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Souza BMN, Miñán AG, Brambilla IR, Pinto JG, Garcia MT, Junqueira JC, Ferreira-Strixino J. Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with photodithazine® on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Studies in biofilms and experimental model with Galleria mellonella. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 252:112860. [PMID: 38330692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are a severe health problem due to the high mortality rate. Conventional treatment of these infections is via the administration of antibiotics. However, its indiscriminate use can select resistant microorganisms. Thus, it is necessary to develop alternatives for antibiotic therapy. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), a therapeutic method that associates a photosensitizer (PS), a light source with adequate wavelength to the PS, interacts with molecular oxygen generating reactive oxygen species responsible for cell inactivation, is a viable alternative. This work aimed to analyze, in vitro and in vivo, the action of aPDT with PS Photodithazine® (PDZ) on the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. In the in vitro method, the S. aureus biofilm was incubated with PDZ at 50 and 75 μg.mL-1 for 15 min, adopting the light dose of 25, 50, and 100 J/cm2. In addition, PS interaction, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), bacterial metabolism, adhesion, bacterial viability, and biofilm structure were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, the strain was inoculated into models of Galleria mellonella, and the survival curve, health scale, blood cell analysis, and CFU/mL of S. aureus in the hemolymph were analyzed after aPDT. In the in vitro results, bacterial reduction was observed in the different PDZ concentrations, highlighting the parameters of 75 μg.mL-1 of PDZ and 100 J/cm2. As for in vivo results, aPDT increased survival and stimulated the immune system of G. mellonella infected by S. aureus. aPDT proved effective in both models, demonstrating its potential as an alternative therapy in treating MRSA bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Müller N Souza
- Photobiology Applied to Health (PhotoBioS Lab), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Guillermo Miñán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Isabelle Ribeiro Brambilla
- Photobiology Applied to Health (PhotoBioS Lab), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Guerra Pinto
- Photobiology Applied to Health (PhotoBioS Lab), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Photobiology Applied to Health (PhotoBioS Lab), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Belashov AV, Zhikhoreva AA, Gorbunova IA, Sasin ME, Shayakhmedov SS, Semenova IV. Photophysical properties of Radachlorin photosensitizer in solutions of different pH, viscosity and polarity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123480. [PMID: 37827004 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a thorough experimental investigation of fluorescence properties of Radachlorin photosensitizer in solutions of different acidity, viscosity and polarity. Experiments were performed using time-resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging and time-resolved analysis of polarized fluorescence. Variations of solution acidity resulted in considerable changes of Radachlorin fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime in the pH range from 4 to 7, but did not affect the rotational diffusion time, and almost did not change the quantum yield and characteristic times of singlet oxygen phosphorescence. Variations of solution polarity and viscosity were achieved by changing ethanol or methanol fraction in aqueous solution. The decrease of solution polarity resulted in nonlinear rise of Radachlorin fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime up to alcohol concentration of 50%-65%, as well as in considerable rise of singlet oxygen quantum yield and significant changes in characteristic times of its phosphorescence. Variations of solution viscosity resulted in changes of rotational diffusion time of Radachlorin molecules, which appeared to be in perfect correlation with methanol solution viscosity. Good correspondence with ethanol solution viscosity was observed only up to 50% alcohol fraction. Deviations of rotational diffusion time of Radachlorin molecules from direct proportionality with solution viscosity at higher ethanol concentrations were suggested to be due to different solvation conditions. The data obtained can give important reference points for analysis of microenvironment of Radachlorin molecules, their intracellular localization and performance in singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Belashov
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - A A Zhikhoreva
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - I A Gorbunova
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - M E Sasin
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - Sh S Shayakhmedov
- Chemical Analysis and Materials Research Centre, St.Petersburg State University, St.Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - I V Semenova
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
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Krivosheeva OP, Doctor MA, Larkina EA, Vedenkin AS, Nikolskaya TA. Effect of substituents in chlorin e 6 derivatives on the loading efficiency of the photosensitizer into the liposome membrane and their biological activity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103328. [PMID: 36775229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we incorporated the hydrophobic alkylamide and hydroxyalkylamide derivatives of chlorin e6 into the lipid bilayer of liposomes. We obtained the data on the effectiveness of incorporation of studied compounds and have determined the size of liposomes and their stability when stored in liquid form. We also investigated the bioactivity of chlorin photosensitizers and compared the photodynamic activity of studied compounds in free and liposomal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Krivosheeva
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Pr. Vernadskogo, 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia
| | - Maxim A Doctor
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Pr. Vernadskogo, 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Larkina
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Pr. Vernadskogo, 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia
| | - Alexander S Vedenkin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Tatiana A Nikolskaya
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin St. 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Seo CW, Kim YK, An JL, Kim JS, Kwon PS, Yu YB. The effect of photodynamic therapy using Radachlorin on biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant bacteria. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:290-297. [PMID: 36097751 PMCID: PMC9468690 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the inhibition and removal of biofilms containing multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. METHODS Using multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains, an antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Gram-negative identification card of the Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux Inc., France), as well as an analysis of resistance genes, the effects of treatment with a light-emitting diode (LED) array using Radachlorin (RADA-PHARMA Co., Ltd., Russia), and transmission and scanning electron microscopy to confirm the biofilm-inhibitory effect of PDT. RESULTS The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed multiple resistance to the antibiotics imipenem and meropenem in the carbapenem class. A class-D-type β-lactamase was found, and OXA-23 and OXA-51 were found in 100% of 15 A. baumannii strains. After PDT using Radachlorin, morphological observations revealed an abnormal structure due to the loss of the cell membrane and extensive morphological changes, including low intracellular visibility and small vacuoles attached to the cell membrane. CONCLUSION PDT involving a combination of LED and Radachlorin significantly eliminated the biofilm of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. Observations made using electron microscopy showed that PDT combining LED and Radachlorin was effective. Additional studies on the effective elimination of biofilms containing multidrug-resistant bacteria are necessary, and we hope that a treatment method superior to sterilization with antibiotics will be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Won Seo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dongeui Institute of Technology, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Lib An
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Sook Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pil-Seung Kwon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
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Martinovich GG, Martinovich IV, Vcherashniaya AV, Zenkov NK, Menshchikova EB, Cherenkevich SN. Chemosensitization of Tumor Cells by Phenolic Antioxidants: The Role of the Nrf2 Transcription Factor. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635092006010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zhang XJ, Han GY, Guo CY, Ma ZQ, Lin MY, Wang Y, Miao ZY, Zhang WN, Sheng CQ, Yao JZ. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3 1-hexyloxy chlorin e 6-based 15 2- or 13 1-amino acid derivatives as potent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112715. [PMID: 32846322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the biological effectiveness and pharmacokinetic properties of chlorin e6, a second-generation photosensitizer (PS), for tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, the novel 31-hexyloxy chlorin e6-based 152- or 131-amino acid derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c and 8 were synthesized and their photophysical properties and in vitro bioactivities such as phototoxicity against A549, HeLa and melanoma B16-F10 cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subcellular localization were evaluated. In addition, preferred target compounds were also investigated for their in vivo pharmacokinetic in SD rats and in vivo antitumor efficacies in C57BL/6 mice bearing melanoma B16-F10 cells. Apparently, simultaneous introduction of amino acid residue and n-hexyloxy chain in chlorin e6 made a significant improvement in photophysical properties, ROS production, in vitro and in vivo PDT efficacy. Encouragingly, all target compounds showed higher in vitro phototoxicity than Talaporfin, and that 3c (152-Lys) exhibited strongest phototoxicity and highest dark toxicity/phototoxicity ratio, followed by 8 (131-Asp), 3a (152-Asp) and 3b (152-Glu). Moreover, in vivo PDT antitumor efficacy of 3a, 3c and 8 was all better than that of Talaporfin, and that both 3c and 8 had stronger PDT antitumor efficiency than 3a. The overall results suggested that these novel 31-hexyloxy chlorin e6-based 152- or 131-amino acid derivatives, especially 3c and 8, might be potential antitumor candidate drugs for clinical treatment of melanoma by PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Gui-Yan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chang-Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mei-Yu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wan-Nian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chun-Quan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, 750004, China.
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Photodynamic cancer therapy enhances accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor-associated myeloid cells. J Control Release 2019; 320:19-31. [PMID: 31899272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, nanomedicines may be employed in an attempt to improve the tumor localization of antineoplastic drugs e.g. immunotherapeutic agents either through passive or active targeting, thereby potentially enhancing therapeutic effect and reducing undesired off-target effects. However, a large number of administrated nanocarriers often fail to reach the tumor area. In the present study, we show that photodynamic therapy (PDT) enhances the tumor accumulation of systemically administered lipid-PEG layer coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP). Intravital microscopy and histological analysis of the tumor area reveal that the tumor vasculature was disrupted after PDT, disturbing blood flow and coinciding with entrapment of nanocarriers in the tumor area. We observed that the nanoparticles accumulating after treatment do not confine to specific locations within the tumor, but rather localize to various cells present throughout the tumor area. Finally, we show by flow cytometry that NP accumulation occurred mostly in immune cells of the myeloid lineage present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as in tumor cells, albeit to a lower extent. These data expose opportunities for combination treatments of clinical PDT with NP-based immunotherapy to modulate the TME and improve antitumor immune responses.
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8
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Azizi A, Shohrati P, Goudarzi M, Lawaf S, Rahimi A. Comparison of the effect of photodynamic therapy with curcumin and methylene Blue on streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:203-209. [PMID: 31176042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a bacterium that colonizes in the mouth and is a common cause of dental caries and periodontal diseases. This bacterium comprises 70% of the bacteria in the dental plaque. Although tooth decay is a multifactorial complication, S. mutans biofilms are the main cause of cavitated carious lesions. Considering the importance of this microorganism, we aimed at investigating the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using curcumin (CUR) and methylene blue (MB) photosensitizers on S. mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in-vitro experimental study, first, samples of S. mutans were prepared in 110 test tubes and were randomly assigned to 11 groups after colony counting: 1) Positive control group, 2) Negative control group, 3) CUR extract group, 4) 460-nm laser group, 5) 460-nm continuous laser + CUR group, 6) 460-nm discontinues 50% duty cycle (DC) laser + CUR group, 7) 660-nm laser group, 8) 660-nm laser + MB group, 9) MB group, 10) dental light-curing group, and 11) chlorhexidine (CHX) group. After the intervention, cultivation was performed again in blood agar medium, and the bacterial colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were counted again. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. RESULTS CHX and 460-nm low-level continuous laser + CUR had the highest and most significant effect on inhibiting the growth of S. mutans bacterial colonies and showed significant differences with other groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION According to the results, MB- and CUR-mediated PDT can significantly eradicate S. mutans colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Azizi
- Oral medicine department, Faculty of dentistry, Tehran medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parastoo Shohrati
- Oral medicine department, Faculty of dentistry, Tehran medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Lawaf
- Prosthodontics department, Faculty of dentistry, Tehran medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran.
| | - Arash Rahimi
- Biophysics department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
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Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. How Does the Encapsulation of Porphyrinic Photosensitizers into Polymer Matrices Affect Their Self-Association and Dynamic Properties? Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1089-1102. [PMID: 29384257 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with porphyrinic photosensitizers largely relies on efficient drug formulations to prevent porphyrin aggregation and to enhance water solubility and stability in physiologic environments. In this study, we compare two polymeric carrier systems, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and block copolymer micelles (BCMs) formed by the poloxamer Kolliphor P188 (KP), for their encapsulation efficiencies of porphyrin (xPP) and chlorin e6 (xCE) derivatives. Monomerization, loading efficiency, and dynamic properties were examined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy chemical shift titration, DOSY, and T2 relaxation time measurements. Binding affinity was determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Both PVP and KP-BCMs were well suited to disaggregate and encapsulate amphiphilic xCE, whereas they were less efficient for the xPP compounds. PVP exhibited higher monomerization efficiency than KP-BCMs. Significant differences were found in the dynamic behavior of the carriers. PVP formed rather stable complexes with the porphyrinic compounds, whereas a dynamic equilibrium between free and bound porphyrins was found to exist in the presence of KP-BCMs. This may have a considerable impact on the pharmacokinetic properties of the corresponding delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilche Gjuroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Kostryukova LV, Prozorovskiy VN, Medvedeva NV, Ipatova OM. Comparison of a new nanoform of the photosensitizer chlorin e6, based on plant phospholipids, with its free form. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:201-210. [PMID: 29435410 PMCID: PMC5794465 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an advanced method of treating cancer and various benign diseases, including infections. It uses light-activated molecules [photosensitizers (PSs)] to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when irradiated with light of a specific wavelength. This study examined the photophysical and photosensitizing activity of the PS chlorin e6 incorporated in a delivery system based on plant phospholipids. This new nanoform of chlorin e6 comprised particles with a diameter of 18.4 ± 2.5 nm and zeta potential of -34.6 ± 3.0 mV. Incorporation of chlorin e6 in phospholipid nanoparticles was observed to cause a bathochromic shift of Q-band absorption maximum by 14 nm without an absorption change in the range of the Soret band. Fluorescence intensity of chlorin e6 embedded in the phospholipid nanoparticles increased 1.7-fold. Chlorin e6 in phospholipid nanoparticles, when irradiated, was able to generate ROS as shown by oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the phospholipid matrix of the delivery system and reduced l-glutathione. In vivo it was demonstrated that the new nanoform of chlorin e6 provides more accumulation of PSs in tumor tissue than its free form. Moreover, its accumulation in the skin was lower and its elimination from the skin almost five times faster than when administered in free form. The observed differences of this new nanoform of chlorin e6 should lead to enhancement of antitumor efficacy and a decrease in phototoxicity.
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Moritz MN, Rossa C, de Oliveira KT, Uliana MP, Perussi JR. Phototoxicity in a laryngeal cancer cell line enhanced by a targeting amphiphilic chlorin photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:355-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Belik VP, Gadzhiev IM, Semenova IV, Vasyutinskii OS. Time-resolved spectral analysis of Radachlorin luminescence in water. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 178:181-184. [PMID: 28187316 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report results of spectral- and time-resolved study of Radachlorin photosensitizer luminescence in water in the spectral range of 950-1350nm and for determination of the photosensitizer triplet state and the singlet oxygen lifetimes responsible for singlet oxygen generation and degradation. At any wavelength within the explored spectral range the luminescence decay contained two major contributions: a fast decay at the ns time scale and a slow evolution at the μs time scale. The fast decay was attributed to electric dipole fluorescence transitions in photosensitizer molecules and the slow evolution to intercombination phosphorescence transitions in singlet oxygen and photosensitizer molecules. Relatively high-amplitude ns peak observed at all wavelengths suggests that singlet oxygen monitoring with spectral isolation methods alone, without additional temporal resolution can be controversial. In the applied experimental conditions the total phosphorescence signal at any wavelength contained a contribution from the photosensitizer triplet state decay, while at 1274nm the singlet oxygen phosphorescence dominated. The results obtained can be used for optimization of the methods of singlet oxygen monitoring and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Belik
- Ioffe Institute, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - I M Gadzhiev
- Ioffe Institute, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - I V Semenova
- Ioffe Institute, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - O S Vasyutinskii
- Ioffe Institute, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg 194021, Russia; Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya 29, St.Petersburg 195251, Russia.
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14
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Beltukova D, Semenova I, Smolin A, Vasyutinskii O. Kinetics of photobleaching of Radachlorin® photosensitizer in aqueous solutions. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Klimenko VV, Knyazev NA, Moiseenko FV, Rusanov AA, Bogdanov AA, Dubina MV. Pulse mode of laser photodynamic treatment induced cell apoptosis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 13:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jinadasa RGW, Zhou Z, Vicente MGH, Smith KM. Syntheses and cellular investigations of di-aspartate and aspartate-lysine chlorin e(6) conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1049-64. [PMID: 26633562 PMCID: PMC4701634 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02241j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorin e6 is a tricarboxylic acid degradation product of chlorophyll a. Four chlorin e6 bis(amino acid) conjugates were regioselectively synthesized bearing two aspartate conjugates in the 13(1),17(3)- and 15(2),17(3)-positions, or at the 13(1),15(2)via an ethylene diamine linker. One additional conjugate bearing two different amino acids, lysine at 13(1)via an ethylene diamine linker and an aspartate at 15(2)via a β-alanine linker was also synthesized. The cytotoxicity and uptake of four di(amino acid) chlorin e6 conjugates were investigated in human HEp2 cells, and compared with chlorin e6. The most cytotoxic and most taken up conjugates were the zwitterionic 13(1),15(2)-disubstituted conjugates 28 and 33; these also localized in multiple organelles. In contrast, the anionic 13(1),17(3)- and 15(2),17(3)-di-aspartyl chlorin e6 conjugates 12 and 13 showed low dark cytoxicity and lower phototoxicity compared with chlorin e6.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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John JV, Chung CW, Johnson RP, Jeong YI, Chung KD, Kang DH, Suh H, Chen H, Kim I. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Vesicular Nanospheres Fabricated by Lipopolymer Hybrids for Tumor-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:20-31. [PMID: 26636723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smart delivery system of photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) has been developed for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). Simple self-assemblies of the mixtures comprising soybean lecithin derived phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine-poly(L-histidine)40 (PE-p(His)40), and folic acid (FA) conjugated phosphatidylethanolamine-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)40 (PE-p(NIPAM)40-FA) in different ratios yield smart nanospheres characterized by (i) stable and uniform particle size (∼100 nm), (ii) positive surface charge, (iii) high hydrophobic drug (Ce6) loading efficiency up to 45%, (iv) covalently linked targeting moiety, (v) low cytotoxicity, and (vi) smartness showing p(His) block oriented pH and p(NIPAM) oriented temperature responsiveness. The Ce6-encapsulated vesicular nanospheres (Ce6@VNS) were used to confirm the efficiency of cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and phototoxicity against KB tumor cells compared to free Ce6 at different temperature and pH conditions. The Ce6@VNS system showed significant photodynamic therapeutic efficiency on KB cells than free Ce6. A receptor-mediated inhibition study proved the site-specific delivery of Ce6 in targeted tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson V John
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Wook Chung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pusan National University Hospital , Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Renjith P Johnson
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital , Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Don Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University , Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pusan National University Hospital , Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsuk Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Il Kim
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Ghoodarzi R, Changizi V, Montazerabadi AR, Eyvazzadaeh N. Assessing of integration of ionizing radiation with Radachlorin-PDT on MCF-7 breast cancer cell treatment. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 31:213-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kleinovink JW, van Driel PB, Snoeks TJ, Prokopi N, Fransen MF, Cruz LJ, Mezzanotte L, Chan A, Löwik CW, Ossendorp F. Combination of Photodynamic Therapy and Specific Immunotherapy Efficiently Eradicates Established Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1459-68. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Guo X, Wang L, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang F, Song B, Zhao W. Syntheses of new chlorin derivatives containing maleimide functional group and their photodynamic activity evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4078-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Hädener M, Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Interactions of Polyvinylpyrrolidone with Chlorin e6-Based Photosensitizers Studied by NMR and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12117-28. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Hädener
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilche Gjuroski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Photodynamic effect of Radachlorin on nerve and glial cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:357-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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van Leeuwen-van Zaane F, van Driel PB, Gamm UA, Snoeks TJ, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Löwik CW, Sterenborg HJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Microscopic analysis of the localization of two chlorin-based photosensitizers in OSC19 tumors in the mouse oral cavity. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:224-34. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Leeuwen-van Zaane
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pieter B.A.A. van Driel
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Ute A. Gamm
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J.A. Snoeks
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte S. de Bruijn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Angelique van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W.G.M. Löwik
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J.C.M. Sterenborg
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J. Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Dovigo LN, Carmello JC, Carvalho MT, Mima EG, Vergani CE, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodynamic inactivation of clinical isolates of Candida using Photodithazine®. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1057-1067. [PMID: 24025068 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.827668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) mediated by Photodithazine(®) (PDZ) against 15 clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. Each isolate, in planktonic and biofilm form, was exposed to PDI by assessing a range of PDZ concentrations and light emitting diode fluences. Cell survival of the planktonic suspensions was determined by colony forming units (CFU ml(-1)). The antifungal effects of PDI against biofilms were evaluated by CFU ml(-1) and metabolic assay. Data were analyzed by non-parametric tests (α = 0.05). Regardless of the species, PDI promoted a significant viability reduction of planktonic yeasts. The highest reduction in cell viability of the biofilms was equivalent to 0.9 log10 (CFU ml(-1)) for C. albicans, while 1.4 and 1.5 log10 reductions were obtained for C. tropicalis and C. glabrata, respectively. PDI reduced the metabolic activity of biofilms by 62.1, 76.0, and 76.9% for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, respectively. PDZ-mediated PDI promoted significant reduction in the viability of Candida isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Dovigo
- a Department of Social Dentistry , Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , Brazil
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25
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Ponomarev GV, Solovieva MN, Dugin NO, Zavialova MG, Mehtiev AR, Misharin AY, Novikov RA, Tkachev YV, Popenko VI, Timofeev VP. Lipophilic derivatives of natural chlorins: Synthesis, mixed micelles with phospholipids, and uptake by cultured cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5420-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Hwang H, Biswas R, Chung PS, Ahn JC. Modulation of EGFR and ROS induced cytochrome c release by combination of photodynamic therapy and carboplatin in human cultured head and neck cancer cells and tumor xenograft in nude mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 128:70-7. [PMID: 24035846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy in combination with different treatment modalities has been evaluated to study the mechanism of cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis in various forms of cancer. In the present study, human head and neck cancer cells were treated with radachlorin mediated photodynamic therapy and the chemotherapy drug, carboplatin singly or in combination. Several parameters were studied to check the enhanced cytotoxicity of combination therapy at different time interval. From the cell viability study by MTT assay, a 22% decrease in cell viability was observed in combination treatment. This enhanced activity of combination treatment was confirmed by cell migration assay and Hoechst PI staining. Generation of reactive oxygen species was observed and found to be higher than that of individual treatments. Cytochrome c was found to be released from mitochondria that also induced the enhance efficacy in combination treatment. The expression of other proteins like EGFR and PARP was also modulated with the time of incubation after treatment. In the tumor xenograft study in nude mouse model, the carboplatin treated group did not show any noticeable changes in tumor volume whereas tumor volume was reduced in PDT and the combination group. Though the difference in the reduction of the tumor size was not significant between PDT and combination group, there was a difference in the expression of EGFR between these two groups. Histologic study of the inhibition in tumor growth was also performed. Therefore, this study may provide an avenue of combating head and neck cancer by a combination of conventional chemotherapy and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Sorkhdini P, Moslemi N, Jamshidi S, Jamali R, Amirzargar AA, Fekrazad R. Effect of hydrosoluble chlorine-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on clinical parameters and cytokine profile in ligature-induced periodontitis in dogs. J Periodontol 2012; 84:793-800. [PMID: 22813345 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a hydrosoluble chlorine composed of sodium salts chlorine e6, chlorine p6, and purpurine-5 has been shown to be a promising photosensitizer in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of adjunctive application of hydrosoluble chlorine-mediated aPDT compared with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone on clinical parameters and cytokine levels in gingival crevicular fluid of dogs with experimental periodontitis. METHODS Periodontal disease was induced by placing silk ligatures around both maxillary and mandibular teeth. After establishment of attachment loss, full-mouth SRP was performed in all dogs. One day after SRP, each quadrant randomly received one of the following treatment modalities: hydrosoluble chlorine plus diode laser (wavelength 662 nm, power 100 mW, continuous mode, time of irradiation 20 seconds), hydrosoluble chlorine alone, laser alone, or no adjunctive treatment. The same adjunctive procedure was repeated 1 week later. Clinical parameters including periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing, as well as crevicular levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, were evaluated at baseline, at 3 weeks, and at 3 months after treatment. RESULTS After both 3 weeks and 3 months, all treatment groups showed significant improvement in all clinical and immunologic parameters (P <0.001). No significant differences were found between the four groups with regard to the measured parameters (P >0.05). CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, adjunctive use of hydrosoluble chlorine-mediated aPDT with the current setting has no additional effect on the clinical parameters or proinflammatory cytokine levels in ligature-induced periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parand Sorkhdini
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Kwak SY, Lim DS, Bae SM, Kim YW, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Han SJ, Kim JK, Lee CH, Chun HJ, Ahn WS. Photodynamic effects of Radachlorin® on cervical cancer model. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be effective for treating various tumors and induce apoptosis in many tumor cells. In this study, we examined a biological significance of PDT with a chlorin-based photosensitizer, Radachlorin®, in a cervical cancer model, TC-1 cells. When TC-1 cells were exposed to varied doses of Radachlorin® with light irradiation (6.25 J/cm2), PDT induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition of TC-1 cells. All of these cells were significantly damaged after light irradiation and categorized to be early and late apoptosis, as determined by annexin V staining. Radachlorin® localized primarily into the Golgi apparatus of cells in 12 h of the treatment, and weak fluorescence intensity was also detected in mitochondria. On the other hand, in the in vivo experiments, following light irradiation (100 J/cm2), retarded tumor growth was significant in mice treated with Radachlorin®, as compared to the control group. Taken together, we propose that PDT after the application of Radachlorin® may induce the Golgi apparatus-mediated apoptosis of cervical cancer cells in vitro, and also be effective in the mice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kwak
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Bae
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Joon-Mo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Namkoong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Sei-Jun Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Jong-Ki Kim
- Department of Radiology, Thoracic surgery, and Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University Hospital of Taegu, Taegu 705-718, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Heung-Jae Chun
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
| | - Woong-Shick Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137-040, Korea
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Jinadasa RGW, Hu X, Vicente MGH, Smith KM. Syntheses and cellular investigations of 17(3)-, 15(2)-, and 13(1)-amino acid derivatives of chlorin e(6). J Med Chem 2011; 54:7464-76. [PMID: 21936519 DOI: 10.1021/jm2005139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino acid conjugates of chlorin e(6), containing lysine or aspartic acid residues in positions 17(3), 15(2), or 13(1) of the macrocycle were synthesized and investigated as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of tumors. All three regioisomers were synthesized in good yields and in five steps or less from pheophytin a (1). In vitro investigations using human carcinoma HEp2 cells show that the 15(2)-lysyl regioisomers accumulate the most within cells, and the most phototoxic are the 13(1) regioisomers. The main determinant of biological efficacy appears to be the conjugation site, probably because of molecular conformation. Molecular modeling investigations reveal that the 17(3)-substituted chlorin e(6) conjugates are L-shaped, the 15(2) and 13(1) regioisomers assume extended conformations, and the 13(1) derivatives are nearly linear. It is hypothesized that the 13(1)-aspartylchlorin e(6) conjugate may be a more efficient photosensitizer for PDT than the commercial currently used 15(2) derivative.
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Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan®, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240-96. [PMID: 21848905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the development and study of the second-generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin through to its acceptance and clinical use in modern photodynamic (cancer) therapy. The literature has been covered up to early 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Fekrazad R, Bargrizan M, Sajadi S, Sajadi S. Evaluation of the effect of photoactivated disinfection with Radachlorin(®) against Streptococcus mutans (an in vitro study). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:249-53. [PMID: 21864798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.03.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of photoactivated disinfection has had a significant medical and technological effect in bacterial inactivation, as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial methods. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of photoactivated disinfection on Streptococcus mutans, when Radachlorin(®) was used as a photosensitizer. METHODS Streptococcus mutans samples of two different initial concentrations were treated with Radachlorin(®) gel (0.1%), irradiated by the light of a He-Ne laser (633nm), with energy density of 6J/cm(2), and cell viability was evaluated after culturing. RESULTS It was observed that the combination of Radachlorin(®) and laser was more effective than Radachlorin(®) or laser alone (p<0.05), in reduction of S. mutans and Radachlorin(®) was cytotoxic, in the dark, only for the lower concentration of bacteria. Lower concentration of S. mutans resulted in higher amount of killing, in the case of using Radachlorin(®) with or without laser. CONCLUSIONS The photoactivation of Radachlorin(®) using a He-Ne laser could inactivate S. mutans to a significant level. In addition Radachlorin(®) might be cytotoxic in the dark, for the lower concentration of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fekrazad
- Department of Dentistry, AJA University of Medical Sciences - Laser Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kochneva EV, Filonenko EV, Vakulovskaya EG, Scherbakova EG, Seliverstov OV, Markichev NA, Reshetnickov AV. Photosensitizer Radachlorin®: Skin cancer PDT phase II clinical trials. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:258-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Douillard S, Lhommeau I, Olivier D, Patrice T. In vitro evaluation of Radachlorin® sensitizer for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 98:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Peripheral neural cell sensitivity to mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy in a 3D in vitro model. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:658-65. [PMID: 19638975 PMCID: PMC2736832 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on neural cells is important when tumours are within or adjacent to the nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate PDT using the photosensitiser, meta-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC), on rat neurons and satellite glia, compared with human adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7). Methods: Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that mTHPC was incorporated into all three cell types. Sensitivity of cells exposed to mTHPC-PDT (0–10 μg ml–1) was determined in a novel 3-dimensional collagen gel culture system. Cell death was quantified using propidium iodide and cell types were distinguished using immunocytochemistry. In some cases, neuron survival was confirmed by measuring subsequent neurite growth in monolayer culture. Results: MCF-7s and satellite glia were significantly more sensitive to PDT than neurons. Importantly, 4 μg ml–1 mTHPC-PDT caused no significant neuron death compared with untreated controls but was sufficient to elicit substantial cell death in the other cell types. Initially, treatment reduced neurite length; neurons then extended neurites equivalent to those of untreated controls. The protocol was validated using hypericin (0–3 μg ml–1), which caused neuron death equivalent to other cell types. Conclusion: Neurons in culture can survive mTHPC-PDT under conditions sufficient to kill tumour cells and other nervous system cells.
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Juzeniene A. Chlorin e6-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 6:94-6. [PMID: 19683209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Douillard S, Olivier D, Patrice T. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Radachlorin® sensitizer for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:405-13. [DOI: 10.1039/b817175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Uzdenskii AB, Kolosov MS, Lobanov AV. Neuron and gliocyte death induced by photodynamic treatment: signal processes and neuron-glial interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 38:727-35. [PMID: 18720010 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-008-9042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of photodynamic (PD) damage to neurons and gliocytes are discussed. The spike reactions of neurons are described, with stimulation at high concentrations of photosensitizer and inhibition at low concentrations, accompanying necrosis. Glial cells developed both necrosis and apoptosis. Local laser inactivation of neurons increased light-induced apoptosis of gliocytes, i.e., neurons maintained gliocyte survival. Inter-and intracellular signaling plays an important role in the photolesioning of these cells. Studies using inhibitors and activators of signal proteins demonstrated the involvement of the Ca(2+)-dependent, adenylate cyclase, and tyrosine kinase pathways in the responses of neurons and gliocytes to PD treatment. Pharmacological modulation may alter the selectivity of PD neuron and gliocyte damage and the efficacy of PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Uzdenskii
- A. B. Kogan institute of Neurocybernetics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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Park EK, Bae SM, Kwak SY, Lee SJ, Kim YW, Han CH, Cho HJ, Kim KT, Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Ahn WS. Photodynamic therapy with recombinant adenovirus AdmIL-12 enhances anti-tumour therapy efficacy in human papillomavirus 16 (E6/E7) infected tumour model. Immunology 2008; 124:461-8. [PMID: 18397271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers great promise as a new alternative for cancer treatment; however, its use remains experimental. Here we investigated the utility of adenoviral delivery of interleukin-12 (AdmIL-12) as an adjuvant for PDT in mouse tumour challenge model. PDT was performed by irradiating Radachlorin in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with TC-1 cells. PDT plus AdmIL-12 treatment for tumour suppression as well as specific immune responses were evaluated with the following tests: in vitro and in vivo tumour growth inhibition, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) assay, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay. Direct intratumoral injection of AdmIL-12 resulted in a significant suppression of tumour growth compared to the control group. Treatment of PDT along with AdmIL-12 further enhanced antitumour effects significantly higher than either AdmIL-12 or PDT alone. This combined treatment resulted in complete regression of 9-mm sized tumour in every animal. We also evaluated immune responses induced by these treatments. Combined treatment significantly increased the production level of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha compared with that by AdmIL-12 or PDT alone. PDT plus AdmIL-12 enhanced antitumour immunity through increased expansion of the CTL subset mediated by CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the high anti-cancer activity of PDT with AdmIL-12 is a powerful tool against cancer therapy and is a promising subject for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bae SM, Kim YW, Kwak SY, Kim YW, Ro DY, Shin JC, Park CH, Han SJ, Oh CH, Kim CK, Ahn WS. Photodynamic therapy-generated tumor cell lysates with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide enhance immunotherapy efficacy in human papillomavirus 16 (E6/E7) immortalized tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:747-52. [PMID: 17425690 PMCID: PMC11159296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers great promise as a new alternative for cancer treatment; however, its use remains experimental. In this study, we examined the immunotherapeutic significance of human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized tumor cell lysates induced by PDT with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). PDT-cell lysates were generated by irradiating Radachlorin (5 microg/mL) preloaded TC-1 cells carrying HPV 16 E7. PDT-cell lysates plus ODN coinjection for protection against E7-expressing tumors as well as specific immune responses were evaluated with the following tests: heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in vitro and in vivo tumor growth inhibition, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) assay, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assay, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. PDT-cell lysates plus ODN coinjection showed a significant suppression of tumor growth at both prophylactic and therapeutic levels, compared to PDT (or F/T)-cell lysates or ODN alone. In addition, we evaluated the level of the immune response with the coinjection. HSP70, an important regulator of inflammatory and immune response, was observed in abundance in the PDT-cell lysates. IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses were induced by PDT-cell lysates plus ODN injection. The coinjection resulted in PDT-cell lysate-specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3) and T-helper cell responses significantly higher than PDT-cell lysates alone. Moreover, IFN-gamma production and CTL responses were significantly induced in the PDT-cell lysate plus ODN immunized groups. These enhanced immune responses appeared to be mediated by CD8+ T cells only. These data suggest that PDT-cell lysates plus ODN injection may be an effective approach to induce CTL immune responses as a possible immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Bae
- Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
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Voszka I, Budai M, Szabó Z, Maillard P, Csík G, Gróf P. Interaction of photosensitizers with liposomes containing unsaturated lipid. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 145:63-71. [PMID: 17118350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Small unilamellar liposomes were made of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, and photosensitized by a symmetrically or an asymmetrically substituted glycosilated tetraphenyl-porphyrin derivative. As differential scanning calorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) revealed these porphyrin derivatives were localized in different depth within the lipid bilayer. Both porphyrin derivatives were able to induce photoreaction and consequent structural changes in the membrane. 5-, 12-, or 16-doxyl stearic acid labeled lipid bilayers were applied and the efficiency of photoinduced reaction was followed by the decay of their EPR signal amplitude. Light dose-dependent destruction of nitroxide radical proved to be dependent on the position of spin label. In this process the porphyrin localized in closer connection with the double bond of unsaturated fatty acid was more effective. EPR signal decay was also dependent on the unsaturated fatty acid content of the liposome and the oxygen saturation of the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Voszka
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Puskin Street 9, POB 263, Budapest H-1444, Hungary.
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Egyeki M, Tóth K, Waldeck W, Schmezer P, Langowski J, Csík G. DNA damaging capability of hematoporphyrin towards DNAs of various accessibilities. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:119-27. [PMID: 16549364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we wanted to verify that photoactivation of DNA-non-binding porphyrin derivative hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) is able to induce damages in DNAs of various accessibilities such as B-conformation and superhelical isolated DNA, nucleoprotein complex and intracellular DNAs. It was found that photodynamic reaction of Hp results significant changes in thermal stability of isolated T7 DNA and induces single strand breaks in supercoiled Bluescript plasmid isolated from Escherichia coli cells. As optical melting measurements revealed, the irradiation of photosensitized T7 nucleoprotein complex leads to a destabilization of the protein capsid. The photodynamic reaction affected both the protein structure and DNA-protein interaction, however, the parameters corresponding to the DNA denaturation are not influenced. The accumulation of Hp in HeLa cells was followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The picture received is typical for lipophilic dyes. When Hp loaded cells were irradiated, a reduction of viability could be observed in a concentration and a light dose dependent manner; 12microM porphyrin induced almost complete cell killing after 30min irradiation. After similar treatment, alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis of isolated nuclear DNA did not show the presence of single strand breaks. The alkaline comet assay also failed to demonstrate any DNA damage in HeLa cells. We also considered the possibility of the generation of damages in intracellular SV40 DNA. According to the electropherograms there was no difference between the patterns of DNAs from treated and control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egyeki
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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Pegaz B, Debefve E, Borle F, Ballini JP, Wagnières G, Spaniol S, Albrecht V, Scheglmann D, Nifantiev NE, van den Bergh H, Konan YN. Preclinical evaluation of a novel water-soluble chlorin E6 derivative (BLC 1010) as photosensitizer for the closure of the neovessels. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 81:1505-10. [PMID: 15960590 DOI: 10.1562/2005-02-23-ra-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, photodynamic activity of a novel photosensitizer (PS), Chlorin e(6)-2.5 N-methyl-d-glucamine (BLC 1010), was evaluated using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as an in vivo model. After intravenous (i.v.) injection of BLC 1010 into the CAM vasculature, the applicability of this drug for photodynamic therapy (PDT) was assessed in terms of fluorescence pharmacokinetics, i.e. leakage from the CAM vessels, and photothrombic activity. The influence of different PDT parameters including drug and light doses on the photodynamic activity of BLC 1010 has been investigated. It was found that, irrespective of drug dose, an identical continuous decrease in fluorescence contrast between the drug inside and outside the blood vessels was observed. The optimal treatment conditions leading to desired vascular damage were obtained by varying drug and light doses. Indeed, observable damage was achieved when irradiation was performed at light doses up to 5 J/cm(2) 1 min after i.v. injection of drug doses up to 0.5 mg/kg body weight(b.w.). However, when irradiation with light doses of more than 10 J/cm(2) was performed 1 min after injection of drug doses up to 2 mg/kg body weight, this led to occlusion of large blood vessels. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to obtain the desired vascular occlusion and stasis with BLC 1010 for different combinations of drug and/or light doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pegaz
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-ENAC-LPAS, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Suisse
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Lim DS, Bae SM, Kwak SY, Park EK, Kim JK, Han SJ, Oh CH, Lee CH, Lee WY, Ahn WS. Adenovirus-Mediated p53 Treatment Enhances Photodynamic Antitumor Response. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:347-52. [PMID: 16544983 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be effective for treating various tumors and to induce apoptosis in many tumor cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PDT combined with a tumor suppressor factor, recombinant adenovirus p53 (AdCMVp53), to induce apoptosis as well as cell growth inhibition in CaSki human cervical cancer cells and in nude mice with implanted CaSki cells. To examine levels of apoptosis, CaSki cells were treated with PDT and/or AdCMVp53, and an annexin V-staining assay was then conducted. In addition, Western blot analysis was done to identify p53 induction at the cellular and tumor tissue levels. PDT+AdCMVp53 cotreatment caused remarkable inhibition of CaSki cell proliferation, as compared with the individual treatments. In parallel with the inhibition of cell proliferation, the cotreatment caused a significantly greater increase in the annexin V-stained cell population compared with the individual treatments, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis. The Western blotting assay also showed significantly more cellular p53 expressed after PDT+AdCMVp53 cotreatment than after each separate treatment. This was consistent with observations of tumor tissue in the mouse system. However, apoptosis- related protein, p21, was significantly suppressed by PDT+AdCMVp53 cotreatment, contrary to treatment with AdCMVp53 alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that PDT plus AdCMVp53 gene therapy exerts more potent antitumor effects on human cervical cancer cells, with induction of apoptosis at least through activation in p53 protein at the cellular and tumor tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seog Lim
- Cancer Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, South Korea
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Adenovirus-Mediated p53 Treatment Enhances Photodynamic Antitumor Response. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bae SM, Kim YW, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Han SJ, Kim JK, Lee CH, Chun HJ, Jin HS, Ahn WS. Photodynamic effects of Radachlorin on cervical cancer cells. Cancer Res Treat 2004; 36:389-94. [PMID: 20368834 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2004.36.6.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel treatment modality, which produces local tissue necrosis with laser light following the prior administration of a photosensitizing agent. Radachlorin has recently been shown to be a promising PDT sensitizer. In order to elucidate the antitumor effects of PDT using Radachlorin on cervical cancer, growth inhibition studies on a HPV-associated tumor cell line, TC-1 cells in vitro and animals with an established TC-1 tumor in vivo were determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS TC-1 tumor cells were exposed to various concentrations of Radachlorin and PDT, with irradiation of 12.5 or 25 J/cm(2) at an irradiance of 20 mW/cm(2) using a Won-PDT D662 laser at 662 nm in vitro. C57BL/6 mice with TC-1 tumor were injected with Radachlorin via different routes and treated with PDT in vivo. A growth suppression study was then used to evaluate the effects at various time points after PDT. RESULTS The results showed that irradiation of TC-1 tumor cells in the presence of Radachlorin induced significant cell growth inhibition. Animals with established TC-1 tumors exhibited significantly smaller tumor sizes over time when treated with Radachlorin and irradiation. CONCLUSION PDT after the application of Radachlorin appears to be effective against TC-1 tumors both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Bae
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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