The regulation of FOXO1 and its role in disease progression

Indole-3-carbinol exerts neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion through the modulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses and the restoration of chaperone activity

Cerebral ischaemia is the primary cause of stroke. The restoration of blood flow, known as reperfusion, has been observed to exacerbate the pathological changes caused by ischaemia and lead to a significant increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Cellular defense against reactive molecules is facilitated by the antioxidant system. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor is considered to be the primary regulator of this system. One of the exogenous antioxidants that has the potential to enhance the redox status in tissues experiencing oxidative stress is indole-3-carbinol (I3C). The objective of the present study was to analyze the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant enzyme functioning under conditions of I3C administration to rats with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). The findings of this study demonstrated that the administration of I3C to rats with CIRI resulted in the normalization of the lactate/pyruvate ratio and the reduction of brain tissue damage. These outcomes could be attributed to the improvement of the redox status caused by the tested compound. Furthermore, I3C altered the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the number of Nrf2-positive neurons, leading to a shift towards control values. It has been demonstrated that I3C is also capable of restoring chaperone activity. This capacity may play a pivotal role in correcting dysfunction in the proteostasis system and in maintaining adequate protein folding during the course of a disease. Consequently, I3C demonstrated a neuroprotective effect in CIRI by normalizing oxidative status, regulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, and enhancing chaperone activity.

Decoding Proteomic cross-talk between hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia: Integrative analysis of oxidative stress, cytoskeleton remodeling, and inflammatory pathways

AIMS

To investigate the differential regulation of proteomic landscapes elicited by hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) and to shed light on the molecular cross-talk underlying pre-acclimatization strategies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Label-free LCMS-MS quantitative proteomics was employed to evaluate the lung tissues of SD rats (n = 6) subjected to 6 h of acute HH at 25,000 ft associated with reduced barometric pressure, 282 mmHg, and NH at 8 % FiO2.

KEY FINDINGS

Our findings indicate that NH facilitated the minimal downregulation of proteins involved in maintaining pulmonary cytoskeleton integrity, including calpain 2, vitronectin, and beta-arrestin 1, whereas HH leads to severe downregulation of these proteins, causing a greater cytoskeleton disruption. Proteins contributing to redox homeostasis such as iNOS and SOD, were upregulated in both hypoxic conditions. However, SIRT1-mediated ROS-triggered proteins, including FOXO1 and FOXO4, exhibited upregulation in HH and downregulation in NH. Other proteins, HIF-1α and IDH, were upregulated in HH compared to NH. Additionally, Hemopexin was severely downregulated in HH relative to NH.

SIGNIFICANCE

For the first time, this study uncovers the comparative proteomic analysis of two distinct pre-acclimatization interventions by employing varied hypoxia modeling strategies highlighting the key molecular mechanism involved in HH acclimatization induced by differential hypoxia simulating technique.

Metabolic effects of heterocyclic amines on insulin‑induced AKT phosphorylation and gluconeogenic gene expression are modified by N -acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphism

OBJECTIVE

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are mutagens and carcinogens primarily generated when cooking meat at high temperatures or until well-done, and their major metabolic pathway includes hepatic N -hydroxylation via CYP1A2 followed by O -acetylation via N -acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). NAT2 expresses a well-defined genetic polymorphism in humans resulting in rapid and slow acetylators. Recent epidemiological studies reported significant associations between dietary HCA exposure and insulin resistance and type II diabetes.

METHODS

We assessed the effect of some of the most common HCAs found in cooked meat, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, on insulin signaling and gluconeogenic gene expression in cryopreserved human hepatocytes characterized by their NAT2 genotype and phenotype to investigate the role of NAT2 genetic polymorphism in HCA-induced metabolic dysregulation.

RESULTS

HCA treatment significantly reduced insulin-induced protein kinase B phosphorylation and significantly increased expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis ( G6PC , PCK1 , FOXO1 , and PPARA ) in cryopreserved human hepatocytes from rapid but not from slow acetylators.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that NAT2 genetic polymorphism modifies HCA-induced insulin resistance and gluconeogenic gene expression, implying that individuals with rapid acetylator phenotype may be at greater risk of dysregulated glucose homeostasis following exposure to HCAs.

From genetic roots to recent advancements in gene therapy targeting amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. The pathological hallmarks of AD are amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau protein tangles, which cause neurodegeneration and lead to cognitive decline. The distinguished role of Aβ plaques in the onset of the disease, especially in familial AD, alongside the genetic complexity of AD, underscores the need for precise and targeted genetic interventions targeting Aβ. This review first highlights the amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways and inflammatory mechanisms contributing to Aβ accumulation. It also introduces the role of genetic variants such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin (PSEN1), PSEN2, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alongside the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in Aβ pathology. Then, gene therapy techniques are discussed for their potential to target Aβ either directly by inhibiting its production or enhancing its degradation or indirectly by targeting APOE, inflammatory pathways, and neurotrophic factors. While these approaches show significant preclinical promise, challenges such as timing, safety, and delivery across the blood-brain barrier persist and need further investigation.

Regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs in programmed cell death pathways and drug resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily driven by KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis, plays a crucial role in GIST pathogenesis, progression, and treatment response. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of PCD pathways, influencing GIST proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance, particularly in response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib. Apoptosis suppression is strongly associated with poor prognosis, while autophagy contributes to tumor dormancy and TKI resistance. Ferroptosis, a novel iron-dependent cell death pathway, represents a promising therapeutic target. Recent evidence suggests that ncRNAs modulate these PCD pathways through interactions with key molecular regulators such as miR-494, miR-30a, and lncRNAs, which affect signaling networks including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and mTOR. Furthermore, ncRNAs have mediated secondary resistance to imatinib by promoting autophagic flux and altering ferroptosis sensitivity. Understanding the molecular interplay between ncRNAs and PCD in GIST provides novel insights into disease mechanisms and offers potential therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance. Targeting ncRNA-mediated regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis may enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanistic roles of ncRNAs in PCD pathways to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for GIST.

Unlocking the potential of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas Axis in liver diseases: From molecular mechanisms to translational applications

Over the past two decades, the identification of new functions within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has extended beyond its traditional roles, with the emergence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis being particularly significant. This axis is hypothesized to balance or modulate the effects of the traditional ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis in various physiological and pathological contexts. ACE2, a membrane-bound carboxypeptidase and an ancient homologue of ACE converts Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)). The Mas receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that specifically binds Ang-(1-7). Recent research has increasingly focused on the local expression of RAS in different tissues. Ang-(1-7) produces a variety of biological effects by binding to the Mas receptor, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic actions, thereby influencing a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidneys, brain and other tissues. Preclinical animal model studies indicate that manipulating the protective RAS can significantly alter the progression of multiple liver diseases. Hepatic overexpression of ACE2 or administration of Ang-(1-7) and its analogues has been shown to be therapeutically effective against drug-induced liver injury, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. These effects are achieved through various pathways, including the regulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) production, as well as suppression of aerobic glycolysis. In current clinical trials, while recombinant human ACE2 (Rh-ACE2) has demonstrated safety and good tolerance in most studies, research on the relevance of activating the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axis in the mechanisms and evolution of human diseases remains in its early stages. Therefore, further elucidation of the complex interactions between the classical and counter-regulatory RAS axes in clinical settings is crucial. This review will summarize the roles of selective activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis, with a focus on its mechanisms in the treatment of liver diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the safety concerns regarding selective activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in clinical applications and the challenges of tissue-specific activation of this axis, providing effective therapeutic strategies for targeted activation of the hepatic ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in clinical practice.

Glabridin Alleviates Metabolic Disorders in Diet-Induced Diabetic Mice

Glabridin (GLD) is a flavonoid derived from licorice. This study aims to evaluate GLD's therapeutic potential in ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. A T2DM model was established using male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat, high-glucose diet. GLD was administered via intraperitoneal injection at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg BW, with MET (200 mg/kg BW) as a positive control. Fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, pyruvate tolerance, and serum parameters were analyzed, along with key markers of glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. GLD significantly lowered blood glucose levels in the diabetic mice. It suppressed gluconeogenesis by inhibiting PEPCK and G6P, while promoting glycogen synthesis by activating GCK and inhibiting GSK-3β. Additionally, GLD enhanced insulin signaling by increasing IRS1 and IRS2 levels and promoting AKT phosphorylation, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. In lipid metabolism, GLD reduced hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation by downregulating lipogenesis-related genes (SREBP1c, FAS, ACC1, and SCD1) and upregulating lipolysis-related genes (PPARα and LCAD). In energy metabolism, GLD increased mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced reactive oxygen species levels, and enhanced the expression of genes associated with mitophagy (PINK1 and Parkin) and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, SIRT1, and TFAM). Moreover, GLD mitigated ER stress by decreasing GRP78 and CHOP levels, suppressing PERK phosphorylation, and inhibiting key stress response genes. GLD improves insulin sensitivity and exerts antidiabetic effects by ameliorating metabolic disorders, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent for T2DM.

Effects of valproic acid, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and topiramate on LIF, E-cadherin, and FOXO1 mediator molecules in rat embryo implantation

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the effects of valproic acid (VPA), levetiracetam (LEV), carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG), and topiramate (TPM) on LIF, E-cadherin, and FOXO1 mediator molecules during implantation in rat embryos.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty female rats were divided into six experimental groups, and the control solution and drugs were administered by gavage for 90 days. At the end of three months, implantation sites were obtained, and histological and immunohistochemical staining protocols were applied.

RESULTS

Embryonic trophectoderm cells were surrounded by inflammatory cells in the VPA group. Increased eosinophilic staining was seen in the primary decidual zone cells in the CBZ group, mast cells in the LTG group, and intense inflammatory cells in the TMP group. LIF staining in the VPA, CBZ, LTG, and TPM groups showed weak to moderate LIF expression (p < 0.001). In E-cadherin staining, the LTG group showed moderate and the TPM group showed weak immune reactions (p < 0.001). Embryonic cells and primary decidual zone cells in control, LEV, CBZ, and LTG groups showed weak to strong expression of FOXO1, while VPA and TPM groups showed no reaction (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, antiseizure medication use had a negative effect on the expression of proteins that play key roles in embryo implantation in young non-epileptic rats to varying degrees.

Foxo1 directs the transdifferentiation of mouse Sertoli cells into granulosa-like cells

Sertoli and granulosa cells, the initial differentiated somatic cells in bipotential gonads, play crucial roles in directing male and female gonad development, respectively. The transcription factor Foxo1 is involved in diverse cellular processes, and its expression in gonadal somatic cells is sex-dependent. While Foxo1 is abundantly expressed in ovarian granulosa cells, it is notably absent in testicular Sertoli cells. Nevertheless, its function in gonadal somatic cell differentiation remains elusive. In this study, we find that ectopic expression of Foxo1 in Sertoli cells leads to defects in testes development. Further study uncovers that the ectopic expression of Foxo1 induces the abundant expression of Foxl2 in Sertoli cells, along with the upregulation of other female-specific genes. In contrast, the expression of male-specific genes is reduced. Mechanistic studies indicate that Foxo1 directly binds to the promoter region of Foxl2, inducing its expression. Our findings highlight that Foxo1 serves as a key regulator for the lineage maintenance of ovarian granulosa cells. This study contributes valuable insights into understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing the lineage maintenance of gonadal somatic cells.

SIRT3 mitigates dry eye disease through the activation of autophagy by deacetylation of FOXO1

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular condition characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. An increasing number of studies suggest that Sirtuin3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, may offer protection against related pathologies. Despite these indications, the precise function and underlying mechanisms of SIRT3 in the context of DED have not been fully elucidated. Here, we observed a decline in SIRT3 expression in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-Ts) and the corneal conjunctiva of mice as the disease advanced. Overexpression of SIRT3 in HCE-Ts reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and the rate of apoptosis, while its inhibition had the opposite effect. Importantly, the function of SIRT3 was exerted through the enhancement of autophagic flux. Further studies have shown that chloroquine-induced inhibition of autophagy neutralized the beneficial effects of SIRT3. In our in vivo experiments, the application of eye drops containing a SIRT3 agonist ameliorated the symptoms of DED and increased corneal autophagy in mice. Mechanistically, our study identified that the deacetylation and nuclear translocation of FOXO1 (Forkhead box O1) are pivotal for the SIRT3-mediated enhancement of autophagic flux. These findings posit that SIRT3 as an encouraging therapeutic target for DED, offering new insights into the disease's underlying mechanisms.

Sodium aescinate promotes apoptosis of pancreatic stellate cells and alleviates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signaling pathways

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of progressive pancreatic fibrosis, and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are key cells involved in pancreatic fibrosis. To date, there are no clinical therapies available to reverse inflammatory damage or pancreatic fibrosis associated with CP. Sodium Aescinate (SA) is a natural mixture of triterpene saponins extracted from the dried and ripe fruits of horse chestnut tree. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects. This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of SA in CP and the molecular mechanism of its modulation. Through in vivo animal models and experiments, we found that SA significantly alleviated pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in caerulein-induced CP mice model. In addition, SA inhibited the proliferation, migration and activation of PSCs as well as promoted apoptosis of PSCs through a series of experiments on cells in vitro including CCK-8 assay, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, wound-healing assay, Transwell migration assays, flow cytometric analysis, etc. Further RNA sequencing and in vitro validation assays revealed that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway was involved in the SA mediated promotion of PSCs apoptosis, thus alleviating pancreatic fibrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that SA may have promising potential as therapeutic agent for the treatment of CP, and the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis.

STAMBPL1 activates the GRHL3/HIF1A/VEGFA axis through interaction with FOXO1 to promote angiogenesis in triple-negative breast cancer

In the clinic, anti-tumor angiogenesis is commonly employed for treating recurrent, metastatic, drug-resistant triple-negative, and advanced breast cancer. Our previous research revealed that the deubiquitinase STAMBPL1 enhances the stability of MKP-1, thereby promoting cisplatin resistance in breast cancer. In this study, we discovered that STAMBPL1 could upregulate the expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α in breast cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated whether STAMBPL1 promotes tumor angiogenesis. We demonstrated that STAMBPL1 increased HIF1A transcription in a non-enzymatic manner, thereby activating the HIF1α/VEGFA signaling pathway to facilitate triple-negative breast cancer angiogenesis. Through RNA-seq analysis, we identified the transcription factor GRHL3 as a downstream target of STAMBPL1 that is responsible for mediating HIF1A transcription. Furthermore, we discovered that STAMBPL1 regulates GRHL3 transcription by interacting with the transcription factor FOXO1. These findings shed light on the role and mechanism of STAMBPL1 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, offering novel targets and avenues for the treatment of triple-negative and advanced breast cancer.

EFFECT AND REGULATORY MECHANISM OF SIRT6 ON POSTCARDIAC ARREST BRAIN INJURY IN RATS

ABSTRACT

Aims: Brain injury occupies the predominant cause of neurological dysfunction and mortality after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from cardiac arrest (CA). This study investigates the role and mechanism of Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) in postcardiac arrest brain injury in rats. Methods: All rats were subjected to asphyxial CA followed by CPR. Two weeks before modeling, rats were infected with lentivirus containing oe-SIRT6 and oe-FOXO1 through lateral ventricular injection. qRT-PCR and Western blot quantified SIRT6 and FOXO1 expressions in brain tissues. Neurological deficit scores evaluated the neural function of rats at different time points, and Water Maze Test assessed the changes in short-term learning and memory abilities. The survival status of rats 7 days after modeling was recorded. The pathological changes in brain tissues, inflammatory factors, and apoptosis were evaluated by H&E staining, ELISA, and TUNEL, respectively. Ch-IP measured the enrichment of SIRT6 and H3K9ac in the FOXO1 promoter. Results: SIRT6 was poorly expressed while FOXO1 was highly expressed in CA/CPR rats. Elevation of SIRT6 expression alleviated neural function, behavioral ability, and survival rate, as well as abated pathological damage, inflammatory responses, and cell apoptosis in CA/CPR rats. Mechanistically, SIRT6 curbed FOXO1 transcription and expression by lowering the H3K9ac level in the FOXO1 promoter; FOXO1 overexpression abolished the improvement effect of SIRT6 overexpression on brain injury in CA/CPR rats. Conclusions: Elevation of SIRT6 expression restrained the FOXO1 expression by diminishing the H3K9ac level in the FOXO1 promoter, thereby mitigating postcardiac arrest brain injury in rats.

Exercise-induced anti-obesity effects in male mice generated by a FOXO1-KLF10 reinforcing loop promoting adipose lipolysis

Exercise combats obesity and metabolic disorders, but the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. KLF10, a transcription factor involved in various biological processes, has an undefined role in adipose tissue and obesity. Here, we show that exercise facilitates adipocyte-derived KLF10 expression via SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway. Adipocyte-specific knockout of KLF10 blunts exercise-promoted white adipose browning, energy expenditure, fat loss, glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese male mice. Conversely, adipocyte-specific transgenic expression of KLF10 in male mice enhanced the above metabolic profits induced by exercise. Mechanistically, KLF10 interacts with FOXO1 and facilitates the recruitment of KDM4A to form a ternary complex on the promoter regions of Pnpla2 and Lipe genes to promote these key lipolytic genes expression by demethylating H3K9me3 on their promoters, which facilitates lipolysis to defend against obesity in male mice. As a downstream effector responding to exercise, adipose KLF10 could act as a potential target in the fight against obesity.

FOXO6: A unique transcription factor in disease regulation and therapeutic potential

FOXO6, a unique member of the Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor family, has emerged as a pivotal regulator in various physiological and pathological processes, including apoptosis, oxidative stress, autophagy, cell cycle control, and inflammation. Unlike other FOXO proteins, FOXO6 exhibits distinct regulatory mechanisms, particularly its inability to undergo classical nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. These unique properties suggest that FOXO6 may function through alternative pathways, positioning it as a novel research target. This review provides the first comprehensive review of FOXO6's biological functions and its roles in the progression of multiple diseases, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and cardiovascular dysfunction. We highlight FOXO6's interaction with critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, PPARγ, and TXNIP, and discuss its contributions to tumor progression, glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and neuronal degeneration. Moreover, FOXO6's potential as a therapeutic target is explored, with particular emphasis on its ability to modulate drug resistance and its implications for disease treatment. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, the development of FOXO6-targeted therapies remains challenging due to overlapping functions within the FOXO family and the context-dependent nature of FOXO6's regulatory roles. This review underscores the need for further experimental and clinical studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying FOXO6's functions and to validate its application in disease prevention and treatment. By systematically analyzing current research, this review aims to provide a foundational reference for future studies on FOXO6, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting this unique transcription factor.

Alleviation of Microglia Mediating Hippocampal Neuron Impairments and Depression-Related Behaviors by Urolithin B via the SIRT1-FOXO1 Pathway

AIMS

Conventional antidepressants exhibit limited efficacy and delayed onset. This study aimed to elucidate the antidepressant effects of urolithin B (UB) and its regulatory role in microglia-mediated hippocampal neuronal dysfunction.

METHODS

The mouse model of depression was established using both chronic unpredicted stress (CUS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The therapeutic efficacy of UB was assessed through behavioral paradigms. The microglia activation, cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis levels, and underlying molecular mechanisms were delineated utilizing proteomics analysis, immunofluorescence staining, real-time PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

UB efficiently alleviated depression-related behaviors, accompanied by suppressed microglia activation, neuroinflammation, changes of classic activation (M1)/alternative activation (M2) polarization and recovered sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) expression in the hippocampus. Additionally, UB reduced the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of HT22 cells and depression-related phenotypes treated by the cellular supernatant from LPS-incubated BV2 cells, which was mediated by the SIRT1-FOXO1 pathway. The proteomics analysis of the cellular supernatant content revealed abundant secreting proteins among the LPS/UB application.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed that microglial SIRT1 mediates UB's antidepressant effects, positioning UB as a promising therapeutic candidate for depression by targeting neuroinflammatory pathways.

Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal relevant myelin features in mice with ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke (IS), a leading cause of global disability and mortality, is characterized by white matter damage and demyelination. Despite advances, the molecular mechanisms driving post-IS myelin pathology remain poorly understood, limiting therapeutic development. This study investigates key myelin-related genes (MRGs) and their regulatory networks to identify novel therapeutic targets. A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established in C57BL/6 mice, with brain tissues collected at four timepoints (Sham0D, MCAO0D, MCAO7D, MCAO14D). Transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing were performed, followed by soft clustering (Mfuzz), functional enrichment (GO/KEGG), and ROC analysis to identify key MRGs. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed, and drug prediction was conducted using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and molecular docking. Expression validation was performed via qRT-PCR and Western blot. Integrated multi-omics analysis identified Wasf3 and Slc25a5 as key MRGs, enriched in mitochondrial respiration, calcium metabolism, and cytoskeletal regulation. The AUC values of the one-to-one model scores were all greater than 0.7, suggesting that Wasf3 and Slc25a5 were able to effectively discriminate between samples from different time points. A ceRNA network revealed critical interactions, including the Wasf3-mmu-miR-423-5p-H19 axis, linking apoptosis and myelin dysfunction. Drug prediction highlighted valproic acid (VPA) as a high-affinity binder for both genes (binding energies: - 4.2 and - 4.7 kcal/mol), suggesting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for IS. Experimental validation confirmed significant downregulation of Wasf3 mRNA (p < 0.01) and protein (p = 0.069) post-IS, while Slc25a5 showed no significant changes, potentially due to sample size limitations. This study establishes Wasf3 and Slc25a5 as pivotal regulators of post-IS myelin pathology and proposes VPA as a promising therapeutic candidate to enhance remyelination. The findings underscore the utility of multi-omics approaches in bridging molecular mechanisms to clinical translation, offering new strategies for IS diagnosis and treatment.

Single-nucleus multiomics reveals the gene regulatory networks underlying sex determination of murine primordial germ cells

Accurate specification of female and male germ cells during embryonic development is critical for sexual reproduction. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the bipotential precursors of mature gametes that commit to an oogenic or spermatogenic fate in response to sex-determining cues from the fetal gonad. The critical processes required for PGCs to integrate and respond to signals from the somatic environment in gonads are not well understood. In this study, we developed the first single-nucleus multiomics map of chromatin accessibility and gene expression during murine PGC development in both XX and XY embryos. Profiling of cell-type-specific transcriptomes and regions of open chromatin from the same cell captured the molecular signatures and gene networks underlying PGC sex determination. Joint RNA and ATAC data for single PGCs resolved previously unreported PGC subpopulations and cataloged a multimodal reference atlas of differentiating PGC clusters. We discovered that regulatory element accessibility precedes gene expression during PGC development, suggesting that changes in chromatin accessibility may prime PGC lineage commitment prior to differentiation. Similarly, we found that sexual dimorphism in chromatin accessibility and gene expression increased temporally in PGCs. Combining single-nucleus sequencing data, we computationally mapped the cohort of transcription factors that regulate the expression of sexually dimorphic genes in PGCs. For example, the gene regulatory networks of XX PGCs are enriched for the transcription factors, TFAP2c, TCFL5, GATA2, MGA, NR6A1, TBX4, and ZFX. Sex-specific enrichment of the forkhead-box and POU6 families of transcription factors was also observed in XY PGCs. Finally, we determined the temporal expression patterns of WNT, BMP, and RA signaling during PGC sex determination, and our discovery analyses identified potentially new cell communication pathways between supporting cells and PGCs. Our results illustrate the diversity of factors involved in programming PGCs toward a sex-specific fate.

BMP9 alleviates iron accumulation-induced osteoporosis via the USP10/FOXO1/GPX4 axis

INTRODUCTION

Ferroptosis induced by iron accumulation can disrupt the physiological functions of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). BMP9 is an effective osteogenic factor. However, the role of BMP9 and its molecular mechanisms in osteoporosis induced by iron accumulation remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of BMP9 in alleviating iron accumulation induced osteoporosis.

METHODS

Clinical samples were collected to analyze the relationship between iron accumulation and osteoporosis. The effect of BMP9 on lipid peroxidation levels in BMSCs under iron accumulation conditions was assessed using C11-BODIPY staining, MitoSOX staining, MDA and SOD activity measurement. The osteogenic capacity of BMP9 in BMSCs under iron accumulation conditions was evaluated by measuring ALP activity and calcium nodule formation. The mechanisms of BMP9 in regulating BMSCs under iron accumulation conditions were explored through experiments including cycloheximide treatment, RT-PCR, Western blot, GST pull-down, ChIP, and CO-IP.

RESULTS

It was observed in human samples that serum ferritin levels were negatively correlated with the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Meanwhile, ferroptosis is considered a key factor affecting bone health. Further research indicated that BMP9 could inhibit ferroptosis in cells and animal models with iron accumulation, while also improving oxidative stress and osteogenic capacity. In-depth investigation of its mechanism reveals that BMP9 promotes the expression of USP10, which removes the K48-linked ubiquitin chains on FOXO1, inhibiting its excessive ubiquitination in the cytoplasm. This stabilization allows FOXO1 to accumulate in the cytoplasm and eventually re-enter the nucleus. This process activated the expression of the key inhibitor of cell death, GPX4, enhancing the cell's antioxidant response, reducing ferroptosis-induced damage to BMSCs, and promoting their osteogenic differentiation.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that BMP9 inhibits ferroptosis through the USP10/FOXO1/GPX4 axis, providing a new therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis caused by iron accumulation.

Nicotinamide riboside alleviates sweeteners-induced brain and cognitive impairments in immature mice

The consumption of sweeteners is high around the world. Sweet beverages are one of the most important and popular sources of sweeteners. Previous studies have reported that excessive sweeteners might cause health hazards, including cognitive impairment. Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a precursor of NAD+, has been found to alleviate several cognitive impairments. However, the protective effects of NR against sweetener-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. Hence, we evaluated the effects of sweeteners and NR (400 mg kg-1 d-1) on the brain and cognition of mice by simulating an extreme lifestyle of completely replacing water with sugar-sweetened beverage (simulated with 10% sucrose solution) or sugar-free sweet beverage (simulated with 0.05% aspartame solution) from weaning to adulthood. The results revealed that continuous exposure to sucrose or aspartame for eight weeks did not significantly cause differences in body weight but significantly induced cognitive impairments, including anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, impairments in learning, memory and sociability. Moreover, sucrose or aspartame exposure induced neuronal injury, reduction of Nissl bodies, overactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 pathway and increased downstream inflammatory cytokines in mouse hippocampus, and also induced an imbalance of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, large consumptions of intracellular antioxidant factors, and overactivation of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in mouse brain. NR treatment increased NAD+ in the brain, and prevented and alleviated these impairments effectively. In summary, we found that NR supplementation protected against cognitive impairment caused by sucrose or aspartame in immature mice, which might be related to increased brain NAD+ level, relieved neuroinflammation and pyroptosis in the hippocampus, and maintained a balance of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy in the brain.

Berberine Inhibits Migration and Apoptosis of Rat Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy via the Novel lncRNA LOC102549726 Related Pathway

BACKGROUND

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) stands as one of the most severe complications of diabetes. Podocytes injury, particularly its attachment to the lateral glomerular basement membrane, serves as a crucial indicator of DN. Growing evidence suggests that berberine (BBR) can mitigate the onset and progression of DN. However, the molecular mechanisms through which BBR exerts its beneficial effects in the treatment of DN remain incompletely elucidated.

PURPOSE

To explore the underlying mechanisms by which BBR exerts its therapeutic effects in DN.

METHODS

High-throughput lncRNA sequencing on the renal cortex of both the DN model group and the normal SD group was performed to dig for differentially expressed lncRNAs. The expression of LOC102549726 was evaluated using qPCR. The biological functions of LOC102549726 were analyzed in podocyets and DN rats. The bioinformatics techniques, qPCR and WB were used to explore the potential molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

We found that lncRNA LOC102549726 was highly expressed in renal cortex of DN rats and podocytes subjected to high glucose conditions. Silencing LOC102549726 inhibited migration and apoptosis of podocytes. Mechanistically, LOC102549726 was identified as a facilitator of the expression of EGF and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). BBR, a known therapeutic agent for DN, exhibited the ability to diminish the level of LOC102549726, EGF and FOXO1 in both DN rats and podocytes.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggested that BBR suppresses migration and apoptosis of podocytes in DN through targeting the LOC102549726/EGF/FOXO1 axis. This sheds light on a potential therapeutic avenue for mitigating the impact of DN on podocyte function.

Glucose Transport by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Is Mediated Through the Akt/FOXO1 Pathway in Ovine Granulosa Cells

Glycolysis in granulosa cells (GCs) is the primary location of energy metabolism and its substrates in oocytes and is closely related to follicular development in mammals. The complex morphological structure and physiological functions of GCs are regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), but little is known about how FSH regulates glycolysis in GCs, and its mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which FSH activates the Akt/FOXO1 pathway, thereby regulating glucose metabolism in ovine GCs. Granulosa cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of FSH and a CCK-8 assay was used to measure the proliferation of the treated cells. Next, qRT-PCR was performed to measure the transcription of the target genes, glucose transporter (GLUT). Western-blot analysis of the phospho-Akt and -FOXO1 levels induced by FSH through the glucose signalling pathway, in addition to the effects of these proteins on the expression levels of the downstream GLUT genes, was measured. Results showed that the addition of 10ng/mL FSH to the culture medium increased the viability of granulosa cells. Transcription of GLUT1 and 4 was significantly up-regulated in FSH-treated cells through activation of the Akt/FOXO1 phosphorylation pathway, thereby affecting glucose metabolism. This study contributes to the current understanding of the metabolic features of and the associated developmental pathways of ovine follicular GCs.

Flavonoid Derivatives Isolated from Hypericum monogynum Ameliorate Insulin Resistance via Modulation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 Pathway in HepG2 Cells

In this study, two high-content flavonoid derivatives [3-8 biapigenin (HM 104) and quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside (HM 111)] were obtained through the bioactivity-guided isolation of antidiabetic compounds from Hypericum monogynum flowers. HM 104 and HM 111 exhibited good glucose consumption in fatty acid-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Moreover, both active compounds enhanced glucose uptake by restoring the expression of key regulators of glucose metabolism, including insulin receptor substrate 1, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, and glucose transporter type 4, and by mitigating the expression of forkhead box O1 and the factors involved in gluconeogenesis. They upregulate the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which may affect glycogen synthesis. Furthermore, the production of reactive oxygen species was decreased by the two compounds. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the protective effects of flavonoid derivatives isolated from H. monogynum flowers in preventing and managing insulin resistance and associated metabolic disorders.

Integrated identification and mechanism exploration of bioactive ingredients from Salvia miltiorrhiza to induce vascular normalization

BACKGROUND

The clinical management of ischemic disease and cancer is complex, with disruptions in local vascular function and tumor angiogenesis contributing to blood stasis, which complicates treatment strategies. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a natural product, is known to restore vascular structure and function. However, its specific roles in concurrently addressing ischemic disease and cancer within the same organism remain poorly understood.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the material basis, pharmacological effects, and underlying mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (SME) in promoting blood flow recovery in ischemic hindlimbs and inducing tumor vascular normalization.

METHODS

The pharmacological effects of SME were evaluated in a mouse model combining ischemic hindlimbs and tumors. Mice were administered low (SME-L) or high (SME-H) doses of SME daily, and the gastrocnemius muscle mass and tumor vascular structure were assessed. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) was used to monitor hindlimb blood flow recovery and tumor vascular perfusion. The pharmacokinetics of the key bioactive constituents in SME were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Interactions between SME's active compounds and predicted targets were investigated using molecular docking, microscale thermophoresis (MST), and luciferase reporter assays. The synergistic effects of the primary components, Tanshinone I (Tan I) and Salvianolic acid A (Sal A), were analyzed through tube formation assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining, and western blot.

RESULTS

Phytochemical profiling revealed that SME contains several active compounds, including Danshensu, Sal A, Sal B, Tan IIA, and Tan I. SME treatment reduced the frequency of necrotic toes, increased muscle mass, and alleviated hypoxia in the gastrocnemius muscle. SME significantly improved tumor vascular perfusion and notably enhanced pericyte coverage and basement membrane integrity. Pharmacokinetic analysis identified Tan I and Sal A as the key bioactive components that promote vascular normalization. Tan I inhibited FoxO1, preventing endothelial cell activation induced by angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), while Sal A bound to Ang2, facilitating Tie2 activation mediated by Ang1. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the combination of Tan I and Sal A exerted a synergistic therapeutic effect on correcting abnormal blood vessels in ischemic hindlimbs and tumors.

CONCLUSION

Our study innovatively revealed a reliable mouse model wherein the Ang2/Tie2 signaling cascade disrupted the endothelial homeostasis to aggravate the progression of hindlimb ischemia and tumor angiogenesis. This balance can be rescued by the combination therapy of Tan I and Sal A that were both from SME, leading to the occurrence of vascular normalization.

SIRT1 in acute lung injury: unraveling its pleiotropic functions and therapeutic development prospects

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a continuum of lung changes caused by multiple lung injuries, often associated with severe complications and even death. In ALI, macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells in the lung are damaged to varying degrees and their function is impaired. Research in recent years has focused on the use of SIRT1 for the treatment of ALI. In this paper, we reviewed the role of SIRT1 in ALI in terms of its cellular and molecular mechanism, targeting of SIRT1 by non-coding RNAs and drug components, as well as pointing out the value of SIRT1 for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Based on the current literature, SIRT1 exhibits diverse functionalities and possesses significant therapeutic potential. Targeting SIRT1 may provide new therapeutic ideas for the treatment of ALI.

ALKBH5 facilitates tumor progression via an m6A-YTHDC1-dependent mechanism in glioma

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, is a well-known epigenetic modification involved in various biological processes, including tumorigenesis. However, the role of AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5), a critical component of m6A modification, remains unclear in glioma. This study investigates the function of ALKBH5 in glioma progression and its potential as a therapeutic target. We found that ALKBH5 expression was dramatically increased in glioma, and high expression of ALKBH5 predicted poor prognosis. Overexpression of ALKBH5 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and accelerates tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, m6A-MeRIP-seq, MeRIP-qPCR, RNA pulldown, and immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the transcription factor, forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), was the potential target of ALKBH5. Mechanistically, ALKBH5 facilitates glioma progression by demethylating m6A-modified FOXO1 mRNA, thereby destroying FOXO1 stability and expression through a YTHDC1-dependent pathway. The downregulated FOXO1 interacts with β-catenin, increasing its nuclear accumulation and thus promoting oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our findings suggest that targeting the ALKBH5/FOXO1 axis may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma treatment.

Role of hepatocyte-specific FOXO1 in hepatic glucolipid metabolic disorders induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a prevalent perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), is widely present in various environmental media, animals, and even human bodies. It primarily accumulates in the liver, contributing to the disruption of hepatic metabolic homeostasis. However, the precise mechanism underlying PFOS-induced hepatic glucolipid metabolic disorders remains elusive. The transcription factor forkhead box protein O 1 (FOXO1) plays a crucial role in regulating hepatic glucolipid metabolism; however, its involvement in PFOS-induced hepatic glucolipid metabolic disorders has not been thoroughly explored. Molecular docking revealed high binding affinity between PFOS and FOXO1. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to PFOS at doses of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks to assess its subchronic effects on hepatic glucolipid metabolism in this work. The results indicate that PFOS exposure increases hepatic acetylated FOXO1 expression, promotes liver lipid accumulation, suppresses gluconeogenesis, whereas fasting blood glucose levels remain unaffected but this dysregulation results in insulin resistance. Furthermore, hepatic deletion of FOXO1 in PFOS-exposed mice ameliorates liver injury and reduces lipid accumulation by suppressing hepatic autophagy without significantly affecting gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, FOXO1 may play a pivotal role in the development of PFOS-induced hepatic glucolipid metabolic disorder.

WNT3A promotes the cementogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through the FOXO1 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) possess capability of multidirectional differentiation, and their cementogenic differentiation potential enables them to participate in cementum repair and regeneration. The molecular mechanisms underlying cementogenic differentiation of DPSCs remain unclear.

METHODS

DPSC data set GSE138179 was retrieved from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to identify significant modules. Pathway enrichment exploration was conducted utilizing gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Metascape tools. CIBERSORT was utilized to analyze immune cell infiltration analysis. The comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) was utilized for the validation of core targets. Subsequently, cell experiments were conducted to validate the core targets. Changes in protein expression related to the FOXO1 signaling pathway, cell cycle, and apoptosis were evaluated using western blotting (WB).

RESULTS

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with DPSC cementogenic differentiation were predominantly enriched in crucial pathways such as the signaling pathway, cell apoptosis, and Wnt signaling pathway. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed WNT3A as a pivotal biomarker for DPSC cementogenic differentiation, and WNT3A was highly expressed in the cementogenic differentiation group. Western blotting results demonstrated that compared to the DPSC group, molecules such as Caspase-3, Caspase-9, FAS, P53, and BAX were downregulated in the CDDPSC group, suggesting reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, upregulation of WNT3A expression in CDDPSC-OE further suppressed the expression of these apoptotic molecules, suggesting a mitigated apoptotic response. Downregulation of WNT3A expression in CDDPSC-KO resulted in increased expression of apoptosis-related molecules, thereby enhancing apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

WNT3A is highly expressed in the cementogenic differentiation of DPSC, and WNT3A mediates FOXO1 pathway to promote differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into cementogenic differentiation, thus realizing the formation and maintenance of cementum tissue.

Mettl3-Mediated N6-Methyladenosine Modification Mitigates Ganglion Cell Loss and Retinal Dysfunction in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting FoxO1-Mediated Autophagy

Purpose

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury in various systems and in several neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma is characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and shares similar pathologic injury characteristics with retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) injury. However, the specific role of m6A modification in RIR injury is unclear, and the involvement of autophagy in RIR injury also remains controversial. Therefore, our study explored the role of m6A modification and autophagy in RIR injury.

Methods

Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old) were used to induce RIR injury. Retinal flat-mount immunofluorescence was performed to assess RGC survival rate. Electroretinogram and optomotor response were conducted to evaluate the retinal electrophysiologic function and visual acuity. Autophagy level was reflected by Western blot and transmission electron microscope images. M6A modification levels were determined via m6A dot blot. Methyltransferase-like protein 3 (Mettl3) and forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) protein expressions were tested by Western blot. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR was conducted to examine m6A modification level on FoxO1 mRNA. We also employed 3-methyladenine and rapamycin to regulate autophagy level in RIR injury.

Results

Inhibiting autophagy ameliorated RGC loss and preserved retinal electrophysiologic function in RIR injury. Additionally, a decrease in Mettl3-mediated m6A modification was observed in RIR injury mice. By overexpressing Mettl3 via intravitreal injection of type 2 recombinant adeno-associated virus before RIR injury, we established that Mettl3 overexpression can also ameliorate RGC loss and retinal electrophysiologic dysfunction induced by RIR injury. Furthermore, Mettl3 overexpression inhibited autophagy and reduced FoxO1 expression by upregulating m6A modifications on FoxO1 mRNA.

Conclusions

Mettl3-mediated m6A modification mitigates RGC loss and retinal electrophysiologic dysfunction by inhibiting FoxO1-mediated autophagy in RIR injury.

Sirtuin 1 Suppresses Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Senescence and Promotes Viability and Migration in Lens Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting Forkhead Box Protein O1/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathway

Age-related cataracts (ARCs) are associated with increased oxidative stress and cellular senescence. Our objective is to investigate the function of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) within ARCs. In ARCs tissues and H2O2-treated lens epithelial cells (LECs), the expression levels of SIRT1 were examined. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining was employed to evaluate cellular senescence. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was employed to measure viability. A wound healing assay was performed to assess migratory capacity in LECs. Oxidative stress-related indicators were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Additionally, the Coxpresdb and GeneCards databases were utilized to identify downstream pathways of SIRT1 in ARCs. The expression levels of protein and mRNA were detected using western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The expression of SIRT1 was downregulated in ARCs tissues with an increase in reactive oxygen species. In H2O2-induced LECs, SIRT1 was downregulated and its overexpression inhibited oxidative stress and cellular senescence while promoting viability and migration. Furthermore, FoxO1/TLR4 pathway was screened out as the key pathway of SIRT1, which was activated in H2O2-induced LECs senescence. Overexpression of SIRT1 suppressed FoxO1/TLR4 pathway. Further research demonstrated that the activation of FoxO1/TLR4 pathway reversed the inhibitory role of SIRT1 in oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and the promotion effect of SIRT1 on viability and migration in H2O2-induced LECs. SIRT1 inhibits oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and promotes the viability and migration in H2O2-induced LECs via suppressing FoxO1/TLR4 pathway.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Comorbidities, and Emerging Therapies

Humans are perhaps evolutionarily engineered to get deeply addicted to sugar, as it not only provides energy but also helps in storing fats, which helps in survival during starvation. Additionally, sugars (glucose and fructose) stimulate the feel-good factor, as they trigger the secretion of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, associated with the reward sensation, uplifting the mood in general. However, when consumed in excess, it contributes to energy imbalance, weight gain, and obesity, leading to the onset of a complex metabolic disorder, generally referred to as diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent forms of diabetes, nearly affecting all age groups. T2DM is clinically diagnosed with a cardinal sign of chronic hyperglycemia (excessive sugar in the blood). Chronic hyperglycemia, coupled with dysfunctions of pancreatic β-cells, insulin resistance, and immune inflammation, further exacerbate the pathology of T2DM. Uncontrolled T2DM, a major public health concern, also contributes significantly toward the onset and progression of several micro- and macrovascular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, including cancer. The current review discusses the epidemiology, causative factors, pathophysiology, and associated comorbidities, including the existing and emerging therapies related to T2DM. It also provides a future roadmap for alternative drug discovery for the management of T2DM.

Circ_BLNK is a Unique Molecular Marker in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are characterized by distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Growing evidence has implied that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in multiple tumor progression, including NSCLC. The objective of the present study was to functionally dissect the role and mechanism of circ_BLNK in NSCLC development and progression. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression of circ_BLNK, miR-942-5p, and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) in NSCLC tissues and cells. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and colony formation assay detected cell proliferation; the protein expression levels were tested by western blot assay; cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and transwell assay detected cell migration and invasion. The molecular targeting relationship was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effect of circ_BLNK overexpression on tumor growth was detected by in vivo experiments and immunohistochemistry. Circ_BLNK was dramatically decreased in NSCLC, and overexpression of circ_BLNK inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells and promoted cell apoptosis. Circ_BLNK level was negatively correlated with miR-942-5p expression and positively correlated with FOXO1 expression. Moreover, circ_BLNK acted as a sponge for miR-942-5p, which targeted FOXO1. Rescue assays presented that miR-942-5p reversed the anticancer action of circ_BLNK in NSCLC. Besides that, miR-942-5p inhibition suppressed the oncogenic behaviors, which were attenuated by FOXO1 knockdown. Animal experiments exhibited that circ_BLNK upregulation repressed tumor growth in vivo. Our study demonstrated a novel regulatory mechanism that circ_BLNK/miR-942-5p/FOXO1 axis adjusted non-small cell lung cancer development.

FoxO1 promotes high glucose-induced inflammation and cataract formation via JAK1/STAT1

PURPOSE

To investigate whether in diabetic cataract (DC), FoxO1 regulates high glucose (HG)-induced activation of NLRC4/IL-6 inflammatory mediators in human lens epithelial cells (SRA01/04) via the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, leading to cataract formation.

METHODS

Expression levels of FoxO1, inflammatory factor IL-6 and inflammatory vesicle NLRC4 were examined in SRA01/04 under high glucose (HG) stress at 25-150 mM. Rat lenses were also cultured using HG medium with or without the addition of the FoxO1 inhibitor AS1842856 and the JAK1 agonist RO8191. 5.5 mM glucose concentration group (NG) was used as a control. Real-time PCR, Western blots, and immunofluorescent staining evaluated the mRNA and protein levels of FoxO1, NLRC4, and IL-6. Apoptosis, cell viability, and EDU Staining were also assessed.

RESULTS

HG stimulation induced elevated FoxO1 expression and caused NLRC4/IL-6 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Whereas knockdown of FoxO1 inhibited the high expression of NLRC4/IL-6 inflammatory mediators in response to HG stimulation. The growth of SRA01/04 was inhibited under HG condition, and the cell proliferation ability was restored and even promoted by knocking out FoxO1. HG incubation of rat lens resulted in lens clouding and cataract formation, which was prevented by AS1842856 treatment and reversed by RO8191.

CONCLUSION

FoxO1 positively regulates HG-induced SRA01/04 inflammatory activation through the JAK1/STAT1 pathway and promotes DC. This provides a feasible strategy for the treatment of diabetic cataract.

α-Linolenic acid promotes testosterone synthesis by improving mitochondrial function in primary rooster Leydig cells

The present study aimed to investigate the direct effects of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) on the in vitro production of testosterone and the expression of key enzymes and proteins related to steroidogenesis in Leydig cells of roosters.

METHODS

Purified primary Leydig cells isolated from 65-week-old roosters were purified and treated with different concentrations of ALA treatments: (0 μm/L [control], solvent control group (DMSO), 20 μM/L, 40 μM/L, and 80 μM/L) and cell counting-8 (CCK-8) for cell viability assay, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for the determination of testosterone in cell supernatants, quantitative (real-time) PCR, and analysis of activities of antioxidants catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins/genes Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were done respectively.

RESULTS

Our results showed that ALA significantly increased testosterone secretion in primary rooster Leydig cells (P < 0.05), and 40 μM/L is the optimal dose. Leydig cells supplemented with ALA (20, 40, 80 μM) increased the expression of key enzymes and proteins 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) concerning steroidogenesis, enhanced antioxidant capability, improved mitochondrial biogenesis, and markedly improved the mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of the apoptosis-suppressive gene Bcl-2 was significantly increased, but Bax and AIF expression was decreased in the ALA group compared to that in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

ALA promoted testosterone production, enhanced steroidogenic enzyme expression, improved mitochondrial function, and antioxidant capacity, and reduced apoptosis in primary rooster Leydig cells, with 40 μM/L identified as the optimal concentration.

L-carnitine attenuates autophagic flux, apoptosis, and necroptosis in rats with dexamethasone-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

BACKGROUND

UpToDate, no drugs have been approved to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the advanced stage of the most prevalent liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The present study was conducted to explore the potential influences of L-carnitine on the pathomechanisms of hepatic injury that mediate progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in dexamethasone-toxified rats.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were allocated as follows: dexamethasone group, rats received dexamethasone (8 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) for 6 days; DEXA-LCAR300, DEXA-LCAR500, and DEXA-MET groups, rats administered L-carnitine (300 or 500 mg/kg/day, IP) or metformin (500 mg/kg/day, orally) one week prior to dexamethasone injection (8 mg/kg/day, IP) and other six days alongside dexamethasone administration. Two groups of age-matched normal rats received either the drug vehicle (the control group) or the higher dose of L-carnitine (the drug-control group). At the end of the experiment, sets of biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical examinations were performed.

RESULTS

L-carnitine (mainly at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day) markedly abolished dexamethasone-induced alterations in glucose tolerance, hepatic histological features, and serum parameters of hepatic function and lipid profile. Moreover, it significantly ameliorated dexamethasone-induced elevations of hepatic oxidative stress, SREBP-1 and p-MLKL protein levels, and nuclear FOXO1, LC3, P62, and caspase-3 immunohistochemical expression. Furthermore, it markedly diminished dexamethasone-induced suppression of hepatic Akt phosphorylation and Bcl2 immunohistochemical expression. The effects of L-carnitine (500 mg/kg/day) were comparable to those of metformin in most assessments and better than its corresponding lower dose.

CONCLUSION

These findings introduce L-carnitine as a potential protective drug that may mitigate the rate of disease progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with early stages or those at the highest risks.

FoxO1 Mediated by H3K27me3 Inhibits Porcine Follicular Development by Regulating the Transcription of CYP1A1

It is well known that the function of granulosa cells (GCs) is closely related to follicular development, and FoxO1 and histone methylation have been implicated in follicular development. However, the specific mechanisms by which FoxO1 and histone methylation regulate follicular development are still largely unknown. To explore the specific mechanism of FoxO1 in regulating follicular development, in this study, we showed that the expression of FoxO1 in immature ovaries and small follicles was significantly higher than in mature ovaries and large follicles of sows, respectively. FoxO1 was found to inhibit the secretion of testosterone and proliferation of porcine GCs and promote the secretion of progesterone and apoptosis of porcine GCs. Furthermore, H3K27me3, as a transcriptional inhibitor, can inhibit the transcription of FoxO1. FoxO1 could promote the transcription of CYP1A1, and CYP1A1 was found to inhibit the proliferation and facilitate the ferroptosis of porcine GCs. Collectively, our results revealed that the H3K27me3-FoxO1-CYP1A1 pathway might participate in follicular development, and these findings could provide potential targets for improving follicular development in sows.

Astaxanthin-S-Allyl Cysteine Ester Protects Pancreatic β-Cell From Glucolipotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and mTOR Pathway Dysregulation

Glucolipotoxicity (GLT) has emerged as established mechanism in the progression of diabetes. Identifying compounds that mitigate GLT-induced deleterious effect on β-cells are considered important strategy to overcome diabetes. Hence, in the present study, astaxanthin-s-allyl cysteine (AST-SAC) diester was studied against GLT in β-cells. Mus musculus pancreatic β-cell line (βTC-tet) was treated with high glucose (25 mM; HG) and 95 μM palmitate (PA) for 24 h to induce GLT. AST-SAC at various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 μg/ml) were treated to understand the protective effect against HG + PA exposure in β-cells. Under HG + PA exposure conditions oxidative stress, deregulation of mTOR pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are witnessed. AST-SAC treatment eased oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage, calcium overload and accumulation of autophagosome against HG + PA exposure conditions thereby protected the cell viability of β-cells. AST-SAC maintained the level of proteins involved in mTOR pathway under HG + PA exposure conditions. Also, AST-SAC treatment has mitigated the increased expression of genes and proteins such as IRE1 and PERK involved in ER stress-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways. In correspondence to it, the expression of genes involved in insulin secretion was preserved by AST-SAC. Due to these protective effects of AST-SAC the insulin secretion was well-maintained in β-cells under HG + PA exposure conditions. AST-SAC through normalizing antioxidant status and mTOR axis as well as preventing the harmful effect of ER-stress mediated UPR pathway has promoted the β-cell survival and insulin secretion against GLT. Simultaneously targeting oxidative stress/mTOR axis/ER stress is required to efficiently overcome GLT in β-cells.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via modulation of FOXO1/Nrf2/Sirt1 axis

BACKGROUND

Colistin (Cst) is one of the antimicrobial peptides and is reserved for use against multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, the clinical value of Cst is limited by its nephrotoxic adverse effects. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a honeybee propolis flavonoid recognised for its diverse pharmacological potential. It has demonstrated d antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as protective effects against chemically induced toxicity in variuos biological systems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of CAPE on nephrotoxicity induced in rats by Cst.

METHODS

Animals were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 served as control, group 2 received CAPE (10 mg/kg) orally, group 3 received Cst IP, group 4 received Cst + CAPE (5 mg/kg) and group 5 received Cst + CAPE (10 mg/kg). All treatments were given daily for 10 consecutive days.

RESULTS

CAPE notably attenuated Cst-inducednephrotoxicity as shown by reducing urea serum levels, creatinine, cystatin C, urinary protein contents and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). This was confirmed by histological investigations that indicated amelioration of histopathological changes in the kidney architecture as well as the deposition of collagen in renal tissues. CAPE exhibited antioxidant effects supported by the prevention of rise in Cst-induced lipid peroxidation and depletion of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic activities. In addition, CAPE inhibited the expression of the inflammatory markers including tumour necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa B and interleukin-6. These actions were associated with modulation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in favour of anti-apoptosis. CAPE inhibited Cst-induced rise in forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) expression and downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) immune-expression.

CONCLUSION

CAPE protects against nephrotoxicity induced by Cst in ratsprimarily through its antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic activities. These pritective effects are mediated via modulation of FOXO1/Nrf2/Sirt1 axis.

FoxO1 regulates human haematopoietic stem cells self-renewal and engraftment

BACKGROUND

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is one of the most effective ways to treat hematological malignant diseases, but the traditional culture of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro will soon lose their ability to self-renewal or differentiate into multilineage blood cells.

METHODS

To determine whether Forkhead boxO1 (FoxO1) is implicated in the development of HSCs, lentiviral vectors expressing knockdown (KD) or overexpression (OE) of FoxO1 were utilized in fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (FL-HSPCs). The impacts on the proliferation and hematopoietic differentiation of FL-HSPCs were subsequently evaluated via flow cytometry (FCM). Furthermore, the effect of FoxO1-OE on the self-renewal of cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (CB-HSPCs) was investigated. Additionally, the transplantation ability of hematopoietic stem cells derived from these CB-HSPCs in mice after secondary transplantation was also assessed by FCM.

RESULT

After knocking down FoxO1 in FL-HSPCs, the apoptosis rate was significantly increased, and the expression of hCD45 was significantly decreased. Conversely, overexpression of FoxO1 reversed this phenomenon, effectively promoting the expansion and differentiation of FL-HSPCs in vitro. Similarly, it was found that FoxO1-OE could effectively enhance the expansion of CB-HSPCs. Furthermore, upon transplantation of CB-HSPCs overexpressing FoxO1 into NSG mice, multilineage human hematopoietic reconstruction was promoted. Notably, the results of secondary transplantation revealed that only the FoxO1-OE group exhibited multilineage reconstitution.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our study confirmed that FoxO1-OE could enhance the self-renewal and engraftment of CB-HSPCs.

Deletion of the foxO1 gene reduces hypoxia tolerance in zebrafish embryos by influencing erythropoiesis

FoxO1 (Forkhead box O1) belongs to the evolutionarily conserved FoxO subfamily and is involved in diverse physiologic processes, including apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage repair, oxidative stress and cell differentiation. FoxO1 plays an important role in regulating the hypoxia microenvironment such as cancers, but its role in hypoxia adaptation remains unclear in animals. To understand the function of foxO1 in hypoxia response, we constructed foxO1a and foxO1b mutant zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. It was found that foxO1a and foxO1b destruction affected the hematopoietic system in the early zebrafish embryos. Specifically, FoxO1a and FoxO1b were found to affect the transcriptional activity of runx1, a marker gene for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Moreover, foxO1a and foxO1b had complementary features in hypoxia response, and foxO1a or/and foxO1b destruction resulted in tolerance of zebrafish becoming weakened in hypoxia due to insufficient hemoglobin supply. Additionally, the transcriptional activity of these two genes was demonstrated to be regulated by Hif1α. In conclusion, foxO1a and foxO1b respond to Hif1α-mediated hypoxia response by participating in zebrafish erythropoiesis. These results will provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of FoxO1 in hematopoiesis and hypoxia response.

The Effect of Forkhead Box O1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Cortical Thickness and White Matter Integrity in High Suicide Risk Patients

OBJECTIVE

Neuroinflammation's role is increasingly emphasized in the pathology of major depressive disorder (MDD), and its close association with the risk of suicide is being reported. The Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) gene is known to play a role in regulating mood and emotion and is associated with susceptibility to suicidality in relation to environmental stress. This research aims to explore the relationship between FoxO1 and the risk of suicide in individuals with MDD.

METHODS

We enrolled 127 healthy controls (HC) and 231 patients diagnosed with MDD, including 119 individuals with high suicide risk (HSR). All participants underwent the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Assessment and magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical thickness and white matter integrity were evaluated.

RESULTS

In the HSR group, cortical thinning was observed in the left triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus and right transverse frontopolar gyrus compared to HC. Additionally, fractional anisotropy (FA) values were decreased in the left posterior thalamic radiation, sagittal stratum, and uncinate fasciculus. Although no differences were observed based on allele variations for the two FoxO1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), those with the minor allele of FoxO1 rs34733279, especially in the HSR group, displayed increased cortical thinning and reduced FA values in the left cingulum.

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals close association between the minor allele of the FoxO1 gene rs34733279 and suicide risk in the left cingulum highlights the potential key role of the FoxO1 gene rs34733279 in the context of suicidal vulnerability. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.

Ubiquitination and deubiquitination: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that affects multiple cells and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). Chondrocytes and chondroextracellular matrix together constitute articular cartilage tissue. Any factors that affect the activity of chondrocytes and destroy the metabolic balance of the chondrocyte ECM will lead to the inability of articular cartilage to perform normal functions. The articular subchondral bone and articular cartilage must be coordinated to resist enough friction and mechanical stress, so the articular subchondral bone lesion will aggravate the articular cartilage defect and vice versa. Synoviocytes, including fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and synovial macrophages at the joint, are also important factors that cause low-grade chronic progressive inflammation of OA. Regulation of phenotype transformation of synovial macrophages has become another possible target for the clinical treatment of OA. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are the main post-translational protein modification pathways in the human body, which are widely involved in multiple signaling pathways and physiological processes. Naturally, they also play a very important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of OA. These effects are summarized in this review, including (A) regulating the aging and apoptosis of chondrocytes, FLSs and osteoblasts; (B) regulation of ECM degradation; (C) regulation of macrophage phenotypic transformation; (D) modulation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Ubiquitination targeting drugs for OA treatment are also listed. Depending on the high efficiency of ubiquitination and deubiquitination, understanding OA-related ubiquitination pathways can help design more efficient drugs to treat OA and provide more potential targets for clinical treatment. The Translational Potential of This Article. In this paper, the ubiquitination-related pathways in osteoarthritis (OA), including aging, apoptosis and autophagy in chondrocytes, osteoblasts, FLSs and macrophages were investigated. In particular, several ubiquitination-related targets are expected to be effective approaches for OA clinical treatment. In addition, in the process of OA occurrence and development, the complex relationship between the local joint area and other tissues including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is also discussed. These myokines and adipokines from musculoskeletal tissues are all expected to become efficient targets for OA treatment apart from the joint itself. In addition, those myokines secreted by cardiovascular tissues would show potential therapeutic effects as well. What if altering the contents for these ubiquitination-related targets in the serum through exercise will provide a new idea for OA therapy or prevent OA from deteriorating continuously?

FOXO1 induced fatty acid oxidation in hepatic cells by targeting ALDH1L2

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Lipid metabolism disorder is the primary feature of numerous refractory chronic diseases. Fatty acid oxidation, an essential aerobic biological process, is closely related to the progression of NAFLD. The forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 has been reported to play an important role in lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism through which FOXO1 regulates fatty acid oxidation remains unclear.

METHODS

Transcriptomic analysis was performed to examine the cellular expression profile to determine the functional role of FOXO1 in HepG2 cells with palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid accumulation. FOXO1-binding motifs at the promoter region of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L2 (ALDH1L2) were predicted via bioinformatic analysis and confirmed via luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of ALDH1L2 was induced to recover the impaired fatty acid oxidation in FOXO1-knockout cells.

RESULTS

Knockout of FOXO1 aggravated lipid deposition in hepatic cells. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that knockout of FOXO1 increased the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis but decreased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1a (CPT1α) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which contribute to fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, FOXO1 was identified as a transcription factor of ALDH1L2. Knockout of FOXO1 significantly decreased the protein expression of ALDH1L2 and CPT1α in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of ALDH1L2 restored fatty acid oxidation in FOXO1-knockout cells.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that FOXO1 modulates fatty acid oxidation by targeting ALDH1L2.

FOXO1-NCOA4 Axis Contributes to Cisplatin-Induced Cochlea Spiral Ganglion Neuron Ferroptosis via Ferritinophagy

Mammalian cochlea spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are crucial for sound transmission, they can be damaged by chemotherapy drug cisplatin and lead to irreversible sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), while such damage can also render cochlear implants ineffective. However, the mechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced SGNs damage and subsequent SNHL are still under debate and there is no currently effective clinical treatment. Here, this study demonstrates that ferroptosis is triggered in SGNs following exposure to cisplatin. Inhibiting ferroptosis protects against cisplatin-induced SGNs damage and hearing loss, while inducing ferroptosis intensifies these effects. Furthermore, cisplatin prompts nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy in SGNs, while knocking down NCOA4 mitigates cisplatin-induced ferroptosis and hearing loss. Notably, the upstream regulator of NCOA4 is identified and transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is shown to directly suppress NCOA4 expression in SGNs. The knocking down of FOXO1 amplifies NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, increases ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation, while disrupting the interaction between FOXO1 and NCOA4 in NCOA4 knock out mice prevents the cisplatin-induced SGN ferroptosis and hearing loss. Collectively, this study highlights the critical role of the FOXO1-NCOA4 axis in regulating ferritinophagy and ferroptosis in cisplatin-induced SGNs damage, offering promising therapeutic targets for SNHL mitigation.

miR-132-3p downregulates FOXO1 in CD4+ T cells and is associated with disease manifestations in patients with lupus

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the expression status of miR-132-3p in CD4+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and explore its potential role in SLE development.

METHODS

The study included 60 patients with SLE and 30 healthy controls. miR-132-3p expression in CD4+ T cells was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain. Bioinformatics analyses were employed to predict target genes and explore the potential role of miR-132-3p. The associations between miR-132-3p levels and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, as well as laboratory characteristics, were analyzed.

RESULTS

miR-132-3p levels in CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in patients with SLE compared with healthy controls. Bioinformatics analysis identified FOXO1 as a potential target gene of miR-132-3p, with a particular emphasis on the FOXO signaling pathway. miR-132-3p up-regulation in CD4+ T cells was associated with high SLEDAI score, high anti-double-stranded DNA levels, low C3 and C4 levels, positive anti-ribosomal P, and high 24-hour urinary protein levels in patients with SLE.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-132-3p may contribute to CD4+ T cell dysregulation during SLE by targeting FOXO1 and could potentially be used to assess disease severity.

Single-nucleus multiomics reveals the gene-regulatory networks underlying sex determination of murine primordial germ cells

Accurate specification of female and male germ cells during embryonic development is critical for sexual reproduction. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the bipotential precursors of mature gametes that commit to an oogenic or spermatogenic fate in response to sex-determining cues from the fetal gonad. The critical processes required for PGCs to integrate and respond to signals from the somatic environment in gonads are not understood. In this study, we developed the first single-nucleus multiomics map of chromatin accessibility and gene expression during murine PGC development in both XX and XY embryos. Profiling of cell-type specific transcriptomes and regions of open chromatin from the same cell captured the molecular signatures and gene networks underlying PGC sex determination. Joint RNA and ATAC data for single PGCs resolved previously unreported PGC subpopulations and cataloged a multimodal reference atlas of differentiating PGC clusters. We discovered that regulatory element accessibility precedes gene expression during PGC development, suggesting that changes in chromatin accessibility may prime PGC lineage commitment prior to differentiation. Similarly, we found that sexual dimorphism in chromatin accessibility and gene expression increased temporally in PGCs. Combining single-nucleus sequencing data, we computationally mapped the cohort of transcription factors that regulate the expression of sexually dimorphic genes in PGCs. For example, the gene regulatory networks of XX PGCs are enriched for the transcription factors, TFAP2c, TCFL5, GATA2, MGA, NR6A1, TBX4, and ZFX. Sex-specific enrichment of the forkhead-box and POU6 families of transcription factors was also observed in XY PGCs. Finally, we determined the temporal expression patterns of WNT, BMP, and RA signaling during PGC sex determination, and our discovery analyses identified potentially new cell communication pathways between supporting cells and PGCs. Our results illustrate the diversity of factors involved in programming PGCs towards a sex-specific fate.

FoxO1 silencing in Atp7b-/- neural stem cells attenuates high copper-induced apoptosis via regulation of autophagy

Wilson disease (WD) is a severely autosomal genetic disorder triggered by dysregulated copper metabolism. Autophagy and apoptosis share common modulators that process cellular death. Emerging evidences suggest that Forkhead Box O1 over-expression (FoxO1-OE) aggravates abnormal autophagy and apoptosis to induce neuronal injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. Herein, the aim of this study was to investigate how regulating FoxO1 affects cellular autophagy and apoptosis to attenuate neuronal injury in a well-established WD cell model, the high concentration copper sulfate (CuSO4, HC)-triggered Atp7b-/- (Knockout, KO) neural stem cell (NSC) lines. The FoxO1-OE plasmid, or siRNA-FoxO1 (siFoxO1) plasmid, or empty vector plasmid was stably transfected with recombinant lentiviral vectors into HC-induced Atp7b-/- NSCs. Toxic effects of excess deposited copper on wild-type (WT), Atp7b-/- WD mouse hippocampal NSCs were tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Subsequently, the FoxO1 expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF) assay, western blot (WB) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Meanwhile, the cell autophagy and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry (FC), TUNEL staining, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), JC-1, WB, and qRT-PCR. The current study demonstrated a strong rise in FoxO1 levels in HC-treated Atp7b-/- NSCs, accompanied with dysregulated autophagy and hyperactive apoptosis. Also, it was observed that cell viability was significantly decreased with the over-expressed FoxO1 in HC-treated Atp7b-/- WD model. As intended, silencing FoxO1 effectively inhibited abnormal autophagy in HC-treated Atp7b-/- NSCs, as depicted by a decline in LC3II/I, Beclin-1, ATG3, ATG7, ATG13, and ATG16, whereas simultaneously increasing P62. In addition, silencing FoxO1 suppressed apoptosis via diminishing oxidative stress (OS), and mitochondrial dysfunction in HC-induced Atp7b-/- NSCs. Collectively, these results clearly demonstrate the silencing FoxO1 has the neuroprotective role of suppressing aberrant cellular autophagy and apoptosis, which efficiently attenuates neuronal injury in WD.

Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Central Nervous System Development and Injuries: A Systematic Review

The development of central nervous system (CNS) can form perceptual, memory, and cognitive functions, while injuries to CNS often lead to severe neurological dysfunction and even death. As one of the prevalent post-translational modifications (PTMs), O-GlcNAcylation has recently attracted great attentions due to its functions in regulating the activity, subcellular localization, and stability of target proteins. It has been indicated that O-GlcNAcylation could interact with phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and methylation to jointly regulate the function and activity of proteins. Furthermore, a growing number of studies have suggested that O-GlcNAcylation played an important role in the CNS. During development, O-GlcNAcylation participated in the neurogenesis, neuronal development, and neuronal function. In addition, O-GlcNAcylation was involved in the progress of CNS injuries including ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and played a crucial role in the improvement of brain damage such as attenuating cognitive impairment, inhibiting neuroinflammation, suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Therefore, O-GlcNAcylation showed great promise as a potential target in CNS development and injuries. In this article, we presented a review highlighting the role of O-GlcNAcylation in CNS development and injuries. Hence, on the basis of these properties and effects, intervention with O-GlcNAcylation may be developed as therapeutic agents for CNS diseases.

Puerarin suppresses macrophage M1 polarization to alleviate renal inflammatory injury through antagonizing TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB p65 and JNK/FoxO1 activation

BACKGROUND

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinically common and serious renal dysfunction, characterized by inflammation and damage to tubular epithelial cells. Puerarin, an isoflavone derivative isolated from Pueraria lobata, has been proven to possess exceptional effectiveness in reducing inflammation. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of puerarin on AKI remain uncertain.

PURPOSE

This study investigated the possible therapeutic effects of puerarin on AKI and explored its underlying mechanism.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The effects of puerarin on AKI and macrophage polarization were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced or unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced mouse models in vivo and LPS-treated macrophages (Raw264.7) in vitro. Additionally, the effects of puerarin on inflammation-related signaling pathways were analyzed.

RESULTS

Administration of puerarin effectively alleviated kidney dysfunction and reduced inflammatory response in LPS-induced and UUO-induced AKI. In vitro, puerarin treatment inhibited the polarization of M1 macrophages and the release of inflammatory factors in Raw264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Mechanistically, puerarin downregulated the activities of NF-κB p65 and JNK/FoxO1 signaling pathways. The application of SRT1460 to activate FoxO1 or anisomycin to activate JNK eliminated puerarin-mediated inhibition of JNK/FoxO1 signaling, leading to suppression of macrophage M1 polarization and reduction of inflammatory factors. Further studies showed that puerarin bound to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of MyD88 protein, hindering its binding with TLR4, ultimately resulting in downstream NF-κB p65 and JNK/FoxO1 signaling inactivation.

CONCLUSIONS

Puerarin antagonizes NF-κB p65 and JNK/FoxO1 activation via TLR4/MyD88 pathway, thereby suppressing macrophage polarization towards M1 phenotype and alleviating renal inflammatory damage.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates fluoride induced apoptosis via PI3K/FoxO1 pathway in ameloblast-like cells

Fluoride is a double-edged sword. It was widely used for early caries prevention while excessive intake caused a toxicology effect, affected enamel development, and resulted in dental fluorosis. The study aimed to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the apoptosis induced by fluoride in ameloblast-like cells. We observed that NaF triggered apoptotic alterations in cell morphology, excessive NaF arrested cell cycle at the G1, and induced apoptosis by up-regulating Bax and down-regulating Bcl-2. NaF activated the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), and phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxylase (p-PI3K), while dose-dependently down-regulating the expression of Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). EGCG supplements reversed the changes in LS8 morphology, the cell cycle, and apoptosis induced by fluoride. These results indicated that EGCG possesses a protective effect against fluoride toxicity. Furthermore, EGCG suppressed the activation of p-PI3K and the down-regulation of FoxO1 caused by fluoride. Collectively, our findings suggested that EGCG attenuated fluoride-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/FoxO1 signaling pathway. EGCG may serve as a new alternative method for dental fluorosis prevention, control, and treatment.