1
|
Vargas MR, Ferreira MDR, Collins P, D'Alessandro ME. Astaxanthin obtained from freshwater crustaceans mitigates visceral adiposity by modulating adipose tissue lipogenesis and ameliorates dyslipidemia in high-sucrose diet fed rats. J Nutr Biochem 2025; 142:109924. [PMID: 40245956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Revised: 03/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/19/2025]
Abstract
The incidence of overweight and obesity continues to grow at alarming rates around the world. The search for foods with potential benefits in the prevention/treatment of overweight/obesity and related disorders has great relevance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin (ASTX) from freshwater crustaceans (crabs) upon visceral adiposity, adipose tissue lipid metabolism disorders and dyslipidemia present in a Metabolic Syndrome rodent model. Male Wistar rats were fed for 90 days with 1 of 4 experimental diets: a-Reference group (RD) received a standard commercial rodent diet, b- High-sucrose diet (HSD) group received a HSD, c- RD+ASTX group received a standard commercial rodent diet plus ASTX, d- HSD+ASTX group received a HSD plus ASTX. The rats were given orally either ASTX (10 mg/kg body weight/day in sunflower oil) or only sunflower oil. Compared with HSD-fed rats, HSD+ASTX group had lower body weight gain (19%) and both reduced abdominal circumference (5%) and visceral adiposity index (5%). Energy intake was 24% lower at the middle of the experimental period. Epididymal adipocytes size and triglyceride (TG) content was reduced by 14%. Besides, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in epididymal adipose tissue were 43%, 28% and 38% lower respectively. These changes were accompanied by lower TG (25%) and cholesterol (27%) serum levels, atherogenic index (31%) and reduced Systolic (12%) and Diastolic (15%) blood pressure. The results show that ASTX could be a potential strategy to prevent/attenuate the incidence of metabolic risk factors such as overweight/adiposity and dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Rodrigo Vargas
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - María Del Rosario Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Pablo Collins
- Departamento de Acuicultura, COE INTA Ángel Gallardo (EEA Rafaela), Universidad Nacional del Litoral- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia D'Alessandro
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reddy KTK, Rakesh K, Prathyusha S, Gupta JK, Nagasree K, Lokeshvar R, Elumalai S, Prasad PD, Kolli D. Revolutionizing Diabetes Care: The Role of Marine Bioactive Compounds and Microorganisms. Cell Biochem Biophys 2025; 83:193-213. [PMID: 39254792 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. Aquatic products like microalgae, bacteria, seagrasses, macroalgae, corals, and sponges have been investigated for potential anti-diabetic properties. We looked at polyphenols, peptides, pigments, and sterols, as well as other bioactive substances found in marine resources, to see if they could help treat or manage diabetes, in addition to describing the several treatment strategies that alter diabetes and its implications, such as inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), aldose reductase, lipase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), and insulin resistance prevention, promotion of liver antioxidant capacity, natural killer cell stimulant, anti-inflammatory actions, increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and sugar and metabolism of the lipid, reducing oxidative stress, and β-pancreatic cell prevention. This study highlights the revolutionary potential of marine bioactive compounds and microorganisms in transforming diabetes care. We believe in a future in which innovative, sustainable, and efficient therapeutic approaches will result in improved quality of life and better outcomes for people with diabetes mellitus by forging a new path for treatment, utilizing the power of the world's oceans, and capitalizing on the symbiotic relationship between humans and the marine ecosystem. This study area offers optimism and promising opportunities for transforming diabetes care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konatham Teja Kumar Reddy
- Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kamsali Rakesh
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Greenfields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Segu Prathyusha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kasturi Nagasree
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Samskruthi College of Pharmacy Samskruti College of Pharmacy, Ghatkesar, Telangana, India
| | - R Lokeshvar
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, India
| | - Selvaraja Elumalai
- Department of Quality Control, Ambiopharm Inc, Dittman Ct, Beach Island, South Carolina, 29842, USA
| | - P Dharani Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohan Babu University, MB School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (Erstwhile, Sree Vidyaniketan College of Pharmacy), Tirupati, India
| | - Deepti Kolli
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Greenfields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Polamraju SM, Manochkumar J, Ganeshbabu M, Ramamoorthy S. Unveiling astaxanthin: biotechnological advances, delivery systems and versatile applications in nutraceuticals and cosmetics. Arch Microbiol 2025; 207:45. [PMID: 39869136 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2025] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX), "king of carotenoids", is a xanthophyll carotenoid that is characterized by a distinct reddish-orange hue, procured from diverse sources including plants, microalgae, fungi, yeast, and lichens. It exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-ageing properties and has been demonstrated to mitigate ultraviolet-induced cellular and DNA damage, enhance immune system function, and improve cardiovascular diseases. Despite its broad utilization across nutraceutical, cosmetic, aquaculture, and pharmaceutical sectors, the large-scale production and application of ASX are constrained by the limited availability of natural sources, low production yields and stringent production requirements. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ASX applications, emphasizing its dual roles in cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. It integrates insights into the qualitative differences of ASX from various natural sources and assesses biosynthetic pathways across organisms. Advanced biotechnological strategies for industrial-scale production are explored alongside innovative delivery systems, such as emulsions, films, microcapsules, nanoliposomes, and nanoparticles, designed to enhance ASX's bioavailability and functional efficacy. By unifying perspectives on its nutraceutical and cosmetic applications, this review highlights the challenges and advancements in formulation and commercialization. Prospective research directions for optimizing ASX's production and applications are also discussed, providing a roadmap for its future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Manojna Polamraju
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Janani Manochkumar
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Madhubala Ganeshbabu
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao C, Gong N, Chen F, Hu S, Zhou Q, Gao X. The Effects of Astaxanthin on Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Mar Drugs 2024; 23:9. [PMID: 39852511 PMCID: PMC11766962 DOI: 10.3390/md23010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Revised: 12/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a complex cluster of metabolic disorders primarily characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperuricemia. Diet and functional ingredients play a pivotal role in seeking non-pharmacological strategies to prevent and ameliorate MS. Astaxanthin (AST), a carotenoid found in various marine organisms, exhibits exceptional antioxidant properties and holds great promise as a natural compound that improves MS. This article introduces the basic properties of AST, including its absorptance and metabolic pathways, along with various isomers. Most importantly, we comprehensively review the effects and mechanisms of AST on improving the primary components of MS. These mechanisms primarily involve regulating signal transduction, transport, or metabolic pathways within the body, as well as influencing intestinal microbiota and metabolites, thereby exerting positive effects on metabolism and inhibiting the occurrence of MS. This review emphasizes the potential efficacy of AST in managing MS. However, more studies are needed to confirm the clinical effect of AST on MS and reveal potential molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.G.); (N.G.); (S.H.)
| | - Nengyun Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.G.); (N.G.); (S.H.)
| | - Fangtian Chen
- Department of Marine Technology, Rizhao Polytechnic, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Marine Crustacean Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization Technology of Marine Food Resources, Rizhao Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Marine Food Resources, Rizhao 276826, China;
| | - Shiran Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.G.); (N.G.); (S.H.)
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Department of Marine Technology, Rizhao Polytechnic, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Marine Crustacean Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization Technology of Marine Food Resources, Rizhao Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Marine Food Resources, Rizhao 276826, China;
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.G.); (N.G.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold B, Kulka M, Czopowicz M, Wilczak J, Szarska E, Strzelec K, Grzeczka A, Graczyk S, Hryniszyn A, Mularczyk M, Marycz K, Cywińska A. The effect of long term astaxanthin supplementation on the antioxidant status of racing Arabian horses - preliminary study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:27991. [PMID: 39543175 PMCID: PMC11564757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-77732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin due to its strong antioxidant activity is believed to reduce oxidative stress and therefore is considered as feed additive in pathological conditions and also for the athletes. It is promoted by several equine web portals, however, data supporting that concept in horses is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin supplementation on the parameters of oxidative status in 3 years old, racing Arabian horses during long term observation and the changes related to a single training session of high intensity. Six horses were supplemented with astaxanthin at a dose of 0.52-0.58 mg/kg BW and 7 received no supplementation. Astaxanthin supplementation resulted in the increase in total antioxidant status by 31.5%, accompanied by decreases in the amount of total thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances -TBARS and glutathione reductases - GR values by 34.5% and 45.4%, respectively, after 1 month and this effect persisted until the end of the observation. After individual training session the activities of glutathione peroxidases and GR were lower by 69% and 46%, respectively, and TBARS lower by 38% in supplemented horses. These results directly confirmed the beneficial effects of astaxanthin supplementation on the antioxidant status of race horses. Astaxanthin partially counterbalance the training-related oxidative stress, save the horse natural antioxidant defense, and shift the redox status towards a more reducing environment. At the same time, exercise-induced reactive oxygen species production at certain level was maintained and so that contributed to training progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Kulka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szarska
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-001, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Strzelec
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Grzeczka
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Szymon Graczyk
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Adrian Hryniszyn
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Malwina Mularczyk
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114, Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114, Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95516, USA
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khayyal MT, Teaima MH, Marzouk HM, -Hazek RME, Behnam F, Behnam D. Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Standard Astaxanthin and its Micellar Formulation in Healthy Male Volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:467-475. [PMID: 38748358 PMCID: PMC11199261 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid with high anti-oxidant properties, but it is a very lipophilic compound with low oral bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of a novel astaxanthin preparation based on micellar solubilization technology, NovaSOL® 400-mg capsules (Test product), and those of astaxanthin 400-mg capsules (reference product), after single oral dose administration to healthy male adults. METHODS A single oral dose (400 mg equivalent to 8 mg astaxanthin) of test and reference astaxanthin were administered with 240 mL of water to 12 volunteers according to crossover design, in two phases, with a washout period of 1 week in between. Blood samples were collected at hourly intervals for the first 12 h, then at 24.0, 48.0, and 72.0 h after administration. Aliquots of plasma were centrifuged and the clear supernatant was injected into the high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) system. Plasma concentration of astaxanthin versus time profiles were constructed, and the primary pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum concentration (Cmax), area under concentration time curve from time of administration (0) to time (t) [AUC0-t] or to infinity ∞, [AUC0-∞], half-life (T½) and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were calculated. RESULTS The test micellar astaxanthin reached a Cmax of 7.21 µg/ml after 3.67 h compared to only 3.86 µg/ml after 8.5 h for the reference native astaxanthin. CONCLUSION Micellar formulation of astaxanthin is capable of producing a high concentration of astaxanthin in plasma in a shorter time, thereby expected to provide faster potential therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Khayyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud H Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Applied Research and advanced Studies (CARAS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda M Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, ET-11562, Egypt
- Center of Applied Research and advanced Studies (CARAS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M El -Hazek
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waldman H. Astaxanthin Supplementation as a Potential Strategy for Enhancing Mitochondrial Adaptations in the Endurance Athlete: An Invited Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1750. [PMID: 38892683 PMCID: PMC11175114 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant found in marine organisms such as microalgae and krill, may offer ergogenic benefits to endurance athletes. Originally used in fish feed, astaxanthin has shown a greater ability to mitigate various reactive oxygen species and maintain the structural integrity of mitochondria compared to other exogenous antioxidants. More recent work has shown that astaxanthin may improve: (1) cycling time trial performance, (2) cardiorespiratory measures such as submaximal heart rate during running or cycling, (3) recovery from delayed-onset muscle soreness, and (4) endogenous antioxidant capacity such as whole blood glutathione within trained populations. In this review, the history of astaxanthin and its chemical structure are first outlined before briefly describing the various adaptations (e.g., mitochondrial biogenesis, enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity, etc.) which take place specifically at the mitochondrial level as a result of chronic endurance training. The review then concludes with the potential additive effects that astaxanthin may offer in conjunction with endurance training for the endurance athlete and offers some suggested practical recommendations for athletes and coaches interested in supplementing with astaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Waldman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35630, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aref M, Movahedi A, Heidari-Beni M, Kelishadi R. Effects of shrimp oil on cardio-metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2023; 93:490-497. [PMID: 35311593 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Antioxidants have beneficial effects on health. Shrimp oil has Astaxanthin and omega 3 that act as powerful antioxidants and might have anti-inflammatory effects on cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of shrimp oil supplementation on cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods: This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 overweight and obese participants with 10-18 years of age. They were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg shrimp oil or identical placebo that contained medium-chain triglycerides once per day for eight weeks. Dietary intake was obtained using food record questionnaire for three days at baseline and at the end of the study. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after eight weeks of intervention. Results: Overall, 53 participants completed the study; 30 subjects received shrimp oil and 23 subjects received placebo. There were no significant effects of shrimp oil on total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C and blood pressure compared with the placebo group (p>0.05). Shrimp oil had no significant effects on body mass index, waist circumference and hip circumference compared with the placebo group (p>0.05). Conclusions: Supplementation with shrimp oil had no significant effects on improving the anthropometric measures and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Future clinical trials are needed to investigate the beneficial effects of higher doses of shrimp oil on cardio-metabolic risk factors in the pediatric age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aref
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ariyo Movahedi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu S, Kuang X, Song X, Li H, Shao X, Gao T, Guo X, Li S, Liu R, Li K, Li D. Effects of lipid extract from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) on gut microbiota, and its relationship with glycemic traits in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:8922-8932. [PMID: 37721038 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01491f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that blue mussel lipid extract (BMLE) can improve the glycemic traits, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. Gut microbiota is closely related to T2DM. This study aims to explore whether BMLE can improve the glycemic status of T2DM patients by regulating gut microbiota in a 60-day double-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 133 T2DM subjects were randomized into BMLE (n = 44), fish oil (FO) (n = 44), and corn oil (CO) (n = 45) groups. The participants were asked to take two corresponding oil capsules (0.8 g per capsule each) every day. The faecal microbiota, glycemic traits, and other cardiometabolic factors were analyzed at baseline and endpoint. The α diversity estimators of Ace and Chao1 decreased significantly in all three groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Eight bacteria decreased significantly in the BMLE group but not in the FO and CO groups: unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014, unclassified_Bacteroidia, Erysipelotrichaceae, and uncultured_Ruminococcaceae_bacterium at the family level and unclassified_Bacteroidia, uncultured_Ruminococcaceae_bacterium, unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014, and Turicibacter at genus level. In the BMLE group, the change in the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae was positively correlated with the changes in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.454, p < 0.01) and fasting insulin (r = 0.414, p < 0.01). The change in the relative abundance of Turicibacter was positively correlated with the changes in HOMA-IR (r = 0.431, p < 0.01), fasting insulin (r = 0.414, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (TC) (r = 0.358, p < 0.05), and triacylglycerol (TG) (r = 0.393 p = 0.013). In conclusion, BMLE might improve glycemic traits by modulating gut microbiota in T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Liu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Xiaotong Kuang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Tianlin Gao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Run Liu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Kelei Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, China.
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morilla MJ, Ghosal K, Romero EL. More Than Pigments: The Potential of Astaxanthin and Bacterioruberin-Based Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1828. [PMID: 37514016 PMCID: PMC10385456 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural products regulated by the food sector, currently used as feed dyes and as antioxidants in dietary supplements and composing functional foods for human consumption. Of the nearly one thousand carotenoids described to date, only retinoids, derived from beta carotene, have the status of a drug and are regulated by the pharmaceutical sector. In this review, we address a novel field: the transformation of xanthophylls, particularly the highly marketed astaxanthin and the practically unknown bacterioruberin, in therapeutic agents by altering their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics through their formulation as nanomedicines. The antioxidant activity of xanthophylls is mediated by routes different from those of the classical oral anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): remarkably, xanthophylls lack therapeutic activity but also lack toxicity. Formulated as nanomedicines, xanthophylls gain therapeutic activity by mechanisms other than increased bioavailability. Loaded into ad hoc tailored nanoparticles to protect their structure throughout storage and during gastrointestinal transit or skin penetration, xanthophylls can be targeted and delivered to selected inflamed cell groups, achieving a massive intracellular concentration after endocytosis of small doses of formulation. Most first reports showing the activities of oral and topical anti-inflammatory xanthophyll-based nanomedicines against chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and dry eye disease emerged between 2020 and 2023. Here we discuss in detail their preclinical performance, mostly targeted vesicular and polymeric nanoparticles, on cellular models and in vivo. The results, although preliminary, are auspicious enough to speculate upon their potential use for oral or topical administration in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Kajal Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd., Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
D’Aniello E, Amodeo P, Vitale RM. Marine Natural and Nature-Inspired Compounds Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs). Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020089. [PMID: 36827130 PMCID: PMC9966990 DOI: 10.3390/md21020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α, γ and β/δ (PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ) are a family of ligand-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the superfamily of nuclear receptors regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy homeostasis, inflammation, and the immune response. For this reason, they represent attractive targets for the treatment of a variety of metabolic diseases and, more recently, for neurodegenerative disorders due to their emerging neuroprotective effects. The degree of activation, from partial to full, along with the selectivity toward the different isoforms, greatly affect the therapeutic efficacy and the safety profile of PPAR agonists. Thus, there is a high interest toward novel scaffolds with proper combinations of activity and selectivity. This review intends to provide an overview of the discovery, optimization, and structure-activity relationship studies on PPAR modulators from marine sources, along with the structural and computational studies that led to their identification and/or elucidation, and rationalization of their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D’Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (R.M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
More Than an Antioxidant: Role of Dietary Astaxanthin on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in the Liver of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010136. [PMID: 36670998 PMCID: PMC9854815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of dietary astaxanthin (AX) on glucose and lipid metabolism in rainbow trout liver. Two iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were tested for 12 weeks in rainbow trout with an initial mean weight of 309 g. The S-ASTA diet was supplemented with 100 mg of synthetic AX per kg of feed, whereas the control diet (CTRL) had no AX. Fish fed the S-ASTA diet displayed lower neutral and higher polar lipids in the liver, associated with smaller hepatocytes and lower cytoplasm vacuolization. Dietary AX upregulated adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl), hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl2) and 1,2-diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (chpt), and downregulated diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dgat2), suggesting the AX's role in triacylglycerol (TAG) turnover and phospholipid (PL) synthesis. Dietary AX may also affect beta-oxidation with the upregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1α2). Although hepatic cholesterol levels were not affected, dietary AX increased gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (srebp2). Dietary AX upregulated the expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgdh) and downregulated pyruvate kinase (pkl). Overall, results suggest that dietary AX modulates the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway and the last step of glycolysis, affecting TAG turnover, β-oxidation, PL and cholesterol synthesis in rainbow trout liver.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hien HTM, Oanh HT, Quynh QT, Thu NTH, Van Hanh N, Hong DD, Hoang MH. Astaxanthin-loaded nanoparticles enhance its cell uptake, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in multiple cell lines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
14
|
Heidari M, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, Alizadeh M. Mechanistic insights into the effects of Astaxanthin on lipid profile and glucose homeostasis parameters: A systematic review of animal and clinical trial studies. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Lu LW, Gao Y, Quek SY, Foster M, Eason CT, Liu M, Wang M, Chen JH, Chen F. The landscape of potential health benefits of carotenoids as natural supportive therapeutics in protecting against Coronavirus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113625. [PMID: 36058151 PMCID: PMC9428603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic urges researching possibilities for prevention and management of the effects of the virus. Carotenoids are natural phytochemicals of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and may exert potential in aiding in combatting the pandemic. This review presents the direct and indirect evidence of the health benefits of carotenoids and derivatives based on in vitro and in vivo studies, human clinical trials and epidemiological studies and proposes possible mechanisms of action via which carotenoids may have the capacity to protect against COVID-19 effects. The current evidence provides a rationale for considering carotenoids as natural supportive nutrients via antioxidant activities, including scavenging lipid-soluble radicals, reducing hypoxia-associated superoxide by activating antioxidant enzymes, or suppressing enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carotenoids may regulate COVID-19 induced over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, pro-inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) and interleukins-6- Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (IL-6-JAK/STAT) pathways and suppress the polarization of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage. Moreover, carotenoids may modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ by acting as agonists to alleviate COVID-19 symptoms. They also may potentially block the cellular receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). These activities may reduce the severity of COVID-19 and flu-like diseases. Thus, carotenoid supplementation may aid in combatting the pandemic, as well as seasonal flu. However, further in vitro, in vivo and in particular long-term clinical trials in COVID-19 patients are needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nutraceutical Prevention of Diabetic Complications—Focus on Dicarbonyl and Oxidative Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4314-4338. [PMID: 36135209 PMCID: PMC9498143 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and dicarbonyl stress, driven by excess accumulation of glycolytic intermediates in cells that are highly permeable to glucose in the absence of effective insulin activity, appear to be the chief mediators of the complications of diabetes. The most pathogenically significant dicarbonyl stress reflects spontaneous dephosphorylation of glycolytic triose phosphates, giving rise to highly reactive methylglyoxal. This compound can be converted to harmless lactate by the sequential activity of glyoxalase I and II, employing glutathione as a catalyst. The transcription of glyoxalase I, rate-limiting for this process, is promoted by Nrf2, which can be activated by nutraceutical phase 2 inducers such as lipoic acid and sulforaphane. In cells exposed to hyperglycemia, glycine somehow up-regulates Nrf2 activity. Zinc can likewise promote glyoxalase I transcription, via activation of the metal-responsive transcription factor (MTF) that binds to the glyoxalase promoter. Induction of glyoxalase I and metallothionein may explain the protective impact of zinc in rodent models of diabetic complications. With respect to the contribution of oxidative stress to diabetic complications, promoters of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, UCP2 inducers, inhibitors of NAPDH oxidase, recouplers of eNOS, glutathione precursors, membrane oxidant scavengers, Nrf2 activators, and correction of diabetic thiamine deficiency should help to quell this.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mularczyk M, Bourebaba N, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Astaxanthin Carotenoid Modulates Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Horses by Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081039. [PMID: 36008933 PMCID: PMC9405637 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is gaining recognition as a natural bioactive component. This study aimed to test whether astaxanthin could protect adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ASCs) from apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Phaffia rhodozyma was used to extract astaxanthin, whose biocompatibility was tested after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation with the cells; no harmful impact was found. ASCs were treated with optimal concentrations of astaxanthin. Several parameters were examined: cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen levels, mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism, superoxide dismutase activity, and astaxanthin’s antioxidant capacity. A RT PCR analysis was performed after each test. The astaxanthin treatment significantly reduced apoptosis by modifying the normalized caspase activity of pro-apoptotic pathways (p21, p53, and Bax). Furthermore, by regulating the expression of related master factors SOD1, SOD2, PARKIN, PINK 1, and MFN 1, astaxanthin alleviated the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics failure caused by EMS. Astaxanthin restored mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by stimulating markers associated with the OXPHOS machinery: COX4I1, COX4I2, UQCRC2, NDUFA9, and TFAM. Our results suggest that astaxanthin has the potential to open new possibilities for potential bio-drugs to control and suppress oxidative stress, thereby improving the overall metabolic status of equine ASCs suffering from metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Mularczyk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (N.B.); (K.M.)
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (L.B.); Tel.: +48-71-320-5248 (L.B.)
| | - Nabila Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (N.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (N.B.); (K.M.)
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (N.B.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (L.B.); Tel.: +48-71-320-5248 (L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patil AD, Kasabe PJ, Dandge PB. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: astaxanthin. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35794254 PMCID: PMC9259778 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is an orange-red, lipophilic keto-carotenoid pigment. It is majorly found in marine ecosystems particularly in aquatic animals such as salmon, shrimp, trout, krill, crayfish, and so on. It is also synthesized in microalgae Heamatococcus pluvialis, Chlorococcum, Chlorella zofingiensis, red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens. Some aquatic and terrestrial creatures regarded as a primary and secondary sources of the astaxanthin producing and accumulating it through their metabolic pathways. Astaxanthin is the powerful antioxidant, nutritional supplement as well as promising therapeutic compound, observed to have activities against different ravaging diseases and disorders. Researchers have reported remarkable bioactivities of astaxanthin against major non-communicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders. The current review discusses some structural aspects of astaxanthin. It further elaborates its multiple potencies such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, anti-obese, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, anti-TB, anti-viral, anti-COVID 19, neuro-protective, nephro-protective, and fertility-enhancing properties. These potencies make it a more precious entity in the preventions as well as treatments of prevalent systematic diseases and/or disorders. Also, the review is acknowledging and documenting its powerful bioactivities in relation with the pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva D. Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
| | - Pramod J. Kasabe
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra India
| | - Padma B. Dandge
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Astaxanthin Enhances Gingival Wound Healing following High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4043105. [PMID: 35392260 PMCID: PMC8983170 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4043105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts of the gingiva play a key role in oral wound healing in diabetes. In this study, effects of astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, were tested on gingival fibroblasts in a wound healing assay in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether ASTX can recover delayed wound healing or not when oxidative stress is elevated by high glucose exposure. For this purpose, human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with or without ASTX following exposure to systemic doses of low glucose (LG) and high glucose (HG) in culture media (5- and 25-, 50 mM D-glucose in DMEM Ham's F12) following 24 hours of incubation. Levels of ROS (Reactive oxygen species) were determined for each experimental group by confocal microscopy. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed by an automated cell counter with trypan blue assay. Wound healing assay was designed in 60 mm petri dishes. Cells were exposed to 5-, 25-, and 50 mM glucose for 24 hours, and a straight line free of cells was created upon full confluency. 100 μM ASTX was added to the recovery group, simultaneously. Cells were monitored with JuLIⓇ-Br Cell History Recorder. ROS levels were significantly increased with increasing glucose levels, while cell proliferation and viability demonstrated a negative correlation with increasing oxidative stress. ROS levels significantly decreased in the 100 μM ASTX-treated group compared to the gingival fibroblasts treated with 50 mM HG medium-only, as well as growth rate and viability. Wound healing was delayed in a dose-dependent manner following high glucose exposure, while ASTX treatment recovered wounded area by 1.16-fold in the 50 mM HG group. Our results demonstrated that ASTX enhances gingival wound healing through its antioxidative properties following high glucose induced oxidative stress. Therefore, ASTX can be suggested as a promising candidate to maintain oral health in chronic wounds of the oral tissues related to diabetes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu Y, Gu Z, Liao Y, Li S, Xue Y, Firempong MA, Xu Y, Yu J, Smyth HD, Xu X. Improved intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of astaxanthin using poly (ethylene glycol)-graft-chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, in vitro evaluation, and pharmacokinetics in rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1002-1011. [PMID: 34312873 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin (ASTA) is a kind of food-derived active ingredient (FDAI) with antioxidant and antidiabetic functions. It is nontoxic but its poor solubility and low bioavailability hinder its application in the food industry. In this study, a novel carrier, polyethylene glycol-grafted chitosan (PEG-g-CS) was applied to enhance the bioavailability of astaxanthin. It encapsulated astaxanthin completely by solvent evaporation to manufacture astaxanthin using poly (ethylene glycol)-graft-chitosan nanoparticles (ASTA-PEG-g-CS) nanoparticles to improve absorption. RESULTS The ASTA-PEG-g-CS nanoparticles were spherical, with a particle size below 200 nm and a ζ potential of about -26 mV. Polyethylene glycol-grafted chitosan can encapsulate astaxanthin well, and the encapsulated astaxanthin was released rapidly - in 15 min in an in vitro release study. In a rat single-pass intestinal perfusion study, a low concentration of ASTA-PEG-g-CS nanoparticle (0.2 μg mL-1 ) was better absorbed in the intestine. In particular, the jejunum could absorb most astaxanthin without a change in the concentration. An in vivo release study also demonstrated that ASTA-PEG-g-CS nanoparticles enhanced oral bioavailability significantly. CONCLUSION This novel carrier, PEG-g-CS, provided a simple way to encapsulate food, which improved the bioavailability of hydrophobic ingredients. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhengqing Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Youwu Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Adu Firempong
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hugh Dc Smyth
- College of Pharmacy, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nishida Y, Nawaz A, Hecht K, Tobe K. Astaxanthin as a Novel Mitochondrial Regulator: A New Aspect of Carotenoids, beyond Antioxidants. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010107. [PMID: 35010981 PMCID: PMC8746862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family that is found abundantly in marine organisms, and has been gaining attention in recent years due to its varied biological/physiological activities. It has been reported that astaxanthin functions both as a pigment, and as an antioxidant with superior free radical quenching capacity. We recently reported that astaxanthin modulated mitochondrial functions by a novel mechanism independent of its antioxidant function. In this paper, we review astaxanthin’s well-known antioxidant activity, and expand on astaxanthin’s lesser-known molecular targets, and its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shatoor AS, Al Humayed S. Astaxanthin Ameliorates high-fat diet-induced cardiac damage and fibrosis by upregulating and activating SIRT1. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7012-7021. [PMID: 34867002 PMCID: PMC8626242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effect of astaxanthin (ASX) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cardiac damage and fibrosis in rats and examined if the mechanism of protection involves modulating SIRT1. Rat were divided into 5 groups (n = 10/group) as: 1) control: fed normal diet (3.82 kcal/g), 2) control + ASX (200 mg/kg/orally), 3) HFD: fed HFD (4.7 kcal/g), 4) HFD + ASX (200 mg/kg/orally), and HFD + ASX + EX-527 (1 mg/kg/i.p) (a selective SIRT1 inhibitor). All treatments were conducted for 14 weeks. Administration of ASX reduced cardiomyocyte damage, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, preserved cardiac fibers structure, prevented collagen deposition and protein levels of TGF-β 1 in the left ventricles (LVs) of HFD-fed rats. In the LVs of both the control and HFD-fed rat, ASX significantly reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and p-smad2/3 (Lys19) but increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Concomitantly, it increased the nuclear activity of Nrf2 and reduced that of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, administration of ASX to both the control and HFD-fed rats increased total and nuclear levels of SIRT1, stimulated the nuclear activity of SIRT1, and reduced the acetylation of Nrf2, NF-κB p65, and Smad3. All these cardiac beneficial effects of ASX in the HFD-fed rats were abolished by co-administration of EX-527. In conclusion, ASX stimulates antioxidants and inhibits markers of inflammation under basal and HFD conditions. The mechanism of protection involves, at least, activation SIRT1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Al Humayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nawaz A, Nishida Y, Takikawa A, Fujisaka S, Kado T, Aminuddin A, Bilal M, Jeelani I, Aslam MR, Nishimura A, Kuwano T, Watanabe Y, Igarashi Y, Okabe K, Ahmed S, Manzoor A, Usui I, Yagi K, Nakagawa T, Tobe K. Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions. Nutrients 2021; 13:4374. [PMID: 34959926 PMCID: PMC8703397 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is well known that AX is a strong lipophilic antioxidant and has been shown to be beneficial for acute inflammation. However, the actual effects of AX on chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) remain unclear. To observe the effects of AX on AT functions in obese mice, we fed six-week-old male C57BL/6J on high-fat-diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 0.02% of AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX at 10 and 24 weeks of HFD with or without AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in AT. We found that AX significantly reduced oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration into AT, as well as maintaining healthy AT function. Furthermore, AX prevented pathological AT remodeling probably caused by hypoxia in AT. Collectively, AX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in AT, maintained the vascular structure of AT and preserved the stem cells and progenitor's niche, and enhanced anti-inflammatory hypoxia induction factor-2α-dominant hypoxic response. Through these mechanisms of action, it prevented the pathological remodeling of AT and maintained its integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allah Nawaz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (I.J.); (K.O.); (T.N.)
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nishida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Tomonobu Kado
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Aminuddin Aminuddin
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Ishtiaq Jeelani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (I.J.); (K.O.); (T.N.)
| | - Muhammad Rahil Aslam
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Ayumi Nishimura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Takahide Kuwano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yoshiko Igarashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (I.J.); (K.O.); (T.N.)
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
- Center for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama University Hospital, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Isao Usui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Japan;
| | - Kunimasa Yagi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (I.J.); (K.O.); (T.N.)
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.); (S.F.); (T.K.); (A.A.); (M.B.); (M.R.A.); (A.N.); (T.K.); (Y.W.); (Y.I.); (K.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gowd V, Xiao J, Wang M, Chen F, Cheng KW. Multi-Mechanistic Antidiabetic Potential of Astaxanthin: An Update on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100252. [PMID: 34636497 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a cluster of physiological dysfunctions typified by persistent hyperglycemia. Diet plays a paramount role in human health, and regular consumption of a fruit- and vegetable-rich diet can delay or prevent DM and its associated complications. The promising effect of fruits and vegetables could be partly attributed to their antioxidant constituents, including carotenoids. Carotenoids are natural antioxidants that occur in many vegetables, fruits, microalgae, and other natural sources. Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid predominantly present in microalgae and some red-colored marine organisms. It is currently marketed as a health supplement and is well-known for its antioxidant capacity. Accumulating evidence indicates that astaxanthin exerts its beneficial effects against DM by acting on various molecular targets and signaling pathways in multiple organs/tissues. Astaxanthin can lower blood glucose levels by preserving β-cell function, improving insulin resistance (IR), and increasing insulin secretion. This manuscript summarizes the connection between glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DM. This is followed by a review of recent studies on astaxanthin's pharmacological effects against IR, microvascular (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and neurological damage), and macrovascular DM complications emphasizing the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. A few lines of clinical evidence supporting its antidiabetic potential are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vemana Gowd
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, 17 University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Institute of Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Institute of Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shatoor AS, Al Humayed S, Almohiy HM. Astaxanthin attenuates hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed rats by suppressing microRNA-21 via transactivation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 78:151-168. [PMID: 34651285 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether astaxanthin (ASX) could alleviate hepatic steatosis in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/miR-21 axis. Rats (n = 8/group) were fed either a standard diet (3.8 kcal/g; 10% fat) or HFD (4.6 kcal/g; 40% fat) and treated orally with either the vehicle or ASX (6 mg/kg) daily for 8 days. Another group was fed HFD and treated with ASX and brusatol (an Nrf2 inhibitor) (2 mg/kg/twice per week/i.p.). ASX prevented the gain in body and liver weights and attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation in HFD-fed rats. In the control and HFD-fed rats, ASX did not affect food intake, serum free fatty acid (FFA) content, and glucose and insulin levels and tolerance. However, serum triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels; hepatic levels of TGs and FFAs; and hepatic levels of Srebp1, Srebp2, HMGCR, and fatty acid synthase mRNAs and miR-21 were reduced and the mRNA levels of Pparα were significantly increased in both the groups. These effects were associated with a reduction in the hepatic levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interlukin-6 as well as an increase in superoxide dismutase levels, total glutathione content, and nuclear levels and activity of Nrf2. miR-21 levels were strongly correlated with the nuclear activity of Nrf2. Brusatol completely reversed the effects of ASX. In conclusion, ASX prevents hepatic steatosis mainly by transactivating Nrf2 and is associated with the suppression of miR-21 and Srebp1/2 and upregulation of Pparα expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suliman Al Humayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M Almohiy
- Depatrtment of Radiology Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang M, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Astaxanthin Prevents Diet-Induced NASH Progression by Shaping Intrahepatic Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11037. [PMID: 34681695 PMCID: PMC8541356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary change leads to a precipitous increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from simple steatosis to the advanced form of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), affecting approximately 25% of the global population. Although significant efforts greatly advance progress in clarifying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and identifying therapeutic targets, no therapeutic agent has been approved. Astaxanthin (ASTN), a natural antioxidant product, exerts an anti-inflammation and anti-fibrotic effect in mice induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and bile duct ligation (BDL); thus, we proposed to further investigate the potential effect of ASTN on a diet-induced mouse NASH and liver fibrosis, as well as the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. By treating pre-development of NASH in mice induced with a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD), we have demonstrated that oral administration ASTN preventively ameliorated NASH development and liver fibrosis by modulating the hepatic immune response, liver inflammation, and oxidative stress. Specifically, ASTN treatment led to the reduction in liver infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, oxidative stress response, and hepatocyte death, accompanied by the decreased hepatic gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, TGF-β1, and IL-1β. In vitro studies also demonstrated that ASTN significantly inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine CCL2 in macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Overall, in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that ASTN functions as a promising therapeutic agent to suppress NASH and liver fibrosis via modulating intrahepatic immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Advances in Technologies for Highly Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Krill Oil: Clinical Applications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060306. [PMID: 34073184 PMCID: PMC8226823 DOI: 10.3390/md19060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphausia superba, commonly known as krill, is a small marine crustacean from the Antarctic Ocean that plays an important role in the marine ecosystem, serving as feed for most fish. It is a known source of highly bioavailable omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). In preclinical studies, krill oil showed metabolic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and chemo preventive effects, while in clinical trials it showed significant metabolic, vascular and ergogenic actions. Solvent extraction is the most conventional method to obtain krill oil. However, different solvents must be used to extract all lipids from krill because of the diversity of the polarities of the lipid compounds in the biomass. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of krill oil, as well as the mechanisms of action, classic and non-conventional extraction techniques, health benefits and current applications of this marine crustacean.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin insufficiency, has become the most common chronic metabolic disease threatening global health. The preferred therapies for T2DM include lifestyle interventions and the use of anti-diabetic drugs. However, considering their adverse reactions, it is important to find a low-toxicity and effective functional food or drug for diabetes prevention and treatment. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant carotenoid found in marine organisms has been reported to prevent diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. To investigate the anti-diabetic effects of astaxanthin, male Wistar rats were fed a high-energy diet for 4 weeks, followed by a low dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection to induce the diabetes model, and the rats were then fed an astaxanthin-containing diet for another 3 weeks. Astaxanthin significantly decreased blood glucose and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and increased blood levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in STZ-induced diabetic rats in a dose dependent manner. These results were associated with increased expression of insulin sensitivity related genes (adiponectin, adipoR1, and adipoR2) in vivo, thereby attenuating STZ-induced diabetes. In addition, we also compared the anti-diabetic effects of astaxanthin and monacolin K, which has been reported to downregulate hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. The results revealed that astaxanthin and monacolin K showed similar anti-diabetic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Therefore, astaxanthin may be developed as an anti-diabetic agent in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310015, China
| | - Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, China
| | - Chunyan Wan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, China
| | - Fen Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Teodoro JS, Machado IF, Castela AC, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Mitochondria as a target for safety and toxicity evaluation of nutraceuticals. NUTRACEUTICALS 2021:463-483. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821038-3.00030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
|
30
|
Jurić S, Jurić M, Król-Kilińska Ż, Vlahoviček-Kahlina K, Vinceković M, Dragović-Uzelac V, Donsì F. Sources, stability, encapsulation and application of natural pigments in foods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1837862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Jurić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Jurić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Żaneta Król-Kilińska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marko Vinceković
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Verica Dragović-Uzelac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Francesco Donsì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ikarashi N, Kon R, Nagoya C, Ishikura A, Sugiyama Y, Takahashi J, Sugiyama K. Effect of Astaxanthin on the Expression and Activity of Aquaporin-3 in Skin in an In-Vitro Study. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090193. [PMID: 32932769 PMCID: PMC7554991 DOI: 10.3390/life10090193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione) is a red lipophilic pigment with strong antioxidant action. Oral or topical administration of astaxanthin has been reported to improve skin function, including increasing skin moisture. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which astaxanthin improves skin function by focusing on the water channel aquaporin-3 (AQP3), which plays important roles in maintaining skin moisture and function. When astaxanthin was added to PHK16-0b or HaCaT cells, the mRNA expression level of AQP3 increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner in both cell lines. The AQP3 protein expression level was also confirmed to increase when astaxanthin was added to HaCaT cells. Similarly, when astaxanthin was added to 3D human epidermis model EpiSkin, AQP3 expression increased. Furthermore, when glycerol and astaxanthin were simultaneously added to EpiSkin, glycerol permeability increased significantly compared with that observed for the addition of glycerol alone. We demonstrated that astaxanthin increases AQP3 expression in the skin and enhances AQP3 activity. This result suggests that the increased AQP3 expression in the skin is associated with the increase in skin moisture by astaxanthin. Thus, we consider astaxanthin useful for treating dry skin caused by decreased AQP3 due to factors such as diabetes mellitus and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (K.S.); Tel.: +81-3-5498-5918 (N.I.)
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan;
| | - Chika Nagoya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (C.N.); (A.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Airi Ishikura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (C.N.); (A.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuri Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (C.N.); (A.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jiro Takahashi
- Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., 1 Gohkakizawa, Kamiichi-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Molecular Kinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (K.S.); Tel.: +81-3-5498-5918 (N.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Landon R, Gueguen V, Petite H, Letourneur D, Pavon-Djavid G, Anagnostou F. Impact of Astaxanthin on Diabetes Pathogenesis and Chronic Complications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070357. [PMID: 32660119 PMCID: PMC7401277 DOI: 10.3390/md18070357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in diabetes mellitus (DM) onset, progression, and chronic complications. Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to reduce insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, to impair insulin sensitivity and signaling in insulin-responsive tissues, and to alter endothelial cells function in both type 1 and type 2 DM. As a powerful antioxidant without side effects, astaxanthin (ASX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, has been suggested to contribute to the prevention and treatment of DM-associated pathologies. ASX reduces inflammation, OS, and apoptosis by regulating different OS pathways though the exact mechanism remains elusive. Based on several studies conducted on type 1 and type 2 DM animal models, orally or parenterally administrated ASX improves insulin resistance and insulin secretion; reduces hyperglycemia; and exerts protective effects against retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. However, more experimental support is needed to define conditions for its use. Moreover, its efficacy in diabetic patients is poorly explored. In the present review, we aimed to identify the up-to-date biological effects and underlying mechanisms of ASX on the ROS-induced DM-associated metabolic disorders and subsequent complications. The development of an in-depth research to better understand the biological mechanisms involved and to identify the most effective ASX dosage and route of administration is deemed necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Landon
- CNRS UMR7052-INSERM U1271, Laboratory of Osteoarticular Biology, Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Paris Diderot University, 10 Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (R.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Virginie Gueguen
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Sorbonne University Paris Nord, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (V.G.); (D.L.); (G.P.-D.)
| | - Hervé Petite
- CNRS UMR7052-INSERM U1271, Laboratory of Osteoarticular Biology, Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Paris Diderot University, 10 Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (R.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Sorbonne University Paris Nord, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (V.G.); (D.L.); (G.P.-D.)
| | - Graciela Pavon-Djavid
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Sorbonne University Paris Nord, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (V.G.); (D.L.); (G.P.-D.)
| | - Fani Anagnostou
- CNRS UMR7052-INSERM U1271, Laboratory of Osteoarticular Biology, Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Paris Diderot University, 10 Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (R.L.); (H.P.)
- Service of Odontology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière APHP, U.F.R. of Odontology, Denis-Diderot University, 47-83 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-57-27-85-70
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li D, Zhang T, Lu J, Peng C, Lin L. Natural constituents from food sources as therapeutic agents for obesity and metabolic diseases targeting adipose tissue inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1-19. [PMID: 32462898 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1768044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, an endocrine and paracrine organ, plays critical roles in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Obesity is accompanied with a chronic low-grade inflammation status in adipose tissue, which disrupts its endocrine function and results in metabolic derangements, such as type 2 diabetes. Dietary bioactive components, such as flavonoids, polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids from fruits and vegetables, have been widely revealed to alleviate both systemic and adipose tissue inflammation, and improve metabolic disorders. Remarkably, some dietary bioactive components mitigate the inflammatory response in adipocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells, and modulate the crosstalk between adipocytes and macrophages or other immune cells, in adipose tissue. Epidemiological and preclinical studies related to these substances have indicated beneficial effects on adipose tissue inflammation. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date state of knowledge on dietary components targeting adipose tissue inflammation and their underlying mechanisms. These natural products have great potential to be developed as functional food or lead compounds for treating and/or preventing metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jinjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nishida Y, Nawaz A, Kado T, Takikawa A, Igarashi Y, Onogi Y, Wada T, Sasaoka T, Yamamoto S, Sasahara M, Imura J, Tokuyama K, Usui I, Nakagawa T, Fujisaka S, Kunimasa Y, Tobe K. Astaxanthin stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin resistant muscle via activation of AMPK pathway. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:241-258. [PMID: 32003547 PMCID: PMC7015247 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is mainly responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Dysfunction in skeletal muscle metabolism especially during obesity contributes to the insulin resistance. Astaxanthin (AX), a natural antioxidant, has been shown to ameliorate hepatic insulin resistance in obese mice. However, its effects in skeletal muscle are poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the molecular target of AX in ameliorating skeletal muscle insulin resistance. METHODS We fed 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with normal chow (NC) or NC supplemented with AX (NC+AX) and high-fat-diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, inflammation, kinase signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial function in muscle. We also determined energy metabolism in intact C2C12 cells treated with AX using the Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer and assessed the effect of AX on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis. RESULTS AX-treated HFD mice showed improved metabolic status with significant reduction in blood glucose, serum total triglycerides, and cholesterol (p< 0.05). AX-treated HFD mice also showed improved glucose metabolism by enhancing glucose incorporation into peripheral target tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, rather than by suppressing gluconeogenesis in the liver as shown by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study. AX activated AMPK in the skeletal muscle of the HFD mice and upregulated the expressions of transcriptional factors and coactivator, thereby inducing mitochondrial remodeling, including increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation component and free fatty acid metabolism. We also assessed the effects of AX on mitochondrial biogenesis in the siRNA-mediated AMPK-depleted C2C12 cells and showed that the effect of AX was lost in the genetically AMPK-depleted C2C12 cells. Collectively, AX treatment (i) significantly ameliorated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance through regulation of AMPK activation in the muscle, (ii) stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in the muscle, (iii) enhanced exercise tolerance and exercise-induced fatty acid metabolism, and (iv) exerted antiinflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that AX treatment stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and significantly ameliorated insulin resistance through activation of AMPK pathway in the skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd.ToyamaJapan
| | - Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
- Department of Metabolism and NutritionUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Tomonobu Kado
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Igarashi
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Onogi
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Johji Imura
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Isao Usui
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismDokkyo Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Metabolism and NutritionUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Yagi Kunimasa
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Astaxanthin: A Potential Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Treatment in Diseases and with Aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3849692. [PMID: 31814873 PMCID: PMC6878783 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3849692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidant species, leading to macromolecular damage and disruption of redox signaling and cellular control. It is a hallmark of various diseases including metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and age-related diseases. Several mitochondrial defects have been considered to contribute to the development of oxidative stress and known as the major mediators of the aging process and subsequent age-associated diseases. Thus, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants should prevent or slow down these processes and prolong longevity. This is the reason why antioxidant treatments are extensively studied and newer and newer compounds with such an effect appear. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is the most abundant carotenoid in marine organisms and is one of the most powerful natural compounds with remarkable antioxidant activity. Here, we summarize its antioxidant targets, effects, and benefits in diseases and with aging.
Collapse
|
36
|
Babin A, Moreau J, Moret Y. Storage of Carotenoids in Crustaceans as an Adaptation to Modulate Immunopathology and Optimize Immunological and Life-History Strategies. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800254. [PMID: 31566782 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Why do some invertebrates store so much carotenoids in their tissues? Storage of carotenoids may not simply be passive and dependent on their environmental availability, as storage variation exists at various taxonomic scales, including among individuals within species. While the strong antioxidant and sometimes immune-stimulating properties of carotenoids may be beneficial enough to cause the evolution of features improving their assimilation and storage, they may also have fitness downsides explaining why massive carotenoid storage is not universal. Here, the functional and ecological implications of carotenoid storage for the evolution of invertebrate innate immune defenses are examined, especially in crustaceans, which massively store carotenoids for unclear reasons. Three testable hypotheses about the role of carotenoid storage in immunological (resistance and tolerance) and life-history strategies (with a focus on aging) are proposed, which may ultimately explain the storage of large amounts of these pigments in a context of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Babin
- Équipe Écologie Évolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- Équipe Écologie Évolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- Équipe Écologie Évolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M, OKeefe J. Astaxanthin plus berberine: a nutraceutical strategy for replicating the benefits of a metformin/fibrate regimen in metabolic syndrome. Open Heart 2019; 6:e000977. [PMID: 31565232 PMCID: PMC6744071 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - James OKeefe
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vigneron A, Jehan C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Front Physiol 2019; 10:138. [PMID: 30914960 PMCID: PMC6422893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a beneficial insect because their high nutrient content makes them a viable food source and because they are capable of degrading polystyrene and plastic waste. These attributes make T. molitor attractive for mass rearing, which may promote disease transmission within the insect colonies. Disease resistance is of paramount importance for both the control and the culture of mealworms, and several biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the success of their anti-parasitic defenses, both positively and negatively. After providing a detailed description of T. molitor's anti-parasitic defenses, we review the main biotic and abiotic environmental factors that alter their presentation, and we discuss their implications for the purpose of controlling the development and health of this insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ammazzalorso A, Amoroso R. Inhibition of PPARγ by Natural Compounds as a Promising Strategy in Obesity and Diabetes. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104501913010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A wide group of natural compounds (flavonoids, stilbenes, neolignans and others) has been identified as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonists, with a large variety of chemical structure and different activity versus the three PPAR subtypes. These receptors are transcription factors controlling metabolic pathways in the organism, involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, cell differentiation and energy homeostasis. Otherwise, very little is known about natural compounds able to inhibit PPARs. A number of studies demonstrate that PPARγ repression has a beneficial effect in reducing body weight and improving insulin sensitivity, suggesting a potential clinical role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review analyzes natural compounds able to repress PPAR activity and their potential use in metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
40
|
DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M, OKeefe J. Association of moderately elevated trimethylamine N-oxide with cardiovascular risk: is TMAO serving as a marker for hepatic insulin resistance. Open Heart 2019; 6:e000890. [PMID: 30997120 PMCID: PMC6443140 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James OKeefe
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun W, Shi B, Xue C, Jiang X. The comparison of krill oil extracted through ethanol-hexane method and subcritical method. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:700-710. [PMID: 30847148 PMCID: PMC6392833 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a safe method EH (ethanol-hexane) to extract two kinds of krill oil (KO) simultaneously and analyze their composition. Meanwhile, subcritical butane and subcritical butane-dimethyl ether extraction were used to extract KO for analysis comparison. Folch method was used to extract total lipids. When the volume ratio of ethanol to hexane is 4:6, the separation effect of ethanol layer and hexane layer is best. At this condition, the EH method yielded similar amount of lipids (up to 97. 72% of total lipids) with subcritical butane extraction method (97.60%). The recovery rate of ethanol and hexane was 83.6% and 86.86%, respectively. KO in hexane layer and extracted by the subcritical butane method are abundant in astaxanthin (910 and 940 mg/kg respectively), while KO in the ethanol layer had the highest phospholipid (PL) content (47.34%), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content (45.51%), and the lowest fluorine content (11.17 μg/g), making it a potential candidate in the nutraceutical and antioxidant industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Bowen Shi
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
AL-Shaybany TNA, AL-Dujaili ANG. Physiological study of the effect astaxanthin (shrimp extract) on some biochemical markers in male rats induced by formaldehyde. THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICAST 2019) 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5123106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
43
|
Fakhri S, Dargahi L, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M. Effects of astaxanthin on sensory-motor function in a compression model of spinal cord injury: Involvement of ERK and AKT signalling pathway. Eur J Pain 2018; 23:750-764. [PMID: 30427581 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes continuous neurological deficits and major sensory-motor impairments. There is no effective treatment to enhance sensory-motor function following SCI. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel therapeutics for this particular patient population. Astaxanthin (AST) is a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent. In the present study, it was tested in a severe compression SCI model with emphasis on sensory-motor outcomes, signalling pathway, along with other complications. METHODS A severe SCI was induced by compression of the rat thoracic spinal cord with an aneurysm clip and treatment with AST or the vehicle was carried out, 30 min after injury. Behavioural tests including open field, von Frey, hot plate and BBB were performed weekly to 28 days post-injury. Rats were assigned to measure blood glucose, weight and auricle temperature. Western blot and histological analysis also were performed at the same time points. RESULTS AST decreased mechanical and thermal pain and also improved motor function performance, reduced blood glucose and auricle temperature increases and attenuated weight loss in SCI rats. Western blot analysis showed decreased activation of ERK1/2 and increased activation of AKT following AST treatment. The histology results revealed that AST considerably preserved myelinated white matter and the number of motor neurons following SCI. CONCLUSION Taken together, the beneficial effects of AST to improve sensory-motor outcomes, attenuate pathological tissue damage and modulate ERK and AKT signalling pathways following SCI, suggest it as a strong therapeutic agent towards clinical applications. SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory-motor function and causes complications, which astaxanthin (AST) has the potential to be used as a treatment for. The present study investigates the effects of AST in a compression model of SCI with emphasis on sensory-motor outcomes alongside other complications, histopathological damage and also related signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang B, Xu D. Protective effects of astaxanthin on diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2018.1503617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingshan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Di Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Dargahi L, Jorjani M. Astaxanthin: A mechanistic review on its biological activities and health benefits. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:1-20. [PMID: 30121358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
46
|
Hayashi M, Ishibashi T, Maoka T. Effect of astaxanthin-rich extract derived from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on cognitive function in middle-aged and older individuals. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 62:195-205. [PMID: 29610561 PMCID: PMC5874228 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplement containing astaxanthin-rich extract derived from Paracoccus carotinifaciens (astaxanthin supplement) on cognitive function of subjects aged 45–64 years. Cognitive functions of 28 subjects orally administered 8 mg astaxanthin/day of astaxanthin supplement for 8 weeks (astaxanthin group) and 26 subjects given a placebo (placebo group) were compared by word memory test, verbal fluency test, and Stroop test. The astaxanthin group experienced significantly larger increase in blood astaxanthin level than the placebo group. However, there were no significant intergroup differences in the results of the tests. A subgroup analysis was performed after dividing subjects into the <55 years old and ≥55 years old age groups. The result of “words recalled after 5 minutes” in word memory test in <55 years old subjects showed significant improvement in the astaxanthin group than in the placebo group, which was not found in ≥55 years old subjects. Our results indicate that people aged 45–54 years may experience improved cognitive function after ingesting astaxanthin supplement for 8 weeks. On the basis of the parameters tested, administration of astaxanthin supplement was not associated with any problems related to safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hayashi
- Biotechnology Development Group, Biotechnology Business Unit, High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, 8 Chidori-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 231-0815, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishibashi
- Biotechnology Business Group, Biotechnology Business Unit, High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, W Building, 1-8-5, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8005, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamohoncho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sathasivam R, Ki JS. A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E26. [PMID: 29329235 PMCID: PMC5793074 DOI: 10.3390/md16010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments that play pivotal roles in many physiological functions. The characteristics of carotenoids, their effects on health, and the cosmetic benefits of their usage have been under investigation for a long time; however, most reviews on this subject focus on carotenoids obtained from several microalgae, vegetables, fruits, and higher plants. Recently, microalgae have received much attention due to their abilities in producing novel bioactive metabolites, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can provide for health and cosmetic benefits. The main objectives of this review are to provide an updated view of recent work on the health and cosmetic benefits associated with carotenoid use, as well as to provide a list of microalgae that produce different types of carotenoids. This review could provide new insights to researchers on the potential role of carotenoids in improving human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chuyen HV, Eun JB. Marine carotenoids: Bioactivities and potential benefits to human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:2600-2610. [PMID: 26565683 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1063477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among natural pigments, carotenoids play important roles in physiological functions. The characteristics of carotenoids and their effects on human health have been reported for a long time, but most studies have focused on carotenoids from vegetables, fruits, and other parts of higher plants. Few reports are available on carotenoids from marine sources, such as seaweeds, microalgae, and marine animals, which have attracted attention in recent decades. Hundreds of carotenoids have been identified and isolated from marine organisms and their beneficial physiological functions, such as anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities have been reported. The purpose of this review is to discuss the literature on the beneficial bioactivities of some of the most abundant marine carotenoids, including fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, cantaxanthin, peridinin, fucoxanthinol, and halocynthiaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Van Chuyen
- a Department of Food Science and Technology and Functional Food Research Center , Chonnam National University , Buk-gu, Gwangju , Korea.,b Department of Food and Agricultural Products Processing and Preservation , Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University , Daklak Province , Vietnam
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- a Department of Food Science and Technology and Functional Food Research Center , Chonnam National University , Buk-gu, Gwangju , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Anuradha CV. Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid Against Hepatic Oxidative Stress: a Systematic Review. THE LIVER 2018:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803951-9.00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
|
50
|
Microbial diversity and composition in different gut locations of hyperlipidemic mice receiving krill oil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:355-366. [PMID: 29098414 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose (LD, 100 mg kg-1 day-1), moderate-dose (MD, 200 mg kg-1 day-1), and high-dose (HD, 600 mg kg-1 day-1) krill oil treatments have a stepwise, enhanced effect on alleviating hyperlipidemia, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal samples demonstrates that krill oil treatment alters microbial communities. Feces may not represent all microbial communities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, in this study, the stored ileal and colon samples collected from LD and HD groups were sequenced, and the location-specific modulations of microbial communities were observed after krill oil treatments. The 16S rRNA sequencing of the ileal samples showed that the LD and HD groups have similar patterns between control and high-fat diet (HFD) treatments, and six most abundant genera and 40 operational taxonomic units that respond to krill oil treatment were identified. However, the 16S rRNA sequencing of the colon samples showed that LD krill oil shifts the structure from the HFD to that of the control, whereas the HD group was distributed between the control and HFD groups. The corresponding most abundant genera and responsive OTUs totaled 4 and 45, respectively. In conclusion, different gastrointestinal tract locations contain different microbial communities. These results will help to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary krill oil in modulating the gut microbiota and alleviating hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
|