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Wang R, Wang Y, Fu S, Liao S, Jiang T, Zhou B. Combining whole genome and transcriptome sequencing to analyze the pathogenic mechanism of Diplodia sapinea blight in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. Virulence 2025; 16:2490216. [PMID: 40223234 PMCID: PMC12005458 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2490216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Diplodia sapinea (= Sphaeropsis sapinea) is an opportunistic pathogen that usually lives in symbiosis (the coexistence of dissimilar organisms) with its host and can cause disease under extreme climatic or physiological stress. In this study, we generated a high-quality genome map of D. sapinea using PacBio Circular Consensus Sequencing (CCS) technology and analysed the key disease-causing genes of D. sapinea by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In the study, a number of cell wall degrading enzyme genes were identified to be up-regulated during pathogen infection, which may be involved in biotic stress response in P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. It was also found that the expression of antioxidant-related genes, such as those involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, ascorbate and glutathione metabolism, was up-regulated in the P. s. var. mongolica Litv. after fungus infection. Differently expressed genes (DEGs) -based protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed that included 163 pairs of significantly positively correlated proteins, forming three highly interacting gene clusters, and the PPI network was predicted to be associated with the replication and propagation processes of the fungus. These results provide important information for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of Diplodia tip blight and developing control strategies in P. s. var. mongolica Litv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Sina Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shixian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Boru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Peng F, Tai L, Zhang A, Xie Y, Lu AM, Chen M, Yang C, Zhou M. Novel Naphthyl and Phenyl Maleimide Derivatives: Molecular Design, Systematic Optimization, Antifungal Evaluation, and Action Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:12026-12037. [PMID: 40302166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2025]
Abstract
A systematic optimization strategy, as an effective screening approach for new antifungal compounds, was implemented to rationally construct novel naphthyl and phenyl maleimide derivatives. The structures of molecules A32 and B6 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The in vitro antifungal activity evaluation showed that the target compound A32 obtained by the structure optimization exhibited excellent inhibition (EC50 = 0.59 μg/mL) against Rhizoctonia solani, which was better than the control agent dimethachlone (1.21 μg/mL). Further evaluation by in vivo experiments on rice leaves and potted rice plants against R. solani at 200 μg/mL showed that A32 possessed an outstanding protective efficiency compared to dimethachlone. The mycelium morphology observation by SEM indicated that A32 (25 μg/mL) severely damaged the surface structure of the mycelium, which was in accordance with the increased result of the cell membrane permeability assay. MD simulations and molecular docking analysis revealed that compounds A1 and A32 have a similar binding mode in the active pocket of plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMA1) as the reference fungicide fluoroimide. In particular, there were more hydrogen bonds in the protein complex of A32 than in the protein complexes of A1 and fluoroimide. This research on constructing novel naphthyl and phenyl maleimide derivatives by a systematic optimization strategy provides a practical way to find new antifungal leads, thereby developing novel fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lang Tai
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aobei Zhang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai-Min Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunlong Yang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- Nanjing Jixing Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211100, China
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Bai R, Wang Q, Bao H. Whole-Genome Characterization of Inonotus hispidus from Ulmus macrocarpa and Its Comparative Genomics with Strains from Morus alba and Acer truncatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2025; 11:346. [PMID: 40422680 DOI: 10.3390/jof11050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2025] [Revised: 04/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/27/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus growing on Morus alba is traditionally regarded as the authentic source of the medicinal fungus. However, this species is also found on other host trees, such as Ulmus macrocarpa and Acer truncatum; yet, whether these strains share comparable genomic and functional traits with Morus-derived strains remains unknown. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of a strain isolated from U. macrocarpa (UMI) using Illumina and PacBio platforms and conducted comparative genomic analysis with strains from M. alba (MAI) and A. truncatum (AMI). Antagonistic interactions were also evaluated via dual-culture confrontation assays. The UMI genome was 36.44 Mb in size, comprising 9097 predicted genes, of which 6991 and 1672 were annotated in the KEGG and COG databases, respectively. SNP analysis revealed 623,498 and 335,343 variants in AMI and MAI, with AMI showing greater genomic variation. Core-pan genome analysis identified 2651 core genes and 1046, 1424, and 1217 strain-specific genes in UMI, AMI, and MAI, respectively. Phenotypic assays demonstrated distinct mycelial growth dynamics and antagonistic behaviors, which likely reflect host-related environmental adaptation. Overall, I. hispidus strains from non-Morus hosts exhibit unique genomic and phenotypic features, providing a valuable basis for resource evaluation, artificial domestication, and the medicinal development of wild Sanghuang strains beyond traditional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Bai
- Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Haiying Bao
- Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Zhou GS, Zhang T, Jin Y, Zhang GF, Kong B, Chen DY, Wang GX, Wang ZS, Qi MY, Zhang DX, Mu W, Zou N. A carboxymethyl chitosan /trans-2-hexenal Schiff's base gel with controlled density using dynamic imine bonds: pH-controlled release and extended duration. Carbohydr Polym 2025; 354:123305. [PMID: 39978896 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
The volatile secondary metabolite trans-2-hexenal (T2H), an aldehyde, exhibits potent antibacterial properties. However, its high volatility presents challenges in sustaining prolonged efficacy in agricultural applications. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was utilized to immobilize T2H via Schiff's base reaction, resulting in the preparation of polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogels with self-triggered and tunable multifunctionality. These hydrogels exhibited rheological properties such as shear thinning, self-healing, and swelling behavior. By modulating the molar quantity of T2H, the density of the hydrogel could be adjusted accordingly. The dynamic imine bonds within the Schiff's base responded to acidic conditions induced by plant pathogenic microorganisms, facilitating pH-controlled release of T2H. Moreover, the CMCS-T2H hydrogels exhibited resistance against photolysis and rain erosion while demonstrating prolonged control effects against pathogens such as P. capsici and F. graminearum. Additionally, these hydrogels not only possessed bactericidal activity but also promoted the growth of wheat seed root buds and reduced vomiting toxin content in seeds without compromising biosafety for target plants. These findings will provide valuable insights into the effective utilization of volatile aldehyde secondary metabolites and a sustainable approach to managing plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Shuo Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Shandong Province Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ji'nan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Fu Zhang
- Shandong Province Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ji'nan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Kong
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co, LTD, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Yin Chen
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co, LTD, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xian Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Shu Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ying Qi
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Xia Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zou
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.
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Oerke EC, Steiner U. Intra-Leaf Variability of Incubation Period Sheds New Light on the Lifestyle of Cercospora beticola in Sugar Beets. J Fungi (Basel) 2025; 11:211. [PMID: 40137249 PMCID: PMC11943282 DOI: 10.3390/jof11030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2025] [Revised: 03/02/2025] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The length of incubation period, i.e., the time between first contact of host and pathogen and the appearance of symptoms, varies among diseases and depends on environmental conditions. Cercospora beticola is the most important fungal pathogen in sugar beet production worldwide, as Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) reduces the leaf area contributing to yield formation. Using sugar beet cultivars differing in CLS resistance, a single infection period of C. beticola resulted in minor differences in the incubation period among host genotypes and among individual plants of cultivars, greater differences among leaves within plants, and substantial variation within individual leaves. Under greenhouse conditions not suitable for secondary infections, the first CLS lesions appeared 10 days after inoculation; however, the number of leaf spots and CLS severity further increased significantly for another 7 to 17 days. A geographic information system approach enabled the tracking of colony appearance and growth of all CLSs on inoculated leaves for up to 27 days. Asymptomatic colonization of leaves was associated with thick hyphae which switched to thin hyphae or melanization after lesion appearance. The lifestyle of C. beticola-intercellular tissue colonization, triggering of necrotic host reaction-is discussed considering the experimental results as well as literature resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich-Christian Oerke
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation—Plant Pathology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Chen J, Cai H, Yang R, Zhang D, Huang Y. Mechanisms of Chinese Hickory Resistance to Dry Rot Disease by Botryosphaeria dothidea: A Comprehensive Analysis from Gene Expression to Non-Coding RNAs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:793. [PMID: 40094748 PMCID: PMC11901809 DOI: 10.3390/plants14050793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) is an important tree species for agriculture, but dry rot disease, caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, threatens its viability. To study the interactions between the tree and the pathogen, transcriptomic sequencing was conducted on infected and healthy tissues from field-grown hickory. Differential gene expression analysis identified key defense pathways and genes activated during infection. The study also explored the roles of non-coding RNAs, such as lncRNAs and circRNAs, in the tree's defense. The results showed that during the early and mid stages of infection, the tree defends itself through mechanisms like enhanced lignin synthesis and increased peroxidase activity. Non-coding RNAs contribute to disease resistance by reinforcing the cell wall, increasing oxidase activity, and promoting the synthesis of antibiotic-related secondary metabolites. Additionally, gene expression patterns at these stages differ significantly from those at the late stage of infection, when most disease resistance pathways are suppressed, and genes like PR1 and WRKY2 show a decline. These findings offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis of Chinese hickory dry rot disease and potential strategies for improving resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuke Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haoming Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ruifeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Da Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Youjun Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.C.); (R.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest and Quality Control and Utilization of Its Products, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Pretorius CJ, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA. Metabolome profiling dissects the oat (Avena sativa L.) innate immune response to Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0311226. [PMID: 39899505 PMCID: PMC11790117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2025] Open
Abstract
One of the most important characteristics of successful plant defence is the ability to rapidly identify potential threats in the surrounding environment. Plants rely on the perception of microbe-derived molecular pattern chemicals for this recognition, which initiates a number of induced defence reactions that ultimately increase plant resistance. The metabolome acts as a metabolic fingerprint of the biochemical activities of a biological system under particular conditions, and therefore provides a functional readout of the cellular mechanisms involved. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to decipher the biochemical processes related to defence responses of oat plants inoculated with pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae (pathogenic and non-pathogenic on oat) and thereby identify signatory markers that are involved in host or nonhost defence responses. The strains were P. syringae pv. coronafaciens (Ps-c), P. syringae pv. tabaci, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the hrcC mutant of DC3000. At the seedling growth stage, metabolic alterations in the Dunnart oat cultivar (tolerant to Ps-c) in response to inoculation with the respective P. syringae pathovars were examined following perception and response assays. Following inoculation, plants were monitored for symptom development and harvested at 2-, 4- and 6 d.p.i. Methanolic leaf extracts were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) connected to high-definition mass spectrometry. Chemometric modelling and multivariate statistical analysis indicated time-related metabolic reconfigurations that point to host and nonhost interactions in response to bacterial inoculation/infection. Metabolic profiles derived from further multivariate data analyses revealed a range of metabolite classes involved in the respective defence responses, including fatty acids, amino acids, phenolic acids and phenolic amides, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. The findings in this study allowed the elucidation of metabolic changes involved in oat defence responses to a range of pathovars of P. syringae and ultimately contribute to a more comprehensive view of the oat plant metabolism under biotic stress during host vs nonhost interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanel J. Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Lin LB, Wang MN, Hu JY, Han R, Yang X, Shi W, Qu CL, Wang YF, Wang XL, Xiao J. An Unusual Meroterpenoid and Two New Steroids From Fungus Penicillium fellutanum and Their Bioactivities. Chem Biodivers 2025:e202403443. [PMID: 39878585 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202403443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
An unusual clathrate-type meroterpenoid isoatlantinone A (1), two new steroids acrocalysterols E (2) and F (3), together with fifteen known compounds (4-18) were separated from a plant-associated fungus Penicillium fellutanum. Their structures and absolute configurations were established based on spectroscopic data (nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), electronic circular dichroism and modified Mosher's method. Notably, compound 1 represents an unusual highly oxygenated meroterpenoid derivative with a unique caged bioxatetracyclo-[6.3.2.01,6.01,12]-tridecane ring system. All compounds were assessed in vitro for antifungal and cytotoxic activities. Intriguingly, compound 16 exhibited potent antifungal activity against Fusarium culmorum with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 50 µM, similar to the positive control carbendazim. Furthermore, compound 3 displayed potent cytotoxic effects on HCC-1806, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 18.15 ± 1.05 µM, and compound 6 exhibited remarkable cytotoxic activities on RKO, with an IC50 value of 11.61 ± 0.19 µM. Thus, strain P. fellutanum represents a novel resource of these bioactive compounds to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bin Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Niu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yao Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Rui Han
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Lu Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, P. R. China
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He F, Xu M, Liu H, Xu Y, Long R, Kang J, Yang Q, Chen L. Unveiling alfalfa root rot resistance genes through an integrative GWAS and transcriptome study. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 25:58. [PMID: 39810092 PMCID: PMC11734452 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root rot is a major disease affecting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), causing significant yield losses and economic damage. The primary pathogens include Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., and Phytophthora spp., with Fusarium being particularly severe. Breeding disease-resistant varieties is crucial for mitigating these losses. RESULTS Under conditions of inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum, we conducted a statistical analysis of six phenotypic traits in alfalfa. Significant phenotypic variation was observed among different alfalfa varieties. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among traits such as relative yield, relative plant height (PH), and relative root number (NR), indicating potential synergistic roles of these traits in disease resistance. Through GWAS analysis, we identified 41 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with root rot resistance across eight chromosomes. The transcriptome analysis identified multiple differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with root rot stress, including transcription factors such as WRKY, NAC, AP2, GRAS, HLH, B3, MYB, and ARF. By integrating GWAS and transcriptome data, we identified four key DEGs significantly associated with root rot resistance, offering valuable insights for developing disease-resistant alfalfa varieties and enhancing overall crop resilience. CONCLUSION Our study identified significant phenotypic variation and key correlations among traits under root rot stress in alfalfa. We pinpointed 41 significant SNPs associated with root rot resistance across eight chromosomes and identified several key DEGs, including WRKY, NAC, and MYB transcription factors. The integration of GWAS and RNA-Seq data identified four key DEGs associated with root rot resistance, providing valuable insights for breeding disease-resistant alfalfa varieties and enhancing crop resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Li Z, Wu R, Guo F, Wang Y, Nick P, Wang X. Advances in the molecular mechanism of grapevine resistance to fungal diseases. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2025; 5:1. [PMID: 39743511 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Grapevine is an important economic fruit tree worldwide, but grape production has been plagued by a vast number of fungal diseases, which affect tree vigor and the quality and yield of berries. To seek remedies for such issues, researchers have always been committed to conventional and biotechnological breeding. In recent years, increasing progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of grape-pathogenic fungi interactions and resistance regulation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular basis of grapevine resistance to fungal diseases, including fungal effector-mediated susceptibility and resistance, resistant regulatory networks in grapevine, innovative approaches of genetic transformation, and strategies to improve grape resistance. Understanding the molecular basis is important for exploring and accurately regulating grape resistance to fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronghui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Madhushan A, Weerasingha DB, Ilyukhin E, Taylor PWJ, Ratnayake AS, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN. From Natural Hosts to Agricultural Threats: The Evolutionary Journey of Phytopathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2025; 11:25. [PMID: 39852444 PMCID: PMC11766330 DOI: 10.3390/jof11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Since the domestication of plants, pathogenic fungi have consistently threatened crop production, evolving genetically to develop increased virulence under various selection pressures. Understanding their evolutionary trends is crucial for predicting and designing control measures against future disease outbreaks. This paper reviews the evolution of fungal pathogens from natural habitats to agricultural settings, focusing on eight significant phytopathogens: Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, Puccinia spp., Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, Blumeria graminis, Zymoseptoria tritici, and Colletotrichum spp. Also, we explore the mechanism used to understand evolutionary trends in these fungi. The studied pathogens have evolved in agroecosystems through either (1) introduction from elsewhere; or (2) local origins involving co-evolution with host plants, host shifts, or genetic variations within existing strains. Genetic variation, generated via sexual recombination and various asexual mechanisms, often drives pathogen evolution. While sexual recombination is rare and mainly occurs at the center of origin of the pathogen, asexual mechanisms such as mutations, parasexual recombination, horizontal gene or chromosome transfer, and chromosomal structural variations are predominant. Farming practices like mono-cropping resistant cultivars and prolonged use of fungicides with the same mode of action can drive the emergence of new pathotypes. Furthermore, host range does not necessarily impact pathogen adaptation and evolution. Although halting pathogen evolution is impractical, its pace can be slowed by managing selective pressures, optimizing farming practices, and enforcing quarantine regulations. The study of pathogen evolution has been transformed by advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and bioinformatics, utilizing methods like next-generation sequencing, comparative genomics, transcriptomics and population genomics. However, continuous research remains essential to monitor how pathogens evolve over time and to develop proactive strategies that mitigate their impact on agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanka Madhushan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (A.M.); (D.B.W.)
| | - Dulan Bhanuka Weerasingha
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (A.M.); (D.B.W.)
| | - Evgeny Ilyukhin
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada;
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake
- Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uva Wellassa University, Passara Road, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Jian-Kui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (A.M.); (D.B.W.)
| | - Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (A.M.); (D.B.W.)
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12
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Zhang J, Xing Z, Gu F, Wang Y, Wang T, Chen J. Changes in the microflora on the seed surface and seed vigor of maize (Zea mays) under different conditions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311258. [PMID: 39570885 PMCID: PMC11581300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Seed vigor encompasses the germination capacity, ability to form seedlings, and potential for production of seeds, and during storage, the deterioration of seed vigor is an inevitable biological process. However, changes in the microflora of the seed surface and seed vigor under different storage conditions have rarely been studied. In this study, the changes in fungal species on the surface and embryo and their effects of the hybrid maize cultivar Zhengdan958 seeds under different storage conditions were studied. The seed vigor was evaluated according to standard germination, MDA content, respiration rate, ATP content and the integrity of the ATP synthase subunits of seed embryos, with the aim of providing a basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of seed deterioration. The results revealed that at 33% relative humidity (RH), the dominant microflora constituent on the seed surface was Fusarium sp. In the seed embryo, the dominant microflora constituent was Aspergillus fumigatus. At 91% RH, the dominant microflora constituent on the seed surface was Aspergillus Jensen. In the seed embryo, the dominant microflora constituent was Penicillium sp. With the increased RH in the storage environment, the seed germination rate decreased by 86.67%. The respiration rate decreased by 0.04 mg·g-1·h-1 after 24 h imbibition. The seed embryo was hardly stained via TTC. The MDA content increased by 0.99 nmol·g-1, and the ATP content decreased by 0.33 μmol·g-1 after 24 h imbibition. The mRNA integrity of ATP synthase α, β, γ and δ subunits, except for ε subunit, in the seed embryo decreased to different degrees. These findings suggest that a change in the microflora is one of the most important factors causing a decrease in or total loss of seed vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Zhang
- Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xing
- Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengxu Gu
- Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianbo Wang
- Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Mascarenhas MS, Nascimento FDS, Rocha ADJ, Ferreira MDS, Oliveira WDDS, Morais Lino LS, Mendes TADO, Ferreira CF, dos Santos-Serejo JA, Amorim EP. Use of CRISPR Technology in Gene Editing for Tolerance to Biotic Factors in Plants: A Systematic Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:11086-11123. [PMID: 39451539 PMCID: PMC11505962 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review (SR) was to select studies on the use of gene editing by CRISPR technology related to plant resistance to biotic stresses. We sought to evaluate articles deposited in six electronic databases, using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This SR demonstrates that countries such as China and the United States of America stand out in studies with CRISPR/Cas. Among the most studied crops are rice, tomatoes and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The most cited biotic agents include the genera, Xanthomonas, Manaporthe, Pseudomonas and Phytophthora. This SR also identifies several CRISPR/Cas-edited genes and demonstrates that plant responses to stressors are mediated by many complex signaling pathways. The Cas9 enzyme is used in most articles and Cas12 and 13 are used as additional editing tools. Furthermore, the quality of the articles included in this SR was validated by a risk of bias analysis. The information collected in this SR helps to understand the state of the art of CRISPR/Cas aimed at improving resistance to diseases and pests to understand the mechanisms involved in most host-pathogen relationships. This SR shows that the CRISPR/Cas system provides a straightforward method for rapid gene targeting, providing useful information for plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelly Santana Mascarenhas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (W.D.d.S.O.)
| | - Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | - Anelita de Jesus Rocha
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | - Mileide dos Santos Ferreira
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | | | - Lucymeire Souza Morais Lino
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | | | - Claudia Fortes Ferreira
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | - Janay Almeida dos Santos-Serejo
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | - Edson Perito Amorim
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil; (F.d.S.N.); (A.d.J.R.); (M.d.S.F.); (L.S.M.L.); (C.F.F.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
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14
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Sharma G, Dwibedi V, Seth CS, Singh S, Ramamurthy PC, Bhadrecha P, Singh J. Direct and indirect technical guide for the early detection and management of fungal plant diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100276. [PMID: 39345949 PMCID: PMC11428012 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant diseases are a major threat to plants and vegetation worldwide. Recent technological advancements in biotechnological tools and techniques have made it possible to identify and manage fungal plant diseases at an early stage. These techniques include direct methods, such as ELISA, immunofluorescence, PCR, flow cytometry, and in-situ hybridization, as well as indirect methods, such as fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral techniques, thermography, biosensors, nanotechnology, and nano-enthused biosensors. Early detection of fungal plant diseases can help to prevent major losses to plantations. This is because early detection allows for the implementation of control measures, such as the use of fungicides or resistant varieties. Early detection can also help to minimize the spread of the disease to other plants. The techniques discussed in this review provide a valuable resource for researchers and farmers who are working to prevent and manage fungal plant diseases. These techniques can help to ensure food security and protect our valuable plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Vagish Dwibedi
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, Punjab, India
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | | | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012
| | - Pooja Bhadrecha
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, India
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15
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Götz M, Sommerfeld K, Gärber U, Braun U, Ashrafi S. Rhexocercosporidium matricariae sp. nov.: A New Pathogen on the Medicinal Plant Matricaria recutita. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2645-2652. [PMID: 38764342 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-24-0085-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
A new disease was observed on chamomile plants (Matricaria recutita) in various commercially cultivated fields in 2016 and 2017 in Germany. From symptomatic stems and leaves, the fungal species described here was isolated repeatedly. Koch's postulates using in planta experiments were fulfilled by inoculation of chamomile plants proving the fungus to be the causal agent of the disease. Morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer, large subunit, and translation elongation factor-1α sequences suggested that the fungus represents a new species within the genus Rhexocercosporidium (Helotiales). The data are presented together with a description of the growth parameters and comprehensive illustrations of the new species, Rhexocercosporidium matricariae. All species so far assigned to Rhexocercosporidium are compared and discussed. The combination Rhexocercosporidium microsporum is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Götz
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katja Sommerfeld
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Gärber
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Braun
- Herbarium, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Samad Ashrafi
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Davydova L, Menshova A, Shumatbaev G, Babaev V, Nikitin E. Phytochemical Study of Ethanol Extract of Gnaphalium uliginosum L. and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:785. [PMID: 39200085 PMCID: PMC11352081 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the antibacterial and antifungal effects of ethanol extracts from Gnaphalium uliginosum L. derived from freshly harvested plant biomass, including stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. The extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine its antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Two methods were used in the experiments: agar well diffusion and double serial dilution. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with different temperature regimes (25 °C, 45 °C, and 75 °C) and the ultrasonic method at various powers (63-352 W) for different durations (5 and 10 min). It was found that the 70% ethanol extract obtained through the ultrasonic experiment at 189 W power for 10 min and at 252 W power for 5 min had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to the maceration method. The most sensitive components of the extracts were the Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis and the Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora spp., with MIC values of 156 μg/mL. Among the fungi, the most sensitive were Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria solani (MIC values in the range of 78-156 µg/mL). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts using the diffusion method established the presence of a growth suppression zone in the case of C. michiganensis (15-17 mm for flowers, leaves, and total biomass), which corresponds to the average level of antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest that G. uliginosum has potential as a source of biologically active compounds for agricultural use, particularly for developing novel biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Davydova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.M.); (G.S.); (V.B.); (E.N.)
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17
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Xiao S, Wang J, Bai Z, Pan Y, Li Q, Zhao D, Zhang D, Yang Z, Zhu J. Alternaria solani effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 reveal novel functions in pathogenicity and conidiogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0421423. [PMID: 38912810 PMCID: PMC11302675 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04214-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous work identified a pair of specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 in Alternaria solani as contributors to the virulence of A. solani. Here, we constructed AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 deletion mutants in A. solani strain HWC168 to further reveal the effects of these genes on the biology and pathogenicity of A. solani. Deletion of AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 did not affect vegetative growth but did affect conidial maturation, with an increase in the percentage of abnormal conidia produced. Furthermore, we determined the expression patterns of genes involved in the conidiogenesis pathway and found that the regulatory gene abaA was significantly upregulated and chsA, a positive regulator for conidiation, was significantly downregulated in the mutant strains compared to the wild-type strain. These results suggest that AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 indirectly affect the conidial development and maturation of A. solani. Pathogenicity assays revealed significantly impaired virulence of ΔAsCEP19, ΔAsCEP20, and ΔAsCEP19 + AsCEP20 mutants on potato and tomato plants. Moreover, we performed localization assays with green fluorescent protein-tagged proteins in chili pepper leaves. We found that AsCEP19 can specifically localize to the chloroplasts of chili pepper epidermal cells, while AsCEP20 can localize to both chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed enrichment of genes of this module in the photosynthesis pathway, with many hub genes associated with chloroplast structure and photosynthesis. These results suggest that chloroplasts are the targets for AsCEP19 and AsCEP20. IMPORTANCE Alternaria solani is an important necrotrophic pathogen causing potato early blight. Previous studies have provide preliminary evidence that specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 contribute to virulence, but their respective functions, localization, and pathogenic mechanisms during the infection process of A. solani remain unclear. Here, we have systematically studied the specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 for the first time, which are essential for conidial maturation. The deletion of AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 can significantly impair fungal pathogenicity. Additionally, we preliminarily revealed that AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 target the chloroplasts of host cells. Our findings further enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zihan Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
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18
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de Novaes MIC, Robertson C, Doyle VP, Burk D, Thomas-Sharma S. Distribution and Sequestration of Cercosporin by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1822-1831. [PMID: 38700938 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi produce toxins as virulence factors in many plant diseases. In Cercospora leaf blight of soybean caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, symptoms are a consequence of the production of a perylenequinone toxin, cercosporin, which is light-activated to produce damaging reactive oxygen species. Cercosporin is universally toxic to cells, except to the cells of the producer. The current model of self-resistance to cercosporin is largely attributed to the maintenance of cercosporin in a chemically reduced state inside hyphae, unassociated with cellular organelles. However, in another perylenequinone-producing fungus, Phaeosphaeria sp., the toxin was specifically sequestered inside lipid droplets (LDs) to prevent reactive oxygen species production. This study hypothesized that LD-based sequestration of cercosporin occurred in C. cf. flagellaris and that lipid-inhibiting fungicides could inhibit toxin production. Confocal microscopy using light-cultured C. cf. flagellaris indicated that 3-day-old hyphae contained two forms of cercosporin distributed in two types of hyphae. Reduced cercosporin was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of thick, primary hyphae, and, contrary to previous studies, active cercosporin was observed specifically in the LDs of thin, secondary hyphae. The production of hyphae of two different thicknesses, a characteristic of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, has not been documented in C. cf. flagellaris. No correlation was observed between cercosporin production and total lipid extracted, and two lipid-inhibiting fungicides had little effect on fungal growth in growth-inhibition assays. This study lays a foundation for exploring the importance of pathogen lifestyle, toxin production, and LD content in the pathogenicity and symptomology of Cercospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Izabel Costa de Novaes
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Clark Robertson
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 20140 Iowa Street, Livingston, LA 70754
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - David Burk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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19
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Jaskolowski A, Poirier Y. Phosphate deficiency increases plant susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection by inducing the abscisic acid pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:828-843. [PMID: 38804074 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved finely regulated defense systems to counter biotic and abiotic threats. In the natural environment, plants are typically challenged by simultaneous stresses and, amid such conditions, crosstalk between the activated signaling pathways becomes evident, ultimately altering the outcome of the defense response. As an example of combined biotic and abiotic stresses, inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency, common in natural and agricultural environments, can occur along with attack by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, a devastating necrotrophic generalist pathogen responsible for massive crop losses. We report that Pi deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana increases its susceptibility to infection by B. cinerea by influencing the early stages of pathogen infection, namely spore adhesion and germination on the leaf surface. Remarkably, Pi-deficient plants are more susceptible to B. cinerea despite displaying the appropriate activation of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways, as well as producing secondary defense metabolites and reactive oxygen species. Conversely, the callose deposition in response to B. cinerea infection is compromised under Pi-deficient conditions. The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) are increased in Pi-deficient plants, and the heightened susceptibility to B. cinerea observed under Pi deficiency can be reverted by blocking ABA biosynthesis. Furthermore, high level of leaf ABA induced by overexpression of NCED6 in Pi-sufficient plants also resulted in greater susceptibility to B. cinerea infection associated with increased spore adhesion and germination, and reduced callose deposition. Our findings reveal a link between the enhanced accumulation of ABA induced by Pi deficiency and an increased sensitivity to B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime Jaskolowski
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Poirier
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Bai YB, Yang KM, Zhang M, Li YX, Zhao Y, Huang LZ, Yang H, Yang XJ, Li D, Gao JM. Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Novel Griseofulvin Derivatives as Potential Anti-Phytopathogenic Fungi Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13015-13022. [PMID: 38807413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The extensive and repeated application of chemical fungicides results in the rapid development of fungicide resistance. Novel antifungal pesticides are urgently required. Natural products have been considered precious sources of pesticides. It is necessary to discover antifungal pesticides by using natural products. Herein, 42 various griseofulvin derivatives were synthesized. Their antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro. Most of them showed good antifungal activity, especially 3d exhibited a very broad antifungal spectrum and the most significant activities against 7 phytopathogenic fungi. In vivo activity results suggested that 3d protected apples and tomatoes from serious infection by phytopathogenic fungi. These proved that 3d had the potential to be a natural product-derived antiphytopathogenic fungi agent. Furthermore, docking analysis suggested that tubulin might be one of the action sites of 3d. It is reasonable to believe that griseofulvin derivatives are worth further development for the discovery of new pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ming Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xiang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Zhu Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sbodio AO, Mesquida-Pesci SD, Yip N, Alvarez-Rojo I, Gutierrez-Baeza E, Tay S, Bello P, Wang L, Blanco-Ulate B. Non-wounding contact-based Inoculation of fruits with fungal pathogens in postharvest. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:83. [PMID: 38825669 PMCID: PMC11145807 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal pathogens significantly impact the quality of fruits and vegetables at different stages of the supply chain, leading to substantial food losses. Understanding how these persistent fungal infections occur and progress in postharvest conditions is essential to developing effective control strategies. RESULTS In this study, we developed a reliable and consistent inoculation protocol to simulate disease spread from infected fruits to adjacent healthy fruits during postharvest storage. We tested different combinations of relevant fruit commodities, including oranges, tomatoes, and apples, against impactful postharvest pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium expansum. We assessed the efficacy of this protocol using fruits treated with various postharvest methods and multiple isolates for each pathogen. We optimized the source of infected tissue and incubation conditions for each fruit-pathogen combination. Disease incidence and severity were quantitatively evaluated to study infection success and progression. At the final evaluation point, 80% or higher disease incidence rates were observed in all trials except for the fungicide-treated oranges inoculated with fungicide-susceptible Penicillium spp. isolates. Although disease incidence was lower in that particular scenario, it is noteworthy that the pathogen was still able to establish itself under unfavorable conditions, indicating the robustness of our methodology. Finally, we used multispectral imaging to detect early P. digitatum infections in oranges before the disease became visible to the naked eye but after the pathogen was established. CONCLUSIONS We developed a non-invasive inoculation strategy that can be used to recreate infections caused by contact or nesting in postharvest. The observed high disease incidence and severity values across fruit commodities and fungal pathogens demonstrate the robustness, efficacy, and reproducibility of the developed methodology. The protocol has the potential to be tailored for other pathosystems. Additionally, this approach can facilitate the study of fruit-pathogen interactions and the assessment of innovative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian O Sbodio
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Nancy Yip
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha Tay
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pedro Bello
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Luxin Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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22
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de Azevedo MIG, Souza PFN, Monteiro Júnior JE, Grangeiro TB. Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides: Antifungal Potential and Structural Insights. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400044. [PMID: 38591818 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide derived from chitin deacetylation. This polysaccharide and its oligosaccharides have many biological activities and can be used in several fields due to their favorable characteristics, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. This review aims to explore the antifungal potential of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides along with the conditions used for the activity and mechanisms of action they use to kill fungal cells. The sources, chemical properties, and applications of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides are discussed in this review. It also addresses the threat fungi pose to human health and crop production and how these saccharides have proven to be effective against these microorganisms. The cellular processes triggered by chitosan and chitooligosaccharides in fungal cells, and prospects for their use as potential antifungal agents are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Filho Noronha Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-275, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
- Visiting Researcher at the Cearense Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development, Foratelza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Edvar Monteiro Júnior
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thalles Barbosa Grangeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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23
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Ruan Z, Jiao J, Zhao J, Liu J, Liang C, Yang X, Sun Y, Tang G, Li P. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal insights into pathogenicity and evolution of Fusarium zanthoxyli, the causal agent of stem canker in prickly ash. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:502. [PMID: 38773367 PMCID: PMC11110190 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium zanthoxyli is a destructive pathogen causing stem canker in prickly ash, an ecologically and economically important forest tree. However, the genome lack of F. zanthoxyli has hindered research on its interaction with prickly ash and the development of precise control strategies for stem canker. RESULTS In this study, we sequenced and annotated a relatively high-quality genome of F. zanthoxyli with a size of 43.39 Mb, encoding 11,316 putative genes. Pathogenicity-related factors are predicted, comprising 495 CAZymes, 217 effectors, 156 CYP450s, and 202 enzymes associated with secondary metabolism. Besides, a comparative genomics analysis revealed Fusarium and Colletotrichum diverged from a shared ancestor approximately 141.1 ~ 88.4 million years ago (MYA). Additionally, a phylogenomic investigation of 12 different phytopathogens within Fusarium indicated that F. zanthoxyli originated approximately 34.6 ~ 26.9 MYA, and events of gene expansion and contraction within them were also unveiled. Finally, utilizing conserved domain prediction, the results revealed that among the 59 unique genes, the most enriched domains were PnbA and ULP1. Among the 783 expanded genes, the most enriched domains were PKc_like kinases and those belonging to the APH_ChoK_Like family. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the genetic basis of F. zanthoxyli's pathogenicity and evolution which provides valuable information for future research on its molecular interactions with prickly ash and the development of effective strategies to combat stem canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqiong Liang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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25
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Sun P, Pu J, Lei D, Li J, Ren X, Jin L, Pan L. Novel Aminocoumarin Derivatives against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400311. [PMID: 38494946 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi is the most devastating reason for the decrease of the agricultural production and food safety. To develop new fungicidal agents for resistance concerning, a novel series of aminocoumarin derivatives were synthesized and their fungicidal activity were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), RNA-Seq, 3D-QSAR and molecular docking were applied to reveal the underlying anti-fungal mechanisms. Most of the compounds exhibited significant fungicidal activity. Notably, compound 10c had a more extensive fungicidal effect than positive control. TEM indicated that compound 10c could cause abnormal morphology of cell walls, vacuoles and release of cellular contents. Transcriptional analysis data indicated that 895 and 653 out of 1548 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and down-regulated respectively. The Go and KEGG enrichment indicated that the coumarin derivatives could induce significant changes of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACCA) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) genes, which contributed to the disorders of glucolipid metabolism and the dysfunction of mitochondrial. The results demonstrated that aminocoumarins with schiff-base as core moieties could be the promising lead compounds for the discovery of novel fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Jiangping Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Dongyu Lei
- Department of Physiology, Preclinical School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jiashan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Xingyu Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Lu Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Le Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
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26
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Tu T, Ren Y, Gong W, Huang J, Zhu C, Salah M, Zhao L, Xia X, Wang Y. Endoglucanase H from Aspergillus westerdijkiae Plays an Important Role in the Virulence on Pear Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8415-8422. [PMID: 38573226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus westerdijkiae can infect many agricultural products including cereals, grapes, and pear. Pathogenic fungi secrete diverse effectors as invasive weapons for successful invasion the host plant. During the pathogen-host interaction, 4486 differentially expressed genes were observed in A. westerdijkiae with 2773 up-regulated and 1713 down-regulated, whereas 8456 differentially expressed genes were detected in pear fruits with 4777 up-regulated and 3679 down-regulated. A total of 309 effector candidate genes were identified from the up-regulated genes in A. westerdijkiae. Endoglucanase H (AwEGH) was significantly induced during the pathogen-host interaction. Deletion of AwEGH resulted in altered fungal growth and morphology and reduced conidia production and germination compared to the wild-type. Further experiments demonstrated that AwEGH plays a role in cell wall integrity. Importantly, disruption of AwEGH significantly reduced the fungal virulence on pear fruits, and this defect can be partly explained by the impaired ability of A. westerdijkiae to penetrate host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weifeng Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Juanying Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chenyang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mahmoud Salah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Environmental Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Luning Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Center of Analysis, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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27
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Zhan W, Zhou R, Mao P, Yuan C, Zhang T, Liu Y, Tian J, Wang H, Xue W. Synthesis, antifungal activity and mechanism of action of novel chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Mol Divers 2024; 28:461-474. [PMID: 36964852 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole was designed and synthesized. Structures of all compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and HRMS. The biological activities of the compounds were determined with the mycelial growth rate method, and further studies showed that some compounds had good antifungal activities at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The EC50 value of compound L31 was 15.9 μg/mL against Phomopsis sp., which were better than that of azoxystrobin (EC50 value was 69.4 μg/mL). In addition, the mechanism of action of compound L31 shown that compound can affect mycelial growth by disrupting membrane integrity against Phomopsis sp., and that the higher the concentration of the compound is, the greater the disruption of membrane integrity is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Santiago KAA, Wong WC, Goh YK, Tey SH, Ting ASY. Pathogenicity of monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia of Ganoderma boninense revealed via LC-MS-based metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5330. [PMID: 38438519 PMCID: PMC10912678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the pathogenicity of monokaryotic (monokaryon) and dikaryotic (dikaryon) mycelia of the oil palm pathogen Ganoderma boninense via metabolomics approach. Ethyl acetate crude extracts of monokaryon and dikaryon were analysed by liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) coupled with multivariate data analysis using MetaboAnalyst. The mummichog algorithm was also used to identify the functional activities of monokaryon and dikaryon without a priori identification of all their secondary metabolites. Results revealed that monokaryon produced lesser fungal metabolites than dikaryon, suggesting that monokaryon had a lower possibility of inducing plant infection. These findings were further supported by the identified functional activities. Monokaryon exhibits tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan metabolism, which are important for fungal growth and development and to produce toxin precursors. In contrast, dikaryon exhibits the metabolism of cysteine and methionine, arginine and proline, and phenylalanine, which are important for fungal growth, development, virulence, and pathogenicity. As such, monokaryon is rendered non-pathogenic as it produces growth metabolites and toxin precursors, whereas dikaryon is pathogenic as it produces metabolites that are involved in fungal growth and pathogenicity. The LC-MS-based metabolomics approach contributes significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense, which is essential for disease management in oil palm plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle Angelique A Santiago
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wei Chee Wong
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - You Keng Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Seng Heng Tey
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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29
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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30
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de Oliveira Silva A, Fernando Devasahayam BR, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Glienke C, Deising HB. The serine-threonine protein kinase Snf1 orchestrates the expression of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and is required for full virulence of the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103876. [PMID: 38367799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot, differentiates a pressurized infection cell called an appressorium in order to invade the epidermal cell, and subsequently forms biotrophic and necrotrophic hyphae to colonize the host tissue. While the role of force in appressorial penetration is established (Bechinger et al., 1999), the involvement of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) in this process and in tissue colonization is poorly understood, due to the enormous number and functional redundancy of these enzymes. The serine/threonine protein kinase gene SNF1 identified in Sucrose Non-Fermenting yeast mutants mediates de-repression of catabolite-repressed genes, including many genes encoding CWDEs. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the SNF1 homolog of C. graminicola. Δsnf1 mutants showed reduced vegetative growth and asexual sporulation rates on media containing polymeric carbon sources. Microscopy revealed reduced efficacies in appressorial penetration of cuticle and epidermal cell wall, and formation of unusual medusa-like biotrophic hyphae by Δsnf1 mutants. Severe and moderate virulence reductions were observed on intact and wounded leaves, respectively. Employing RNA-sequencing we show for the first time that more than 2,500 genes are directly or indirectly controlled by Snf1 in necrotrophic hyphae of a plant pathogenic fungus, many of which encode xylan- and cellulose-degrading enzymes. The data presented show that Snf1 is a global regulator of gene expression and is required for full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan de Oliveira Silva
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bennet Rohan Fernando Devasahayam
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Chirlei Glienke
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Holger B Deising
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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Knapp SJ, Cole GS, Pincot DDA, Dilla-Ermita CJ, Bjornson M, Famula RA, Gordon TR, Harshman JM, Henry PM, Feldmann MJ. Transgressive segregation, hopeful monsters, and phenotypic selection drove rapid genetic gains and breakthroughs in predictive breeding for quantitative resistance to Macrophomina in strawberry. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad289. [PMID: 38487295 PMCID: PMC10939388 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Two decades have passed since the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, a necrotrophic soilborne fungal pathogen, began surfacing in California, Florida, and elsewhere. This disease has since become one of the most common causes of plant death and yield losses in strawberry. The Macrophomina problem emerged and expanded in the wake of the global phase-out of soil fumigation with methyl bromide and appears to have been aggravated by an increase in climate change-associated abiotic stresses. Here we show that sources of resistance to this pathogen are rare in gene banks and that the favorable alleles they carry are phenotypically unobvious. The latter were exposed by transgressive segregation and selection in populations phenotyped for resistance to Macrophomina under heat and drought stress. The genetic gains were immediate and dramatic. The frequency of highly resistant individuals increased from 1% in selection cycle 0 to 74% in selection cycle 2. Using GWAS and survival analysis, we found that phenotypic selection had increased the frequencies of favorable alleles among 10 loci associated with resistance and that favorable alleles had to be accumulated among four or more of these loci for an individual to acquire resistance. An unexpectedly straightforward solution to the Macrophomina disease resistance breeding problem emerged from our studies, which showed that highly resistant cultivars can be developed by genomic selection per se or marker-assisted stacking of favorable alleles among a comparatively small number of large-effect loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Glenn S Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dominique D A Pincot
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christine Jade Dilla-Ermita
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal Street, CA 93905, USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Randi A Famula
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas R Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Julia M Harshman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter M Henry
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal Street, CA 93905, USA
| | - Mitchell J Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Waqar S, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Endophytic fungi: Unravelling plant-endophyte interaction and the multifaceted role of fungal endophytes in stress amelioration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108174. [PMID: 38070242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant. Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response, modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant's tolerance against biotic stresses, including -herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens. Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Masmoudi F, Pothuvattil NS, Tounsi S, Saadaoui I, Trigui M. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus velezensis M3-7 lipopeptides: Enhanced antifungal activity and potential use as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium crown rot disease of wheat seedlings. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110420. [PMID: 37783113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis M3-7 is a hyperactive mutant, 12-fold improved in its antifungal activity, obtained during a previous study from the wild strain BLB371 after a combination of random mutagenesis and medium component optimization. This study explores the use of this mutant in synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for the control of Fusarium crown rot disease (FCR) in wheat seedlings. LC-MS/MS analysis proved that both strains co-produced different families of lipopeptides and that mutagenesis caused the hyper-production of iturin A C14 and C15, the liberation of iturin A C10 and C12, and the inhibition of fengycin release. Our aim was a further improvement in the antifungal activity of the wild strain and the mutant M3-7 in order to control Fusarium crown rot disease (FCR) in wheat seedlings. Therefore, a nanotechnology approach was adopted, and different lipopeptide concentrations produced by the wild strain and the mutant M3-7 were used as capping agents to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with enhanced antifungal activity. Ag-NPs formed using 3 mg·mL-1 of the mutant lipopeptides were found to exhibit a good distribution, improved antifungal activity, a promising potential to be used as a biofortified agent for seed germination, and an effective compound to control FCR in wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Biotechnology Program, Center of Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides (LBPES), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Saadaoui
- Biotechnology Program, Center of Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Trigui
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development (LASED) Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute, BP 1172-3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Tian B, Chen Z, Yu Y, Yang Y, Fang A, Bi C, Qu Z, Fu Y, Mehmood MA, Zhou C, Jiang D. Transcriptional plasticity of schizotrophic Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responds to symptomatic rapeseed and endophytic wheat hosts. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0261223. [PMID: 37905914 PMCID: PMC10714719 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02612-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The broad host range of fungi with differential fungal responses leads to either a pathogenic or an endophytic lifestyle in various host plants. Yet, the molecular basis of schizotrophic fungal responses to different plant hosts remains unexplored. Here, we observed a general increase in the gene expression of S. sclerotiorum associated with pathogenicity in symptomatic rapeseed, including small protein secretion, appressorial formation, and oxalic acid toxin production. Conversely, in wheat, many carbohydrate metabolism and transport-associated genes were induced, indicating a general increase in processes associated with carbohydrate acquisition. Appressorium is required for S. sclerotiorum during colonization in symptomatic hosts but not in endophytic wheat. These findings provide new clues for understanding schizotrophic fungi, fungal evolution, and the emergence pathways of new plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mirza Abid Mehmood
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Changyong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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Funnell-Harris DL, Sattler SE, O'Neill PM, Gries T, Ge Z, Nersesian N. Effects of Altering Three Steps of Monolignol Biosynthesis on Sorghum Responses to Stalk Pathogens and Water Deficit. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3984-3995. [PMID: 37430480 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1959-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The drought-resilient crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is grown worldwide for multiple uses, including forage or potential lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. A major impediment to biomass yield and quality are the pathogens Fusarium thapsinum and Macrophomina phaseolina, which cause Fusarium stalk rot and charcoal rot, respectively. These fungi are more virulent with abiotic stresses such as drought. Monolignol biosynthesis plays a critical role in plant defense. The genes Brown midrib (Bmr)6, Bmr12, and Bmr2 encode the monolignol biosynthesis enzymes cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, respectively. Plant stalks from lines overexpressing these genes and containing bmr mutations were screened for pathogen responses with controlled adequate or deficit watering. Additionally, near-isogenic bmr12 and wild-type lines in five backgrounds were screened for response to F. thapsinum with adequate and deficit watering. All mutant and overexpression lines were no more susceptible than corresponding wild-type under both watering conditions. The bmr2 and bmr12 lines, near-isogenic to wild-type, had significantly shorter mean lesion lengths (were more resistant) than RTx430 wild-type when inoculated with F. thapsinum under water deficit. Additionally, bmr2 plants grown under water deficit had significantly smaller mean lesions when inoculated with M. phaseolina than under adequate-water conditions. When well-watered, bmr12 in cultivar Wheatland and one of two Bmr2 overexpression lines in RTx430 had shorter mean lesion lengths than corresponding wild-type lines. This research demonstrates that modifying monolignol biosynthesis for increased usability may not impair plant defenses but can even enhance resistance to stalk pathogens under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Funnell-Harris
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Patrick M O'Neill
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Tammy Gries
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Álvarez-Aragón R, Pastor-Mediavilla A, Maestre-Guillén A, del Olmo I, De Francesco A, Meile L, Sánchez-Vallet A. Sas3-mediated histone acetylation regulates effector gene activation in a fungal plant pathogen. mBio 2023; 14:e0138623. [PMID: 37642412 PMCID: PMC10653901 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01386-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogen infections require the production of effectors that enable host colonization. Effectors have diverse functions and are only expressed at certain stages of the infection cycle. Thus, effector genes are tightly regulated by several mechanisms, including chromatin remodeling. Here, we investigate the role of histone acetylation in effector gene activation in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We demonstrate that lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) are essential for the spatiotemporal regulation of effector genes. We show that the KAT Sas3 is involved in leaf symptom development and pycnidia formation. Importantly, our results indicate that Sas3 controls histone acetylation of effector loci and is a regulator of effector gene activation during stomatal penetration. Overall, our work demonstrates the key role of histone acetylation in regulating gene expression associated with plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rocio Álvarez-Aragón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pastor-Mediavilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Maestre-Guillén
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan del Olmo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustina De Francesco
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lukas Meile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Jin P, Kong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Dong Y, Lamour K, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Hu J. Comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis reveals potential pathogenic mechanisms of Microdochium paspali on seashore paspalum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259241. [PMID: 37795300 PMCID: PMC10546424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sparse leaf patch of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) caused by Microdochium paspali seriously impacts the landscape value of turf and poses a challenge to the maintenance and management of golf courses. Little is known about the genome of M. paspali or the potential genes underlying pathogenicity. In this study, we present a high-quality genome assembly of M. paspali with 14 contigs using the Nanopore and Illumina platform. The M. paspali genome is roughly 37.32 Mb in size and contains 10,365 putative protein-coding genes. These encompass a total of 3,830 pathogen-host interactions (PHI) genes, 481 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) coding genes, 105 effectors, and 50 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMGCs) predicted to be associated with pathogenicity. Comparative genomic analysis suggests M. paspali has 672 species-specific genes (SSGs) compared to two previously sequenced non-pathogenic Microdochium species, including 24 species-specific gene clusters (SSGCs). Comparative transcriptomic analyses reveal that 739 PHIs, 198 CAZymes, 40 effectors, 21 SMGCs, 213 SSGs, and 4 SSGCs were significantly up-regulated during the process of infection. In conclusion, the study enriches the genomic resources of Microdochium species and provides a valuable resource to characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of M. paspali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Jin
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Kong
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huangwei Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinglu Dong
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Hu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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de Freitas STF, Faria G, Silva FG, Batista MA, Augusto DSS, Dyszy FH, Vitorino LC. The morphoanatomy of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) provides evidence of biotrophic interactions by endophytic fungi within leaves. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15980. [PMID: 37727689 PMCID: PMC10506578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The leaves of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) are renowned in ethnobotany for their medicinal properties and are significant as a medicinal resource for traditional Brazilian communities. As necrotic spots are common on these leaves, indicating interaction with phytopathogenic fungi, it was hypothesized that biotrophic fungal species colonize the leaf tissues of S. erecta. Methods To test this hypothesis, we employed standard techniques in plant anatomy, which enabled us to investigate the interaction of fungal structures with plant tissues and describe the morphoanatomical and histochemical characteristics of the epidermis and limbus of S. erecta. Results The anatomical analysis showed the existence of leaf teeth on the leaf tips. Additionally, hyphae, conidiospores, and spores of Bipolaris/Curvularia species were detected on the adaxial epidermis. Moreover, melanized microsclerotia were found in glandular areas of the leaf teeth and the phloem, providing evidence of biotrophic behavior. The hypothesis that biotrophic phytopathogenic fungi interact with S. erecta leaf tissues was confirmed, despite the presence of many bioactive compounds (such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils), as evidenced by histochemical analyses. The presence of tector, glandular, and scabiform trichomes on the leaf teeth and epidermis was also revealed. This study presents, for the first time, the synthesis of essential oils and alkaloids in the leaves of S. erecta. Additionally, it investigates previously unexplained aspects of the anatomy and histochemistry of the species, as well as its interaction with resident microorganisms. Therefore, it is recommended that future research focus on extracting and characterizing the oils and alkaloids of S. erecta, as well as exploring other aspects related to its microbiome and its relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samylla Tássia Ferreira de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Giselle Faria
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Batista
- Graduate Program in Natural Resources of the Cerrado, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Damiana Souza Santos Augusto
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Dyszy
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Luciana Cristina Vitorino
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
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40
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Yang SZ, Peng LT. Significance of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase and V-ATPase for growth and pathogenicity in pathogenic fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 124:31-53. [PMID: 37597947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are widespread and cause a variety of diseases in human beings and other organisms. At present, limited classes of antifungal agents are available to treat invasive fungal diseases. With the wide use of the commercial antifungal agents, drug resistance of pathogenic fungi are continuously increasing. Therefore, exploring effective antifungal agents with novel drug targets is urgently needed to cope with the challenges that the antifungal area faces. pH homeostasis is vital for multiple cellular processes, revealing the potential for defining novel drug targets. Fungi have evolved a number of strategies to maintain a stable pH internal environment in response to rapid metabolism and a dramatically changing extracellular environment. Among them, plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) play a central role in the regulation of pH homeostasis system. In this chapter, we will summarize the current knowledge about pH homeostasis and its regulation mechanisms in pathogenic fungi, especially for the recent advances in PMA and V-ATPase, which would help in revealing the regulating mechanism of pH on cell growth and pathogenicity, and further designing effective drugs and identify new targets for combating fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - L T Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Lee S, Völz R, Lim YJ, Harris W, Kim S, Lee YH. The nuclear effector MoHTR3 of Magnaporthe oryzae modulates host defence signalling in the biotrophic stage of rice infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:602-615. [PMID: 36977203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C2 H2 zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M. oryzae strains but low conservation among other plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting an emerging evolutionary selection process. MoHTR3 is exclusively expressed in the biotrophic stage of fungal invasion, and the encoded protein localizes to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and the host cell nucleus. The signal peptide crucial for MoHTR3' secretion to the BIC and the protein section required for its translocation to the nucleus were both identified by a functional protein domain study. The host-nuclear localization of MoHTR3 suggests a function as a transcriptional modulator of host defence gene induction. After ΔMohtr3 infection, the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-associated genes was diminished in rice, in contrast to when the MoHTR3-overexpressing strain (MoHTR3ox) was applied. The transcript levels of salicylic acid- and defence-related genes were also affected after ΔMohtr3 and MoHTR3ox application. In pathogenicity assays, ΔMohtr3 was indistinguishable from the wild type. However, MoHTR3ox-infected plants showed diminished lesion formation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility, suggesting that the MoHTR3-induced manipulation of host cells affects host-pathogen interaction. MoHTR3 emphasizes the role of the host nucleus as a critical target for the pathogen-driven manipulation of host defence mechanisms and underscores the ongoing evolution of rice blast's arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Masmoudi F, Alsafran M, Jabri HA, Hosseini H, Trigui M, Sayadi S, Tounsi S, Saadaoui I. Halobacteria-Based Biofertilizers: A Promising Alternative for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses-A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1248. [PMID: 37317222 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses such as salt stress and fungal infections significantly affect plant growth and productivity, leading to reduced crop yield. Traditional methods of managing stress factors, such as developing resistant varieties, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, have shown limited success in the presence of combined biotic and abiotic stress factors. Halotolerant bacteria found in saline environments have potential as plant promoters under stressful conditions. These microorganisms produce bioactive molecules and plant growth regulators, making them a promising agent for enhancing soil fertility, improving plant resistance to adversities, and increasing crop production. This review highlights the capability of plant-growth-promoting halobacteria (PGPH) to stimulate plant growth in non-saline conditions, strengthen plant tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, and sustain soil fertility. The major attempted points are: (i) the various abiotic and biotic challenges that limit agriculture sustainability and food safety, (ii) the mechanisms employed by PGPH to promote plant tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stressors, (iii) the important role played by PGPH in the recovery and remediation of agricultural affected soils, and (iv) the concerns and limitations of using PGHB as an innovative approach to boost crop production and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Alsafran
- Central Laboratories Unit (CLU), Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hareb Al Jabri
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hoda Hosseini
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Trigui
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development (LASED), Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides (LBPES), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Imen Saadaoui
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Yu C, Qi J, Han H, Wang P, Liu C. Progress in pathogenesis research of Ustilago maydis, and the metabolites involved along with their biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:495-509. [PMID: 36808861 PMCID: PMC10098057 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a pathogenic fungus that causes corn smut. Because of its easy cultivation and genetic transformation, U. maydis has become an important model organism for plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. U. maydis is able to infect maize by producing effectors and secreted proteins as well as surfactant-like metabolites. In addition, the production of melanin and iron carriers is also associated with its pathogenicity. Here, advances in our understanding of the pathogenicity of U. maydis, the metabolites involved in the pathogenic process, and the biosynthesis of these metabolites, are reviewed and discussed. This summary will provide new insights into the pathogenicity of U. maydis and the functions of associated metabolites, as well as new clues for deciphering the biosynthesis of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haiyan Han
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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Boutry C, Bohr A, Buchleither S, Ludwig M, Oberhänsli T, Tamm L, Schärer HJ, Flury P. Monitoring Spore Dispersal and Early Infections of Diplocarpon coronariae Causing Apple Blotch Using Spore Traps and a New qPCR Method. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:470-483. [PMID: 36173284 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Apple blotch (AB) is a major disease of apple in Asia and recently emerged in Europe and the United States. It is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon coronariae (formerly Marssonina coronaria; teleomorph: Diplocarpon mali) and leads to severe defoliation of apple trees in late summer, resulting in reduced yield and fruit quality. To develop effective disease management strategies, a sound knowledge of the pathogen's biology is crucial. Data on the early phase of disease development are scarce: No data on spore dispersal in Europe are available. We developed a highly sensitive TaqMan qPCR method to quantify D. coronariae conidia in spore trap samples. We monitored temporal and spatial dispersal of conidia of D. coronariae and the progress of AB in spring and early summer in an extensively managed apple orchard in Switzerland in 2019 and 2020. Our results show that D. coronariae overwinters in leaf litter, and spore dispersal and primary infections occur in late April and early May. We provide the first results describing early-season dispersal of conidia of D. coronariae, which, combined with the observed disease progress, helps to understand the disease dynamics and will be a basis for improved disease forecast models. Using the new qPCR method, we detected D. coronariae in buds, on bark, and on fruit mummies, suggesting that several apple tissues might serve as overwintering habitats for the fungus, in addition to fallen leaves. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Boutry
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bohr
- Competence Center for Fruit Crops at the Lake of Constance (KOB), Schuhmacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Buchleither
- Competence Center for Fruit Crops at the Lake of Constance (KOB), Schuhmacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Ludwig
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Oberhänsli
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Lucius Tamm
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jakob Schärer
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Flury
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
- Plant Microbe Interactions, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30/32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Bellah H, Gazeau G, Gélisse S, Amezrou R, Marcel TC, Croll D. A highly multiplexed assay to monitor pathogenicity, fungicide resistance and gene flow in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281181. [PMID: 36745583 PMCID: PMC9901794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop pathogens pose severe risks to global food production due to the rapid rise of resistance to pesticides and host resistance breakdowns. Predicting future risks requires monitoring tools to identify changes in the genetic composition of pathogen populations. Here we report the design of a microfluidics-based amplicon sequencing assay to multiplex 798 loci targeting virulence and fungicide resistance genes, and randomly selected genome-wide markers for the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The fungus causes one of the most devastating diseases on wheat showing rapid adaptation to fungicides and host resistance. We optimized the primer design by integrating polymorphism data from 632 genomes of the same species. To test the performance of the assay, we genotyped 192 samples in two replicates. Analysis of the short-read sequence data generated by the assay showed a fairly stable success rate across samples to amplify a large number of loci. The performance was consistent between samples originating from pure genomic DNA as well as material extracted directly from infected wheat leaves. In samples with mixed genotypes, we found that the assay recovers variations in allele frequencies. We also explored the potential of the amplicon assay to recover transposable element insertion polymorphism relevant for fungicide resistance. As a proof-of-concept, we show that the assay recovers the pathogen population structure across French wheat fields. Genomic monitoring of crop pathogens contributes to more sustainable crop protection and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Bellah
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gwilherm Gazeau
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sandrine Gélisse
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Reda Amezrou
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry C. Marcel
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Pirc K, Albert I, Nürnberger T, Anderluh G. Disruption of plant plasma membrane by Nep1-like proteins in pathogen-plant interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:746-750. [PMID: 36210522 PMCID: PMC10100409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid membrane destruction by microbial pore-forming toxins (PFTs) is a ubiquitous mechanism of damage to animal cells, but is less prominent in plants. Nep1-like proteins (NLPs) secreted by phytopathogens that cause devastating crop diseases, such as potato late blight, represent the only family of microbial PFTs that effectively damage plant cells by disrupting the integrity of the plant plasma membrane. Recent research has elucidated the molecular mechanism of NLP-mediated membrane damage, which is unique among microbial PFTs and highly adapted to the plant membrane environment. In this review, we cover recent insight into how NLP cytolysins damage plant membranes and cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pirc
- Department of Molecular Biology and NanobiotechnologyNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Isabell Albert
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyFAU Erlangen‐Nüremberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP)Eberhard‐Karls‐University Tübingen72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland Park2006JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and NanobiotechnologyNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
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Schmaltz S, Silva MA, Ninaus RG, Guedes JVC, Zabot GL, Tres MV, Mazutti MA. Biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:70. [PMID: 36742447 PMCID: PMC9889597 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents scientific findings which indicate biomolecules are excellent candidates for the development of biopesticides. Efforts are being done to find routes to increase their concentrations in the cultivation media because this concentration facilitates applications, storage, and transportation. Some of these routes are co-fermentation and ultrasound-assisted fermentation. Ultrasonication increases metabolite production and growth rates by improvement of cell permeability and nutrient uptake rates through cell membranes. For example, 24% increase in the enzymatic activity of cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei in solid-state fermentation was achieved with ultrasonication. Also, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase productions were stimulated by ultrasound in Beauveria bassiana cultivation, presenting positive results. The common parameters evaluated in the production of biomolecules by ultrasound-assisted fermentation are the duty cycle, time of application, power, energetic density, and how long the sonication is maintained in the fermentation media. Many successful cases are reported and discussed, which include the final formulation of bioproducts for agricultural applications. In this trend, nanotechnology is a promising tool for the development of nanoformulations. Nanoemulsification, green synthesis, biosynthesis, or biogenic synthesis are technologies used to produce such nanoformulations, allowing the controlled release of control agents, as well as the delivery of biomolecules to specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Schmaltz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Silva
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Renata Gulart Ninaus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Jerson Vanderlei Carus Guedes
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
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Ueda M, Kato N, Kurata Y, Imai M, Yang G, Taniguchi K. Host-Selective Phytotoxins Incorporating the Epoxy-Triene-Decacarboxylate Moiety Function through the Hijacking of the Plant-Microbe Interaction System. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:12-17. [PMID: 36547375 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host selective toxins (HSTs) are small molecule phytotoxins that control the pathogenicity of microbes in the host plant, but the mechanistic basis for their selectivity is unknown. We developed AcIle-EDA (Aclle-(+)-9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyldeca-trienoic acid) as a molecular probe of an HST, examined its mode of action in genetically modified Oryza sativa, and found it to trigger ROS production through NADPH-oxidase OsRBOHB, causing the emergence of pathogenic traits. This result strongly suggests that AcIle-EDA functions through the hijacking of the plant-microbe interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kurata
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gangqiang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, 30, Qingquan RD, Laishan District, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Keigo Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Transcriptome Analysis and Functional Characterization Reveal That Peclg Gene Contributes to the Virulence of Penicillium expansum on Apple Fruits. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030479. [PMID: 36766008 PMCID: PMC9914705 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold decay on apple fruits and is also known to be the major producer of patulin, a mycotoxin that represents serious hazard to human health. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis of P. expansum in host plants. Secreted effector proteins are vital for the pathogenicity of many fungal pathogens through manipulating their hosts for efficient colonization. In this study, we performed a RNA-Seq analysis followed by computational prediction of effector proteins from P. expansum during infection of the host apple fruits, and a total of 212 and 268 candidate effector protein genes were identified at 6 and 9 h after inoculation (hai), respectively. One of the candidate effector protein genes was identified as a concanavalin A-like lectin/glucanase (Peclg), which was dramatically induced during the pathogen-host interaction. Targeted knockout of Peclg resulted in significant reduction in conidial production and germination relative to the wild type. Further studies showed that in addition to salt stress, the mutant was much more sensitive to SDS and Congo red, suggesting a defect in cell wall integrity. Pathogenicity assays revealed that the ΔPeclg mutant showed significant decrease in virulence and infectious growth on apple fruits. All these results suggest that Peclg is required for fungal growth, stress response, and the virulence of P. expansum.
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50
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Design, Synthesis, Fungicidal and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Diamide Compounds Combining Pyrazolyl and Polyfluoro-Substituted Phenyl into Alanine or 2-Aminobutyric Acid Skeletons. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020561. [PMID: 36677619 PMCID: PMC9861274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirty novel diamide compounds combining pyrazolyl and polyfluoro-substituted phenyl groups into alanine or 2-aminobutyric acid skeletons were designed and synthesized with pyflubumide as the lead compound to develop potent and environmentally friendly pesticides. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that the new compounds containing the para-hexa/heptafluoroisopropylphenyl moiety exhibit fungicidal, insecticidal, and acaricidal activities. This is the first time that the para-hexa/heptafluoroisopropylphenyl group is a key fragment of the fungicidal activity of new N-phenyl amide compounds. Most of the target compounds exhibited moderate to good insecticidal activity against Aphis craccivora at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and some showed moderate activity at a concentration of 200 μg/mL; in particular, compounds I-4, II-a-10, and III-26 displayed higher than 78% lethal rates at 200 μg/mL. Compound II-a-14 exhibited a 61.1% inhibition at 200 μg/mL for Tetranychus cinnabarinus. In addition, some of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella at a concentration of 200 μg/mL; the mortalities of compounds I-1, and II-a-15 were 76.7% and 70.0%, respectively. Preliminary analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicated that the insecticidal and acaricidal activities varied significantly depending on the type of substituent and substitution pattern. The fungicidal activity results showed that compounds I-1, II-a-10, II-a-17, and III-26 exhibited good antifungal effects. Enzymatic activity experiments and in vivo efficacy of compound II-a-10 were conducted and discussed.
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