach to evaluate the effects of ETD on LF. We used H&E staining, Sirius red staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting to assess the protective effects of ETD in a CCl4-induced fibrosis mouse model. In vitro validation was conducted using macrophages and hepatic stellate cells to further elucidate the mechanisms involved. STING-deficient mice were used to assess its regulatory effects on liver injury, inflammatory and activation through immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Furthermore, UHPLCHRMS detection and computer-aided drug analysis were employed to identify and validate potential effective components of ETD for responsible for its therapeutic effects in treating LF.

RESULTS

In our in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that ETD effectively reduced collagen fiber deposition and alleviated LF pathological changes by inhibiting macrophage inflammatory activation and suppressing NLRP3 and STING signaling. Notably, STING deficiency exhibited a protective effect against liver tissue injury and inhibited inflammatory activation of hepatic macrophages in LF model mice. Additionally, comprehensive analysis of the active ingredients in ETD strongly suggested that Naringin served as a pivotal bioactive constituent within ETD responsible for modulating STING signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlighted the protective effects of ETD on LF by inhibiting STING-mediated macrophage activation and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Notably, Naringin might serve as a promising novel STING inhibitor to effectively counteract the progression of LF. These findings represented significant advances in LF research and paved the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT4 protects against fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome: regulating gut microbiota and FoxO/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway in laying hens

BACKGROUND

Fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) has become one of the major factors leading to the death of laying hen in caged egg production. FLHS is commonly associated with lipid peroxidation, hepatocyte injury, decreased antioxidant capacity, and inflammation. However, there are limited evidences regarding the preventive effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on FLHS in laying hens and its mechanisms. Our previous results showed that Lp. plantarum FRT4 alleviated FLHS by regulating lipid metabolism, but did not focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions and mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the preventive mechanisms of Lp. plantarum FRT4 in alleviating FLHS, with a focus on its role in antioxidant activity and inflammation regulation.

RESULTS

Supplementation with Lp. plantarum FRT4 enhanced the levels of T-AOC, T-SOD, and GSH-Px, while reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and NLRP3 in the liver and ovary of laying hens. Additionally, Lp. plantarum FRT4 upregulated the mRNA expressions of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPX1, downregulated the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and NLRP3, and upregulated the mRNA expressions of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10. Lp. plantarum FRT4 improved the structure and metabolic functions of gut microbiota, and regulated the relative abundances of dominant phyla (Bacteroidetes, Firmicute, and Proteobacteria) and genera (Prevotella and Alistipes). Additionally, it influenced key KEGG pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway. Spearman analysis revealed that the abundance of microbiota at different taxonomic levels was closely related to antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory factors. Furthermore, Lp. plantarum FRT4 modulated the mRNA expressions of related factors in the FoxO/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway by regulating gut microbiota. Moreover, the levels of E2, FSH, and VTG were significantly increased in the ovary after Lp. plantarum FRT4 intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Lp. plantarum FRT4 effectively ameliorates FLHS in laying hens. This efficacy is attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are mediated by modulating the structure and function of gut microbiota, and further intervening in the FoxO/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These actions enhance hepatic and ovarian function and increase estrogen levels. Video Abstract.

Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cell Phenotypes in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the hepatocytes, unrelated to alcohol consumption. In a healthy liver, HSCs are quiescent, store vitamin A, and function as pericytes. However, in response to liver injury and inflammation, HSCs become activated. In MASH, HSC activation is driven by metabolic stress, lipotoxicity, and chronic inflammation. Injured hepatocytes, recruited macrophage, capillarized sinusoidal endothelial cells, and permeable intestinal epithelium may each contribute to activating HSCS. This leads to a unique inflammatory environment that promotes fibrosis. MASH HSCs change their metabolism to favor glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and lactate generation. Activated HSCs transform into myofibroblast-like cells, producing excessive extracellular matrix components that result in fibrosis. In addition, HSCs in MASH have inflammatory and intermediate activated phenotypes. This fibrotic process is a key feature of MASH, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of HSC activation and their role in MASH progression is essential for developing targeted therapies to treat and prevent liver fibrosis in affected individuals.

Gastroprotective Effect of Linagliptin on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Mice: Crosstalk Between Oxidative Stress and Inflammasome Pathways

The clinical efficacy of indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is hindered by its high ulcerogenic potential. Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties through NLRP3 inflammasome modulation; however, its possible antiulcerogenic effect remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the potential prophylactic effect of linagliptin against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers with a focus on NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Gastric ulcers were induced using indomethacin and compared to pretreatment with linagliptin or the standard prophylactic omeprazole. Gastric injury was confirmed by gross morphology, ulcer scoring, and histopathological assessments. Additionally, redox status markers glutathione reductase (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Nrf2/Keap-1/HO-1 were evaluated in the gastric tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of pNF-κB, NLRP3, and Caspase-1 inflammasome parameters was also conducted. Finally, measurement of gastric levels of Gasdermin-D was performed, as well as immunohistochemical and gene expression of IL-1β. Pretreatment with linagliptin suppressed all features of mucosal damage as well as inflammatory cell infiltration. The antioxidant effect of linagliptin was evident in low MDA, high GSH gastric levels, and high immunohistochemical reactivity of gastric tissues against Nrf2 and HO-1 antibodies, as well as low gastric levels of keap1. The overly active inflammasome pathway observed in indomethacin-induced ulcerated samples was reinstated by linagliptin, as seen in the suppression of pNF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β immunohistochemical reactivity as well as Gasdermin-D levels. Our study showed that NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the pathogenesis of indomethacin-mediated gastric injury and that linagliptin exhibits a protective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers, possibly through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome axis.

Discovery of DFV890, a Potent Sulfonimidamide-Containing NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor

The discovery of DFV890 ((R)-1), a potent and selective NLRP3 antagonist, is described. Replacement of the sulfonyl urea core from the first-generation NLRP3 antagonist CRID3 with a sulfonimidamide core afforded a novel and potent series of NLRP3 antagonists. The (R)-enantiomers of the sulfonimidamide series were found to be consistently more potent than structurally related sulfonyl ureas. Replacement of the furan unit of CRID3 with a 5-substituted thiazole unit led to DFV890 ((R)-1), which potently inhibited IL-1β production in THP-1 cells and in primary human cells, blocked multiple downstream effectors of NLRP3 activation, and substantially improved PK properties and significantly lowered the predicted human dose compared to that for CRID3. DFV890 ((R)-1) was also effective in an air pouch model of gout.

Exploring Mechanisms of Lang Qing Ata in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Based on Metabolomics, Network Pharmacological Analysis, and Experimental Validation

Background

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as a progressive form of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), poses a significant threat to human health as a prevalent and common condition, with a lack of safe and effective therapeutic options. However, the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of Lang Qing Ata (LQAtta) against NASH remain elusive.

Materials and Methods

The components of LQAtta were identified using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Subsequently, we employed network construction and analysis approaches within the field of network pharmacology. By integrating known databases and target prediction algorithms, which encompassed database-based target prediction, protein-protein interaction networks, as well as Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, we unveiled the potential key targets and signaling pathways that these bioactive components might engage with. These discoveries were further validated in subsequent mouse models. An HFHC-induced NASH mouse model was used to validate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of LQAtta on NASH.

Results

From the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of LQAtta, a total of 1518 chemical components were identified, with 106 of them being absorbed into the bloodstream. Additionally, based on the acquisition of targets from both LQAtta and the NASH database, a total of 160 common targets were screened. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that LQAtta may alleviate NASH by modulating pathways such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and inflammation-related pathways. In vivo experimental results demonstrated that LQAtta could alleviate liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation induced by NASH, thereby slowing down the disease process. Additionally, LQAtta inhibited the expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB protein, playing a role in preventing NASH.

Conclusion

In this study, the combination of mass spectrometry analysis, network pharmacology, and animal experiments preliminarily elucidated the potential of LQAtta to treat NASH through NF-κB pathways.

Induction of MASH-like pathogenesis in the Nwd1-/- mouse liver

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores Ca2+ and plays crucial roles in protein folding, lipid transfer, and it's perturbations trigger an ER stress. In the liver, chronic ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Dysfunction of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2), a key regulator of Ca2+ transport from the cytosol to ER, is associated with the induction of ER stress and lipid droplet formation. We previously identified NACHT and WD repeat domain-containing protein 1 (Nwd1) localized at the ER and mitochondria. However, the physiological significance of Nwd1 outside the brain remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that Nwd1-/- mice exhibited pathological manifestations comparable to MASH. Nwd1 interacts with SERCA2 near ER membranes. Nwd1-/- livers exhibited reduced SERCA2 ATPase activity and a smaller Ca2+ pool in the ER, leading to an exacerbated state of ER stress. These findings highlight the importance of SERCA2 activity mediated by Nwd1 in the pathogenesis of MASH.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ameliorates disordered glucose and lipid metabolism in liver: Involvement of gasdermin D in regulating pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

The epidemic of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease linked to excessive high-fat diet (HFD) consumption has sparked widespread public concern. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has been reported to improve glucose/lipid metabolism, liver lipid degeneration and alleviate HFD-induced inflammation. However, its pathways and mechanisms of action are not fully understood.

METHODS

To confirm the effect of NRF2 on glucose/lipid metabolism in the liver, Nrf2-/- mice as well as liver-specific Nrf2 knockout mice, and AAV-TBG-Nrf2 were employed. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was utilized to determine the effect of NRF2 on glucose metabolism. To elucidate the effect of NRF2 on pyroptosis, we performed western blots, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR, and Flow cytometry experiments. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq and dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to underscore the transcriptional regulatory effect of NRF2 on Gsdmd.

RESULTS

We found that overexpression of Nrf2 inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis markers, including cle-Caspase1, NLRP3 and the N-terminus of gasdermin D (N-GSDMD) both in vivo and in vitro, while Nrf2 deficiency was the opposite. Specifically, with NRF2 expression up-regulated, GSDMD expression decreased and Gsdmd overexpression partially reversed the effect of Nrf2 overexpression on pro-inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that NRF2 binds to the Gsdmd promoter at the -2110 - 1130 bp site, inhibiting the GSDMD expression and thereby improving glucose/lipid metabolism and liver steatosis.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that NRF2 is an effective inhibitor of pyroptosis and has a multi-target effect in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.

KEY POINTS

MAFLD is associated with increased hepatocytes NRF2 expression. NRF2 alleviates MAFLD by suppressing pyroptosis. NRF2 directly inhibits GSDMD expression to regulate pyroptosis. Targeting the NRF2-pyroptosis (GSDMD) axis offers a potential therapeutic strategy for MAFLD.

Neutrophil extracellular traps promote MASH fibrosis by metabolic reprogramming of HSC

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) fibrosis is a reversible stage of liver disease accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration. Neutrophils extrude a meshwork of chromatin fibers to establish neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which play important roles in inflammatory response regulation. Our previous work demonstrated that NETs promote HCC in MASH. However, it is still unknown if NETs play a role in the molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Following 12 weeks of Western diet/carbon tetrachloride, MASH fibrosis was identified in C57BL/6 mice with increased NET formation. However, NET depletion using DNase I treatment or mice knocked out for peptidyl arginine deaminase type IV significantly attenuated the development of MASH fibrosis. NETs were demonstrated to induce HSCs activation, proliferation, and migration through augmented mitochondrial and aerobic glycolysis to provide additional bioenergetic and biosynthetic supplies. Metabolomic analysis revealed markedly an altered metabolic profile upon NET stimulation of HSCs that were dependent on arachidonic acid metabolism. Mechanistically, NET stimulation of toll-like receptor 3 induced cyclooxygenase-2 activation and prostaglandin E2 production with subsequent HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 with celecoxib reduced fibrosis in our MASH model.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings implicate NETs playing a critical role in the development of MASH hepatic fibrosis by inducing metabolic reprogramming of HSCs through the toll-like receptor 3/cyclooxygenase-2/cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Therefore, NET inhibition may represent an attractive treatment target for MASH liver fibrosis.

Exosome-equipped TNF antisense oligodeoxynucleotide or 2-deoxy-D-glucose ameliorated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating superoxide dismutase 1 in mice

Inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), primarily derived from hepatic macrophages in the liver, play a crucial role in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Meanwhile, intravenously injected exosomes are mainly distributed in the liver and predominantly taken up by hepatic macrophage. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of targeted inhibition of TNF and IL1β expression in hepatic macrophages via exosomes as a potential therapeutic strategy for NASH. In this study, we demonstrated that antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting TNF (ASO-TNF) or 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) effectively suppressed the expression of TNF and/or IL1β in macrophages. Exosomes loaded with ASO-TNF or 2DG were able to suppress the expression of TNF and/or IL1β in macrophages in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, infusion of Exo/ASO-TNF or Exo/2DG significantly attenuated experimental steatohepatitis in choline deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) or methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice. RNA-seq results showed that treatment with Exo/ASO-TNF or Exo/2DG significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Mechanistically, we observed that administration of Exo/ASO-TNF or Exo/2DG could attenuate NASH progression by up-regulating the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1). Combined, our findings demonstrated that infusion of exosomes loaded with ASO-TNF or 2DG alleviated experimental steatohepatitis in murine models. Thus, infusion of exosomes loaded with anti-inflammatory agents holds promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for NASH treatment.

Dihydrotanshinone I Attenuates Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Up-Regulation of IRG1

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, but effective therapeutic drugs are still lacking. Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS), a natural product isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza , has been shown to have ameliorative effects on NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of DHTS on NAFLD and its mechanism. A model of NAFLD and DHTS treatment was established using a Western diet to observe the effect of DHTS on NAFLD, which were detected by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and other experiments. The mechanism was further explored by constructing immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1) knockout mice, RNA sequence, and molecular docking. The results revealed that DHTS significantly improved diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice, notably alleviating liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Further analysis revealed that the intervention of DHTS was associated with the activation of IRG1. Subsequent experiments confirmed that IRG1 gene deletion reversed the above protective effects of DHTS in NAFLD. Mechanistically, DHTS enhanced the antioxidant nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway through IRG1/itaconate and blocked the oxidative stress response in the liver. In addition, DHTS also inhibited the activation of NACHT-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-, and pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome via IRG1/itaconate, blocking the inflammatory amplification effect in the liver. The study suggests that DHTS may be a potential drug for the treatment of NAFLD, which exerts protective regulatory effects mainly through the IRG1/itaconate molecular pathway.

Lipid droplet efferocytosis attenuates proinflammatory signaling in macrophages via TREM2- and MS4A7-dependent mechanisms

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterized by injury to steatotic hepatocytes that triggers the release of endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns. Recent work demonstrated that exposed lipid droplets (LDs) serve as a pathogenic signal that promotes monocyte infiltration and its maturation into triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2+) macrophages in MASH liver. Here we explore the role of LD exposure in modulating inflammatory signaling in macrophages. We found that LD efferocytosis triggers a global transcriptional response and dampens pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages. LD treatment attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation via mechanisms independent of lysosomal LD hydrolysis. While TREM2 was dispensable for LD efferocytosis by macrophages, it was required for the attenuation of proinflammatory signaling upon LD exposure. Additionally, MS4A7 downregulation contributes to LD efferocytosis-mediated dampening of inflammatory response. These results underscore the dual role of LD exposure in MASH liver by promoting monocyte infiltration and TREM2+ macrophage induction, while restraining proinflammatory response in macrophages.

Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Reactivation Protects Against Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Liver Injury Through Upregulating Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a vital factor in the early progression of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). It exacerbates systemic inflammation, impairs the liver's capacity to clear inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and contributes to systemic organ dysfunction syndrome (SODS). However, the mechanisms driving SAP-associated liver injury (SAP-ALI) are poorly understood, and effective therapeutic options remain limited. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective form of autophagy, plays an essential role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress by clearing damaged or dysfunctional proteins. This study examines the role of CMA in SAP-ALI and evaluates its therapeutic potential. In a sodium taurocholate-induced SAP-ALI rat model, CMA dysfunction was observed, characterized by reduced LAMP2A expression and the accumulation of CMA substrate proteins in pancreatic and hepatic tissues. The activator AR7 successfully restored CMA function, enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses, and mitigated pancreatic and liver damage in SAP rat. In contrast, the CMA inhibitor PPD exacerbated liver injury, underscoring CMA's protective role in SAP-ALI. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated that CMA reactivation activated the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, leading to increased expression of antioxidant-related genes and suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Specifically, the protective effects of AR7-induced CMA activation were significantly reversed by the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385, which inhibited Nrf2 signaling and its associated protein levels. These findings show AR7-induced CMA reactivation as a promising therapeutic strategy for SAP-ALI, primarily through its enhancement of Keap1/Nrf2-regulated antioxidant pathways and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Current Therapeutic Landscape for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis

In recent years, "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease" (MASLD) has been proposed to better connect liver disease to metabolic dysfunction, which is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. MASLD affects more than 30% of individuals globally, and it is diagnosed by the combination of hepatic steatosis and obesity, type 2 diabetes, or two metabolic risk factors. MASLD begins with the buildup of extra fat, often greater than 5%, within the liver, causing liver hepatocytes to become stressed. This can proceed to a more severe form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), in 20-30% of people, where inflammation in the liver causes tissue fibrosis, which limits blood flow over time. As fibrosis worsens, MASH may lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or even liver cancer. While the pathophysiology of MASLD is not fully known, the current "multiple-hits" concept proposes that dietary and lifestyle factors, metabolic factors, and genetic or epigenetic factors contribute to elevated oxidative stress and inflammation, causing liver fibrosis. This review article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of MASLD and evaluates existing therapies as well as pharmacological drugs that are currently being studied in clinical trials for MASLD or MASH.

Peripheral Evolution of Tanshinone IIA and Cryptotanshinone for Discovery of a Potent and Specific NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor

Natural products (NPs) continue to serve as an invaluable source in drug discovery, and peripheral evolution of NPs is a highly efficient evolution strategy. Herein, we describe a unified "methyl to amide" peripheral evolution of Tanshinone IIA and Cryptotanshinone for discovery of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. There were 54 compounds designed and prepared, while the chemoinformatic analysis revealed that these evolved NP analogues occupy a unique chemical space. Biological evaluation identified 5m as an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, and 5m could directly bind to the NACHT domain of the NLRP3 protein and block the interaction of NLRP3 and ASC, thus suppressing ASC oligomerization and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Molecular dynamic stimulations revealed that the amide moiety played a vital role in the binding mode. Moreover, 5m exhibited therapeutical efficacy in sepsis and the NASH mouse model. In conclusion, this protocol provides a new vision of NPs' peripheral evolution and a novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor.

Celastrol ameliorates fibrosis in Western diet/tetrachloromethane-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing Notch/osteopontin signaling

BACKGROUND

Celastrol was recently identified as a potential treatment for obesity and hepatic steatosis. However, whether Celastrol effectively suppresses the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) stage remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Celastrol in the progression from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were fed a Western diet combined with a weekly low-dose injection of CCl4 (WD/CCl4) for 16 weeks to establish NASH models. The effects of Celastrol on NASH were further explored through histopathological assessments, immunoblotting, and in vitro analyses.

RESULTS

Celastrol treatment effectively attenuated hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in WD/CCl4-induced NASH models, in which Notch2 was downregulated by Celastrol in a posttranscriptional manner. In vitro experiments revealed that Notch2 suppression in Celastrol-treated hepatocytes further decreased osteopontin (OPN) levels, inhibiting hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. Moreover, the protective effects of Celastrol on NASH progression were abolished in Notch2-overexpressing mice.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated the protective effects of Celastrol on NASH-related liver fibrosis by modulating Notch/OPN signaling, providing fresh insights into the potential application of Celastrol in NASH treatment.

Neutrophil heterogeneity and plasticity: unveiling the multifaceted roles in health and disease

Neutrophils, the most abundant circulating leukocytes, have long been recognized as key players in innate immunity and inflammation. However, recent discoveries unveil their remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity, challenging the traditional view of neutrophils as a homogeneous population with a limited functional repertoire. Advances in single-cell technologies and functional assays have revealed distinct neutrophil subsets with diverse phenotypes and functions and their ability to adapt to microenvironmental cues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multidimensional landscape of neutrophil heterogeneity, discussing the various axes along which diversity manifests, including maturation state, density, surface marker expression, and functional polarization. We highlight the molecular mechanisms underpinning neutrophil plasticity, focusing on the complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and epigenetic modifications that shape neutrophil responses. Furthermore, we explore the implications of neutrophil heterogeneity and plasticity in physiological processes and pathological conditions, including host defense, inflammation, tissue repair, and cancer. By integrating insights from cutting-edge research, this review aims to provide a framework for understanding the multifaceted roles of neutrophils and their potential as therapeutic targets in a wide range of diseases.

Diverse Functions of Macrophages in Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Bridging Inflammation and Metabolism

Macrophages play crucial roles in immune response and tissue homeostasis, with their functions becoming increasingly complex in obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. This review explores the extensive range of macrophage activities within adipose and liver tissues, emphasizing their contribution to the pathogenesis and progression of obesity and its related metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In the context of obesity, macrophages respond adaptively to lipid overloads and inflammatory cues in adipose tissue, profoundly influencing insulin resistance and metabolic homeostasis. Concurrently, their role in the liver extends to moderating inflammation and orchestrating fibrotic responses, integral to the development of MASLD. Highlighting the spectrum of macrophage phenotypes across these metabolic landscapes, we summarize their diverse roles in linking inflammatory processes with metabolic functions. This review advocates for a deeper understanding of macrophage subsets in metabolic tissues, proposing targeted research to harness their therapeutic potential in mitigating MASLD and other metabolic disorders.

Dual role of pyroptosis in liver diseases: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic perspectives

Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death induced by inflammasome with a mechanism distinct from that of apoptosis, occurs via one of the three pathway types: classical, non-classical, and granzyme A/B-dependent pyroptosis pathways. Pyroptosis is implicated in various diseases, notably exhibiting a dual role in liver diseases. It facilitates the clearance of damaged hepatocytes, preventing secondary injury, and triggers immune responses to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells. Conversely, excessive pyroptosis intensifies inflammatory responses, exacerbates hepatocyte damage and promotes the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, accelerating liver fibrosis. Furthermore, by sustaining an inflammatory state, impacts the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. This review comprehensively summarizes the dual role of pyroptosis in liver diseases and its therapeutic strategies, offering new theoretical foundations and practical guidance for preventing and treating of liver diseases.

Hepatocellular CMPK2 promotes the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

There are limited pharmacological treatment options for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the progressive form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Therefore, we aimed to identify novel therapeutic targets.

METHODS

The Gene Expression Omnibus database and human liver tissues obtained from patients with MASH were used to identify differentially expressed genes in MASH. The functional role of cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) was assessed in mice with hepatocyte-specific overexpression, conditional knockout mice, and several murine MASH models. CMPK2 inhibitors were discovered through surface plasmon resonance imaging coupled with indirect enzyme activity detection.

RESULTS

CMPK2, a critical enzyme involved in mitochondrial DNA synthesis, exhibited significant upregulation in the livers of obese individuals with MASH and mice with diet-induced MASH. Hepatocyte-specific Cmpk2 deletion substantially mitigated liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. Inhibition of CMPK2, either through genetic manipulation or pharmacological intervention with nordihydroguaiaretic acid, suppressed Nlrp3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation and subsequent hepatic pyroptosis. Furthermore, nordihydroguaiaretic acid alleviated diet-induced metabolic disorders, inflammation, and fibrosis in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings establish CMPK2 as a critical mediator in the progression from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver to MASH and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) is upregulated in the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) stage but not in the early stages of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Our study demonstrated that diet-induced MASH phenotypes, including liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were alleviated in hepatocyte-specific Cmpk2-knockout mice. These findings suggest that CMPK2 serves as a critical link in the progression of steatotic liver to steatohepatitis, offering novel mechanistic insights into MASH development. Furthermore, this discovery identified CMPK2 as a promising target for the development of therapeutic drugs for MASH.

Development and validation of machine learning models for MASLD: based on multiple potential screening indicators

Background

Multifaceted factors play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This study aimed to utilize multifaceted indicators to construct MASLD risk prediction machine learning models and explore the core factors within these models.

Methods

MASLD risk prediction models were constructed based on seven machine learning algorithms using all variables, insulin-related variables, demographic characteristics variables, and other indicators, respectively. Subsequently, the partial dependence plot(PDP) method and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were utilized to explain the roles of important variables in the model to filter out the optimal indicators for constructing the MASLD risk model.

Results

Ranking the feature importance of the Random Forest (RF) model and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model constructed using all variables found that both homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC) were the first and second most important variables. The MASLD risk prediction model constructed using the variables with top 10 importance was superior to the previous model. The PDP and SHAP methods were further utilized to screen the best indicators (including HOMA-IR, TyG-WC, age, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and ethnicity) for constructing the model, and the mean area under the curve value of the models was 0.960.

Conclusions

HOMA-IR and TyG-WC are core factors in predicting MASLD risk. Ultimately, our study constructed the optimal MASLD risk prediction model using HOMA-IR, TyG-WC, age, AST, and ethnicity.

Exploring the mechanism of ursolic acid in preventing liver fibrosis and improving intestinal microbiota based on NOX2/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway

Early-stage liver fibrosis can be reversed; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The intestinal tract hosts a substantial and diverse microbiota involved in various physiological activities and is closely linked to chronic liver disease. Previous studies have indicated that ursolic acid (UA), derived from herbal plants, possesses anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties; however, its precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. Consequently, liver fibrosis models were constructed utilizing both the methionine/choline deficieny (MCD) diet and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneal injections. 16S rRNA was conducted to analyze the intestinal microbiota. Results indicated that UA attenuated liver injury and fibrosis, reduced indices related to liver fibrosis, and decreased the expression levels of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOD like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). Hepatic fibrosis was alleviated in post-model NOX2 and NLRP3 gene knockout (NOX2-/- and NLRP3-/-) mice in comparison to post-model wild-type (WT) mice. Nonetheless, neither UA treatment nor control treatment significantly improved liver fibrosis in comparison to post-model knockout mice. Furthermore, the liver of NOX2-/- mice exhibited lower levels of NLRP3 expression. Importantly, knockout mice displayed a higher diversity of intestinal microbiota, characterized by an increased presence of beneficial bacteria and a reduced presence of harmful bacteria compared to WT mice. In conclusion, UA exerts antifibrotic effects through the inhibition of the NOX2/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. UA has the potential to reverse liver fibrosis by modulating this signaling pathway, thereby enhancing the gut microbiota.

NLRP3 inflammasome constrains liver regeneration through impairing MerTK-mediated macrophage efferocytosis

The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a crucial role in human acute and chronic liver diseases. However, the role and cell-specific contribution of NLRP3 in liver regeneration remains unclear. Here, we found that NLRP3 was highly activated during the early stage of liver regeneration via 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) mice model and clinical data. Global NLRP3 depletion or pharmacologically blocking NLRP3 significantly enhanced liver regeneration, while NLRP3 overexpression impaired it after PHx. Furthermore, mice with myeloid-specific knockout of Nlrp3 (Nlrp3Δmye), rather than hepatocyte-specific knockout (Nlrp3Δhep), showed improved liver regeneration compared to control (Nlrp3fl/fl). Mechanistically, deficiency of Nlrp3 promoted myeloid-epithelial-reproductive tyrosine kinase (MerTK)-mediated efferocytosis, thereby inducing macrophages toward a pro-reparative Ly6Clo phenotype. Notably, NLRP3 inhibition by MCC950 effectively reversed the impairment of liver regeneration after PHx in mice fed a high-fat diet. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of post-hepatectomy liver failure.