High glucose augments ROS generation regulates mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via stress signalling cascades in keratinocytes

Mechanism of nano-plastics induced inflammation injury in vascular endothelial cells

Nano-plastics, emerging pollutants in the environment, have raised global concern due to their widespread presence in daily life and the potential toxicity to human health. Upon entering human body, nano-plastics can readily interact with vascular endothelial cells within the bloodstream, potentially leading to endothelial dysfunction. However, our understanding of the toxic impact of nano-plastics on vascular endothelial cells remains insufficient, and the underlying mechanism are yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the toxicological effects of nano-plastics on EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. Exposure to different types of nano-plastics such as polystyrene (PS), amino-modified PS or carboxyl-modified PS, resulted in suppress cell activity, damage to the cell membrane, oxidative stress and significantly inhibit cell migration. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and small RNA-seq analyses revealed that numbers of genes and miRNAs were differentially expressed after nano-plastics treatment. CEBPB, a gene within the inflammation-related tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, was confirmed to be a target of miR-1908-5p, indicating that nano-plastics induced activation of CEBPB might promote inflammatory injury to vascular endothelial cells. These results enhance our understanding of the biological effects of nano-plastics and their potential impact on inflammation injury.

Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway: contributing to the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

The cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart, liver, brain, and kidney, but its role and mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury have not been systematically reviewed. Here, we outline the components of the cGAS-STING pathway and then analyze its role in autophagy, ferroptosis, cellular pyroptosis, disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis, inflammatory responses, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, microglia transformation, and complement system activation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We further analyze the value of cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and conclude that the pathway can regulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway may be helpful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The rheumatoid arthritis drug Auranofin targets peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 to trigger ROS-endoplasmic reticulum stress axis-mediated cell death and cytoprotective autophagy

Auranofin (AF) is a gold-based compound and it has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis for over four decades. Recently, it has been demonstrated to show significant antitumor activity across various cancer types and is being repurposed as an anticancer drug. However, the precise mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects, particularly its binding targets, remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Auranofin (AF) exerts cytotoxic effects in 786-O renal cancer cells via inducing apoptosis. Mechanistic studies reveal that AF induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which is a key factor in mediating AF-induced stress and subsequently apoptosis. Notably, both ROS and ER stress induce autophagy, and inhibition of autophagy further enhances AF-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) analysis identifies two key antioxidant enzymes, peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) and peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2), as direct binding targets of AF. Importantly, overexpression of PRDX1 or PRDX2 inhibits AF-induced ROS accumulation and subsequent apoptosis. Overall, our findings demonstrate that AF induces apoptosis by covalently binding to PRDX1/2 to inhibit its activity, leading to ROS accumulation, which triggers ER stress and apoptosis. At the same time, ER stress triggers a cytoprotective autophagic response. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of AF-induced cytotoxicity and suggest PRDX1/2 as critical targets for the development of anti-renal cancer therapies.

Research progress on sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting pyroptosis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome resulted from dysregulated host responses to infection. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is one of the most common symptoms of acute-phase sepsis, with nearly 70 % of patients with sepsis ultimately developing SAE. Pyroptosis represents a type of cell death that is initiated by inflammation. This cell death type is associated with various infectious and noninfectious diseases. The gasdermin family proteins are crucial cell death executors and critical components in regulating the canonical pyroptosis pathway in microglia. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory effects of several drugs and genes on the pyroptosis pathway. Our findings suggest that several drugs (puerarin, VX765, HC067047, dexpramipexole, and Danhong injection), erbin gene, and TRIM45 knockdown improve SAE by suppressing the canonical pathway of NLRP3/caspase-1/gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. Therefore, they have significant importance in terms of brain protection. Moreover, we review the relevant literature published in recent years and summarize the research status and development prospects in this field to provide a basis for subsequent related research.

Activation of spinal PGC-1α regulates microglial polarization through a feedback loop between ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the NLRP3 inflammasome in neuropathic pain

BACKGROUND

An imbalance in microglial polarization plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master coregulator of gene expression in mitochondrial biogenesis, is related to microglial polarization. However, the underlying mechanism involved is poorly understood.The aim of the present study was to explore the role of PGC-1α in regulating microglial polarization through a feedback loop between reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI).

METHODS

we quantified pain behaviour after CCI; analysed the localization of PGC-1α and the changes in the expression of CD68 (an M1 microglial marker)/IBA1 and ARG1 (an M2 microglial marker)/IBA1 in the dorsal horn (DH) via immunofluorescence. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression of target proteins. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to investigate the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA). ROS production was measured via dihydroethidium (DHE). SOD activity and the MDA content were measured via SOD and MDA assay kits, respectively. In addition, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

The results revealed ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, microglia phenotype from the M2 to the M1 phenotype in the CCI rats.Interesting, ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the critical mediators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.NLRP3 inflammasome in turn cause ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting for the first time a feedback loop between ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome in the neuropathic pain.The activation of PGC-1α shifts the microglial phenotype via the modulation of a feedback loop between ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that activation of PGC-1α could be a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate neuropathic pain.

UFBP1 Ameliorates Heat Stress-Induced Apoptosis via Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Heat stress in dairy cows is aggravated by Global warming, which negatively affects their performance and health, especially high yielding cows are more susceptible to high temperature and humidity in summer. Besides increasing body temperature and reducing feed intake, heat stress also compromises mammary gland function by inducing apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). UFBP1 (Ufm1-binding protein 1) serves as an essential component of ufmylation, is crucial for the preservation of cellular homeostasis. However, little is known about its contribution to heat stress-induced apoptosis in BMECs. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the effect of UFBP1 on heat stress-induced apoptosis through knockdown and overexpression of UFBP1 in BMECs. The results showed that heat stress triggered cell apoptosis (increased apoptosis rate and Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression) and decreased the expression of genes associated with the production of milk fat and protein both in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, UFBP1 silencing aggravated the high-temperature-induced cell damage, and overexpression of UFBP1 attenuated heat stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP synthesis and NAD+/NADH ratio, as well as the reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Importantly, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway triggered by heat stress was blocked by UFBP1, as indicated by the reduced apoptosis rate and Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. In addition, UFBP1 restored the expression of milk fat and protein-related genes in heat-stressed BMECs. In conclusion, these findings indicate that UFBP1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for ameliorating heat stress in dairy cows, thereby providing novel theoretical insights into the mitigation of adverse thermal stress effects on livestock productivity.

Remimazolam attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral deficits and neuronal injury via activation of the Nrf2 pathway

Sepsis is a severe disorder that is always accompanied by brain injury and dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of remimazolam, a new ultra-short-acting sedative, on LPS-induced neuronal injury, and the role of Nrf2 signaling pathway involved. LPS was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence or absence of remimazolam. Then the behavior analysis was performed by using the Morris Water Maze and Open Field Test. The levels of the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), the neuronal apoptosis, and the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 were detected in the hippocampus. In vitro, primary hippocampal neurons were exposed to LPS with or without remimazolam administration. Then the cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular ROS were measured to assess oxidative stress and neuron injury. The expression of Nrf2, and HO-1 was also determined by Western blotting. LPS triggered neuroapoptosis, evoked oxidative stress, and inhibited the expression of Nrf2, and HO-1 in rat hippocampus, which were attenuated by remimazolam treatment. Additionally, remimazolam alleviated LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety‑like behaviors in rats. In vitro, remimazolam could ameliorate neuronal damage, decrease the production of ROS, and increase the MMP of neurons exposed to LPS, which was accompanied by an increase in the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. However, ML385 (an Nrf2 inhibitor) reversed the beneficial effects of remimazolam on primary hippocampal neurons. These findings suggest that remimazolam exerted protective effects on LPS-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in vivo and in vitro, which was associated with activation of Nrf2 signaling. Further experiments are needed to fully explore the exact molecular mechanism of Nrf2 upstream and downstream of remimazolam and its effects on distinct brain regions, which will help to better understand the neural effects of remimazolam.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide mitigates high-fat-diet-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by promoting AMPK/PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) defined as the coexistence of obesity and sarcopenia. While the anti-obesity effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), the main component of L. barbarum extract, are known, its efficacy against SO remains unexplored. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of LBP on SO and the elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that LBP administration decreased obesity-related factors, and increased muscle-related factors in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). LBP administration ameliorated PA- and HFD-induced hyperglycaemia by modulating IRS-1 and GLUT-4 levels while also mitigating the ectopic fat deposition. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that LBP can mitigate mitochondrial structural abnormalities and dysfunction-characterized by increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels, reduced reactive oxygen species levels-through the activation of mitophagy. However, these beneficial effects of LBP on skeletal muscle were negated by AMPK inhibitor and siRNA knockdown of Parkin expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that LBP may effectively modulate glucose and lipid metabolism while ameliorating skeletal muscle atrophy via the activation of the AMPK/PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway, thereby repairing the mitochondrial structure and function. Consequently, LBP emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for addressing obesity-related impacts on skeletal muscle.

An injectable and adaptable system for the sustained release of hydrogen sulfide for targeted diabetic wound therapy by improving the microenvironment of inflammation regulation and angiogenesis

The combined effects of persistent chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, microcirculation disorders, and dysregulated cellular energy metabolism often hinder the repair of diabetic skin wounds. Traditional treatment methods are typically insufficient in simultaneously addressing these complex factors, resulting in delayed wound healing and a high propensity for recurrence and chronic ulceration. This study developed an innovative strategy based on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticles loaded with an ultraviolet (UV)-light-responsive hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. This approach leverages the endogenous ROS present in diabetic wounds and external UV light as dual triggers to facilitate the controlled and stepwise release of H2S. The material design explicitly targets the critical challenges in diabetic wound repair, including the inhibition of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress reduction, microcirculation improvement, and support of cellular energy metabolism, thereby significantly accelerating wound healing. This adaptive release of signaling molecules effectively modulates the wound regeneration microenvironment, enhancing the repair process and offering a promising solution for diabetic skin wound management. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study developed an innovative strategy based on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticles loaded with an ultraviolet (UV)-light-responsive hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. This approach leverages the endogenous ROS present in diabetic wounds and external UV light as dual triggers to facilitate the controlled and stepwise release of H2S. The material design explicitly targets the critical challenges in diabetic wound repair, including the inhibition of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress reduction, microcirculation improvement, and support of cellular energy metabolism, thereby significantly accelerating wound healing. This adaptive release of signaling molecules effectively modulates the wound regeneration microenvironment, enhancing the repair process and offering a promising solution for diabetic skin wound management.

Lactoferrin alleviates oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by autoimmune thyroiditis by modulating the mTOR pathway in the thyroid

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune system's attack on thyroid tissue, potentially leading to thyroid dysfunction, with a current lack of effective treatment modalities. Lactoferrin, a crucial functional dietary component obtainable from food sources, primarily exists in mammalian milk. We aim to investigate whether dietary supplementation with lactoferrin can protect the thyroid in Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis (EAT) rats. Our study reveals significantly elevated levels of oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the AITD. Lactoferrin markedly reduces OS and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the thyroid tissue of EAT rats. Furthermore, lactoferrin inhibits ERS levels in the thyroid of EAT rats and alleviates cellular apoptosis. In vivo and in vitro experiments elucidate that its protective effect is primarily achieved through the inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway activation. In summary, lactoferrin, a nutrient readily obtainable from food sources, appears to be effective in mitigating thyroid damage in AITD.

The dual role of diabetes on oral potentially malignant disorders

BACKGROUND

Observational studies suggest a link between diabetes and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), such as oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral leukoplakia (OLK). The causal relationship, as well as the type of diabetes that promotes OPMDs development, remains unclear. This Mendelian randomization (MR) study estimated the causal effects of diabetes-related traits on OPMDs.

METHODS

Large-scale genome-wide association study data on type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), OLP, OLK, and actinic cheilitis (AC) were used. Causal effects were assessed using inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger methods. Multivariable MR analyses evaluated the independent roles of these traits, with extensive sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS

Genetic susceptibility to T1D (IVW OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.17, P = 0.007) and T2D (IVW OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.97, P = 0.002) showed protective effects against AC. T1D was associated with an increased risk of OLP (IVW OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.17, P = 0.007). The effect of T1D on AC and OLP remained robust after adjusting for FI, FG, and HbA1c, while T2D's effect on AC was not significant when considering these glycemic traits. No potential pleiotropy was detected (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

T1D may have a causal role in the development of OLP independent of glycemic traits, emphasizing the need for routine oral examinations in T1D patients. Conversely, genetically predicted T1D and T2D are significantly associated with a reduced risk of AC, challenging previous assumptions and offering new insights into the relationship between diabetes and OPMDs. Further extensive investigations are required to address the limitations of this study and to clarify these associations.

Study on the mechanism of Dexmedetomidine's effect on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly people

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication among elderly patients following surgical procedures, significantly impairing postoperative recovery and quality of life. The selection and dosage of intraoperative anaesthetic drugs are frequently implicated as contributing factors in the development of POCD. In recent years, dexmedetomidine (DEX), a novel α2-adrenoceptor agonist, has been increasingly utilized in surgical anaesthesia for elderly patients, showing potential as both a preventive and therapeutic agent for POCD. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research on the mechanisms by which DEX affects POCD in the elderly. Additionally, it explores DEX's mechanisms of action in the context of neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, and the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and analgesia. The objective is to provide reliable theoretical support and a reference point for the clinical application of DEX in POCD among the elderly, thereby promoting its broader use in clinical practice to improve outcomes and enhance quality of life.

Oxidative alterations in exfoliated oral mucosa cells of patients with major depressive disorder

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate oxidative stress markers in the oral mucosal cells of individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

A case-control design was used, including twenty patients diagnosed with MDD, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria, and twenty healthy controls. Oral exfoliated cells were collected from all participants. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caspase-3 and -7 activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in Arbitrary Fluorescence Units (AFU).

Results

The MDD group demonstrated significantly elevated intracellular ROS levels (p = 0.0012) and caspase-3 and -7 activity (p = 0.0171) in comparison to the control group. Additionally, a decrease in ΔΨm expression was observed in the oral cells of MDD patients (p = 0.0265), whereas GSH expression levels did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.8908).

Conclusions

The findings indicate heightened oxidative stress in the oral exfoliated cells of individuals with MDD. This study supports the potential use of oral cells as a non-invasive biomarker source for assessing oxidative stress in depressive disorders.

Electroacupuncture alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy through modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressing oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Peripheral neuropathy caused by diabetes is closely related to the vicious cycle of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from metabolic abnormalities. The effects mediated by the silent information regulator type 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) axis present new opportunities for the treatment of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy (T2DPN), potentially breaking this harmful cycle.

AIM

To validate the effectiveness of electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of T2DPN and investigate its potential mechanism based on the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis.

METHODS

The effects of EA were evaluated through assessments of metabolic changes, morphological observations, and functional examinations of the sciatic nerve, along with measurements of inflammation and oxidative stress. Proteins related to the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis, involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidative stress, were detected in the sciatic nerve using Western blotting to explain the underlying mechanism. A counterevidence group was created by injecting a SIRT1 inhibitor during EA intervention to support the hypothesis.

RESULTS

In addition to diabetes-related metabolic changes, T2DPN rats showed significant reductions in pain threshold after 9 weeks, suggesting abnormal peripheral nerve function. EA treatment partially restored metabolic control and reduced nerve damage in T2DPN rats. The SIRT1/PGC-1α axis, which was downregulated in the model group, was upregulated by EA intervention. The endogenous antioxidant system related to the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis, previously inhibited in diabetic rats, was reactivated. A similar trend was observed in inflammatory markers. When SIRT1 was inhibited in diabetic rats, these beneficial effects were abolished.

CONCLUSION

EA can alleviate the symptoms of T2DNP in experimental rats, and its effects may be related to the mitochondrial biogenesis and endogenous antioxidant system mediated by the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis.

Association between the development of sepsis and the triglyceride-glucose index in acute pancreatitis patients: a retrospective investigation utilizing the MIMIC-IV database

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a serious consequence of acute pancreatitis (AP) that requires immediate detection and treatment. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index demonstrated predictive ability for a number of diseases. In an effort to enhance clinical care and early warning systems, this study examined the association between the TyG index and sepsis risk with the aim of improving clinical care and early warning systems.

METHODS

Patients who were first admitted and satisfied the diagnostic criteria for acute pancreatitis (ICD-9: 5770; ICD-10: K85) were chosen from the MIMIC-IV database, excluding those lacking essential demographic or laboratory data. Using the Sepsis-3.0 criteria. Depending on whether they had sepsis or not, patients were divided into sepsis group and non-sepsis group. Utilizing the formula ln[(triglycerides mg/dl) × (glucose mg/dl)/2], the TyG index was calculated. The Boruta algorithm and Xgboost model were used for feature selection in order to pinpoint the important variables affecting results. Logistic regression with univariate and multivariate factors were used to assess the association between the TyG index and the start of sepsis after admission.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight thousand AP patients were screened in all, among which 661 patients were ultimately included in the study. Of these, 228 patients (34.5%) developed sepsis. The TyG index was shown to have a significant correlation (OR = 1.891, 95% CI: 1.408-2.555) with sepsis, and an increased risk of sepsis was observed with an increase in the TyG index (all P values for trend < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that among patients of various ages, sexes, and with hypertension and diabetes, there was a positive association between the TyG index and the probability of sepsis (all P values for trend < 0.05). The combination of the TyG index with clinical indicators had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.828 (0.794-0.862), which was significantly greater than that of the TyG index alone (0.657 [0.613-0.701]), with a statistically significant difference (Z= -7.362, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In patients who have AP, the TyG index is substantially linked to a higher risk of sepsis, and when combined with clinical markers, its predictive power for sepsis is enhanced. The findings imply that the TyG index might be a helpful detection for determining which AP patients are at a higher risk of developing sepsis.

Unraveling the interplay between meningitis and mitochondria: Etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic insights

Meningitis, characterized by an inflammatory response affecting the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, poses a formidable challenge to global public health. Its etiology spans a spectrum of infectious agents, ranging from bacteria, to viruses, fungi, and parasites. Concurrently, mitochondria-traditionally known as 'cellular powerhouses'-have emerged as critical players in various essential biological functions, including but not limited to, energy production, metabolic regulation, and cell fate determination. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondria may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of meningitis. In this review, we delineated the definition, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of meningitis, and elucidated the structure, dynamics and functions of mitochondria. We subsequently delved into the intricate interplay between meningitis and mitochondria, identifying potential therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondria for the first time. With clinical trials on the horizon, our review lays the foundation for a transformative era in meningitis therapeutics, where unraveling the intricate interplay between meningitis and mitochondria offers promise for mitigating neuroinflammation and improving patient outcomes.

Oxidative stress mediates retinal damage after corneal alkali burn through the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway

Retinal damage accounts for irreversible vision loss following ocular alkali burn (OAB), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Herein, using an OAB mouse model, we examined the impact of oxidative stress (OS) in retinal damage and its molecular mechanism. Results revealed that OS in the retina was enhanced soon after alkali injury. Antioxidant therapy with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) preserved the retinal structure, suppressed cell apoptosis and decreased retinal inflammation, confirming the role of OS. Moreover, enhanced OS was linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, mtDNA leakage and initiation of the cytosolic DNA-sensing signaling. The activation of the major DNA sensors cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGas) and cGAS-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS/STING) pathway was then identified. Notably, inhibiting cGAS/STING signaling with C-176 markedly reduced inflammation and cell apoptosis and ultimately protected the retina against OAB. Overall, our study reveals the vital function of OS in the occurrence of OAB-induced retinal damage and the involvement of cGAS/STING activation. Furthermore, our provides preclinical validation of the use of an antioxidant or a STING inhibitor as a potential therapeutic approach to protect the retina after OAB.

Carbon Dots with Antioxidant Capacity for Detecting Glucose by Fluorescence and Repairing High-Glucose Damaged Glial Cells

Diabetic mellitus management extends beyond blood glucose monitoring to the essential task of mitigating the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly vital for cellular repair, especially within the nervous system. Herein, antioxidant carbon dots (Arg-CDs) were designed and prepared using anhydrous citric acid, L-arginine, and ethylenediamine as sources through a hydrothermal method. Arg-CDs exhibited excellent scavenging ability to 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∙), and fluorescence response to hydroxyl radicals (∙OH), a characteristic representative of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Assisted by glucose oxidase and Fe2+, Arg-CDs showed a sensitive and selective response to glucose. The quenching mechanism of Arg-CDs by formed ∙OH was based on the static quenching effect (SQE). The analytical performance of this method for glucose detection encompassed a wide linear range (0.3-15 μM), a low practical limit of detection (0.1 μM) and practical applicability for blood glucose monitoring. In an in vitro model employing glial cells (BV2 cells), it was observed that high glucose medium led to notable cellular damage ascribed to the excessive ROS production from hyperglycemia. The diminished and apoptotic glial cells were gradually recovered by adding increased contents of Arg-CDs. This work illustrates a promising area that designs effective carbon dots with antioxidant capacity for the dual applications of detection and cell repairing based on the utilization of antioxidant activity.

Mitochondrial DNA-activated cGAS-STING pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a circular double-stranded DNA located within mitochondria, plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial-induced innate immunity, particularly via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway, which recognizes double-stranded DNA and is crucial for pathogen resistance. Recent studies elucidate the interplay among mtDNA, the cGAS-STING pathway, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the context of cancer. mtDNA uptake by recipient cells activates the cGAS-STING pathway, while mtDNA leakage reciprocally regulates NET release, amplifying inflammation and promoting NETosis, a mechanism of tumor cell death. Autophagy modulates these processes by clearing damaged mitochondria and degrading cGAS, thus preventing mtDNA recognition. Tumor microenvironmental factors, such as metabolic reprogramming and lipid accumulation, induce mitochondrial stress, ROS production, and further mtDNA leakage. This review explores strategies in cancer drug development that leverage mtDNA leakage to activate the cGAS-STING pathway, potentially converting 'cold tumors' into 'hot tumors,' while discussing advancements in targeted therapies and proposing new research methodologies.

Bioactive milk-derived nutrient MFG-E8 ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy induced by mitochondria damage in aging rats via activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle and fiber number and decreased regenerative capacity with increased abundance of reactive oxygen species levels and electron transport chain abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antisarcopenia effect of MFG-E8 in alleviating skeletal muscle dysfunction induced by D-galactose, and reveal the mechanism promoting myoblast cell proliferation and mediating the cell cycle. This in vivo experiment showed that MFG-E8 can improve the antioxidant status and increase soleus muscle mass (35.61%) and fiber diameter (39.72%) in the aging rats. The western blot assay preliminarily proved that increased ERK phosphorylation determines the repairment of injured skeletal muscle, but not JNK and p38. In vitro experiments further verified that MFG-E8 can increase the number of mitochondria, cell vitality, cell density, and reduce apoptosis rate. Flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR proved that MFG-E8 promoted cell proliferation by upregulating mRNA expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, CDK, and downregulating mRNA expression of p21 and p27, thereby increasing the S and G2/M phase and decreasing the G0/G1 phase. Molecular level further proved that MFG-E8 mediated cell cycle and promoted cell proliferation by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

Cardioprotective Effects of Phlorizin on Hyperlipidemia-induced Myocardial Injury: Involvement of Suppression in Pyroptosis via Regulating HK1/NLRP3/Caspase-1 Signaling Pathway

Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is a prevalent and intricate condition that plays a pivotal role in impairing heart function. The primary objective of this study was to assess the lipid-lowering and cardioprotective properties of phlorizin (PHZ) and to investigate its potential molecular mechanisms in rats. In this investigation, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a high-fat diet for a period of 28 days to induce an HLP model. Subsequently, the rats received oral doses of PHZ or metformin from day 14 to day 28. We assessed various parameters using commercially available kits, including serum lipid deposition, myocardial injury biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokine levels. We also employed electron microscopy to examine myocardial ultrastructural changes and conducted Western blot analyses to assess apoptosis factors and pyroptosis markers. Comparing the PHZ group with the model group, we observed significant improvements in blood lipid deposition and heart injury biomarkers. Furthermore, PHZ demonstrated a clear reduction in myocardial tissue oxidative stress and inflammatory factors, as well as a suppression of cell apoptosis. Subsequent investigations indicated that PHZ treatment led to a decreased inflammatory response and lowered levels of hexokinase 1 (HK1), NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and Caspase-1. In summary, PHZ proved to be an effective remedy for alleviating HLP-induced cardiac damage by reducing blood lipid levels, mitigating oxidative stress, curbing inflammation, and suppressing pyroptosis. The inhibition of pyroptosis by PHZ appears to be linked to the regulation of the HK1/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway.

Medical Nutrition Therapy and Physical Exercise for Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemic Patients with Sarcopenia

A wide range of factors contribute to the overlap of hyperglycemia-acute or chronic-and sarcopenia, as well as their associated adverse consequences, which can lead to impaired physical function, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality risk. These factors include malnutrition (both overnutrition and undernutrition) and low levels of physical activity. Hyperglycemia and sarcopenia are interconnected through a vicious cycle of events that mutually reinforce and worsen each other. To explore this association, our review compiles evidence on: (i) the impact of hyperglycemia on motor and muscle function, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying biochemical changes in the muscles of individuals with or at risk of diabetes and sarcopenia; (ii) the importance of the clinical assessment and control of sarcopenia under hyperglycemic conditions; and (iii) the potential benefits of medical nutrition therapy and increased physical activity as muscle-targeted treatments for this population. Based on the reviewed evidence, we conclude that a regular intake of key functional nutrients, together with structured and supervised resistance and/or aerobic physical activity, can help maintain euglycemia and improve muscle status in all patients with hyperglycemia and sarcopenia.

Leptin drives glucose metabolism to promote cardiac protection via OPA1-mediated HDAC5 translocation and Glut4 transcription

Metabolic reprogramming, the shifting from fatty acid oxidation to glucose utilization, improves cardiac function as heart failure (HF) progresses. Leptin plays an essential role in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the crosstalk between leptin and metabolic reprogramming is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that leptin improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction via enhancing glucose metabolism. In the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced heart failure model in vitro, H9c2 cell apoptosis was assessed by the TUNEL and Annexin V/PI staining assay. Leptin-mediated mitochondrial fusion was performed via TEM, and glucose oxidation was explored, as well as the ECAR, OCR, and protein expression of the vital metabolic enzymes. By blocking OPA1 expression or HDAC5 inhibition, the mitochondrial dynamic and glucose metabolic were detected to evaluate the role of OPA1 and HDAC5 in leptin-stimulated glucose metabolism. In the mouse model of HF in vivo, intraperitoneal leptin administration appreciably increased glucose oxidation and preserved cardiac function 56 days after coronary artery ligation. In vitro, we identified the OPA1-dependent HDAC5 nucleus export as a crucial process in boosting glucose utilization by activating MEF2 to upregulate Glut4 expression using the RNA interference technique in H9c2 cells. In vivo, leptin promotes glucose utilization and confers heart functional and survival benefits in chronic ischemic HF. The current study provided a novel insight into the role of leptin in metabolic reprogramming and revealed potential therapeutic targets for chronic HF.

A Cerium Oxide Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Nanosystem Remits Glucose Oxidative Stress-Induced Odontoblasts Mitochondrial Apoptosis through Regulation of PGAM5 Pathway

Diabetes mellitus (DM) induced mitochondrial oxidative stress (OS) can lead to severe injury of dental pulp. The cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) have been proven to have excellent antioxidative activity. However, whether CNP can relieve dental pulp damage caused by DM and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we modified ceria with hyaluronic acid to prepare nanoceria with good biocompatibility, water solubility, and stability, namely, HACNP (hyaluronic acid cerium oxide nanoparticles). We demonstrated the protective effect of HACNP on diabetic OS-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in dental pulp-like cells. As far as the mechanism of action was concerned, glucose oxidase (GO) treatment promoted the activation of phosphoglycerate mutase family 5 (PGAM5) leading to mitochondrial abnormalities and apoptosis in an odontoblast-like cell line (mDPC6T). Knockdown or overexpression of PGAM5 further validate these results. Meanwhile, HACNP remitted GO-related toxicity via down-regulating PGAM5 expression, whereas overexpression of PGAM5 abolished the beneficial effect of HACNP. Furthermore, in the constructed animal research model of diabetic pulp injury, we also confirmed that HACNP alleviated apoptosis and mitochondrial injury of dental pulp and decreased the expression level of PGAM5 in diabetic pulp tissue. In conclusion, these results revealed that HACNP played a protective role on diabetes-associated dental pulp injury through targeting the PGAM5-mediated mitochondrial pathway, providing an idea and method for the prevention or treatment of diabetes-induced dental pulp damage.

Puerarin reduces diabetic nephropathy-induced podocyte pyroptosis by modulating the SIRT1/NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney inflammation and podocyte injury are key pathological features of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN). Puerarin has been shown to inhibit podocyte pyroptosis and provide renal protection, although its molecular mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS

The effects and mechanisms of puerarin on podocyte pyroptosis were investigated in a DN mouse model. In vivo, a DN model was established using streptozotocin (STZ) and treated with puerarin, a SIRT1 agonist, or a SIRT1 inhibitor. In vitro, a podocyte pyroptosis model was induced under high glucose (HG) conditions, and lentivirus transfection was used to either silence or overexpress SIRT1. Techniques including ELISA, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, PCR, and Western blotting were employed to explore the molecular mechanisms by which puerarin inhibits podocyte pyroptosis.

RESULTS

The study showed that SIRT1 expression was significantly downregulated in STZ-induced DN mice and HG-induced MPC-5 cell pyroptosis models. Overexpression of SIRT1 decreased the secretion of inflammatory factors, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, improved podocyte injury, restored podocyte function, and inhibited the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream factors. Furthermore, puerarin increased SIRT1 expression in DN mice and HG-treated MPC-5 cells, inhibited the activation of the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, reduced podocyte pyroptosis, and alleviated renal inflammatory damage.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that puerarin may inhibit podocyte pyroptosis, reduce podocyte injury, and mitigate renal inflammatory damage by modulating the SIRT1/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway.

Circ-ECH1 May Compete With miR-708-5p to Regulate Ntrk2 in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) affects patients' quality of life. Circular RNAs participated in BPD. However, circ-ECH1's role in BPD has not been reported yet. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of circ-ECH1 in BPD. Hyperoxia-treated type II alveolar epithelial cells (L2 cells) were used as the in vitro BPD model. CCK-8, flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were used to evaluate cell viability. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the subcellular localization. Circ-ECH1 overexpression (or inhibited) and miR-708-5p mimics were used to investigate the roles of circ-ECH1 and miR-708-5p in BPD. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase reaction (qRT-PCR) detected the expressions of circ-ECH1, miR-708-5p, and neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (Ntrk2). Ntrk2 expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Changes in lung tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Pulmonary fibrosis was examined by Mason staining. TUNEL staining was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis in lung tissues. RNA sequencing was performed in the lung tissues of BPD rats. The binding between circ-ECH1 and miR-708-5p was confirmed through dual luciferase activity. Hyperoxia reduced cell viability and increased cell apoptosis and ROS accumulation. In addition, hyperoxia decreased the expression levels of circ-ECH1, which is mainly located in the cytoplasm. Circ-ECH1 overexpression increased cell viability but reduced cell apoptosis and ROS accumulation. On the contrary, interference with circ-ECH1 further promoted cell apoptosis and reduced cell activity. Furthermore, circ-ECH1 overexpression reduced the incidence of pulmonary fibrosis and lung cell apoptosis. RNA sequencing, followed by qRT-PCR, confirmed that the expressions of Ntrk2 and miR-708-5p were affected by circ-ECH1. miR-708-5p mimics reversed the role of circ-ECH1 in the BPD. Mechanistically, circ-ECH1 may bind with miR-708-5p to regulate Ntrk2 expression. Circ-ECH1 may compet with miR-708-5p to regulate Ntrk2 expression in BPD. The findings provided a new target for BPD treatment.

Oxidative stress and its role in recurrent pregnancy loss: mechanisms and implications

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the occurrence of two or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks of gestation. Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of oxidative stress in RPL, providing insights into its underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage and inflammation. Oxidative stress has been implicated in disrupting placental blood flow, inducing apoptosis in fetal and placental cells, and exacerbating inflammatory responses, all of which can contribute to pregnancy loss. Elevated levels of ROS have been associated with compromised placental function, impaired fetal development, and increased risk of RPL. Additionally, oxidative stress can modulate maternal immune responses, potentially leading to immune-related pregnancy complications. This review synthesizes current evidence on the mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to RPL and highlights emerging research on potential interventions, including antioxidant therapies and lifestyle modifications. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of RPL and improve pregnancy outcomes. Future research should focus on elucidating the specific pathways involved and exploring novel treatments aimed at mitigating oxidative damage during pregnancy.

Role of Quercetin in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a significant and severe complication of diabetes that affects a large portion of the global population, with its prevalence continuing to rise. Secondary metabolites, including quercetin, have shown promising effects in mitigating the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy by targeting multiple pathological mechanisms, including impaired insulin signaling, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiac stiffness, and disrupted calcium handling. Addressing these mechanisms is crucial to prevent left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction in advanced stages of diabetic heart disease. Scientific evidence has highlighted the cardioprotective properties of quercetin at both the myocardial and cellular/molecular levels in diabetic models. Therefore, this review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the proposed mechanisms underlying quercetin's beneficial effects, providing valuable insights that could inform future drug discovery efforts specific to diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Experimental cell models of insulin resistance: overview and appraisal

Insulin resistance, a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in tissues such as liver, fat and muscle. Insulin resistance is a driving force behind various metabolic diseases, such as T2DM, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease and fatty liver. Therefore, improving insulin sensitivity can be considered as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of these complex metabolic diseases. Cell-based models are extensively employed for the study of pathological mechanisms and drug screening, particularly in relation to insulin resistance in T2DM. Currently, numerous methods are available for the establishment of in vitro insulin resistance models, a comprehensive review of these models is required and can serve as an excellent introduction or understanding for researchers undertaking studies in this filed. This review examines and discusses the primary methods for establishing and evaluating insulin resistance cell models. Furthermore, it highlights key issues and suggestions on cell selection, establishment, evaluation and drug screening of insulin resistance, thereby providing valuable references for the future research efforts.

Application of extracellular vesicles in diabetic osteoporosis

As the population ages, the occurrence of osteoporosis is becoming more common. Diabetes mellitus is one of the factors in the development of osteoporosis. Compared with the general population, the incidence of osteoporosis is significantly higher in diabetic patients. Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a metabolic bone disease characterized by abnormal bone tissue structure due to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, reduced bone strength and increased risk of fractures. This is a complex mechanism that occurs at the cellular level due to factors such as blood vessels, inflammation, and hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Although the application of some drugs in clinical practice can reduce the occurrence of DOP, the incidence of fractures caused by DOP is still very high. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new communication mode between cells, which can transfer miRNAs and proteins from mother cells to target cells through membrane fusion, thereby regulating the function of target cells. In recent years, the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of DOP has been widely demonstrated. In this article, we first describe the changes in the bone microenvironment of osteoporosis. Second, we describe the pathogenesis of DOP. Finally, we summarize the research progress and challenges of EVs in DOP.

Integrating Physical and Biochemical Cues for Muscle Engineering: Scaffolds and Graft Durability

Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration, influenced by a complex interplay of mechanical, biochemical, and molecular cues. Properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as stiffness and alignment guide stem cell fate through mechanosensitive pathways, where forces like shear stress translate into biochemical signals, affecting cell behavior. Aging introduces senescence which disrupts the MuSC niche, leading to reduced regenerative capacity via epigenetic alterations and metabolic shifts. Transplantation further challenges MuSC viability, often resulting in fibrosis driven by dysregulated fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). Addressing these issues, scaffold designs integrated with pharmacotherapy emulate ECM environments, providing cues that enhance graft functionality and endurance. These scaffolds facilitate the synergy between mechanotransduction and intracellular signaling, optimizing MuSC proliferation and differentiation. Innovations utilizing human pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic progenitors and exosome-mediated delivery exploit bioactive properties for targeted repair. Additionally, 3D-printed and electrospun scaffolds with adjustable biomechanical traits tackle scalability in treating volumetric muscle loss. Advanced techniques like single-cell RNA sequencing and high-resolution imaging unravel muscle repair mechanisms, offering precise mapping of cellular interactions. Collectively, this interdisciplinary approach fortifies tissue graft durability and MuSC maintenance, propelling therapeutic strategies for muscle injuries and degenerative diseases.

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Global Health Threat in Rural Agricultural Communities-Prevalence, Suspected Causes, Mechanisms, and Prevention Strategies

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) is a worldwide hidden health threat that is associated with progressive loss of kidney functions without showing any initial symptoms until reaching end-stage renal failure, eventually leading to death. It is a growing health problem in Asia, Central America, Africa, and the Middle East, with identified hotspots. CKDu disease mainly affects young men in rural farming communities, while its etiology is not related to hypertension, kidney stones, diabetes, or other known causes. The main suspected causal factors are heat-stress, dehydration, exposure to agrochemicals, heavy metals and use of hard water, infections, mycotoxins, nephrotoxic agents, altitude, and genetic factors. This review gives an overview of CKDu and sheds light on its medical history, geographic distribution, and worldwide prevalence. It also summarizes the suspected causal factors, their proposed mechanisms of action, as well as the main methods used in the CKDu prior detection and surveillance. In addition, mitigation measures to reduce the burden of CKDu are also discussed. Further investigation utilizing more robust study designs would provide a better understanding of the risk factors linked to CKDu and their comparison between affected regions.

Correlation between admission hyperglycemia and postoperative pneumonia after hip fracture surgery: A propensity score-matched study

The association between admission hyperglycemia and postoperative pneumonia is unclear in hip fracture patients. We investigated the relationship between admission hyperglycemia and postoperative pneumonia after hip fracture surgery. This retrospective study analyzed data from 1,267 geriatric patients admitted for hip fractures. Patients were categorized into normoglycemic (< 6.10 mmol/L) and hyperglycemic (≥ 6.10 mmol/L) groups based on admission blood glucose levels. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to control for potential confounding variables and estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for postoperative pneumonia (POP). We also examined the dose-dependent link between admission blood glucose and the likelihood of developing POP. Further analyses evaluated whether admission hyperglycemia has differing impacts on POP outcomes among hip fracture patients without diabetes (NDM) versus those with diabetes (DM). Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of other factors on the relationship between admission blood glucose and POP occurrence. Patients with admission hyperglycemia had significantly higher rates of POP compared to normoglycemic patients, both before (13.2% vs. 4.8%) and after (10.1% vs. 5.8%) PSM. Admission hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor of POP (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.42-4.92, p = 0.002). The association persisted after PSM(OR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.35-3.86, p = 0.016). Additionally, higher blood glucose levels correlated with a greater likelihood of developing POP. A dose-response relationship was observed between blood glucose levels and the risk of POP. Non-diabetic group patients with hyperglycemia were at higher risk of POP than diabetic group patients with hyperglycemia. Finally, the relationship between hyperglycemia and increased POP risk is modulated and influenced by the ASA classification of the patient. Admission hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for POP after hip fracture surgery in the elderly. There is a dose-response relationship between admission blood glucose and the occurrence of POP, which is more significant in non-diabetic patients than diabetic patients.

Glutamine sustains energy metabolism and alleviates liver injury in burn sepsis by promoting the assembly of mitochondrial HSP60-HSP10 complex via SIRT4 dependent protein deacetylation

Burns and burn sepsis, characterized by persistent and profound hypercatabolism, cause energy metabolism dysfunction that worsens organ injury and systemic disorders. Glutamine (Gln) is a key nutrient that remarkably replenishes energy metabolism in burn and sepsis patients, but its exact roles beyond substrate supply is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Gln alleviated liver injury by sustaining energy supply and restoring redox balance. Meanwhile, Gln also rescued the dysfunctional mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, improved ATP production, reduced oxidative stress, and protected hepatocytes from burn sepsis injury. Mechanistically, we revealed that Gln could activate SIRT4 by upregulating its protein synthesis and increasing the level of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a co-enzyme that sustains the activity of SIRT4. This, in turn, reduced the acetylation of shock protein (HSP) 60 to facilitate the assembly of the HSP60-HSP10 complex, which maintains the activity of ETC complex II and III and thus sustain ATP generation and reduce reactive oxygen species release. Overall, our study uncovers a previously unknown pharmacological mechanism involving the regulation of HSP60-HSP10 assembly by which Gln recovers mitochondrial complex activity, sustains cellular energy metabolism and exerts a hepato-protective role in burn sepsis.

Podocyte SIRPα reduction in diabetic nephropathy aggravates podocyte injury by promoting pyruvate kinase M2 nuclear translocation

Podocyte injury is a critical event in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and other factors contribute to podocyte damage in DN. In this study, we demonstrate that signaling regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) plays a pivotal role in regulating the metabolic and immune homeostasis of podocytes. Deletion of SIRPα in podocytes exacerbates, while transgenic overexpression of SIRPα alleviates, podocyte injury in experimental DN mice. Mechanistically, SIRPα downregulation promotes pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) phosphorylation, initiating a positive feedback loop that involves PKM2 nuclear translocation, NF-κB activation, and oxidative stress, ultimately impairing aerobic glycolysis. Consistent with this mechanism, shikonin ameliorates podocyte injury by reducing PKM2 nuclear translocation, preventing oxidative stress and NF-κB activation, thereby restoring aerobic glycolysis.

20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 alleviates diabetic retinal injury in T2DM mice by attenuating ROS-mediated ER stress through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis

BACKGROUND

Although our previous work confirmed 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (R-Rg3), which is an active ingredient in the Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer, to have good anti-diabetic activity, its beneficial effect on diabetic retinal injury was found to be limited.

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate the protective effects of R-Rg3 on diabetes-induced retinal injury and the associated molecular mechanisms of action.

METHODS

Diabetic retinal injury was induced in mice using a combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). R-Rg3 (10 and 20 mg/kg) was subsequently administered for 6 weeks. The human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were subjected to high glucose (HG)-induced injury for the in vitro analysis and treated with R-Rg3 (4, 8, 16 μM), antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine (NAC, 1 mM) and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 (5 μM). The mice retinas then underwent functional and histopathological analysis. Expression levels of proteins related to the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, tight junction proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the apoptosis in retinal tissue and HRECs were determined by western blot. Expressions of ZO-1 and Nrf2 in the retina and HRECs were assessed by immunofluorescence. Additional evaluations included measuring body weights, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid levels and oxidative markers.

RESULTS

The results showed 6 weeks of R-Rg3 treatment significantly restored the functional changes and redox system imbalance that was induced by HFD/STZ in mice. R-Rg3 was also found to significantly reduce retinal barrier damage and thickness changes resulting from hyperglycaemia exposure. At the same time, R-Rg3 also protected HRECs from HG-induced damage. R-Rg3 could also activate Nrf2/HO-1 axis and inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress as a means of alleviating retinal endothelial cells apoptosis. The molecular docking results also demonstrated that R-Rg3 had a good binding ability with Nrf2.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggested Nrf2/HO-1 axis might be crucial for the ability of R-Rg3 to prevent diabetic retinal injury.

Microenvironmental pH modulating oxygen self-boosting microalgal prodrug carboxymethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid/puerarin hydrogel for accelerating wound healing in diabetic rats

Chronic diabetic wounds are characterized by a range of detrimental features, including hypoxia, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, impaired angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. We have developed an innovative multifunctional hydrogel system based on carboxymethyl chitosan, which incorporates embedded microalgae PCC7942 along with hyaluronic acid and puerarin, termed PCC7942@carboxymethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid/puerarin hydrogel. It demonstrated outstanding capabilities in exudate absorption, mechanical flexibility, hemostatic action, and antibacterial efficacy. Furthermore, it effectively modulated the pH of wound microenvironment through the hydrolysis of amide bonds, thereby establishing a favorable low-pH microenvironment. Microalgae in hydrogel covered in the wound exhibited stable and continuous oxygen production within 24 h, with more efficiency in dissolved oxygen penetration through skin. Furthermore, prodrugs such as hyaluronic acid and puerarin from hydrogel displayed the controlled release behavior and facilitated the fast and enhanced accumulation of drugs at wound site, thereby accelerating the process of wound healing via enhanced angiogenesis and anti-inflammation effects. In summary, the healing-promoting effect of PCC7942@carboxymethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid/puerarin hydrogel in type 1 diabetic rats can be attributed to the synergistic effects of microalgae, hyaluronic acid, and puerarin, which collectively accelerated wound healing rate and improved the quality of wound recovery.

A natural acylphloroglucinol exerts anti-erythroleukemia effects via targeting STAT3 and p38-MAPK, and inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Erythroleukemia, a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is a life-threatening malignancy that affects the blood and bone marrow. Despite the availability of clinical treatments, the complex pathogenesis of the disease and the severe side effects of chemotherapy continue to impede therapeutic progress in leukemia. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activity of L76, an acylphloroglucinol compound derived from Callistemon salignus DC., against erythroleukemia, along with its underlying mechanisms. MTT assays were performed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of L76 on cancer cell viability, while flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HEL cells. The molecular mechanisms of L76 were further explored using Western blotting, microscopic analysis, and cellular thermal shift assays (CETSA). Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that L76 inhibits proliferation, induces G1/S cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Mechanistically, L76 exerts its effects by targeting STAT3 and p38-MAPK, and by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of L76 as an anti-erythroleukemia agent, demonstrating its ability to target STAT3 and p38-MAPK, and to inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings suggest that L76 could be a promising candidate for the treatment of erythroleukemia.

The role of the STING inflammatory pathway in hepatic damage in psoriasis with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Studies have suggested a potential association between patients who have both psoriasis and diabetes and liver damage. However, the exact nature of this link has not yet been fully established. The objective of the current study was to examine the potential exacerbation of liver damage due to the coexistence of psoriasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the impact of interferon gene stimulating factor (STING) on related damage.

Material and methods

Four patient groups were recruited: normal individuals, individuals with diabetes, those with psoriasis, and those with both diabetes and psoriasis. Relevant indicators were collected to facilitate the investigation. Furthermore, a mouse model of psoriasis combined with T2DM was established. The expression levels of STING and inflammatory factors downstream of the pathway were detected in both the skin and liver tissues of the model mice.

Results

Based on our findings, patients with both psoriasis and T2DM exhibit abnormal liver function and increased STING expression in the skin (p < 0.05). In the in vivo experiments, liver tissues from model mice exhibited significantly elevated expression of STING and its downstream inflammatory factors, including NF-κB p65, interferon-β, interleukin (IL)-17A, and IL-23 (p < 0.05). The STING inhibitor-treated group displayed reduced skin damage and improved liver histopathology (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings of the current study indicate that the STING inflammatory pathway is upregulated in the liver tissues of individuals with psoriasis and T2DM.

The Antifungal Effects of Berberine and Its Proposed Mechanism of Action Through CYP51 Inhibition, as Predicted by Molecular Docking and Binding Analysis

Fungal infections present a significant health risk, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, has demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, though its antifungal potential and underlying mechanisms against both yeast-like and filamentous fungi are not fully understood. This study investigates the antifungal efficacy of berberine against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro, as well as its therapeutic potential in a murine model of cryptococcal infection. Berberine showed strong antifungal activity, with MIC values ranging from 64 to 128 µg/mL. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that berberine induced notable disruptions to the cell wall and membrane in C. neoformans. No signs of cell necrosis or apoptosis were observed in fungal cells treated with 2 × MIC berberine, and it did not increase intracellular ROS levels or affect mitochondrial membrane potential. Molecular docking and binding affinity assays demonstrated a strong interaction between berberine and the fungal enzyme CYP51, with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 1 × 10-12 M, suggesting potent inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. In vivo studies further showed that berberine promoted healing in guinea pigs infected with T. mentagrophytes, and in a murine cryptococcal infection model, it prolonged survival and reduced lung inflammation, showing comparable efficacy to fluconazole. These findings indicate that berberine exerts broad-spectrum antifungal effects through membrane disruption and CYP51 inhibition, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic option for fungal infections.

Anti irradiation nanoparticles shelter immune organ from radio-damage via preventing the IKK/IκB/NF-κB activation

BACKGROUND

Normal tissue and immune organ protection are critical parts of the tumor radiation therapy process. Radiation-induced immune organ damage (RIOD) causes several side reactions by increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, resulting in unsatisfactory curability in tumor radiation therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a novel and efficient anti irradiation nanoparticle and explore its mechanism of protecting splenic tissue from radiation in mice.

METHODS

Nanoparticles of triphenylphosphine cation NIT radicals (NPs-TPP-NIT) were prepared and used to protect the spleens of mice irradiated with X-rays. Splenic tissue histopathology and hematological parameters were investigated to evaluate the protective effect of NPs-TPP-NIT against X-ray radiation. Proteomics was used to identify differentially expressed proteins related to inflammatory factor regulation. In addition, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the impact of NPs-TPP-NIT on radiation therapy.

RESULTS

NPs-TPP-NIT increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels and reactive oxygen species generation in the spleens of mice after exposure to 6.0 Gy X-ray radiation. Moreover, NPs-TPP-NIT inhibited cell apoptosis, blocked the activation of cleaved cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease/proteinase, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and downregulated that of Bax. We confirmed that NPs-TPP-NIT prevented the IKK/IκB/NF-κB activation induced by ionizing radiation, thereby alleviating radiation-induced splenic inflammatory damage. In addition, when used during radiotherapy for tumors in mice, NPs-TPP-NIT exhibited no significant toxicity and conferred no significant tumor protective effects.

CONCLUSIONS

NPs-TPP-NIT prevented activation of IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling, reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and promoted production of anti-inflammatory factors in the spleen, which exhibited radiation-induced damage repair capability without diminishing the therapeutic effect of radiation therapy. It suggests that NPs-TPP-NIT serve as a potential radioprotective drug to shelter immune organs from radiation-induced damage.

HDAC/H3K27ac-mediated transcription of NDUFA3 exerts protective effects on high glucose-treated human nucleus pulposus cells through improving mitochondrial function

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-documented risk factor of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The current study was aimed to clarify the effects and mechanisms of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A3 (NDUFA3) in human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) exposed to high glucose. NDUFA3 was overexpressed in HNPCs via lenti-virus transduction, which were co-treated with high glucose and rotenone (a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor) for 48 h. Cell activities were assessed for cell viability, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) ratio, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial complexes I activities. High glucose decreased cell viability, increased apoptotic cells, increased ROS production, decreased MMP levels and OCR values in HNPCs in a dose-dependent manner. Rotenone co-treatment augmented the high glucose-induced injuries on cell viability, apoptosis, ROS production and mitochondrial function. NDUFA3 overexpression counteracted the high glucose-induced injuries in HNPCs. HDAC/H3K27ac mechanism was involved in regulating NDUFA3 transcription. NDUFA3 knockdown decreased cell viability and increased apoptotic cells, which were reversed by ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. HDAC/H3K27ac-mediated transcription of NDUFA3 protects HNPCs against high glucose-induced injuries through suppressing cell apoptosis, eliminating ROS, improving mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation. This study sheds light on candidate therapeutic targets and deepens the understanding of molecular mechanisms behind DM-induced IVDD.

Targeting translocator protein protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of mortalities worldwide, necessitating timely reperfusion to reduce acute mortality. Paradoxically, reperfusion can induce myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is primarily characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. Translocator protein (TSPO) participates in multiple cellular events; however, its role in IHD, especially in the process of myocardial I/R injury, has not been well determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional role of TSPO in myocardial I/R injury and dissect the concomitant cellular events involved. This study utilized small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology to knock down TSPO expression. The I/R process was simulated using an anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) model. The role of TSPO in H9c2 cardiomyocytes was assessed using various techniques, such as Western blotting, Flow cytometry, Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Immunofluorescence, Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and similar methods. It was found that A/R markedly upregulated the expression of TSPO in cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of TSPO improved myocardial cell apoptosis and damage following A/R stimulation. Additionally, targeting TSPO alleviated mitochondrial damage, reduced mitochondrial ROS release and enhanced ATP synthesis following A/R stimulation. It was further confirmed that A/R stimulation induced a significant increase in the expression of pivotal markers [phosporylated-PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)/PERK, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1] involved in the adaptive unfolded protein response, which is accompanied by downstream signaling during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Notably, TSPO knockdown increased the expression of the aforementioned markers and, subsequently, TSPO was confirmed to interact with ATF6, suggesting that TSPO might play a role in ER stress during myocardial I/R injury. Finally, inhibition of TSPO upregulated mitophagy, as indicated by further decreases in P62 and increases in Parkin and PINK1 levels following A/R stimulation. Together, the results suggest that TSPO plays a multifaceted role in myocardial I/R injury. Understanding TSPO-induced cellular responses could inform targeted therapeutic strategies for patients with IHD.

Signal Transduction Associated with Mn-induced Neurological Dysfunction

Manganese (Mn) is a heavy metal that occurs widely in nature and has a vital physiological role in growth and development. However, excessive exposure to Mn can cause neurological damage, especially cognitive dysfunction, such as learning disability and memory loss. Numerous studies on the mechanisms of Mn-induced nervous system damage found that this metal targets a variety of metabolic pathways, for example, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, cellular signaling pathway changes, and neurotransmitter metabolism interference. This article reviews the latest research progress on multiple signaling pathways related to Mn-induced neurological dysfunction.

Lactucopicrin promotes fatty acid β-oxidation and attenuates lipid accumulation through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation in free fatty acid-induced human hepatoblastoma cancer cells

With its annually increasing prevalence, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a serious threat to people's life and health. After a preliminary research, we found that Lactucopicrin has pharmacological effects, such as lowering blood lipids and protecting the liver. Further research showed its significant activation for fatty acid β-oxidase hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha (HADHA), so we hypothesized that Lactucopicrin could ameliorate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. In this study, free fatty acid (FFA)-induced human hepatoblastoma cancer cells (HepG2) were used to establish an in vitro NAFLD model to investigate the molecular basis of Lactucopicrin in regulating lipid metabolism. Staining with Oil red O and measurements of triglyceride (TG) content, fatty acid β-oxidase (FaβO) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were used to assess the extent to which Lactucopicrin ameliorates lipid accumulation and promotes fatty acid β-oxidation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods were used to explore the regulatory effects of Lactucopicrin on factors related to fatty acid β-oxidation. Results showed that Lactucopicrin downregulated phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (P-mTOR) by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and upregulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of coactivators (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α)), transcription factors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)), and oxidative factors (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and HADHA). This phenomenon resulted in a significant increase in FaβO activity, ATP content, and JC-1 and a significant decrease in ROS level, TG content, and intracellular lipid droplets. With the addition of Dorsomorphin, all the effects of Lactucopicrin intervention were suppressed. In summary, Lactucopicrin promotes fatty acid β-oxidation by activating the AMPK pathway, thereby ameliorating FFA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.

Unraveling the molecular and immunological landscape: Exploring signaling pathways in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, characterized by compromised bone density and microarchitecture, represents a significant global health challenge, particularly in aging populations. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, providing valuable insights into the pivotal role of signal transduction in maintaining bone homeostasis. The exploration encompasses cellular signaling pathways such as Wnt, Notch, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and TGF-β, all of which play crucial roles in bone remodeling. The dysregulation of these pathways is a contributing factor to osteoporosis, necessitating a profound understanding of their complexities to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying bone loss. The review highlights the pathological significance of disrupted signaling in osteoporosis, emphasizing how these deviations impact the functionality of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ultimately resulting in heightened bone resorption and compromised bone formation. A nuanced analysis of the intricate crosstalk between these pathways is provided to underscore their relevance in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Furthermore, the study addresses some of the most crucial long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with osteoporosis, adding an additional layer of academic depth to the exploration of immune system involvement in various types of osteoporosis. Finally, we propose that SKP1 can serve as a potential biomarker in osteoporosis.

Emerging insights into the role of NLRP3 inflammasome and endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal diseases

NLRP3 inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune system, mediating the activation of caspase-1, and the maturity and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 to cope with microbial infections and cell injury. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by various endogenous danger signals, microorganisms and environmental stimuli, including urate, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cholesterol crystals. Increasing evidence indicates that the abnormal activation of NLRP3 is involved in multiple diseases including renal diseases. Hence, clarifying the mechanism of action of NLRP3 inflammasome in different diseases can help prevent and treat various diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle which participates in cell homeostasis maintenance and protein quality control. The unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress are caused by the excessive accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in ER to recover ER homeostasis. Many factors can cause ER stress, including inflammation, hypoxia, environmental toxins, viral infections, glucose deficiency, changes in Ca2+ level and oxidative stress. The dysfunction of ER stress participates in multiple diseases, such as renal diseases. Many previous studies have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome and ER stress play an important role in renal diseases. However, the relevant mechanisms are not yet fully clear. Herein, we focus on the current understanding of the role and mechanism of ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome in renal diseases, hoping to provide theoretical references for future related researches.

The relationship between hypoxia and Alzheimer's disease: an updated review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, and the most prevalent form of dementia. The main hallmarks for the diagnosis of AD are extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque deposition and intracellular accumulation of highly hyperphosphorylated Tau protein as neurofibrillary tangles. The brain consumes more oxygen than any other organs, so it is more easily to be affected by hypoxia. Hypoxia has long been recognized as one of the possible causes of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, but the exact mechanism has not been clarified. In this review, we will elucidate the connection between hypoxia-inducible factors-1α and AD, including its contribution to AD and its possible protective effects. Additionally, we will discuss the relationship between oxidative stress and AD as evidence show that oxidative stress acts on AD-related pathogenic factors such as mitochondrial dysfunction, Aβ deposition, inflammation, etc. Currently, there is no cure for AD. Given the close association between hypoxia, oxidative stress, and AD, along with current research on the protective effects of antioxidants against AD, we speculate that antioxidants could be a potential therapeutic approach for AD and worth further study.

Inflammation Can Be a High-Risk Factor for Mucosal Nonunion of MRONJ by Regulating SIRT1 Signaling When Treated with an Oncologic Dose of Zoledronate

Purpose

Zoledronate (ZA) stands as a highly effective antiresorptive agent known to trigger medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Its clinical dosages primarily encompass those used for oncologic and osteoporosis treatments. While inflammation is recognized as a potential disruptor of mucosal healing processes associated with ZA, prior research has overlooked the influence of varying ZA dosages on tissue adaptability. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms by which inflammation exacerbates ZA-induced MRONJ, particularly when inflammation acts as a risk factor, remains crucial.

Methods

Cell proliferation and migration of human oral keratinocytes (HOK) was analyzed after treatment with different doses of ZA and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to assess their possible effect on mucosal healing of extraction wounds. Mouse periodontitis models were established using LPS, and histological changes in extraction wounds were observed after the administration of oncologic dose ZA. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate mucosal healing.

Results

In vitro, LPS did not exacerbate the effects of osteoporosis therapeutic dose of ZA on the proliferation and migration of HOK cells, while aggravated these with the oncologic dose of ZA treatment by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via regulating SIRT1 expression. Furthermore, SIRT1 overexpression can alleviate this process. In vivo, local injection of LPS increased the nonunion of mucous membranes in MRONJ and decreased the expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and MnSOD.

Conclusion

Inflammation aggravates oncologic dose of ZA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via a SIRT1-dependent pathway, enhancing the risk of impaired mucosal healing in MRONJ. Our study implies that inflammation becomes a critical risk factor for MRONJ development at higher ZA concentrations. Elucidating the mechanisms of inflammation as a risk factor for mucosal non-healing in MRONJ could inform the development of SIRT1-targeted therapies.

Silybin prevented avermectin-induced cardiotoxicity in carp by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, and autophagy

Avermectin is one of the widely used anthelmintics in aquaculture and exhibits substantial toxicity to aquatic organisms. Silybin is extensively used for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic biological properties. Heart is essential for the survival of fish and plays a vital role in pumping blood oxygen and nutrients. Residual avermectin in water poses harm to carp. However, there is still insufficient research on whether silybin can mitigate the toxicity of avermectin to carp heart tissues. In this research, we established a model involving carp subjected to acute avermectin exposure and administered diets containing silybin to explore the potential protective effects of silybin against avermectin-induced cardiotoxicity. The results revealed that avermectin induced oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and autophagy in the cardiac tissues of carp. Compared with the avermectin group, silybin significantly reduced ROS accumulation in cardiac tissues, restored antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibited mRNA transcript levels of pro-inflammatory-related factors, and attenuated ER stress, mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and autophagy. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis demonstrated that silybin mitigated avermectin-induced cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and autophagy. Silybin exerted anti-inflammatory effects through the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, antioxidant effects through the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) - Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway, alleviated cardiac ER stress through the Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)/Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) axis, suppressed apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, and inhibited excessive autophagy initiation through the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARKIN) signaling pathway. This study provided evidence supporting the protective effect of silybin against avermectin-induced cardiotoxicity in carp, highlighting its potential as a dietary additive to protect fish from adverse effects caused by avermectin exposure.