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Guo D, Dong W, Cong Y, Liu Y, Liang Y, Ye Z, Zhang J, Zhou Y. LIF Aggravates Pulpitis by Promoting Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Inflammation 2024; 47:307-322. [PMID: 37782452 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been recognized as a novel inflammatory modulator in inflammation-associated diseases. This study aimed to investigate the modulation of LIF in dental pulp inflammation. Experimental pulpitis was established in wild-type (WT) and Lif-deficient (Lif-/-) mice. Histological and immunostaining analyses were conducted to assess the role of LIF in the progression of pulpitis. Mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was treated with LPS to simulate an inflammatory environment. Exogenous LIF was added to this system to examine its modulation in macrophage inflammatory response in vitro. Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from WT and Lif-/- mice were isolated and stimulated with LPS to confirm the effect of Lif deletion on macrophage inflammatory response. Supernatants from LIF and LPS-treated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were collected and added to macrophages. Macrophage chemotaxis was assessed using transwell assays. The results showed an increased expression of LIF and LIFR with the progression of pulpitis, and LIFR was highly expressed in macrophages. Lif deficiency alleviated experimental pulpitis with the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration. Exogenous LIF promoted inflammatory response of LPS-induced macrophages through a STAT3/p65-dependent pathway. Consistently, Lif deletion inhibited macrophage inflammatory response in vitro. Supernatants of LIF-treated hDPCs enhanced macrophage migration in LPS-induced inflammatory environment. Our findings demonstrated that LIF aggravates pulpitis by promoting macrophage inflammatory response through a STAT3/p65-dependent pathway. Furthermore, LIF plays a crucial role in driving the recruitment of macrophages to inflamed pulp tissue by promoting chemokine secretion in DPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yaqi Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, China
| | - Youde Liang
- Yantian Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
- Center for Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Optics Valley Branch, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Lu Y, Liang X, Wu Y, Wang R, Liu T, Yi H, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Gong P, Zhang L. Bifidobacterium animalis sup F1-7 Acts as an Effective Activator to Regulate Immune Response Via Casepase-3 and Bak of FAS/CD95 Pathway. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1234-1249. [PMID: 35995910 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microecology was closely related to immune regulation, but the related mechanism was still unclear. This study aimed to reveal how microorganisms improved immune response via casepase-3 and Bak of FAS/CD95 pathway. Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 inhibited the melanoma B16-F10 cells in vitro effectively; had a potent anticancer effect of lung cancer mice; effectively improved the spleen immune index and CD3+ (75.8%) and CD8+ (19.8%) expression level; strengthened the phagocytosis of macrophages; inhibited the overexpression of inflammatory factors IL-6 (319.10 ± 2.46 pg/mL), IL-8 (383.05 ± 9.87 pg/mL), and TNF-α (2003.40 ± 11.42 pg/mL); and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 (406.00 ± 3.59 pg/mL). This process was achieved by promoting caspase-8/3 and BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid), Bak genes, and protein expression. This study confirmed the B. animalis F1-7 could act as an effective activator to regulate immune response by promoting the expression of caspase-8/3, Bid and Bak genes, and proteins and by activating the FAS/CD95 pathway. Our study provided a data support for the application of potentially beneficial microorganisms of B. animalis F1-7 as an effective activator to improve immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xi Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yeting Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Gouife M, Zhu S, Yue X, Nawaz M, Li X, Ma R, Jiang J, Jin S, Xie J. Characterization of the pro-inflammatory roles of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) M17 protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104714. [PMID: 37085019 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-6 family of cytokines possesses a diversity of roles with significant redundancy. The roles of these molecules have been relatively well characterized in mammals, with limited attention in other species. Progress has been made in the discovery of homologous molecules in fish. Here we report the characterization of pro-inflammatory properties of recombinant goldfish M17. Recombinant goldfish M17 enhanced phagocytosis, primed production of reactive oxygen intermediates, and was chemotactic to macrophages. Treatment of goldfish macrophages with LPS, heat-killed and live Aeromonas hydrophila resulted in higher M17 mRNA levels. Recombinant M17 (RgM17) induced dose-dependent production of IFNγ and IL-1β1 in goldfish macrophages. Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with rgM17 resulted in upregulation of transcription factors that were important in the differentiation of myeloid progenitors into monocytes/macrophages (Runx1 and GATA2). Our results indicate that goldfish M17 is an essential inflammatory cytokine for proliferation and differentiation of goldfish progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Songwei Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Mateen Nawaz
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xionglin Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Province, 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Shan Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Province, 315211, China
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Province, 315211, China.
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Zutautas KB, Sisnett DJ, Miller JE, Lingegowda H, Childs T, Bougie O, Lessey BA, Tayade C. The dysregulation of leukemia inhibitory factor and its implications for endometriosis pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089098. [PMID: 37033980 PMCID: PMC10076726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen dominant, chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterus. The most common symptoms experienced by patients include manifestations of chronic pelvic pain- such as pain with urination, menstruation, or defecation, and infertility. Alterations to Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), a cytokine produced by the luminal and glandular epithelium of the endometrium that is imperative for successful pregnancy, have been postulated to contribute to infertility. Conditions such as recurrent implantation failure, unexplained infertility, and infertility associated diseases such as adenomyosis and endometriosis, have demonstrated reduced LIF production in the endometrium of infertile patients compared to fertile counterparts. While this highlights the potential involvement of LIF in infertility, LIF is a multifaceted cytokine which plays additional roles in the maintenance of cell stemness and immunomodulation. Thus, we sought to explore the implications of LIF production within ectopic lesions on endometriosis pathophysiology. Through immunohistochemistry of an endometrioma tissue microarray and ELISA of tissue protein extract and peritoneal fluid samples, we identify LIF protein expression in the ectopic lesion microenvironment. Targeted RT qPCR for LIF and associated signaling transcripts, identify LIF to be significantly downregulated in the ectopic tissue compared to eutopic and control while its receptor, LIFR, is upregulated, highlighting a discordance in ectopic protein and mRNA LIF expression. In vitro treatment of endometriosis representative cell lines (12Z and hESC) with LIF increased production of immune-recruiting cytokines (MCP-1, MCP-3) and the angiogenic factor, VEGF, as well as stimulated tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Finally, LIF treatment in a syngeneic mouse model of endometriosis induced both local and peripheral alterations to immune cell phenotypes, ultimately reducing immunoregulatory CD206+ small peritoneal macrophages and T regulatory cells. These findings suggest that LIF is present in the ectopic lesions of endometriosis patients and could be contributing to lesion vascularization and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B. Zutautas
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle J. Sisnett
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica E. Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Timothy Childs
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Olga Bougie
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Lessey
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Wofford KL, Shultz RB, Burrell JC, Cullen DK. Neuroimmune interactions and immunoengineering strategies in peripheral nerve repair. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 208:102172. [PMID: 34492307 PMCID: PMC8712351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries result in disrupted cellular communication between the central nervous system and somatic distal end targets. The peripheral nervous system is capable of independent and extensive regeneration; however, meaningful target muscle reinnervation and functional recovery remain limited and may result in chronic neuropathic pain and diminished quality of life. Macrophages, the primary innate immune cells of the body, are critical contributors to regeneration of the injured peripheral nervous system. However, in some clinical scenarios, macrophages may fail to provide adequate support with optimal timing, duration, and location. Here, we review the history of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory strategies to treat nerve injuries. Thereafter, we enumerate the ways in which macrophages contribute to successful nerve regeneration. We argue that implementing macrophage-based immunomodulatory therapies is a promising treatment strategy for nerve injuries across a wide range of clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wofford
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Robert B Shultz
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Axonova Medical, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Axonova Medical, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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6
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Gómez-López AR, Manich G, Recasens M, Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Evaluation of Myelin Phagocytosis by Microglia/Macrophages in Nervous Tissue Using Flow Cytometry. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e73. [PMID: 33687792 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determination of microglial phagocytosis of myelin has acquired importance in the study of demyelinating diseases. One strategy to determine microglial phagocytosis capacity consists of assaying microglia with fluorescently labeled myelin; however, most approaches are performed in cell culture, where microglia usually show important phenotypic differences compared with in vivo conditions. In this article we describe an adapted flow cytometry protocol to assay myelin phagocytosis by microglia obtained directly from in vivo tissue of the central nervous system. Key steps for a first analysis of phagocytic microglia are provided. Additionally, we describe how to fluorescently label myelin using a pH-sensitive tag, pHrodo™ Green STP Ester. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Assay for determination of myelin phagocytosis by microglia/macrophages using flow cytometry Support Protocol 1: Conjugation of isolated and purified myelin with pHrodo Green STP Ester Support Protocol 2: Quantification of phagocytic cell number by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Regina Gómez-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Manich
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Recasens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ratti S, Rusciano I, Mongiorgi S, Owusu Obeng E, Cappellini A, Teti G, Falconi M, Talozzi L, Capellari S, Bartoletti-Stella A, Guaraldi P, Cortelli P, Suh PG, Cocco L, Manzoli L, Ramazzotti G. Cell signaling pathways in autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD): the intriguing role of the astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2781-2795. [PMID: 33034697 PMCID: PMC8004488 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) is a rare fatal neurodegenerative disorder with overexpression of the nuclear lamina component, Lamin B1 due to LMNB1 gene duplication or deletions upstream of the gene. The molecular mechanisms responsible for driving the onset and development of this pathology are not clear yet. Vacuolar demyelination seems to be one of the most significant histopathological observations of ADLD. Considering the role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-activated signaling pathways in the myelination processes, this work aims to analyze the specific alterations in different cell populations from patients with LMNB1 duplications and engineered cellular models overexpressing Lamin B1 protein. Our results point out, for the first time, that astrocytes may be pivotal in the evolution of the disease. Indeed, cells from ADLD patients and astrocytes overexpressing LMNB1 show severe ultrastructural nuclear alterations, not present in oligodendrocytes overexpressing LMNB1. Moreover, the accumulation of Lamin B1 in astrocytes induces a reduction in LIF and in LIF-Receptor (LIF-R) levels with a consequential decrease in LIF secretion. Therefore, in both our cellular models, Jak/Stat3 and PI3K/Akt axes, downstream of LIF/LIF-R, are downregulated. Significantly, the administration of exogenous LIF can partially reverse the toxic effects induced by Lamin B1 accumulation with differences between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, highlighting that LMNB1 overexpression drastically affects astrocytic function reducing their fundamental support to oligodendrocytes in the myelination process. In addition, inflammation has also been investigated, showing an increased activation in ADLD patients' cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eric Owusu Obeng
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lia Talozzi
- Functional MR Unit, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC NeuroMet, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Guaraldi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC NeuroMet, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC NeuroMet, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kurokawa K, Tsuji M, Takahashi K, Miyagawa K, Mochida-Saito A, Takeda H. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Participates in the Formation of Stress Adaptation via Hippocampal Myelination in Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 446:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Ai LQY, Zhu JY, Chen X, Li X, Luo LL, Hu QM, Lin S, Ye J. Endothelial Yes-Associated Protein 1 Promotes Astrocyte Proliferation and Maturation via Cytoplasmic Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Secretion in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:1. [PMID: 32271890 PMCID: PMC7401846 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Purpose The role of endothelial Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) in the pathogenesis of retinal angiogenesis and the astrocyte network in the mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model is unknown. Methods For in vivo studies, OIR was induced in conditional endothelial YAP knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. Retinal vascularization and the astrocyte network were evaluated by whole-mount fluorescence and Western blotting. In vitro experiments were performed in astrocytes cultured with human microvascular endothelial cell-1–conditioned medium to analyze the mechanisms underlying the effect of endothelial YAP on astrocytes. Results Endothelial YAP deletion not only impaired retinal blood vessels, but also caused a sparse and disrupted astrocyte network in response to OIR. Levels of the immature astrocyte marker (platelet-derived growth factor A) in the retina were substantially increased owing to YAP deficiency, suggesting a possible failure in astrocyte maturation, whereas retinal expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was decreased. In vitro studies suggested that loss or overexpression of YAP resulted in elevated or decreased LIF secretion by human microvascular endothelial cell-1, respectively. Increased LIF levels in the culture medium promoted astrocyte maturation and proliferation and rescued YAP inhibition-induced astrocyte loss. Finally, activating YAP could protect against the pathology of the astrocyte network and even suppress pathologic retinal vascularization in control OIR mice, but not in endothelial YAP-deficient OIR mice. Conclusions Endothelial YAP regulation of LIF secretion is required for normalized astrocyte network formation in OIR, thereby providing a novel target for protecting the astrocyte network and thus benefiting retinal blood vessels.
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Sesti-Costa R, Cervantes-Barragan L, Swiecki MK, Fachi JL, Cella M, Gilfillan S, Silva JS, Colonna M. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Inhibits Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Function and Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2257-2268. [PMID: 32169845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce abundant type I IFNs (IFN-I) in response to viral nucleic acids. Generation of pDCs from bone marrow dendritic cell (DC) progenitors and their maintenance is driven by the transcription factor E2-2 and inhibited by its repressor Id2. In this study, we find that mouse pDCs selectively express the receptor for LIF that signals through STAT3. Stimulation of pDCs with LIF inhibited IFN-I, TNF, and IL-6 responses to CpG and induced expression of the STAT3 targets SOCS3 and Bcl3, which inhibit IFN-I and NF-κB signaling. Moreover, although STAT3 has been also reported to induce E2-2, LIF paradoxically induced its repressor Id2. A late-stage bone marrow DC progenitor expressed low amounts of LIFR and developed into pDCs less efficiently after being exposed to LIF, consistent with the induction of Id2. Conversely, pDC development and serum IFN-I responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection were augmented in newly generated mice lacking LIFR in either CD11c+ or hematopoietic cells. Thus, an LIF-driven STAT3 pathway induces SOCS3, Bcl3, and Id2, which render pDCs and late DC progenitors refractory to physiological stimuli controlling pDC functions and development. This pathway can be potentially exploited to prevent inappropriate secretion of IFN-I in autoimmune diseases or promote IFN-I secretion during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 14049-900
| | - Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Melissa K Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - José Luís Fachi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 14049-900
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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11
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Thümmler K, Rom E, Zeis T, Lindner M, Brunner S, Cole JJ, Arseni D, Mücklisch S, Edgar JM, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Yayon A, Linington C. Polarizing receptor activation dissociates fibroblast growth factor 2 mediated inhibition of myelination from its neuroprotective potential. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:212. [PMID: 31856924 PMCID: PMC6923900 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling contributes to failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis, but targeting this therapeutically is complicated by its functional pleiotropy. We now identify FGF2 as a factor up-regulated by astrocytes in active inflammatory lesions that disrupts myelination via FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) mediated activation of Wingless (Wnt) signaling; pharmacological inhibition of Wnt being sufficient to abrogate inhibition of myelination by FGF2 in tissue culture. Using a novel FGFR1-selective agonist (F2 V2) generated by deleting the N-terminal 26 amino acids of FGF2 we demonstrate polarizing signal transduction to favor FGFR1 abrogates FGF mediated inhibition of myelination but retains its ability to induce expression of pro-myelinating and immunomodulatory factors that include Cd93, Lif, Il11, Hbegf, Cxcl1 and Timp1. Our data provide new insights into the mechanistic basis of remyelination failure in MS and identify selective activation of FGFR1 as a novel strategy to induce a neuroprotective signaling environment in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
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12
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Richards CD, Botelho F. Oncostatin M in the Regulation of Connective Tissue Cells and Macrophages in Pulmonary Disease. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E95. [PMID: 31817403 PMCID: PMC6966661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), as one of the gp130/IL-6 family of cytokines, interacts with receptor complexes that include the gp130 signaling molecule and OSM receptor β OSMRβ chain subunits. OSMRβ chains are expressed relatively highly across a broad array of connective tissue (CT) cells of the lung, such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells, thus enabling robust responses to OSM, compared to other gp130 cytokines, in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and inflammation. OSMRβ chain expression in lung monocyte/macrophage populations is low, whereas other receptor subunits, such as that for IL-6, are present, enabling responses to IL-6. OSM is produced by macrophages and neutrophils, but not CT cells, indicating a dichotomy of OSM roles in macrophage verses CT cells in lung inflammatory disease. ECM remodeling and inflammation are components of a number of chronic lung diseases that show elevated levels of OSM. OSM-induced products of CT cells, such as MCP-1, IL-6, and PGE2 can modulate macrophage function, including the expression of OSM itself, indicating feedback loops that characterize Macrophage and CT cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D. Richards
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3Z5, Canada;
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13
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Yaftiyan A, Eskandarian M, Jahangiri AH, Kazemi Sefat NA, Moazzeni SM. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) modulates the development of dendritic cells in a dual manner. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:455-462. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1619761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Yaftiyan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Eskandarian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Jahangiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Moazzeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Foran EA, Leonardo CC, Ajmo CT, Pennypacker KR. Neuroprotective activity of leukemia inhibitory factor is relayed through myeloid zinc finger-1 in a rat model of stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:631-640. [PMID: 30612292 PMCID: PMC6810634 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) exerts its neuroprotective effects through signal transduction of the transcription factor myeloid zinc finger-1 (MZF-1). According to the hypothesis of this study, MZF-1 mediates LIF-induced neuroprotective signaling during ELVO through increased expression and transcriptional activity. To determine the in vivo role of MZF-1 in LIF-induced neuroprotection, we used Genomatix software was used to MZF-1 sites in the promoter region of the rat superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) gene. Stroke was induced via middle cerebral artery occlusion, and animals were administered PBS or 125 μg/kg LIF at 6, 24, and 48 h after the injury. MZF-1 binding activity was measured using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and its expression/localization were determined using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. To determine whether MZF-1 relays LIF-induced neuroprotection in vitro, primary cultured neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) after treatment with PBS or LIF. MZF-1 expression was measured in vitro using real time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Transfection with siRNA was used to determine whether LIF protected cultured neurons against OGD after silencing MZF-1 expression. Four MZF-1 binding sites were identified by Genomatix, and EMSA confirmed in vivo binding activity in brain after MCAO. LIF significantly increased MZF-1 protein levels compared to PBS treatment at 72 h post-MCAO. In vivo nuclear localization of MZF-1 as well as co-localization of SOD3 and MZF-1 was observed in the cortical neurons of LIF-treated rats. Primary cultured neurons treated with LIF had significantly higher levels of MZF-1 mRNA and protein after LIF treatment compared to neurons treated with PBS. Finally, knockdown MZF-1 using siRNA counteracted the neuroprotective effects of LIF in vitro. These data demonstrate that LIF-mediated neuroprotection is dependent upon MZF-1 activity. Furthermore, these findings identify a novel neuroprotective pathway that employs MZF-1, a transcription factor associated with hematopoietic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB Room B457, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB Room B457, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Elspeth A Foran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Craig T Ajmo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB Room B457, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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15
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Goodwin S, Lukins DE, Powell DK, Pennypacker KR. Efficacy of leukemia inhibitory factor as a therapeutic for permanent large vessel stroke differs among aged male and female rats. Brain Res 2018; 1707:62-73. [PMID: 30445025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies using rodent models of stroke have had difficulty in translating their results to human patients. One possible factor behind this inability is the lack of studies utilizing aged rodents of both sexes. Previously, this lab showed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted recovery after stroke through antioxidant enzyme upregulation. This study examined whether LIF promotes neuroprotection in aged rats of both sexes. LIF did not reduce tissue damage in aged animals, but LIF-treated female rats showed partial motor skill recovery. The LIF receptor (LIFR) showed membrane localization in young male and aged rats of both sexes after stroke. Although LIF increased neuronal LIFR expression in vitro, it did not increase LIFR in the aged brain. Levels of LIFR protein in brain tissue were significantly downregulated between young males and aged males/females at 72 h after stroke. These results demonstrated that low LIFR expression reduces the neuroprotective efficacy of LIF in aged rodents of both sexes. Furthermore, the ability of LIF to promote motor improvement is dependent upon sex in aged rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Sarah Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Douglas E Lukins
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - David K Powell
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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16
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Lin CP, Lu DH. Role of Neuroinflammation in Opioid Tolerance: Translational Evidence from Human-to-Rodent Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1099:125-139. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1756-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Davis SM, Pennypacker KR. The role of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in neuroprotective signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:50-57. [PMID: 28827150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several neurotropic cytokines relay their signaling through the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor. This 190kDa subunit couples with the 130kDa gp130 subunit to transduce intracellular signaling in neurons and oligodendrocytes that leads to expression of genes associated with neurosurvival. Moreover, activation of this receptor alters the phenotype of immune cells to an anti-inflammatory one. Although cytokines that activate the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor have been studied in the context of neurodegenerative disease, therapeutic targeting of the specific receptor subunit has been understudied in by comparison. This review examines the role of this receptor in the CNS and immune system, and its application in the treatment in stroke and other brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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18
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Díaz-Lucena D, Gutierrez-Mecinas M, Moreno B, Martínez-Sánchez JL, Pifarré P, García A. Mechanisms Involved in the Remyelinating Effect of Sildenafil. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:6-23. [PMID: 28776122 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination occurs in demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and pharmacological treatments that enhance this process will critically impact the long term functional outcome in the disease. Sildenafil, a cyclic GMP (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5-I), is an oral vasodilator drug extensively used in humans for treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. PDE5 is expressed in central nervous system (CNS) neuronal and glial populations and in endothelial cells and numerous studies in rodent models of neurological disease have evidenced the neuroprotective potential of PDE5-Is. Using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a MS model, we previously showed that daily administration of sildenafil starting at peak disease rapidly ameliorates clinical symptoms while administration at symptoms onset prevents disease progression. These beneficial effects of the drug involved down-regulation of adaptive and innate immune responses, protection of axons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) and promotion of remyelination. In this work we have investigated mechanisms involved in the remyelinating effect of sildenafil. Using demyelinated organotypic cerebellar slice cultures we demonstrate that sildenafil stimulates remyelination by direct effects on CNS cells in a nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG)-dependent manner. We also show that sildenafil treatment enhances OL maturation and induces expression of the promyelinating factor ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in spinal cord of EAE mice and in cerebellar slice cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sildenafil promotes a M2 phenotype in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) and increases myelin phagocytosis in these cells and in M2 microglia/macrophages in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Taken together these data indicate that promotion of OL maturation directly or through induction of growth factor expression, regulation of microglia/macrophage inflammatory phenotype and clearance of myelin debris may be relevant mechanisms involved in sildenafil enhancement of remyelination in demyelinated tissue and further support the contention that this well tolerated drug could be useful for ameliorating MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Díaz-Lucena
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Gutierrez-Mecinas
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Lupicinio Martínez-Sánchez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Barts Cancer Institute, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Paula Pifarré
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centre for Genomic Regulation CRG, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Agustina García
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Crosstalk with Inflammatory Macrophages Shapes the Regulatory Properties of Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2353240. [PMID: 28785285 PMCID: PMC5529661 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2353240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and microglia are key effector cells in immune-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. Driving myeloid cells towards an anti-inflammatory, tissue repair-promoting phenotype is considered a promising strategy to halt neuroinflammation and promote central nervous system (CNS) repair. In this study, we defined the impact of multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC), a stem cell population sharing common mesodermal origin with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on the phenotype of macrophages and the reciprocal interactions between these two cell types. We show that MAPC suppress the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by inflammatory macrophages partially through a cyclooxygenase 2- (COX-2-) dependent mechanism. In turn, we demonstrate that inflammatory macrophages trigger the immunomodulatory properties of MAPC, including an increased expression of immunomodulatory mediators (e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2), chemokines, and chemokine receptors. Macrophage-primed MAPC secrete soluble factors that suppress TNF-α release by macrophages. Moreover, the MAPC secretome suppresses the antigen-specific proliferation of autoreactive T cells and the T cell stimulatory capacity of macrophages. Finally, MAPC increase their motility towards secreted factors of activated macrophages. Collectively, these in vitro findings reveal intimate reciprocal interactions between MAPC and inflammatory macrophages, which are of importance in the design of MAPC-based therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammatory disorders in which myeloid cells play a crucial role.
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20
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Tu H, Kang K, Ho S, Liou H, Liou H, Lin C, Fu W. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) potentiates antinociception activity and inhibits tolerance induction of opioids. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117:512-520. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Goldstein EZ, Church JS, Hesp ZC, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. A silver lining of neuroinflammation: Beneficial effects on myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:550-9. [PMID: 27151600 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin accelerates action potential conduction velocity and provides essential energy support for axons. Unfortunately, myelin and myelinating cells are often vulnerable to injury or disease, resulting in myelin damage, which in turn can lead to axon dysfunction, overt pathology and neurological impairment. Inflammation is a common component of trauma and disease in both the CNS and PNS and therefore an active inflammatory response is often considered deleterious to myelin health. While inflammation can certainly damage myelin, inflammatory processes also can positively affect oligodendrocyte lineage progression, myelin debris clearance, oligodendrocyte metabolism and myelin repair. In the periphery, inflammatory cascades can also augment myelin repair, including processes initiated by infiltrating immune cells as well as by local Schwann cells. In this review, various aspects of inflammation beneficial to myelin repair are discussed and should be considered when designing or implementing anti-inflammatory therapies for CNS and PNS injury involving myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Goldstein
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jamie S Church
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Zoe C Hesp
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States.
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22
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Colorectal cancer cell-derived interleukin-6 enhances the phagocytic capacity and migration of THP-1 cells. Cytokine 2016; 79:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Goodus MT, Kerr NA, Talwar R, Buziashvili D, Fragale JEC, Pang KCH, Levison SW. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Haplodeficiency Desynchronizes Glial Reactivity and Exacerbates Damage and Functional Deficits after a Concussive Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1522-34. [PMID: 26541248 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactions of both astrocytes and microglia to central nervous system injury can be beneficial or detrimental to recovery. To gain insights into the functional importance of gliosis, we developed a new model of adolescent closed-head injury (CHI) and interrogated the behavioral, physiological, and cellular outcomes after a concussive CHI in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) haplodeficient mice. These mice were chosen because LIF is important for astrocyte and microglial activation. Behaviorally, the LIF haplodeficient animals were equally impaired 4 h after the injury, but in the subsequent 2 weeks, the LIF haplodeficient mice acquired more severe motor and sensory deficits, compared with wild type mice. The prolonged accumulation of neurological impairment was accompanied by desynchronization of the gliotic response, increased cell death, axonal degeneration, diminished callosal compound action potential, and hypomyelination. Our results clearly show that LIF is an essential injury-induced cytokine that is required to prevent the propagation of secondary neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Goodus
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nadine A Kerr
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ruchika Talwar
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - David Buziashvili
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer E C Fragale
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey.,2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center , New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey.,2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center , New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Steven W Levison
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
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24
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Hung FM, Shang HS, Tang NY, Lin JJ, Lu KW, Lin JP, Ko YC, Yu CC, Wang HL, Liao JC, Lu HF, Chung JG. Effects of diallyl trisulfide on induction of apoptotic death in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and alterations of the immune responses in normal and leukemic mice in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1343-1353. [PMID: 24890016 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a chemopreventive dietary constituent and extracted from garlic, has been shown to against cultured many types of human cancer cell liens but the fate of apoptosis in murine leukemia cells in vitro and immune responses in leukemic mice remain elusive. Herein, we clarified the actions of DATS on growth inhibition of murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and used WEHI-3 cells to generate leukemic mice in vivo, following to investigate the effects of DATS in animal model. In in vitro study, DATS induced apoptosis of WEHI-3 cells through the G0/G1 phase arrest and induction of caspase-3 activation. In in vivo study DATS decreased the weight of spleen of leukemia mice but did not affect the spleen weight of normal mice. DATS promoted the immune responses such as promotions of the macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell activities in WEHI-3 leukemic and normal mice. However, DATS only promotes NK cell activities in normal mice. DATS increases the surface markers of CD11b and Mac-3 in leukemia mice but only promoted CD3 in normal mice. In conclusion, the present study indicates that DATS induces cell death through induction of apoptosis in mice leukemia WHEI-3 cells. DATS also promotes immune responses in leukemia and normal mice in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Allyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Allyl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Garlic/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Sulfides/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ming Hung
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, 220, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Shang
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Division of Clinical Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Pin Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Ko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Lung Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chi Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Department of Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 242, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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25
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Janssens K, Slaets H, Hellings N. Immunomodulatory properties of the IL-6 cytokine family in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:52-60. [PMID: 26100315 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response in MS. All members of the IL-6 family share the common signal-transducing receptor protein, glycoprotein 130. Although the intracellular signaling of these cytokines seems to be largely overlapping, they have diverse and contrasting effects on the immune response. This review focuses on the effects of the family members IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and IL-11 on immune cell subsets and how these effects relate to the pathogenesis of MS. Finally, we propose possible avenues to modulate these family members for future MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Janssens
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Helena Slaets
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Vanderlocht J, Hellings N. Comment on "Dysregulated production of leukemia inhibitory factor in immune cells of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients" by Levy et al. J. Neuroimmunol. 2015 Jan 15; 278C:85-89. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 280:56-7. [PMID: 25773156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Vanderlocht
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Transplantation Immunology, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N Hellings
- Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Leukemia inhibitory factor tips the immune balance towards regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:180-8. [PMID: 25514345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), for which current treatments are unable to prevent disease progression. Based on its neuroprotective and neuroregenerating properties, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family, is proposed as a novel candidate for MS therapy. However, its effect on the autoimmune response remains unclear. In this study, we determined how LIF modulates T cell responses that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MS. We demonstrate that expression of the LIF receptor was strongly increased on immune cells of MS patients. LIF treatment potently boosted the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CD4(+) T cells isolated from healthy controls and MS patients with low serum levels of IL-6. Moreover, IL-6 signaling was reduced in the donors that responded to LIF treatment in vitro. Our data together with previous findings revealing that IL-6 inhibits Treg development, suggest an opposing function of LIF and IL-6. In a preclinical animal model of MS we shifted the LIF/IL-6 balance in favor of LIF by CNS-targeted overexpression. This increased the number of Tregs in the CNS during active autoimmune responses and reduced disease symptoms. In conclusion, our data show that LIF downregulates the autoimmune response by enhancing Treg numbers, providing further impetus for the use of LIF as a novel treatment for MS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Kim SW, Houge M, Brown M, Davis ME, Yoon YS. Cultured human bone marrow-derived CD31(+) cells are effective for cardiac and vascular repair through enhanced angiogenic, adhesion, and anti-inflammatory effects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 64:1681-94. [PMID: 25323256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy for cardiovascular disease has been limited by low engraftment of administered cells and modest therapeutic effects. Bone marrow (BM) -derived CD31(+) cells are a promising cell source owing to their high angiovasculogenic and paracrine activities. OBJECTIVES This study sought to identify culture conditions that could augment the cell adhesion, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities of BM-derived CD31(+) cells, and to determine whether these cultured CD31(+) cells are effective for cardiac and vascular repair. METHODS CD31(+) cells were isolated from human BM by magnetic-activated cell sorting and cultured for 10 days under hematopoietic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell, or endothelial cell culture conditions. These cells were characterized by adhesion, angiogenesis, and inflammatory assays. The best of the cultured cells were implanted into myocardial infarction (MI) and hindlimb ischemia (HLI) models to determine therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The CD31(+) cells cultured in endothelial cell medium (EC-CD31(+) cells) showed the highest adhesion and angiogenic activities and lowest inflammatory properties in vitro compared with uncultured or other cultured CD31(+) cells. When implanted into mouse MI or HLI models, EC-CD31(+) cells improved cardiac function and repaired limb ischemia to a greater extent than uncultured CD31(+) cells. Histologically, injected EC-CD31(+) cells exhibited higher retention, neovascularization, and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Importantly, cell retention and endothelial transdifferentiation was sustained up to 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Short-term cultured EC-CD31(+) cells have higher cell engraftment, vessel-formation, cardiomyocyte proliferation, and anti-inflammatory potential, are highly effective for both cardiac and peripheral vascular repair, and enhance survival of mice with heart failure. These cultured CD31(+) cells may be a promising source for treating ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Whan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, South Korea; International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mackenzie Houge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Milton Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael E Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Rowe DD, Collier LA, Seifert HA, Chapman CB, Leonardo CC, Willing AE, Pennypacker KR. Leukemia inhibitor factor promotes functional recovery and oligodendrocyte survival in rat models of focal ischemia. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3111-9. [PMID: 25041106 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells have shown efficacy in rodent models of focal ischemia and in vitro systems that recapitulate stroke conditions. One potential mechanism of protection is through secretion of soluble factors that protect neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) from oxidative stress. To overcome practical issues with cellular therapies, identification of soluble factors released by HUCB and other stem cells may pave the way for treatment modalities that are safer for a larger percentage of stroke patients. Among these soluble factors is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine that exerts pleiotropic effects on cell survival. Here, data show that LIF effectively reduced infarct volume, reduced white matter injury and improved functional outcomes when administered to rats following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. To further explore downstream signaling, primary oligodendrocyte cultures were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation to mimic stroke conditions. LIF significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release from OLs, reduced superoxide dismutase activity and induced peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4) transcript. Additionally, the protective and antioxidant capacity of LIF was negated by both Akt inhibition and co-incubation with Prdx4-neutralising antibodies, establishing a role for the Akt signaling pathway and Prdx4-mediated antioxidation in LIF protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick D Rowe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Gudi V, Gingele S, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:73. [PMID: 24659953 PMCID: PMC3952085 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrogliosis and microglia activation are characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other central nervous system (CNS) lesions the exact functions of these events are not fully understood. Animal models help to understand the complex interplay between the different cell types of the CNS and uncover general mechanisms of damage and repair of myelin sheaths. The so called cuprizone model is a toxic model of demyelination in the CNS white and gray matter, which lacks an autoimmune component. Cuprizone induces apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes that leads to a robust demyelination and profound activation of both astrocytes and microglia with regional heterogeneity between different white and gray matter regions. Although not suitable to study autoimmune mediated demyelination, this model is extremely helpful to elucidate basic cellular and molecular mechanisms during de- and particularly remyelination independently of interactions with peripheral immune cells. Phagocytosis and removal of damaged myelin seems to be one of the major roles of microglia in this model and it is well known that removal of myelin debris is a prerequisite of successful remyelination. Furthermore, microglia provide several signals that support remyelination. The role of astrocytes during de- and remyelination is not well defined. Both supportive and destructive functions have been suggested. Using the cuprizone model we could demonstrate that there is an important crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia. In this review we focus on the role of glial reactions and interaction in the cuprizone model. Advantages and limitations of as well as its potential therapeutic relevance for the human disease MS are critically discussed in comparison to other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
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Yu FS, Yang JS, Yu CS, Chiang JH, Lu CC, Chung HK, Yu CC, Wu CC, Ho HC, Chung JG. Safrole suppresses murine myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo, and stimulates macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in leukemic mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:601-608. [PMID: 24150866 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs are obtained from phytochemicals and natural products. However, some phytochemicals have mutagenic effects. Safrole, a component of Piper betle inflorescence, has been reported to be a carcinogen. We have previously reported that safrole induced apoptosis in human oral cancer cells in vitro and inhibited the human oral tumor xenograft growth in vivo. Until now, there is no information addressing if safrole promotes immune responses in vivo. To evaluate whether safrole modulated immune function, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with murine myelomonocytic WEHI-3 leukemia cells to establish leukemia and then were treated with or without safrole at 4 and 16 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed after 2 weeks post-treatment with safrole for examining the immune cell populations, phagocytosis of macrophages and the natural killer (NK) cells' cytotoxicity. Results indicated that safrole increased the body weight, and decreased the weights of spleen and liver in leukemic mice. Furthermore, safrole promoted the activities of macrophages phagocytosis and NK cells' cytotoxicity in leukemic mice when compared with untreated leukemic mice. After determining the cell marker population, we found that safrole promoted the levels of CD3 (T cells), CD19 (B cells) and Mac-3 (macrophages), but it did not affect CD11b (monocytes) in leukemic mice. In conclusion, safrole altered the immune modulation and inhibited the leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/blood
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Biomarkers/blood
- CD11b Antigen/blood
- CD3 Complex/blood
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Safrole/pharmacology
- Safrole/therapeutic use
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shun Yu
- Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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32
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Local overexpression of interleukin-11 in the central nervous system limits demyelination and enhances remyelination. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:685317. [PMID: 23818742 PMCID: PMC3683504 DOI: 10.1155/2013/685317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is one of the pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, no therapy is available which directly potentiates endogenous remyelination. Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a member of the gp130 family of cytokines, is upregulated in MS lesions. Systemic IL-11 treatment was shown to ameliorate clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. IL-11 modulates immune cells and protects oligodendrocytes in vitro. In this study, the cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model was used to elucidate effects of IL-11 on de- and remyelination, independent of the immune response. Prophylactic-lentiviral- (LV-) mediated overexpression of IL-11 in mouse brain significantly limited acute demyelination, which was accompanied with the preservation of CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) and a decrease in microglial activation (Mac-2+). We further demonstrated that IL-11 directly reduces myelin phagocytosis in vitro. When IL-11 expressing LV was therapeutically applied in animals with extensive demyelination, a significant enhancement of remyelination was observed as demonstrated by Luxol Fast Blue staining and electron microscopy imaging. Our results indicate that IL-11 promotes maturation of NG2+ OPCs into myelinating CC1+ OLs and may thus explain the enhanced remyelination. Overall, we demonstrate that IL-11 is of therapeutic interest for MS and other demyelinating diseases by limiting demyelination and promoting remyelination.
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33
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Systemic treatment with the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting proinflammatory immune responses. J Neuroimmunol 2012. [PMID: 23194644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions indicate alterations in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory system, suggesting its involvement in the disease process. To further elucidate the role of GABA in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation in vivo, the chronic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used. Daily GABA injections (200mg/kg) from day 3 onwards significantly augmented disease severity, which was associated with increased CNS mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6. GABA-treated mice showed enhanced MOG-dependent proliferation and were skewed towards a T helper 1 phenotype. Moreover, in vitro, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increase in interleukin (IL)-6 production by macrophages was enhanced at low GABA concentrations (0.03-0.3mM). In sharp contrast to exogenous GABA administration, endogenous GABA increment by systemic treatment with the GABA-transaminase inhibitor vigabatrin (250mg/kg) had prophylactic as well as therapeutic potential in EAE. Together, these results indicate an immune amplifying role of GABA in neuroinflammatory diseases like MS.
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34
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Gresle MM, Alexandrou E, Wu Q, Egan G, Jokubaitis V, Ayers M, Jonas A, Doherty W, Friedhuber A, Shaw G, Sendtner M, Emery B, Kilpatrick T, Butzkueven H. Leukemia inhibitory factor protects axons in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via an oligodendrocyte-independent mechanism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47379. [PMID: 23077604 PMCID: PMC3471848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Ciliary Neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are members of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines, defined by use of the gp130 molecule as an obligate receptor. In the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, antagonism of LIF and genetic deletion of CNTF worsen disease. The potential mechanism of action of these cytokines in EAE is complex, as gp130 is expressed by all neural cells, and could involve immuno-modulation, reduction of oligodendrocyte injury, neuronal protection, or a combination of these actions. In this study we aim to investigate whether the beneficial effects of CNTF/LIF signalling in EAE are associated with axonal protection; and whether this requires signalling through oligodendrocytes. We induced MOG35–55 EAE in CNTF, LIF and double knockout mice. On a CNTF null background, LIF knockout was associated with increased EAE severity (EAE grade 2.1±0.14 vs 2.6±0.19; P<0.05). These mice also showed increased axonal damage relative to LIF heterozygous mice, as indicated by decreased optic nerve parallel diffusivity on MRI (1540±207 µm2−/s vs 1310±175 µm2−/s; P<0.05), and optic nerve (−12.5%) and spinal cord (−16%) axon densities; and increased serum neurofilament-H levels (2.5 fold increase). No differences in inflammatory cell numbers or peripheral auto-immune T-cell priming were evident. Oligodendrocyte-targeted gp130 knockout mice showed that disruption of CNTF/LIF signalling in these cells has no effect on acute EAE severity. These studies demonstrate that endogenous CNTF and LIF act centrally to protect axons from acute inflammatory destruction via an oligodendrocyte-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Gresle
- Department of Medicine, The Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Bogie JFJ, Timmermans S, Huynh-Thu VA, Irrthum A, Smeets HJM, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Mulder M, Stinissen P, Hellings N, Hendriks JJA. Myelin-derived lipids modulate macrophage activity by liver X receptor activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44998. [PMID: 22984598 PMCID: PMC3440367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which macrophages and microglia play a central role. Foamy macrophages and microglia, containing degenerated myelin, are abundantly found in active multiple sclerosis lesions. Recent studies have described an altered macrophage phenotype after myelin internalization. However, it is unclear by which mechanisms myelin affects the phenotype of macrophages and how this phenotype can influence lesion progression. Here we demonstrate, by using genome wide gene expression analysis, that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages have an enhanced expression of genes involved in migration, phagocytosis and inflammation. Interestingly, myelin internalization also induced the expression of genes involved in liver-X-receptor signaling and cholesterol efflux. In vitro validation shows that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages indeed have an increased capacity to dispose intracellular cholesterol. In addition, myelin suppresses the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-6 by macrophages, which was mediated by activation of liver-X-receptor β. Our data show that myelin modulates the phenotype of macrophages by nuclear receptor activation, which may subsequently affect lesion progression in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen F J Bogie
- Hasselt University/Transnational University Limburg, Biomedical Research Institute, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Hunt LC, Upadhyay A, Jazayeri JA, Tudor EM, White JD. An anti-inflammatory role for leukemia inhibitory factor receptor signaling in regenerating skeletal muscle. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:13-34. [PMID: 22926285 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration in pathology and following injury requires the coordinated actions of inflammatory cells and myogenic cells to remove damaged tissue and rebuild syncytial muscle cells, respectively. Following contusion injury to muscle, the cytokine leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) is up-regulated and knockout of Lif negatively impacts on morphometric parameters of muscle regeneration. Although it was speculated that LIF regulates muscle regeneration through direct effects on myogenic cells, the inflammatory effects of LIF have not been examined in regenerating skeletal muscle. Therefore, the expression and function of LIF was examined using the antagonist MH35-BD during specific inflammatory and myogenic stages of notexin-induced muscle regeneration in mice. LIF protein and mRNA were up-regulated in two distinct phases following intramuscular injection of notexin into tibialis anterior muscles. The first phase of LIF up-regulation coincided with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; the second phase coincided with myogenic differentiation and formation of new myotubes. Administration of the LIF receptor antagonist MH35-BD during the second phase of LIF up-regulation had no significant effects on transcript expression of genes required for myogenic differentiation or associated with inflammation; there were no significant differences in morphometric parameters of the regenerating muscle. Conversely, when MH35-BD was administered during the acute inflammatory phase, increased gene transcripts for the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tnf (Tumor necrosis factor), Il1b (Interleukin-1β) and Il6 (Interleukin-6) alongside an increase in the number of Ly6G positive neutrophils infiltrating the muscle were observed. This was followed by a reduction in Myog (Myogenin) mRNA, which is required for myogenic differentiation, and the subsequent number of myotubes formed was significantly decreased in MH35-BD-treated groups compared to sham. Thus, antagonism of the LIF receptor during the inflammatory phase of skeletal muscle regeneration appeared to induce an inflammatory response that inhibited subsequent myotube formation. We propose that the predominant role of LIF in skeletal muscle regeneration appears to be in regulating the inflammatory response rather than directly effecting myogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam C Hunt
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Flemington road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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37
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Lu CC, Yang JS, Chiang JH, Hour MJ, Lin KL, Lin JJ, Huang WW, Tsuzuki M, Lee TH, Chung JG. Novel quinazolinone MJ-29 triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress and intrinsic apoptosis in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells and inhibits leukemic mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36831. [PMID: 22662126 PMCID: PMC3360742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was to explore the biological responses of the newly compound, MJ-29 in murine myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and in vivo fates. We focused on the in vitro effects of MJ-29 on ER stress and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic death in WEHI-3 cells, and to hypothesize that MJ-29 might fully impair the orthotopic leukemic mice. Our results indicated that a concentration-dependent decrease of cell viability was shown in MJ-29-treated cells. DNA content was examined utilizing flow cytometry, whereas apoptotic populations were determined using annexin V/PI, DAPI staining and TUNEL assay. Increasing vital factors of mitochondrial dysfunction by MJ-29 were further investigated. Thus, MJ-29-provaked apoptosis of WEHI-3 cells is mediated through the intrinsic pathway. Importantly, intracellular Ca2+ release and ER stress-associated signaling also contributed to MJ-29-triggered cell apoptosis. We found that MJ-29 stimulated the protein levels of calpain 1, CHOP and p-eIF2α pathways in WEHI-3 cells. In in vivo experiments, intraperitoneal administration of MJ-29 significantly improved the total survival rate, enhanced body weight and attenuated enlarged spleen and liver tissues in leukemic mice. The infiltration of immature myeloblastic cells into splenic red pulp was reduced in MJ-29-treated leukemic mice. Moreover, MJ-29 increased the differentiations of T and B cells but decreased that of macrophages and monocytes. Additionally, MJ-29-stimulated immune responses might be involved in anti-leukemic activity in vivo. Based on these observations, MJ-29 suppresses WEHI-3 cells in vitro and in vivo, and it is proposed that this potent and selective agent could be a new chemotherapeutic candidate for anti-leukemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mann-Jen Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Li Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Minoru Tsuzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
- Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JGC); (THL)
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JGC); (THL)
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38
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Exogenous leukemia inhibitory factor stimulates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and enhances hippocampal remyelination. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2100-9. [PMID: 22323722 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3803-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New CNS neurons and glia are generated throughout adulthood from endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells. These progenitors can respond to injury, but their ability to proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and survive is usually insufficient to replace lost cells and restore normal function. Potentiating the progenitor response with exogenous factors is an attractive strategy for the treatment of nervous system injuries and neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. Previously, we reported that delivery of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to the CNS stimulates the self-renewal of neural stem cells and the proliferation of parenchymal glial progenitors. Here we identify these parenchymal glia as oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) and show that LIF delivery stimulates their proliferation through the activation of gp130 receptor signaling within these cells. Importantly, this effect of LIF on OPC proliferation can be harnessed to enhance the generation of OLs that express myelin proteins and reform nodes of Ranvier in the context of chronic demyelination in the adult mouse hippocampus. Our findings, considered together with the known beneficial effects of LIF on OL and neuron survival, suggest that LIF has both reparative and protective activities that make it a promising potential therapy for CNS demyelinating disorders and injuries.
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Zigmond RE. gp130 cytokines are positive signals triggering changes in gene expression and axon outgrowth in peripheral neurons following injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 4:62. [PMID: 22319466 PMCID: PMC3262188 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult peripheral neurons, in contrast to adult central neurons, are capable of regeneration after axonal damage. Much attention has focused on the changes that accompany this regeneration in two places, the distal nerve segment (where phagocytosis of axonal debris, changes in the surface properties of Schwann cells, and induction of growth factors and cytokines occur) and the neuronal cell body (where dramatic changes in cell morphology and gene expression occur). The changes in the axotomized cell body are often referred to as the "cell body response." The focus of the current review is a family of cytokines, the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) cytokines, which produce their actions through a common gp130 signaling receptor and which function as injury signals for axotomized peripheral neurons, triggering changes in gene expression and in neurite outgrowth. These cytokines play important roles in the responses of sympathetic, sensory, and motor neurons to injury. The best studied of these cytokines in this context are leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin (IL)-6, but experiments with conditional gp130 knockout animals suggest that other members of this family, not yet determined, are also involved. The primary gp130 signaling pathway shown to be involved is the activation of Janus kinase (JAK) and the transcription factors Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT), though other downstream pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) may also play a role. gp130 signaling may involve paracrine, retrograde, and autocrine actions of these cytokines. Recent studies suggest that manipulation of this cytokine system can also stimulate regeneration by injured central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, ClevelandOH, USA
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Gudi V, Škuljec J, Yildiz Ö, Frichert K, Skripuletz T, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Voß E, Wissel K, Wolter S, Stangel M. Spatial and temporal profiles of growth factor expression during CNS demyelination reveal the dynamics of repair priming. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22623. [PMID: 21818353 PMCID: PMC3144923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is the cause of disability in various neurological disorders. It is therefore crucial to understand the molecular regulation of oligodendrocytes, the myelin forming cells in the CNS. Growth factors are known to be essential for the development and maintenance of oligodendrocytes and are involved in the regulation of glial responses in various pathological conditions. We employed the well established murine cuprizone model of toxic demyelination to analyze the expression of 13 growth factors in the CNS during de- and remyelination. The temporal mRNA expression profile during demyelination and the subsequent remyelination were analyzed separately in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex using laser microdissection and real-time PCR techniques. During demyelination a similar pattern of growth factor mRNA expression was observed in both areas with a strong up-regulation of NRG1 and GDNF and a slight increase of CNTF in the first week of cuprizone treatment. HGF, FGF-2, LIF, IGF-I, and TGF-ß1 were up-regulated mainly during peak demyelination. In contrast, during remyelination there were regional differences in growth factor mRNA expression levels. GDNF, CNTF, HGF, FGF-2, and BDNF were elevated in the corpus callosum but not in the cortex, suggesting tissue differences in the molecular regulation of remyelination in the white and grey matter. To clarify the cellular source we isolated microglia from the cuprizone lesions. GDNF, IGF-1, and FGF mRNA were detected in the microglial fraction with a temporal pattern corresponding to that from whole tissue PCR. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis revealed IGF-1 protein expression also in the reactive astrocytes. CNTF was located in astrocytes. This study identified seven different temporal expression patterns for growth factors in white and grey matter and demonstrated the importance of early tissue priming and exact orchestration of different steps during callosal and cortical de- and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jelena Škuljec
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Özlem Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Elke Voß
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Wissel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wolter
- Department of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Bogie JFJ, Stinissen P, Hellings N, Hendriks JJA. Myelin-phagocytosing macrophages modulate autoreactive T cell proliferation. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:85. [PMID: 21781347 PMCID: PMC3149992 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which macrophages play a central role. Initially, macrophages where thought to be merely detrimental in MS, however, recent evidence suggests that their functional phenotype is altered following myelin phagocytosis. Macrophages that have phagocytosed myelin may be less inflammatory and may exert beneficial effects. The presence of myelin-containing macrophages in CNS-draining lymph nodes and perivascular spaces of MS patients suggests that these cells are ideally positioned to exert an immune regulatory role. Therefore we evaluated in this study the effect of myelin-phagocytosing macrophages on lymphocyte reactivity. Methods Thioglycolate-elicited rat peritoneal macrophages were loaded with myelin and cocultured with myelin-basic protein (MBP) or ovalbumin (OVA) reactive lymphocytes. Lymphocyte proliferation was determined by CFSE-labeling. The role of nitric oxide in regulating lymphocyte proliferation was assessed by addition of an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase to the coculture. In vivo immune regulation was investigated by treating MBP- and OVA-immunized animals subcutaneously with myelin. Cognate antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide production were determined 9d post-immunization. Results In this study we demonstrate that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages inhibit TCR-triggered lymphocyte proliferation in an antigen-independent manner. The observed immune suppression is mediated by an increase in NO production by myelin-phagocytosing macrophages upon contact with lymphocytes. Additionally, myelin delivery to primarily CD169+ macrophages in popliteal lymph nodes of OVA-immunized animals results in a reduced cognate antigen specific proliferation. In contrast to OVA-immunized animals, lymphocytes from MBP-immunized animals displayed an increased proliferation after stimulation with their cognate antigen, indicating that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages have dual effects depending on the specificity of surrounding lymphocytes. Conclusions Collectively our data show that myelin phagocytosis leads to an altered macrophage function that inhibits lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, results from this study indicate that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages fulfill a dual role in vivo. On one hand they aggravate autoimmunity by activating myelin-reactive lymphocytes and on the other hand they suppress lymphocyte reactivity by producing NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen F J Bogie
- Hasselt University/Transnational University Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Yang X, Wang H, Wen L. From myelin debris to inflammatory responses: A vicious circle in diffuse axonal injury. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:60-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mashayekhi F, Salehi Z. Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:951-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Iwama S, Sugimura Y, Suzuki H, Suzuki H, Murase T, Ozaki N, Nagasaki H, Arima H, Murata Y, Sawada M, Oiso Y. Time-dependent changes in proinflammatory and neurotrophic responses of microglia and astrocytes in a rat model of osmotic demyelination syndrome. Glia 2010; 59:452-62. [PMID: 21264951 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a serious demyelinating disease in the central nervous system usually caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia. In an animal model of ODS, we previously reported microglial accumulation expressing proinflammatory cytokines. Microglia and astrocytes secreting proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinative diseases. Therefore, to clarify the role of microglial and astrocytic function in ODS, we examined the time-dependent changes in distribution, morphology, proliferation, and mRNA/protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in microglia and astrocytes 2 days (early phase) and 5 days (late phase) after the rapid correction of hyponatremia in ODS rats. The number of microglia time dependently increased at demyelinative lesion sites, proliferated, and expressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and MMP2, 9, and 12 at the early phase. Microglia also expressed leukemia inhibitory factor (a neurotrophic factor) and phagocytosed myelin debris at the late phase. The number of astrocytes time dependently increased around demyelinative lesions, extended processes to lesions, proliferated, and expressed nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor at the late phase. Moreover, treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNF-α, significantly attenuated neurological impairments. Our results suggest that the role of microglia in ODS is time dependently shifted from detrimental to protective and that astrocytes play a protective role at the late phase. Modulation of excessive proinflammatory responses in microglia during the early phase after rapid correction may represent a therapeutic target for ODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Carmans S, Hendriks JJA, Thewissen K, Van den Eynden J, Stinissen P, Rigo JM, Hellings N. The inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine modulates macrophage activity by activation of neutral amino acid transporters. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2420-30. [PMID: 20623529 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycine, an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), has been shown to modulate peripheral immune cell responses. In that respect, glycine levels are increased in several neuroinflammatory disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we show that glycine modulates macrophage effector functions implicated in CNS inflammation and in other, related inflammatory conditions. We demonstrate that glycine does not affect the production of reactive oxygen species but stimulates myelin phagocytosis and the production of the proinflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by rat macrophages. These effects of glycine are not mediated by the glycine receptor (GlyR) or by glycine transporters (GlyTs), as neither the GlyR antagonist strychnine nor the antagonist of GlyT1 (ALX5407) reverses the observed effects. In contrast, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, a substrate of neutral amino acid transporters (NAATs), inhibits the glycine-mediated enhancement of myelin phagocytosis as well as of NO and TNF-alpha production. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that glycine modulates macrophage function through activation of NAATs. Glycine may thereby influence immunological processes in inflammatory diseases involving macrophage activation and demyelination, including MS and related conditions associated with altered glycine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Carmans
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Slaets H, Hendriks JJA, Stinissen P, Kilpatrick TJ, Hellings N. Therapeutic potential of LIF in multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:493-500. [PMID: 20870461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce the relapse rate but are unable to stop neurological decline. Here, we evaluate the potential of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as a novel therapeutic in diseases with a neurodegenerative and inflammatory component, such as MS. LIF, which can be a proinflammatory cytokine, can also modulate the immune response in a beneficial way. Recent evidence demonstrates a crucial role of LIF in neuroprotection and axonal regeneration as well as the prevention of demyelination. Finally, LIF is an important survival factor for stem cells and neuronal precursors. Therefore, we propose that LIF is a potential therapeutic candidate for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Slaets
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Shabbir A, Zisa D, Lin H, Mastri M, Roloff G, Suzuki G, Lee T. Activation of host tissue trophic factors through JAK-STAT3 signaling: a mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac repair. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1428-38. [PMID: 20852053 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00488.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated a cardiac therapeutic regimen based on injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the skeletal muscle. Although the injected MSCs were trapped in the local musculature, the extracardiac cell delivery approach repaired the failing hamster heart. This finding uncovers a tissue repair mechanism mediated by trophic factors derived from the injected MSCs and local musculature that can be explored for minimally invasive stem cell therapy. However, the trophic factors involved in cardiac repair and their actions remain largely undefined. We demonstrate here a role of MSC-derived IL-6-type cytokines in cardiac repair through engagement of the skeletal muscle JAK-STAT3 axis. The MSC IL-6-type cytokines activated JAK-STAT3 signaling in cultured C2C12 skeletal myocytes and caused increased expression of the STAT3 target genes hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and VEGF, which was inhibited by glycoprotein 130 (gp130) blockade. These in vitro findings were corroborated by in vivo studies, showing that the MSC-injected hamstrings exhibited activated JAK-STAT3 signaling and increased growth factor/cytokine production. Elevated host tissue growth factor levels were also detected in quadriceps, liver, and brain, suggesting a possible global trophic effect. Paracrine actions of these host tissue-derived factors activated the endogenous cardiac repair mechanisms in the diseased heart mediated by Akt, ERK, and JAK-STAT3. Administration of the cell-permeable JAK-STAT inhibitor WP1066 abrogated MSC-mediated host tissue growth factor expression and functional improvement. The study illustrates that the host tissue trophic factor network can be activated by MSC-mediated JAK-STAT3 signaling for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Shabbir
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Research in Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Merson TD, Binder MD, Kilpatrick TJ. Role of cytokines as mediators and regulators of microglial activity in inflammatory demyelination of the CNS. Neuromolecular Med 2010; 12:99-132. [PMID: 20411441 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-010-8112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia fulfil a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and in directing and eliciting molecular responses to CNS damage. The human disease Multiple Sclerosis and animal models of inflammatory demyelination are characterized by a complex interplay between degenerative and regenerative processes, many of which are regulated and mediated by microglia. Cellular communication between microglia and other neural and immune cells is controlled to a large extent by the activity of cytokines. Here we review the role of cytokines as mediators and regulators of microglial activity in inflammatory demyelination, highlighting their importance in potentiating cell damage, promoting neuroprotection and enhancing cellular repair in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Merson
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Sun X, Wang X, Chen T, Li T, Cao K, Lu A, Chen Y, Sun D, Luo J, Fan J, Young W, Ren Y. Myelin activates FAK/Akt/NF-kappaB pathways and provokes CR3-dependent inflammatory response in murine system. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9380. [PMID: 20186338 PMCID: PMC2826415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response following central nervous system (CNS) injury contributes to progressive neuropathology and reduction in functional recovery. Axons are sensitive to mechanical injury and toxic inflammatory mediators, which may lead to demyelination. Although it is well documented that degenerated myelin triggers undesirable inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), there has been very little study of the direct inflammatory consequences of damaged myelin in spinal cord injury (SCI), i.e., there is no direct evidence to show that myelin debris from injured spinal cord can trigger undesirable inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that myelin can initiate inflammatory responses in vivo, which is complement receptor 3 (CR3)-dependent via stimulating macrophages to express pro-inflammatory molecules and down-regulates expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanism study revealed that myelin-increased cytokine expression is through activation of FAK/PI3K/Akt/NF-kappaB signaling pathways and CR3 contributes to myelin-induced PI3K/Akt/NF-kappaB activation and cytokine production. The myelin induced inflammatory response is myelin specific as sphingomyelin (the major lipid of myelin) and myelin basic protein (MBP, one of the major proteins of myelin) are not able to activate NF-kappaB signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a crucial role of myelin as an endogenous inflammatory stimulus that induces pro-inflammatory responses and suggest that blocking myelin-CR3 interaction and enhancing myelin debris clearance may be effective interventions for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tianyi Li
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kai Cao
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lu
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yongxiong Chen
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dongming Sun
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jianhong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Fan
- Statistics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yi Ren
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Slaets H, Hendriks JJA, Van den Haute C, Coun F, Baekelandt V, Stinissen P, Hellings N. CNS-targeted LIF expression improves therapeutic efficacy and limits autoimmune-mediated demyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis. Mol Ther 2010; 18:684-91. [PMID: 20068552 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an inflammatory and a neurodegenerative component. The neuropoietic cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is expressed in MS lesions, but its effect on lesion development is far from understood. LIF is an interesting candidate for MS therapy, as it has neuroprotective properties and may also promote the survival of myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLGs). However, therapeutic administration of LIF is complicated by its limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and its pleiotropic actions outside the CNS. In this study, lentiviral vectors (LVs) were used to achieve stable expression and secretion of LIF in the CNS of adult mice. CNS-targeted expression of LIF significantly reduced demyelination in a murine model of MS. In addition, local expression of LIF ameliorated clinical symptoms with enhanced efficacy compared to systemic treatment with recombinant protein. These findings demonstrate that gene therapeutic administration of LIF is a promising approach to limit lesion burden and clinical symptoms in neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Slaets
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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