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Ruiz-López MJ, Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Cebrián-Camisón S, Figuerola J, Magallanes S, Varona S, Cuesta I, Cano-Gómez C, Sánchez-Mora P, Camacho J, Sánchez-Peña C, Marchena FJ, Ameyugo U, Ruíz S, Sánchez-Seco MP, Agüero M, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Fernández-Pinero J, Vázquez A. Re-Emergence of a West Nile Virus (WNV) Variant in South Spain with Rapid Spread Capacity. Viruses 2023; 15:2372. [PMID: 38140614 PMCID: PMC10747266 DOI: 10.3390/v15122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito vector-borne zoonosis with an increasing incidence in Europe that has become a public health concern. In Spain, although local circulation has been known for decades, until 2020, when a large outbreak occurred, West Nile Virus cases were scarce and mostly occurred in southern Spain. Since then, there have been new cases every year and the pathogen has spread to new regions. Thus, monitoring of circulating variants and lineages plays a fundamental role in understanding WNV evolution, spread and dynamics. In this study, we sequenced WNV consensus genomes from mosquito pools captured in 2022 as part of a newly implemented surveillance program in southern Spain and compared it to other European, African and Spanish sequences. Characterization of WNV genomes in mosquitoes captured in 2022 reveals the co-circulation of two WNV lineage 1 variants, the one that caused the outbreak in 2020 and another variant that is closely related to variants reported in Spain in 2012, France in 2015, Italy in 2021-2022 and Senegal in 2012-2018. The geographic distribution of these variants indicates that WNV L1 dynamics in southern Europe include an alternating dominance of variants in some territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ruiz-López
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (S.C.-C.); (S.M.)
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Cebrián-Camisón
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (S.C.-C.); (S.M.)
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (S.C.-C.); (S.M.)
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Magallanes
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (S.C.-C.); (S.M.)
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai Varona
- Unidad Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (I.C.)
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28232 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Cristina Cano-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (P.A.-S.)
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Algete, 28110 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Mora
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.S.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.S.-M.)
| | - Carolina Sánchez-Peña
- Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmaceútica, Subdirección de Protección de la Salud, 41020 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco José Marchena
- Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmaceútica, Subdirección de Protección de la Salud, 41020 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ulises Ameyugo
- Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmaceútica, Subdirección de Protección de la Salud, 41020 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruíz
- Servicio de Control de Mosquitos de la Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Ctra. Hospital Infanta Elena s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - María Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.S.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Algete, 28110 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (P.A.-S.)
| | - Jovita Fernández-Pinero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (P.A.-S.)
| | - Ana Vázquez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.S.-M.)
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2
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Kim M, Bae J, Oh B, Rhim H, Yang MS, Yang S, Kim B, Han JI. Surveillance of wild animals carrying infectious agents based on high-throughput screening platform in the Republic of Korea. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:158. [PMID: 37710323 PMCID: PMC10500733 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases transmitted by wild animals are major threats to public health. This study aimed to investigate the potential of rescued wild animals that died of unknown causes as reservoirs of infectious agents. From 2018 to 2019, 121 dead wild animals (55 birds and 66 mammals) were included in this study. All wild animals died during treatment after anthropogenic events. After deaths of animals, necropsies were performed and trachea, lungs, large intestine (including stool), and spleen were collected to determine causes of deaths. A high-throughput screening (HTS) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) designed to detect 19 pathogens simultaneously against 48 samples in duplicate was performed using nucleic acids extracted from pooled tissues and peripheral blood samples. If positive, singleplex real-time PCR was performed for individual organs or blood samples. RESULTS The HTS qPCR showed positive results for Campylobacter jejuni (10/121, 8.3%), Campylobacter coli (1/121, 0.8%), Mycoplasma spp. (78/121, 64.5%), and Plasmodium spp. (7/121, 5.7%). Singleplex real-time PCR confirmed that C. jejuni was detected in the large intestine but not in the blood. C. coli was only detected in the large intestine. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in all organs, having the highest proportion in the large intestine and lowest in the blood. Plasmodium spp. was also detected in all organs, with proportions being were similar among organs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that wild animals can become carriers of infectious agents without showing any clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsu Kim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Bae
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Somyeong Yang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Sánchez-Pacheco UA, Bahena-Mondragón BM, Hernández-Piedras FR, Soria-Osorio R, Meneses-Acosta A. Development of a validated molecular analytical method to determine the viral safety of F(AB´) 2 products: A novel application for a well-known technique. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114694. [PMID: 36822561 PMCID: PMC9943559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The immunotherapy agents derived from horses are biological products that allow the neutralization of clinically relevant immunogens, such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19, or the neutralization of toxins present in the venoms of snakes, spiders, and other poisonous animals. Due to their importance, detecting adventitious viruses in equine hyperimmune serum (raw material in industrial processes) is a critical step to support the safety of products for human use, and, in consequence, it is a requirement for commercialization and distribution. The safety of the finished product is based on three complementary approaches: (i) testing of the source material (horse serum) donations, (ii) release of the starting material (i.e., pool of horse serum) based on non-reactivity for a range of human infectious or pathogenic viruses, and (iii) validate (selected) steps of the manufacturing process for their capacity to inactivate and/or remove a wide range of viruses potentially present in the starting material. Orthogonal approaches to reduce viral contamination risk include implementing a reliable and validated system for detecting adventitious viruses. Thus, it is necessary to establish trustworthy and sufficiently sensitive analytical methods to evidence the lack of viruses to assure the safety of the therapeutic product. Therefore, in this research, an analytical method based on end-point Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was developed, implemented, and validated in hyperimmune equine serum samples to detect Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel A Sánchez-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Inosan Biopharma S.A. Arbea Campus Empresarial, Km. 3.8, C.P. 28108 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Soria-Osorio
- Inosan Biopharma S.A. Arbea Campus Empresarial, Km. 3.8, C.P. 28108 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angélica Meneses-Acosta
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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4
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Ruiz-López MJ, Muñoz-Chimeno M, Figuerola J, Gavilán AM, Varona S, Cuesta I, Martínez-de la Puente J, Zaballos Á, Molero F, Soriguer RC, Sánchez-Seco MP, Ruiz S, Vázquez A. Genomic Analysis of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 Detected in Mosquitoes during the 2020-2021 Outbreaks in Andalusia, Spain. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020266. [PMID: 36851481 PMCID: PMC9962355 DOI: 10.3390/v15020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are one of the most important global health challenges because of their impact on human and animal health. The vector-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted between birds by mosquitos, but it can also infect humans and horses causing disease. The local circulation of WNV in Spain has been known for decades, and since 2010, there have been regular outbreaks in horses, although only six cases were reported in humans until 2019. In 2020, Spain experienced a major outbreak with 77 human cases, which was followed by 6 additional cases in 2021, most of them in the Andalusian region (southern Spain). This study aimed to characterize the genomes of the WNV circulating in wild-trapped mosquitoes during 2020 and 2021 in Andalusia. We sequenced the WNV consensus genome from two mosquito pools and carried out the phylogenetic analyses. We also compared the obtained genomes with those sequenced from human samples obtained during the outbreak and the genomes obtained previously in Spain from birds (2007 and 2017), mosquitoes (2008) and horses (2010) to better understand the eco-epidemiology of WNV in Spain. As expected, the WNV genomes recovered from mosquito pools in 2020 were closely related to those recovered from humans of the same outbreak. In addition, the strain of WNV circulating in 2021 was highly related to the WNV strain that caused the 2020 outbreak, suggesting that WNV is overwintering in the area. Consequently, future outbreaks of the same strain may occur in in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ruiz-López
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Milagros Muñoz-Chimeno
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Gavilán
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai Varona
- Unidad Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28232 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Zaballos
- Unidad Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Molero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón C. Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana—CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Control de Mosquitos de la Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Ctra. Hospital Infanta Elena s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Using Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) as a Tool for an Early Warning System Assessing West Nile Virus Epidemiological Risk in Bucharest, Romania. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110327. [DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most widely spread arbovirus in the world. Early detection of this virus in mosquito populations is essential for implementing rapid vector control measures to prevent outbreaks. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) is a powerful tool for the detection of WNV in mosquito pools, but it is a time- and resource-consuming assay. We used a Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) assay in a vector surveillance program for rapid detection of WNV in mosquitoes collected in Bucharest city, Romania, in 2021. The positive mosquito pools were tested for confirmation with real-time RT-PCR. Three out of the 24 RAMP assay positive pools were not confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. We consider that RAMP assay can be used as a fast and reliable method for the screening of WNV presence in mosquito pools, but we recommend that samples with values ranging from 30 to 100 RAMP units should fall in a grey zone and should be considered for real-time RT-PCR confirmation.
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Figuerola J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Ruíz-López MJ, Llorente F, Ruiz S, Hoefer A, Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Peñuela JJ, García-Ruiz O, Herrero L, Soriguer RC, Delgado RF, Sánchez-Seco MP, la Puente JMD, Vázquez A. A One Health view of the West Nile virus outbreak in Andalusia (Spain) in 2020. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2570-2578. [PMID: 36214518 PMCID: PMC9621199 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2134055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reports of West Nile virus (WNV) associated disease in humans were scarce in Spain until summer 2020, when 77 cases were reported, eight fatal. Most cases occurred next to the Guadalquivir River in the Sevillian villages of Puebla del Río and Coria del Río. Detection of WNV disease in humans was preceded by a large increase in the abundance of Culex perexiguus in the neighbourhood of the villages where most human cases occurred. The first WNV infected mosquitoes were captured approximately one month before the detection of the first human cases. Overall, 33 positive pools of Cx. perexiguus and one pool of Culex pipiens were found. Serology of wild birds confirmed WNV circulation inside the affected villages, that transmission to humans also occurred in urban settings and suggests that virus circulation was geographically more widespread than disease cases in humans or horses may indicate. A high prevalence of antibodies was detected in blackbirds (Turdus merula) suggesting that this species played an important role in the amplification of WNV in urban areas. Culex perexiguus was the main vector of WNV among birds in natural and agricultural areas, while its role in urban areas needs to be investigated in more detail. Culex pipiens may have played some role as bridge vector of WNV between birds and humans once the enzootic transmission cycle driven by Cx. perexiguus occurred inside the villages. Surveillance of virus in mosquitoes has the potential to detect WNV well in advance of the first human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - María José Ruíz-López
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- Servicio de Control de Mosquitos de la Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Ctra. Hospital Infanta Elena s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Andreas Hoefer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain.,European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | | | - Olaya García-Ruiz
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Ramón C Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández Delgado
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Mari Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
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7
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Direct and Indirect Role of Migratory Birds in Spreading CCHFV and WNV: A Multidisciplinary Study on Three Stop-Over Islands in Italy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091056. [PMID: 36145488 PMCID: PMC9505975 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual movements of migratory birds can contribute to the spread of African ticks and tick-borne pathogens of potential public health concern across Europe. The aim of the study was to investigate their role in the possible introduction of African ticks and tick-borne pathogens into European countries during spring migration. A total of 2344 ticks were collected during three spring seasons from 1079 birds captured on three Italian stop-over islands during their northbound migration. Once identified, each tick was tested by RT-PCR for the presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV), West Nile (WNV), and Usutu (USUV) viruses. Moreover, carcasses of birds found dead were collected and tested for the possible presence of WNV and USUV. Results confirmed a higher contribution of trans-Saharan migrants compared to intra-Palearctic ones and the prevalence of African tick species in the sample. CCHFV was detected for the second time in Italy in a Hyalomma rufipes, and WNV was found in two ticks of the same genus, all carried by trans-Saharan birds. WNV lineage 1 was also found in the organs of a Garden warbler. These results confirm the role of migratory birds in carrying African ticks, as well as viruses of zoonotic importance, from Africa into Europe.
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Giglia G, Mencattelli G, Lepri E, Agliani G, Gobbi M, Gröne A, van den Brand JMA, Savini G, Mandara MT. West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus: A Post-Mortem Monitoring Study in Wild Birds from Rescue Centers, Central Italy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091994. [PMID: 36146800 PMCID: PMC9503110 DOI: 10.3390/v14091994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses that have been associated with neurological diseases in humans and wild birds. Wild bird rescue centers are potential significant hot spots for avian infection surveillance, as recognized in the Italian Integrate National Surveillance Plan for Arboviruses. Here we report the results of a post-mortem active monitoring study conducted from November 2017 to October 2020 on animals hosted in five wild bird rescue centers of Central Italy. Five hundred seventy-six (n = 576) wild birds were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of WNV or USUV RNA fragments. No birds tested positive for USUV RNA (n = 0; 0.00%). Evidence of WNV RNA (Ct value = 34.36) was found in one bird (n = 1; 0.17%), an adult little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis subsp. ruficollis), that tested WNV positive in December 2019. This study highlights the strategic role of wildlife rescue centers in monitoring both the introduction and circulation of avian emerging zoonotic diseases. In addition, the presence of WNV during the cold season evidences the possible role of birds in overwintering mechanisms in the Italian territory and requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Mencattelli
- OIE National Reference Center for West Nile Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, dell’Abruzzo e Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianfilippo Agliani
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE National Reference Center for West Nile Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, dell’Abruzzo e Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Abstract
Purpose of Review West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitos of the genus Culex. Manifestations of WNV infection range from asymptomatic to devastating neuroinvasive disease leading to flaccid paralysis and death. This review examines WNV epidemiology and ecology, with an emphasis on travel-associated infection. Recent Findings WNV is widespread, including North America and Europe, where its range has expanded in the past decade. Rising temperatures in temperate regions are predicted to lead to an increased abundance of Culex mosquitoes and an increase in their ability to transmit WNV. Although the epidemiologic patterns of WNV appear variable, its geographic distribution most certainly will continue to increase. Travelers are at risk for WNV infection and its complications. Literature review identified 39 cases of documented travel-related WNV disease, the majority of which resulted in adverse outcomes, such as neuroinvasive disease, prolonged recovery period, or death. Summary The prediction of WNV risk is challenging due to the complex interactions of vector, pathogen, host, and environment. Travelers planning to visit endemic areas should be advised regarding WNV risk and mosquito bite prevention. Evaluation of ill travelers with compatible symptoms should consider the diagnosis of WNV for those visiting in endemic areas as well as for those returning from destinations with known WNV circulation.
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10
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Mencattelli G, Iapaolo F, Polci A, Marcacci M, Di Gennaro A, Teodori L, Curini V, Di Lollo V, Secondini B, Scialabba S, Gobbi M, Manuali E, Cammà C, Rosà R, Rizzoli A, Monaco F, Savini G. West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Overwintering in Italy. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:160. [PMID: 36006252 PMCID: PMC9414329 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2022, West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 (L2) was detected in an adult female goshawk rescued near Perugia in the region of Umbria (Italy). The animal showed neurological symptoms and died 15 days after its recovery in a wildlife rescue center. This was the second case of WNV infection recorded in birds in the Umbria region during the cold season, when mosquitoes, the main WNV vectors, are usually not active. According to the National Surveillance Plan, the Umbria region is included amongst the WNV low-risk areas. The necropsy evidenced generalized pallor of the mucous membranes, mild splenomegaly, and cerebral edema. WNV L2 was detected in the brain, heart, kidney, and spleen homogenate using specific RT-PCR. Subsequently, the extracted viral RNA was sequenced. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis performed through a maximum-likelihood tree showed that the genome sequence clustered with the Italian strains within the European WNV strains among the central-southern European WNV L2 clade. These results, on the one hand, confirmed that the WNV L2 strains circulating in Italy are genetically stable and, on the other hand, evidenced a continuous WNV circulation in Italy throughout the year. In this report case, a bird-to-bird WNV transmission was suggested to support the virus overwintering. The potential transmission through the oral route in a predatory bird may explain the relatively rapid spread of WNV, as well as other flaviviruses characterized by similar transmission patterns. However, rodent-to-bird transmission or mosquito-to-bird transmission cannot be excluded, and further research is needed to better understand WNV transmission routes during the winter season in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mencattelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Federica Iapaolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Andrea Polci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Valeria Di Lollo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Barbara Secondini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Silvia Scialabba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.D.G.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (V.D.L.); (B.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (G.S.)
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11
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Pallari CT, Christodoulou V, Koliou M, Kirschel ANG. First detection of WNV RNA presence in field-collected mosquitoes in Cyprus. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106470. [PMID: 35430264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) infections have increased over recent years to the extent that WNV has become one of the most widespread arboviruses in the world, with potential consequences for both human and animal health. While much is known about WNV and the vectors that transmit it from their primary hosts across continental Europe, little is known about the epidemiology of the disease on the island of Cyprus. In this study, the aim was to investigate the prevalence of WNV infection in potential mosquito vectors for the first time in the Republic of Cyprus, using WNV surveillance of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were collected in 2019, during which an outbreak in humans had occurred, and sampled mosquitoes were then examined for WNV infection by testing them for the presence of WNV RNA. Of 126 mosquito pools tested, one pool, containing Culex pipiens mosquitoes sampled from the Nicosia district, was found to be positive for the presence of WNV RNA. The positive pool found in this study represents the first demonstration of WNV in mosquitoes in Cyprus and confirms that human cases in Cyprus are likely the result of transmission via local Culex mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryso Th Pallari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus
| | | | - Maria Koliou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Siakoleio Center of Clinical Medicine, 2029 Aglantzia PO Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexander N G Kirschel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus.
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12
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Gómez-Vicente E, Garcia R, Calatrava E, Olivares Duran MJ, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Rodriguez-Granger J, Cobo F, Navarro Mari JM, Sampedro-Martinez A. Comparative evaluation of chemiluminescent immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of West Nile virus infections. APMIS 2022; 130:215-220. [PMID: 35060204 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In August 2020, anew West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak affected 71 people with meningoencephalitis in Andalusia (Spain). Samples from these individuals were received in our laboratory, a regional Virus Referral Centre. The aim of this study was to compare the agreement, sensitivity and specificity of findings between the WNV VIRCLIA IgG and IgM assay (Vircell, Spain) and the WNV ELISA IgM and IgG assay (Euroimmun, Germany) and to compare the performance of WNV VIRCLIA IgM and Euroimmun ELISA for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diagnosis. The study included 24 CSF samples (paired with serum samples) and 247 serum samples from 217 patients with suspected WNV infection (1 or 2 per patient). The agreement between ELISA and CLIA tests for IgM and Ig G detection in serum was 93% (kappa index = 0.85) and 96% (kappa index = 0.89) respectively. Sensitivity values of ELISA and CLIA tests for IgM in serum samples were 96.7% and 98.9%, respectively, and specificity values were 96.4% and 95.4% respectively. Sensitivity values of ELISA and CLIA test for IgG in serum samples were 91.1% and 97%, respectively, and specificity values were 100% and 98.8% respectively. Results obtained with ELISA and CLIA tests in CSF samples showed 75% agreement between them (kappa index = 0.51). According to these findings, the WNV VIRCLIA IgM and IgG monotest offers an accurate qualitative detection of WNV in serum and CSF specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gómez-Vicente
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elizabeth Calatrava
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - María Jose Olivares Duran
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Cobo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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13
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Mencattelli G, Iapaolo F, Monaco F, Fusco G, de Martinis C, Portanti O, Di Gennaro A, Curini V, Polci A, Berjaoui S, Di Felice E, Rosà R, Rizzoli A, Savini G. West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Italy: Newly Introduced or a Re-Occurrence of a Previously Circulating Strain? Viruses 2021; 14:v14010064. [PMID: 35062268 PMCID: PMC8780300 DOI: 10.3390/v14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, West Nile virus (WNV) appeared for the first time in the Tuscany region in 1998. After 10 years of absence, it re-appeared in the areas surrounding the Po River delta, affecting eight provinces in three regions. Thereafter, WNV epidemics caused by genetically divergent isolates have been documented every year in the country. Since 2018, only WNV Lineage 2 has been reported in the Italian territory. In October 2020, WNV Lineage 1 (WNV-L1) re-emerged in Italy, in the Campania region. This is the first occurrence of WNV-L1 detection in the Italian territory since 2017. WNV was detected in the internal organs of a goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and a kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). The RNA extracted in the goshawk tissue samples was sequenced, and a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed by a maximum-likelihood tree. Genome analysis, conducted on the goshawk WNV complete genome sequence, indicates that the strain belongs to the WNV-L1 Western-Mediterranean (WMed) cluster. Moreover, a close phylogenetic similarity is observed between the goshawk strain, the 2008-2011 group of Italian sequences, and European strains belonging to the Wmed cluster. Our results evidence the possibility of both a new re-introduction or unnoticed silent circulation in Italy, and the strong importance of keeping the WNV surveillance system in the Italian territory active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mencattelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Federica Iapaolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (C.d.M.)
| | - Claudio de Martinis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (C.d.M.)
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Andrea Polci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Felice
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.I.); (F.M.); (O.P.); (A.D.G.); (V.C.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (E.D.F.); (G.S.)
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14
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Warang A, Zhang M, Zhang S, Shen Z. A panel of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Bourbon virus, Heartland virus, West Nile virus, and Trypanosoma cruzi in major disease-transmitting vectors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1115-1122. [PMID: 34414840 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211039549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens, such as Bourbon virus (BRBV), Heartland virus (HRTV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Trypanosoma cruzi (TCZ) are a great threat to public health and animal health. We developed a panel of TaqMan real-time PCR assays for pathogen surveillance. PCR targets were selected based on nucleic acid sequences deposited in GenBank. Primers and probes were either designed de novo or selected from publications. The coverages and specificities of the primers and probes were extensively evaluated by performing BLAST searches. Synthetic DNA or RNA fragments (gBlocks) were used as PCR templates in initial assay development and PCR positive controls in subsequent assay validation. For operational efficiency, the same thermocycling profile was used in BRBV, HRTV, and WNV reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays, and a similar thermocycling profile without the initial reverse-transcription step was used in TCZ qPCR. The assays were optimized by titrating primer and probe concentrations. The analytical sensitivities were 100, 100, 10, and 10 copies of gBlock per reaction for BRBV (Cq = 36.0 ± 0.7), HRTV (Cq = 36.6 ± 0.9), WNV (Cq = 35.5 ± 0.4), and TCZ (Cq = 38.8 ± 0.3), respectively. PCR sensitivities for vector genomic DNA or RNA spiked with gBlock reached 100, 100, 10, and 10 copies per reaction for BRBV, HRTV, WNV, and TCZ, respectively. PCR specificity evaluated against a panel of non-target pathogens showed no significant cross-reactivity. Our BRBV, HRTV, WNV, and TCZ PCR panel could support epidemiologic studies and pathogen surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushri Warang
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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15
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Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S, Pedrosa-Corral I, Navarro-Marí JM, Pérez-Ruiz M. Update in Diagnostics of Toscana Virus Infection in a Hyperendemic Region (Southern Spain). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081438. [PMID: 34452304 PMCID: PMC8402649 DOI: 10.3390/v13081438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sandfly fever Toscana virus (TOSV, genus Phlebovirus, family Phenuiviridae) is endemic in Mediterranean countries. In Spain, phylogenetic studies of TOSV strains demonstrated that a genotype, different from the Italian, was circulating. This update reports 107 cases of TOSV neurological infection detected in Andalusia from 1988 to 2020, by viral culture, serology and/or RT-PCR. Most cases were located in Granada province, a hyperendemic region. TOSV neurological infection may be underdiagnosed since few laboratories include this virus in their portfolio. This work presents a reliable automated method, validated for the detection of the main viruses involved in acute meningitis and encephalitis, including the arboviruses TOSV and West Nile virus. This assay solves the need for multiple molecular platforms for different viruses and thus, improves the time to results for these syndromes, which require a rapid and efficient diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.S.-G.); (I.P.-C.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Pedrosa-Corral
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.S.-G.); (I.P.-C.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José María Navarro-Marí
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.S.-G.); (I.P.-C.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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16
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Mori A, Pomari E, Deiana M, Perandin F, Caldrer S, Formenti F, Mistretta M, Orza P, Ragusa A, Piubelli C. Molecular techniques for the genomic viral RNA detection of West Nile, Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya arboviruses: a narrative review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:591-612. [PMID: 33910444 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1924059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Molecular technology has played an important role in arboviruses diagnostics. PCR-based methods stand out in terms of sensitivity, specificity, cost, robustness, and accessibility, and especially the isothermal amplification (IA) method is ideal for field-adaptable diagnostics in resource-limited settings (RLS).Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of the various molecular methods for West Nile, Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya. We summarize literature works reporting the assessment and use of in house and commercial assays. We describe limitations and challenges in the usage of methods and opportunities for novel approaches such as NNext-GenerationSequencing (NGS).Expert opinion: The rapidity and accuracy of differential diagnosis is essential for a successful clinical management, particularly in co-circulation area of arboviruses. Several commercial diagnostic molecular assays are available, but many are not affordable by RLS and not usable as Point-of-care/Point-of-need (POC/PON) such as RReal-TimeRT-PCR, Array-based methods and NGS. In contrast, the IA-based system fits better for POC/PON but it is still not ideal for the multiplexing detection system. Improvement in the characterization and validation of current molecular assays is needed to optimize their translation to the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mori
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Pomari
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Perandin
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Caldrer
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Formenti
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Mistretta
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierantonio Orza
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ragusa
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
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17
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García San Miguel Rodríguez-Alarcón L, Fernández-Martínez B, Sierra Moros MJ, Vázquez A, Julián Pachés P, García Villacieros E, Gómez Martín MB, Figuerola Borras J, Lorusso N, Ramos Aceitero JM, Moro E, de Celis A, Oyonarte S, Mahillo B, Romero González LJ, Sánchez-Seco MP, Suárez Rodríguez B, Ameyugo Catalán U, Ruiz Contreras S, Pérez-Olmeda M, Simón Soria F. Unprecedented increase of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, Spain, summer 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33988123 PMCID: PMC8120797 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.19.2002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in Spain increased in summer 2020. Here we report on this increase and the local, regional and national public health measures taken in response. We analysed data from regional surveillance networks and the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network, both for human and animal West Nile virus (WNV) infection. During the 2020 season, a total of 77 human cases of WNV infection (median age 65 years; 60% males) were detected in the south-west of Spain; 72 (94%) of these cases developed WNND, presenting as meningoencephalitis, seven of which were fatal. In the previous two decades, only six human cases of WNND were detected in Spain. Reduced activities for vector control this season, together with other factors, might have contributed to the massive increase. Public health measures including vector control, campaigns to raise awareness among physicians and the general population, and interventions to ensure the safety of donations of blood products, organs, cells and tissues were effective to reduce transmission. Going forward, maintenance of vector control activities and an update of the vector-borne diseases response plan in Spain is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Martínez
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain.,National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Vázquez
- National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena García Villacieros
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Dirección General de Sanidad de la Producción Agraria, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Gómez Martín
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Dirección General de Sanidad de la Producción Agraria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola Borras
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Junta de Andalucía, Servicio de Vigilancia y Salud laboral Seville, Spain
| | | | - Elena Moro
- Ministry of Health, Scientific Committee on Transfusion Safety, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu de Celis
- Ministry of Health, Scientific Committee on Transfusion Safety, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Oyonarte
- Ministry of Health, Scientific Committee on Transfusion Safety, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis José Romero González
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Dirección General de Sanidad de la Producción Agraria, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz Sánchez-Seco
- National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation
| | | | - Ulises Ameyugo Catalán
- Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica. Subdirección de Protección de la Salud, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation
| | - Fernando Simón Soria
- Ministry of Health, Coordinating Center of Health Alerts and Emergencies, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Casimiro-Soriguer CS, Perez-Florido J, Fernandez-Rueda JL, Pedrosa-Corral I, Guillot-Sulay V, Lorusso N, Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Navarro-Marí JM, Dopazo J, Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S. Phylogenetic Analysis of the 2020 West Nile Virus (WNV) Outbreak in Andalusia (Spain). Viruses 2021; 13:836. [PMID: 34063166 PMCID: PMC8148183 DOI: 10.3390/v13050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreaks have continuously occurred in the Mediterranean area. In August 2020 a new WNV outbreak affected 71 people with meningoencephalitis in Andalusia and six more cases were detected in Extremadura (south-west of Spain), causing a total of eight deaths. The whole genomes of four viruses were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed in the context of recent outbreaks. The Andalusian viral samples belonged to lineage 1 and were relatively similar to those of previous outbreaks which occurred in the Mediterranean region. Here we present a detailed analysis of the outbreak, including an extensive phylogenetic study. As part on this effort, we implemented a local Nextstrain server, which has become a constituent piece of regional epidemiological surveillance, wherein forthcoming genomes of environmental samples or, eventually, future outbreaks, will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Casimiro-Soriguer
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Florido
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose L. Fernandez-Rueda
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
| | - Irene Pedrosa-Corral
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Guillot-Sulay
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, 41020, Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Luis Javier Martinez-Gonzalez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer—University of Granada—Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jose M. Navarro-Marí
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- ELIXIR.ES/FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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19
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Ushijima Y, Abe H, Nguema Ondo G, Bikangui R, Massinga Loembé M, Zadeh VR, Essimengane JGE, Mbouna AVN, Bache EB, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Yasuda J. Surveillance of the major pathogenic arboviruses of public health concern in Gabon, Central Africa: increased risk of West Nile virus and dengue virus infections. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:265. [PMID: 33731022 PMCID: PMC7966894 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing arbovirus infections have been a global burden in recent decades. Many countries have experienced the periodic emergence of arbovirus diseases. However, information on the prevalence of arboviruses is largely unknown or infrequently updated because of the lack of surveillance studies, especially in Africa. METHODS A surveillance study was conducted in Gabon, Central Africa, on arboviruses, which are a major public health concern in Africa, including: West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Serological and molecular assays were performed to investigate past infection history and the current status of infection, using serum samples collected from healthy individuals and febrile patients, respectively. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence during 2014-2017 was estimated to be 25.3% for WNV, 20.4% for DENV, 40.3% for ZIKV, 60.7% for YFV, 61.2% for CHIKV, and 14.3% for RVFV. No significant differences were found in the seroprevalence of any of the viruses between the male and female populations. However, a focus on the mean age in each arbovirus-seropositive individual showed a significantly younger age in WNV- and DENV-seropositive individuals than in CHIKV-seropositive individuals, indicating that WNV and DENV caused a relatively recent epidemic in the region, whereas CHIKV had actively circulated before. Of note, this indication was supported by the detection of both WNV and DENV genomes in serum samples collected from febrile patients after 2016. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the recent re-emergence of WNV and DENV in Gabon as well as the latest seroprevalence state of the major arboviruses, which indicated the different potential risks of virus infections and virus-specific circulation patterns. This information will be helpful for public health organizations and will enable a rapid response towards these arbovirus infections, thereby preventing future spread in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ushijima
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Rodrigue Bikangui
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marguerite Massinga Loembé
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vahid R. Zadeh
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Joseph G. E. Essimengane
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Selidji T. Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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20
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Intermite C, Vetrugno L, Pecori D, Pizzolitto S, Bove T. Diagnosing a disease in the new endemic area: challenging but not impossible. Minerva Anestesiol 2020; 86:1354-1356. [PMID: 32755089 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.20.14521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Intermite
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy -
| | - Luigi Vetrugno
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Davide Pecori
- Department of Specialistic Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Pizzolitto
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Laboratory Department of Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bove
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
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21
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Imported Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection in Spain: Neurological and Gastrointestinal Complications. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020156. [PMID: 32013149 PMCID: PMC7077332 DOI: 10.3390/v12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first human case of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 infection imported to Spain by a traveler returning from Romania. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine samples were analyzed and West Nile virus infection was identified by PCR and serological tests. The patient developed fever, diarrhea and neurological symptoms, accompanied by mild pancreatitis, described previously in very few cases as a complication of WNV infection and by alithiasic cholecystitis. Viral RNA was detected in urine until 30 days after the onset of symptoms and neutralizing antibodies were detected at very low titers. The phylogenetic analysis in a fragment of the NS5 gene of the virus showed a homology with sequences from WNV lineage 2 belonging to the monophyletic Central/Southern European group.
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22
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López-Ruiz N, Montaño-Remacha MDC, Durán-Pla E, Pérez-Ruiz M, Navarro-Marí JM, Salamanca-Rivera C, Miranda B, Oyonarte-Gómez S, Ruiz-Fernández J. West Nile virus outbreak in humans and epidemiological surveillance, west Andalusia, Spain, 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29637890 PMCID: PMC5894251 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.14.17-00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In Andalusia, Spain, West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance takes place from April to November, during the active vector period. Within this area seroconversion to this virus was evidenced in wild birds in 2004, affecting horses and two humans for the first time in 2010. Since 2010, the virus has been isolated every year in horses, and national and regional surveillance plans have been updated with the epidemiological changes found. WNV is spreading rapidly throughout southern Europe and has caused outbreaks in humans. Here we describe the second WNV outbreak in humans in Andalusia, with three confirmed cases, which occurred between August and September 2016, and the measures carried out to control it. Surveillance during the transmission season is essential to monitor and ensure prompt identification of any outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria López-Ruiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain.,Surveillance Department, Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Enric Durán-Pla
- Surveillance Department, Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz
- Network Cooperative Research in Tropical Diseases (RICET), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose María Navarro-Marí
- Network Cooperative Research in Tropical Diseases (RICET), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Celia Salamanca-Rivera
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Josefa Ruiz-Fernández
- General Secretary for Public Health and Consumption, Regional Ministry of Health, Andalusia, Spain
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23
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Targeting SUMO Modification of the Non-Structural Protein 5 of Zika Virus as a Host-Targeting Antiviral Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020392. [PMID: 30658479 PMCID: PMC6359730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of host or viral proteins are key strategies exploited by viruses to support virus replication and counteract host immune response. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification process mediated by a family of ubiquitin-like proteins called small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins. Multiple sequence alignment of 78 representative flaviviruses showed that most (72/78, 92.3%) have a putative SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) at their non-structural 5 (NS5) protein’s N-terminal domain. The putative SIM was highly conserved among 414 pre-epidemic and epidemic Zika virus (ZIKV) strains, with all of them having a putative SIM core amino acid sequence of VIDL (327/414, 79.0%) or VVDL (87/414, 21.0%). Molecular docking predicted that the hydrophobic SIM core residues bind to the β2 strand of the SUMO-1 protein, and the acidic residues flanking the core strengthen the binding through interactions with the basic surface of the SUMO protein. The SUMO inhibitor 2-D08 significantly reduced replication of flaviviruses and protected cells against ZIKV-induced cytopathic effects in vitro. A SIM-mutated ZIKV NS5 failed to efficiently suppress type I interferon signaling. Overall, these findings may suggest SUMO modification of the viral NS5 protein to be an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification process among flaviviruses to enhance virus replication and suppress host antiviral response.
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24
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Ziyaeyan M, Behzadi MA, Leyva-Grado VH, Azizi K, Pouladfar G, Dorzaban H, Ziyaeyan A, Salek S, Jaber Hashemi A, Jamalidoust M. Widespread circulation of West Nile virus, but not Zika virus in southern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007022. [PMID: 30557321 PMCID: PMC6312345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne viral infections. Over the past few decades, WNV has been associated with several outbreaks involving high numbers of neuroinvasive diseases among humans. The recent re-emergence of ZIKV has been associated with congenital malformation and also with Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. The geographic range of arthropod-borne viruses has been rapidly increasing in recent years. The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of IgG specific antibodies and the genome of WNV and ZIKV in human samples, as well as WNV and ZIKV genomes in wild-caught mosquitoes in urban and rural areas of the Hormozgan province, in southern Iran. A total of 494 serum samples were tested for the presence of WNV and ZIKV IgG antibodies using ELISA assays. One hundred and two (20.6%) samples were reactive for WNV IgG antibodies. All serum samples were negative for ZIKV IgG antibodies. Using the multivariable logistic analysis, age (45+ vs. 1-25; OR = 3.4, 95% C.I.: 1.8-6.3), occupation (mostly outdoor vs. mostly indoor; OR = 2.4, 95% C.I.: 1.1-5.2), and skin type(type I/II vs. type III/IV and type V/VI; OR = 4.3, 95% C.I.: 1.7-10.8 and OR = 2.7, 95% C.I.: 1.3-5.5 respectively, skin types based on Fitzpatrick scale) showed significant association with WNV seroreactivity. We collected 2,015 mosquitoes in 136 pools belonging to 5 genera and 14 species. Three pools of Culex pipiens complex were positive for WNV RNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR). ZIKV RNA was not detected in any of the pools. All WNV ELISA reactive serum samples were negative for WNV RNA. In conclusion, we provided evidence of the establishment of WNV in southern Iran and no proof of ZIKV in serum samples or in mosquito vectors. The establishment of an organized arbovirus surveillance system and active case finding strategies seems to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor Hugo Leyva-Grado
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hedayat Dorzaban
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Salek
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aghyl Jaber Hashemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Hemida MG, Perera RAPM, Chu DKW, Ko RLW, Alnaeem AA, Peiris M. West Nile virus infection in horses in Saudi Arabia (in 2013-2015). Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:248-253. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maged G. Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine; King Faisal University; Al-Hasa Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kafrelsheikh University; Kafrelsheikh Egypt
| | | | - Daniel K. W. Chu
- School of Public Health; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Ronald L. W. Ko
- School of Public Health; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Abdelmohsen A. Alnaeem
- Department of Clinical studies, College of Veterinary Medicine; King Faisal University; Al-Hasa Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
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26
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Rebollo B, Pérez T, Camuñas A, Pérez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, Sánchez-Seco MP, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Venteo Á. A monoclonal antibody to DIII E protein allowing the differentiation of West Nile virus from other flaviviruses by a lateral flow assay. J Virol Methods 2018; 260:41-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): West Nile fever. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04955. [PMID: 32625621 PMCID: PMC7009844 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile fever (WNF) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of WNF to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of WNF according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to WNF. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, WNF can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for WNF according to Article 8(3) criteria are several orders of birds and mammals as susceptible species and several families of birds as reservoir. Different mosquito species can serve as vectors.
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