1
|
Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Kazeminasab F, Rosenkranz SK, Symonds ME. Exercise training, dietary intervention, or combined interventions and their effects on lipid profiles in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1662-1683. [PMID: 37414662 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of Ex (exercise training) vs. DI (dietary intervention) vs. combined Ex and DI on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in adults with overweight and obesity. DATA SYNTHESIS PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify original articles published until March 2022, using keywords for the categories "exercise training," "dietary intervention," "overweight and obesity," and "randomized." Studies that included lipid profiles as outcomes and performed in adults with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were included. A total of 80 studies involving 4804 adult participants were included in the meta-analysis. Ex was not as effective as DI for reducing TC and TG and was less effective for reducing LDL. In addition, Ex increased HDL to a greater extent than DI. Combined interventions decreased TC, TG, and LDL but did not increase HDL more than Ex alone. Combined interventions failed to reduce TC or LDL but decreased TG and increased HDL more than DI alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the combination of Ex and DI can be more effective than either Ex or DI alone in improving lipid profiles in adults with overweight and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roth A, Sattelmayer M, Schorderet C, Gafner S, Allet L. Effects of exercise training and dietary supplement on fat free mass and bone mass density during weight loss – a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2022; 11:8. [PMID: 36071711 PMCID: PMC9396077 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.75539.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: After a diet- or surgery induced weight loss almost 1/3 of lost weight consists of fat free mass (FFM) if carried out without additional therapy. Exercise training and a sufficient supply of protein, calcium and vitamin D is recommended to reduce the loss of FFM. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise training, protein, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation on the preservation of FFM during non-surgical and surgical weight loss and of the combination of all interventions together in adults with obesity. Methods: A systematic review was performed with a pairwise meta-analysis and an exploratory network meta-analysis according to the PRISMA statement. Results: Thirty studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The pairwise meta-analysis showed for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. High Protein a moderate and statistically significant effect size (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.86), for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. Exercise Training a high but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.91; 95% CI -0.59 to 2.41) and for Exercise Training alone vs. Control a moderate but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.67; 95% CI -0.25 to 1.60). In the exploratory network meta-analysis three interventions showed statistically significant effect sizes compared to Control and all of them included the treatment Exercise Training. Conclusions: Results underline the importance of exercise training and a sufficient protein intake to preserve FFM during weight loss in adults with obesity. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation remains controversial and further research are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Roth
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Sattelmayer
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Valais, HES-SO Valais Wallis, Leukerbad, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Schorderet
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Valais, HES-SO Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Simone Gafner
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, Genève, Switzerland
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES‑SO, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 47 Avenue de Champel, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lara Allet
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Valais, HES-SO Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Genève, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burman A, Kaji I. Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113712. [PMID: 34835968 PMCID: PMC8620795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ullah R, Rauf N, Nabi G, Yi S, Yu-Dong Z, Fu J. Mechanistic insight into high-fat diet-induced metabolic inflammation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112012. [PMID: 34388531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) is linked with cytokines production by non-neuronal cells within the hypothalamus, which mediates metabolic inflammation. These cytokines then activate different inflammatory mediators in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), a primary hypothalamic area accommodating proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons, first-order neurons that sense and integrate peripheral metabolic signals and then respond accordingly. These mediators, such as inhibitor of κB kinase-β (IKKβ), suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), protein kinase C (PKC), etc., cause insulin and leptin resistance in POMC and AGRP neurons and support obesity and related metabolic complications. On the other hand, inhibition of these mediators has been shown to counteract the impaired metabolism. Therefore, it is important to discuss the contribution of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Furthermore, understanding few other questions, such as the diets causing hypothalamic inflammation, the gender disparity in response to HFD feeding, and how hypothalamic inflammation affects ARC neurons to cause impaired metabolism, will be helpful for the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat HFD-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naveed Rauf
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China; Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shen Yi
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhou Yu-Dong
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Altered intestinal epithelial nutrient transport: an underappreciated factor in obesity modulated by diet and microbiota. Biochem J 2021; 478:975-995. [PMID: 33661278 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nutrients absorbed in the proximal small intestine and assimilated in different tissues have a profound effect on overall energy homeostasis, determined by a balance between body's energy intake and expenditure. In obesity, altered intestinal absorption and consequently tissue assimilation of nutrients may disturb the energy balance leading to metabolic abnormalities at the cellular level. The absorption of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids and fatty acids released from food digestion require high-capacity transporter proteins expressed in the intestinal epithelial absorptive cells. Furthermore, nutrient sensing by specific transporters/receptors expressed in the epithelial enteroendocrine cells triggers release of gut hormones involved in regulating energy homeostasis via their effects on appetite and food intake. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated complications. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor contributing to obesity via its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and energy harvest from dietary fiber, undigested component of food, in the large intestine. Various mechanisms of microbiota effects on obesity have been implicated. However, the impact of obesity-associated microbiota on the intestinal nutrient transporters needs extensive investigation. This review marshals the limited studies addressing the altered structure and function of the gut epithelium in obesity with special emphasis on nutrient transporters and role of diet and microbiota. The review also discusses the thoughts and controversies and research gaps in this field.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohr AE, Minicucci O, Long D, Miller VJ, Keller A, Sheridan C, O’brien G, Ward E, Schuler B, Connelly S, Holst JJ, Astrup A, He F, Gentile CL, Arciero PJ. Resistant Starch Combined with Whey Protein Increases Postprandial Metabolism and Lowers Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adult Men. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030537. [PMID: 33807618 PMCID: PMC8000721 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) and/or protein consumption favorably influence energy metabolism, substrate utilization, and weight management. The current study administered four different versions of a pancake breakfast containing waxy maize or RS with and without whey protein (WP) and measured postprandial thermogenesis (TEM), fuel utilization, and circulating satiation and appetite factors for 180 min in a group of healthy, adult men. On four separate visits to the laboratory, eight participants were administered four different pancake breakfast meal challenges using a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) waxy maize starch (WMS) control; (2) WMS and WP (WMS + WP); (3) RS; or (4) RS and WP (RS + WP). TEM (kcals/180 min) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in RS + WP (45.11; confidence interval (CI), 33.81–56.41) compared to WMS (25.61; CI, 14.31–36.91), RS (29.44; CI, 18.14–40.74), and WMS + WP (24.64; CI, 13.34–35.94), respectively. Fat oxidation was enhanced (p < 0.05) after RS + WP compared to RS at 60 min (+23.10%), WMS at 120 min (+27.49%), and WMS and WMS + WP at 180 min (+35.76%; +17.31%, respectively), and RER was decreased with RS + WP versus the other three meals (mean differences: ≥−0.021). Insulin concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) following RS + WP compared to WMS, whereas both RS (−46.19%) and RS + WP (−53.05%) insulin area under the curve (AUC) were greatly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to WMS. While limited by sample size, meals containing both RS and WP increased postprandial thermogenesis and fat oxidation, and lowered insulin response compared to isocaloric meals without this combination. Therefore, RS + WP may favorably impact energy metabolism and thus weight control and body composition under chronic feeding conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Mohr
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Olivia Minicucci
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Dale Long
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Vincent J. Miller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Allison Keller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Caitlin Sheridan
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Gabriel O’brien
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Emery Ward
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Brad Schuler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Scott Connelly
- Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, Newport Beach, CA 92625, USA;
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Feng He
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - Christopher L. Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-580-5366; Fax: +1-518-580-8356
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han MAT, Yu Q, Tafesh Z, Pyrsopoulos N. Diversity in NAFLD: A Review of Manifestations of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Different Ethnicities Globally. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:71-80. [PMID: 33604257 PMCID: PMC7868692 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the rise in prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome as a whole has been linked to increased access to processed foods, such as refined sugars and saturated fats. Consequently, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise in both developed and developing nations. However, much is still unknown on the NAFLD phenotype with regards to the effect of ethnic diversity. Despite similarities in dietary habits, it appears that certain ethnicities are more protected against NAFLD than others. However, manifestations of the same genetic polymorphisms in different groups of people increase those individuals' predisposition to NAFLD. Diets from different regions have been associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD and have even been linked to regression of hepatic steatosis. Socioeconomic variations amongst different regions of the world also contribute to NAFLD prevalence and associated complications. Thus, a thorough understanding of ethnic variability in NAFLD is essential to tailoring treatment recommendations to patients of different backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos
- Correspondence to: Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, H-536, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. Tel: +1-973-972-5252, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duca FA, Waise TMZ, Peppler WT, Lam TKT. The metabolic impact of small intestinal nutrient sensing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:903. [PMID: 33568676 PMCID: PMC7876101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent signaling to the brain and other tissues. In this review, we highlight the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in metabolic homeostasis, and link high-fat feeding, obesity, and diabetes with perturbations in these gut-brain signaling pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, initiate gut peptide release from the enteroendocrine cells through small intestinal sensing pathways, and how these peptides regulate food intake, glucose tolerance, and hepatic glucose production. Lastly, we highlight how the gut microbiota impact small intestinal nutrient-sensing in normal physiology, and in disease, pharmacological and surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of small intestinal nutrient sensing in metabolic homeostasis have physiological and pathological impact as well as therapeutic potential in obesity and diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract participates in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent gut-brain signalling. Here the authors review the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in regulation of energy intake and systemic glucose metabolism, and link high-fat diet, obesity and diabetes with perturbations in these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The effects of pre-sleep consumption of casein protein on next-morning measures of RMR and appetite compared between sedentary pre- and postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:121-128. [PMID: 32364091 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare next-morning responses of RMR and appetite to pre-sleep consumption of casein protein (CP) in pre- and postmenopausal women. The study was a randomised, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Seven sedentary premenopausal (age: 19·9 (sd 1·2) years; BMI: 23·1 (sd 2·6) kg/m2) and seven sedentary postmenopausal (age: 56·4 (sd 4·9) years; BMI: 26·3 (sd 3·5) kg/m2) women participated. During visit one, anthropometrics and body composition were measured. Following visit one, subjects consumed either CP (25 g) or placebo (PL) ≥2 h after their last meal and ≤30 min prior to sleep on the night before visits two and three. Visits two and three occurred ≥1 week after visit one and were 48 h apart. During visits two and three, RMR (VO2), RER and appetite were measured via indirect calorimetry and visual analogue scale, respectively. Anthropometrics and body composition were analysed by one-way ANOVA. RMR and measures of appetite were analysed using a 2 × 2 (menopause status × CP/PL) repeated-measures ANOVA. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0·05. RMR was significantly lower in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women under both conditions (P = 0·003). When consumed pre-sleep CP did not alter RMR, RER or appetite compared with PL when assessed next morning in pre- and postmenopausal women. These data contribute to growing evidence that pre-sleep consumption of protein is not harmful to next-morning metabolism or appetite. In addition, these data demonstrate that menopause may not alter next-morning RMR, RER or appetite after pre-sleep consumption of CP.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lower Postprandial Thermogenic Response to an Unprocessed Whole Food Meal Compared to an Iso-Energetic/Macronutrient Meal Replacement in Young Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082469. [PMID: 32824408 PMCID: PMC7469013 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to ultra-processed foods that are associated with increased weight gain and obesity risk, nutritionally engineered dietary supplements, including meal replacement (MR) bars and shakes, are generally promoted as healthy. Limited data is available comparing the metabolic and hunger responses of whole food (WF) versus MR meals. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the thermic effect (TEM), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), hunger/taste ratings, and glucose response of two different breakfast meals containing MR and WF products in young healthy women. Eight volunteers completed two iso-caloric (529 kcals)/macronutrient (50% carbohydrates; 26% fat; 24% protein) test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) whole food meal; or (2) meal replacement. TEM was significantly higher following MR compared with WF (percent mean difference: 7.76 ± 3.78%; absolute mean difference: 0.053 ± 0.026 kcal/minute, p = 0.048), whereas WF substrate utilization demonstrated lower carbohydrate oxidation (RER) than MR (mean difference: -0.024 ± 0.008, p = 0.005). No differences existed for blood glucose response and feelings of hunger, desire to eat, and satiety among trials. Consumption of an MR meal increases postprandial thermogenesis and RER compared to a WF meal, which may impact weight control and obesity risk over the long-term.
Collapse
|
11
|
A Gluten-Free Meal Produces a Lower Postprandial Thermogenic Response Compared to an Iso-Energetic/Macronutrient Whole Food or Processed Food Meal in Young Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072035. [PMID: 32659919 PMCID: PMC7400113 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of ultra-processed food (PF) is associated with obesity risk compared with whole food (WF) intake. Less is known regarding the intake of gluten-free (GF) food products. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the thermic effect (TEM), substrate utilization, hunger/taste ratings, and glucose response of three different meals containing PF, WF, and GF food products in young healthy women. Eleven volunteers completed all three iso-caloric/macronutrient test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) whole food meal (WF); (2) processed food meal (PF); or (3) gluten-free meal (GF). TEM was significantly lower following GF compared with WF (−20.94 kcal/meal, [95% CI, −35.92 to −5.96], p = 0.008) and PF (mean difference: −14.94 kcal/meal, [95% CI, −29.92 to 0.04], p = 0.04), respectively. WF consumption resulted in significantly higher feelings of fullness compared to GF (mean difference: +14.36%, [95% CI, 3.41 to 25.32%], p = 0.011) and PF (mean difference: +16.81%, [95% CI, 5.62 to 28.01%], p = 0.004), respectively, and enhanced palatability (taste of meal) compared to PF meal (mean Δ: +27.41%, [95% CI, 5.53 to 49.30%], p = 0.048). No differences existed for substrate utilization and blood glucose response among trials. Consumption of a GF meal lowers postprandial thermogenesis compared to WF and PF meals and fullness ratings compared to a WF meal which may impact weight control and obesity risk over the long-term.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeznach-Steinhagen A, Ostrowska J, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Boniecka I, Shahnazaryan U, Kuryłowicz A. Dietary and Pharmacological Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050166. [PMID: 31137547 PMCID: PMC6571590 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the developed world. Simple hepatic steatosis is mild, but the coexistence of steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proper dietary and pharmacological treatment is essential for preventing NAFLD progression. The first-line treatment should include dietary intervention and increased physical activity. The diet should be based on the food pyramid, with a choice of products with low glycemic index, complex carbohydrates in the form of low-processed cereal products, vegetables, and protein-rich products. Usage of insulin-sensitizing substances, pro- and prebiotics, and vitamins should also be considered. Such a therapeutic process is intended to support both liver disease and obesity-related pathologies, including insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and blood hypertension. In the pharmacological treatment of NAFLD, apart from pioglitazone, there are new classes of antidiabetic drugs that are of value, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 antagonists, while several other compounds that target different pathogenic pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials. Liver biopsies should only be considered when there is a lack of decline in liver enzymes after 6 months of the abovementioned treatment. Dietary intervention is recommended in all patients with NAFLD, while pharmacological treatment is recommended especially for those with NASH and showing significant fibrosis in a biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jeznach-Steinhagen
- Clinical Dietetics Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
- Diabetologic Outpatients Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ostrowska
- Clinical Dietetics Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Iwona Boniecka
- Clinical Dietetics Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of General, Oncological, Metabolic and Thoracic Surgery, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Shahnazaryan
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alina Kuryłowicz
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brown AF, Prado CM, Ghosh S, Leonard SM, Arciero PJ, Tucker KL, Ormsbee MJ. Higher-protein intake and physical activity are associated with healthier body composition and cardiometabolic health in Hispanic adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 30:145-151. [PMID: 30904215 PMCID: PMC6482843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher protein (HP) intake and physical activity (PA) have been associated with improved lean soft tissue (LST) and reduced fat mass (FM). Puerto Ricans have among the highest age-adjusted prevalence (42.5%) of obesity, which may be associated with inadequate protein consumption and PA. We examined the relationship between protein intake and PA with body composition and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in Puerto Rican adults. METHODS Participants included 959 Puerto Rican adults (71.4% women, 28.6% men) from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS), aged 46-79 y (Women: age, 60.4 ± 7.6 y, BMI, 32.9 ± 6.8 kg/m2; Men: age, 59.8 ± 7.9 y, BMI, 30.1 ± 5.2 kg/m2). Protein intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and expressed as g/kg body weight/day in energy intake-adjusted equal cut point tertile categories (lower, moderate, higher: LP < 0.91 g/kg/d, MP ≥ 0.91 ≤ 1.11 g/kg/d, and HP > 1.11 g/kg/d). PA was assessed by questionnaire and expressed in tertile categories (low, moderate and high; PA1: <0.8 km/d, PA2: ≥0.8 ≤ 3.2 km/d, PA3: >3.2 km/d). RESULTS Participants with energy-adjusted HP had lower appendicular LST (ALST: 16.2 ± 3.8 kg), LST (39.7 ± 8.0 kg) and FM (25.6 ± 8.1 kg) when compared to LP (ALST: 20.1 ± 4.5 kg; LST: 49.5 ± 10.0 kg; FM: 40.8 ± 12.3 kg; P < 0.001) and MP (ALST: 18.2 ± 4.3 kg; LST: 44.1 ± 8.8 kg; FM: 32.2 ± 9.8 kg; P < 0.001). However, when adjusted for total body weight (kg), relative LST was significantly greater in HP (58 ± 9%) when compared to LP (53 ± 9%; P < 0.001) and MP (56 ± 9%; P < 0.001). Participants in PA3 had greater ALST (19.5 ± 5.4 kg), and LST (58 ± 10%), compared to PA1 (ALST: 17.2 ± 4.3 kg; LST: 53 ± 9%; P < 0.001) or PA2 (ALST: 17.7 ± 4.7 kg; LST: 56 ± 9%; P < 0.05). Those in HP + PA3 or MP + PA2 had lower c-reactive protein (CRP; HP + PA3: 5.1 ± 6.8 mg/L; MP + PA2: 6.4 ± 10.0 mg/L), when compared to LP + PA1 (8.7 ± 8.8 mg/L; P < 0.05). Insulin concentration was lower for those in both the HP and PA3 (HP + PA3; 11.4 ± 7.9 IU/mL) compared to those in both the LP and PA1 (LP + PA1; 20.7 ± 16.3 UI/mL) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The highest tertiles of energy-adjusted protein intake (≥1.11 g/kg/d) and PA (>3.2 km/d) were associated with more desirable indicators of overall body composition and cardiometabolic health, when adjusted for body weight, than those in the lower protein intake and PA in Puerto Rican adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Brown
- College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Human Nutrition and Performance Laboratory, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Shawn M Leonard
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA; Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sims KC, Schwendinger KL, Szymkowicz DB, Swetenburg JR, Bain LJ. Embryonic arsenic exposure reduces intestinal cell proliferation and alters hepatic IGF mRNA expression in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:142-156. [PMID: 30729860 PMCID: PMC6397093 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1571465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxicant found in food and water throughout the world, and studies suggested that exposure early in life reduces growth. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine mechanisms by which As impacted organismal growth. Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 200 ppb As as embryos and, after hatching, were reared in clean water for up to 40 weeks. Metabolism studies revealed that killifish biotransform As such that monomethylated and dimethylated arsenicals account for 15-17% and 45-61%, respectively, of the total metal. Growth, as measured by condition factor (CF), was significantly and dose-dependently reduced at 8 weeks of age but was similar to controls by 40 weeks. To determine mechanisms underlying the observed initial decrease, intestinal proliferation and morphology were examined. Arsenic-exposed fish exhibited significant 1.3- to 1.5-fold reduction in intestinal villus height and 1.4- to 1.6-fold decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA+) intestinal cells at all weeks examined. In addition, there were significant correlations between CF, PCNA+ cells, and intestinal villus height. Upon examining whether fish might compensate for the intestinal changes, it was found that hepatic mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its binding protein (IGFBP-1) were dose-dependently increased. These results indicate that embryonic exposure initially diminished growth, and while intestinal cell proliferation remained reduced, fish appear to compensate by enhancing transcript levels of hepatic IGF-1 and IGFBP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh C. Sims
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Dana B. Szymkowicz
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Lisa J. Bain
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ullah R, Rauf N, Nabi G, Ullah H, Shen Y, Zhou YD, Fu J. Role of Nutrition in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Recent Updates. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:265-276. [PMID: 30745819 PMCID: PMC6367556 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an acquired metabolic disease characterized by triglycerides (TGs) deposition in liver induced by other factors rather than alcohol consumption. NAFLD significantly contributes to liver diseases in children and adults. NAFLD pathogenesis is associated with age, gender, race and ethnicity. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), fatty liver, hepatocyte injury, liver inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, imbalanced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and fibrosis are the characteristics of NAFLD. Factors including genetic and epigenetic pathways, sedentary lifestyle, sleep, and diet composition affect NAFLD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the aetiology, risk factors and pathogenesis of NAFLD. Special focus is given to macro and micro nutrition as causing factors and their role in the prevention of NAFLD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310051, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Naveed Rauf
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310051, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hamid Ullah
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310051, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL, Williams TD, Dobbs WC. The Effect of Chronic Exercise Training on Leptin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2018; 48:1437-1450. [PMID: 29582381 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is a hormone associated with satiety, lipid oxidation, energy expenditure, and energy homeostasis. To date, the current body of research examining the effect of chronic exercise training on leptin has yielded inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of change in leptin levels following participation in exercise interventions lasting ≥ 2 weeks. METHODS All studies included were peer-reviewed and published in English. To be included, studies randomized human participants to an exercise training group or non-exercise comparison group for an exercise training intervention. Leptin levels were measured at baseline, during, and/or after completion of the exercise training program. Random-effects models were used to aggregate a mean effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and identify potential moderators. RESULTS Seventy-two randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and resulted in 107 effects (n = 3826). The mean ES of 0.24 (95% CI 0.16-0.32, p < 0.0001) indicated a decrease in leptin following an exercise training program. A decrease in %Fat (β = - 0.07, p < 0.01) was associated with a decrease in leptin after accounting for the type of control group (β = - 0.38, p < 0.0001) used in each study. CONCLUSION These results suggest that engaging in chronic exercise training (≥ 2 weeks) is associated with a decrease in leptin levels for individuals regardless of age and sex. However, a greater decrease in leptin occurred with a decreased percentage of body fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, 2003 Moore Hall, Box 870312, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0231, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Hathaway
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | | | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ward C Dobbs
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, 2003 Moore Hall, Box 870312, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hirsch KR, Tweedell AJ, Kleinberg CR, Gerstner GR, Barnette T, Mota JA, Smith-Ryan AE, Ryan ED. The Influence of Habitual Protein Intake on Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Career Firefighters. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:620-626. [PMID: 29702029 PMCID: PMC6192035 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1455071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to determine the relationship among protein (PRO) intake, body composition, and muscle strength in overweight and obese firefighters. A secondary objective was to evaluate differences in body composition and muscle strength among overweight and obese firefighters with low (L; < 0.8 g·kg-1), moderate (M; 0.8-1.0 g·kg-1), and high (H; > 1.0 g·kg-1) PRO intake. METHODS Relative PRO intake [r_PRO] was evaluated from 3-day dietary logs, self-reported by 43 overweight and obese male career firefighters (mean ± standard deviation; age = 37.3 ± 7.2 years; body mass index = 33.2 ± 5.0 kg·m-2; percent body fat [%BF] = 28.9 ± 4.0%). Body composition (fat mass [FM], %BF, lean mass [LM], percent LM [%LM]) and muscle strength (peak torque [PT], relative peak torque [r_PT] of the leg extensors) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and isokinetic dynamometry, respectively. RESULTS Greater r_PRO was associated with less FM, %BF, LM (r = -0.498 to -0.363) and greater %LM (r = 0.363), but not muscle strength (p > 0.05). Fat mass (r = -0.373) and %BF (r = -0.369) were associated with lower r_PT; %LM was associated with greater r_PT (r = 0.373). Individuals with L r_PRO had greater FM (mean difference ± standard error: L-H = 10.08 ± 3.18 kg), %BF (L-H = 3.8% ± 1.4%) and lower %LM (L-H = -3.7% ± 1.3%) than those with H r_PRO (p < 0.05) but no significant differences in muscle strength (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Protein intake > 0.8 g·kg-1 was associated with more favorable body composition in male career firefighters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Tweedell
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig R. Kleinberg
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gena R. Gerstner
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T.J. Barnette
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob A. Mota
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hudson JL, Bergia RE, Campbell WW. Effects of protein supplements consumed with meals, versus between meals, on resistance training-induced body composition changes in adults: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:461-468. [PMID: 29697807 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context The impact of timing the consumption of protein supplements in relation to meals on resistance training-induced changes in body composition has not been evaluated systematically. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of consuming protein supplements with meals, vs between meals, on resistance training-induced body composition changes in adults. Data Sources Studies published up to 2017 were identified with the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Data Extraction Two researchers independently screened 2077 abstracts for eligible randomized controlled trials of parallel design that prescribed a protein supplement and measured changes in body composition for a period of 6 weeks or more. Results In total, 34 randomized controlled trials with 59 intervention groups were included and qualitatively assessed. Of the intervention groups designated as consuming protein supplements with meals (n = 16) vs between meals (n = 43), 56% vs 72% showed an increase in body mass, 94% vs 90% showed an increase in lean mass, 87% vs 59% showed a reduction in fat mass, and 100% vs 84% showed an increase in the ratio of lean mass to fat mass over time, respectively. Conclusions Concurrently with resistance training, consuming protein supplements with meals, rather than between meals, may more effectively promote weight control and reduce fat mass without influencing improvements in lean mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hudson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert E Bergia
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Physiological and therapeutic regulation of glucose homeostasis by upper small intestinal PepT1-mediated protein sensing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1118. [PMID: 29549253 PMCID: PMC5856761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High protein feeding improves glucose homeostasis in rodents and humans with diabetes, but the mechanisms that underlie this improvement remain elusive. Here we show that acute administration of casein hydrolysate directly into the upper small intestine increases glucose tolerance and inhibits glucose production in rats, independently of changes in plasma amino acids, insulin levels, and food intake. Inhibition of upper small intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), the primary oligopeptide transporter in the small intestine, reverses the preabsorptive ability of upper small intestinal casein infusion to increase glucose tolerance and suppress glucose production. The glucoregulatory role of PepT1 in the upper small intestine of healthy rats is further demonstrated by glucose homeostasis disruption following high protein feeding when PepT1 is inhibited. PepT1-mediated protein-sensing mechanisms also improve glucose homeostasis in models of early-onset insulin resistance and obesity. We demonstrate that preabsorptive upper small intestinal protein-sensing mechanisms mediated by PepT1 have beneficial effects on whole-body glucose homeostasis. High protein diets are known to improve metabolic parameters including adiposity and glucose homeostasis. Here the authors demonstrate that preabsorptive upper small intestinal protein-sensing mechanisms mediated by peptide transporter 1 improve glucose homeostasis by inhibiting hepatic glucose production.
Collapse
|
20
|
Madzima TA, Ormsbee MJ, Schleicher EA, Moffatt RJ, Panton LB. Effects of Resistance Training and Protein Supplementation in Breast Cancer Survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1283-1292. [PMID: 28252552 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate 12 wk of resistance training (RT; n = 16) and protein supplementation (RT + protein; n = 17) on muscular strength, body composition, and blood biomarkers of muscle (insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), fat (adiponectin), and inflammation (human C-reactive protein [CRP]) in breast cancer survivors (BCS). METHODS Thirty-three BCS (59 ± 8 yr) were measured pre- and posttraining for one-repetition maximum (1-RM) muscular strength (chest press and leg extension), body composition (lean mass [LM] and fat mass [FM]) via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and serum concentrations of IGF-1, adiponectin, and CRP. RT consisted of 2 d·wk using 10 exercises for two sets of 10-12 repetitions and a third set to failure at ~65%-85% of 1-RM. RT + protein consumed 20 g of protein twice a day. ANOVA was used for analyses. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Average RT intensity was 65%-81% of 1-RM and was not different between RT and RT + protein. There were no group-time interactions for strength, LM, FM, and biomarkers. Both groups significantly increased upper (+31 ± 18 kg) and lower (+19 ± 12 kg) body strength, LM (+0.9 ± 1.0 kg) and decreased FM (-0.5 ± 1.2 kg), and percent body fat (-1.0% ± 1.2%). Serum levels of IGF-1 significantly increased from baseline to 12 wk in both RT (102 ± 34 to 115 ± 33 ng·mL) and RT + protein (110 ± 40 to 119 ± 37 ng·mL); adiponectin and CRP did not change. CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of RT at 65%-81% of 1-RM, 2 d·wk in BCS, was well tolerated and significantly improved strength, body composition, and IGF-1. Supplemental protein (40 g·d) did not induce a change in any variable. However, on the basis of food logs, reductions in total calories and dietary protein intake from whole foods resulted in only a net protein increase of 17 g·d for RT + protein, which may have influenced the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takudzwa A Madzima
- 1Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC; 2Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL; 3Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL; 4Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, SOUTH AFRICA; and 5Institute of Successful Longevity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Kalman D, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, Willoughby D, Arciero PJ, VanDusseldorp TA, Ormsbee MJ, Wildman R, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Aragon AA, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 28919842 PMCID: PMC5596471 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review regarding the timing of macronutrients in reference to healthy, exercising adults and in particular highly trained individuals on exercise performance and body composition. The following points summarize the position of the ISSN:Nutrient timing incorporates the use of methodical planning and eating of whole foods, fortified foods and dietary supplements. The timing of energy intake and the ratio of certain ingested macronutrients may enhance recovery and tissue repair, augment muscle protein synthesis (MPS), and improve mood states following high-volume or intense exercise. Endogenous glycogen stores are maximized by following a high-carbohydrate diet (8–12 g of carbohydrate/kg/day [g/kg/day]); moreover, these stores are depleted most by high volume exercise. If rapid restoration of glycogen is required (< 4 h of recovery time) then the following strategies should be considered:aggressive carbohydrate refeeding (1.2 g/kg/h) with a preference towards carbohydrate sources that have a high (> 70) glycemic index the addition of caffeine (3–8 mg/kg) combining carbohydrates (0.8 g/kg/h) with protein (0.2–0.4 g/kg/h)
Extended (> 60 min) bouts of high intensity (> 70% VO2max) exercise challenge fuel supply and fluid regulation, thus carbohydrate should be consumed at a rate of ~30–60 g of carbohydrate/h in a 6–8% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (6–12 fluid ounces) every 10–15 min throughout the entire exercise bout, particularly in those exercise bouts that span beyond 70 min. When carbohydrate delivery is inadequate, adding protein may help increase performance, ameliorate muscle damage, promote euglycemia and facilitate glycogen re-synthesis. Carbohydrate ingestion throughout resistance exercise (e.g., 3–6 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum [RM] using multiple exercises targeting all major muscle groups) has been shown to promote euglycemia and higher glycogen stores. Consuming carbohydrate solely or in combination with protein during resistance exercise increases muscle glycogen stores, ameliorates muscle damage, and facilitates greater acute and chronic training adaptations. Meeting the total daily intake of protein, preferably with evenly spaced protein feedings (approximately every 3 h during the day), should be viewed as a primary area of emphasis for exercising individuals. Ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA; approximately 10 g)either in free form or as part of a protein bolus of approximately 20–40 g has been shown to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Pre- and/or post-exercise nutritional interventions (carbohydrate + protein or protein alone) may operate as an effective strategy to support increases in strength and improvements in body composition. However, the size and timing of a pre-exercise meal may impact the extent to which post-exercise protein feeding is required. Post-exercise ingestion (immediately to 2-h post) of high-quality protein sources stimulates robust increases in MPS. In non-exercising scenarios, changing the frequency of meals has shown limited impact on weight loss and body composition, with stronger evidence to indicate meal frequency can favorably improve appetite and satiety. More research is needed to determine the influence of combining an exercise program with altered meal frequencies on weight loss and body composition with preliminary research indicating a potential benefit. Ingesting a 20–40 g protein dose (0.25–0.40 g/kg body mass/dose) of a high-quality source every three to 4 h appears to most favorably affect MPS rates when compared to other dietary patterns and is associated with improved body composition and performance outcomes. Consuming casein protein (~ 30–40 g) prior to sleep can acutely increase MPS and metabolic rate throughout the night without influencing lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO USA
| | - Shawn Arent
- IFNH Center for Health & Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Health Science Department, Program of Exercise Science, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Doug Kalman
- Department of Athletics, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Studies, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | | | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family Environmental Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A Nutrigenomic Approach to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071534. [PMID: 28714900 PMCID: PMC5536022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the epidemics of obesity due to the consumption of high-calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the leading cause of liver disease in Western countries. NAFLD is epidemiologically associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, and in susceptible individuals it may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetic factors play a key role in NAFLD predisposition by interacting with nutritional and other environmental factors. To date, there is no drug therapy for the treatment of NAFLD, and the main clinical recommendation is lifestyle modification. In the last years, nutrigenomics is promoting an increased understanding of how nutrition affects the switch from health to disease by altering the expression of an individual’s genetic makeup. The present review tries to summarize the most recent data evidencing how the interactions between nutrients and genetic factors can influence NAFLD development. The final goal should be to develop tools to quantify these complex interactions. The definition of a “nutrigenomic risk score” for each individual may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the management of NAFLD patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
de la Iglesia R, Loria-Kohen V, Zulet MA, Martinez JA, Reglero G, Ramirez de Molina A. Dietary Strategies Implicated in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1877. [PMID: 27834920 PMCID: PMC5133877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is established as the combination of central obesity and different metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. This cluster of factors affects approximately 10%-50% of adults worldwide and the prevalence has been increasing in epidemic proportions over the last years. Thus, dietary strategies to treat this heterogenic disease are under continuous study. In this sense, diets based on negative-energy-balance, the Mediterranean dietary pattern, n-3 fatty acids, total antioxidant capacity and meal frequency have been suggested as effective approaches to treat MetS. Furthermore, the type and percentage of carbohydrates, the glycemic index or glycemic load, and dietary fiber content are some of the most relevant aspects related to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, which are important co-morbidities of MetS. Finally, new studies focused on the molecular action of specific nutritional bioactive compounds with positive effects on the MetS are currently an objective of scientific research worldwide. The present review summarizes some of the most relevant dietary approaches and bioactive compounds employed in the treatment of the MetS to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio de la Iglesia
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Ramirez de Molina
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ormsbee MJ, Kinsey AW, Eddy WR, Madzima TA, Arciero PJ, Figueroa A, Panton LB. The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 40:37-45. [PMID: 25409324 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Single macronutrient intake prior to sleep reduces appetite but may negatively impact insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese women. The present study examined the additive impact of nighttime feeding of whey (WH), casein (CAS), or carbohydrate (CHO) combined with exercise training on appetite, cardiometabolic health, and strength in obese women. Thirty-seven sedentary obese women (WH, n = 13, body mass index (BMI) 34.4 ± 1.3 kg/m(2); CAS, n = 14, BMI 36.5 ± 1.8 kg/m(2); CHO, n = 10, BMI 33.1 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) consumed WH, CAS, or CHO (140-150 kcal/serving), every night of the week, within 30 min of sleep, for 4 weeks. Supervised exercise training (2 days of resistance training and 1 day of high-intensity interval training) was completed 3 days per week. Pre- and post-testing measurements included appetite ratings, mood state, resting metabolic rate, fasting lipids, glucose, and hormonal responses (insulin, leptin, adiponectin, hs-CRP, IGF-1, and cortisol), body composition, and strength. Nighttime intake of CAS significantly (p < 0.05) increased morning satiety (pretraining, 25 ± 5; post-training 41 ± 6) more than WH (pretraining, 34 ± 5; post-training, 35 ± 6) or CHO (pre 40 ± 8, post 43 ± 7). Exercise training increased lean mass and strength, decreased body fat, and improved mood state in all groups. No other differences were noted. Nighttime feeding of CAS combined with exercise training increased morning satiety more than WH or CHO. Nighttime feeding for 4 weeks did not impact insulin sensitivity (assessed via homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) when combined with exercise training in obese women. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01830946.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- a Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Protein-Pacing and Multi-Component Exercise Training Improves Physical Performance Outcomes in Exercise-Trained Women: The PRISE 3 Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060332. [PMID: 27258301 PMCID: PMC4924173 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial cardiometabolic and body composition effects of combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) and multi-mode exercise (resistance, interval, stretching, endurance; RISE) training (PRISE) in obese adults has previously been established. The current study examines PRISE on physical performance (endurance, strength and power) outcomes in healthy, physically active women. Thirty exercise-trained women (>4 days exercise/week) were randomized to either PRISE (n = 15) or a control (CON, 5-6 meals/day at 1.0 g/kg BW/day; n = 15) for 12 weeks. Muscular strength (1-RM bench press, 1-RM BP) endurance (sit-ups, SUs; push-ups, PUs), power (bench throws, BTs), blood pressure (BP), augmentation index, (AIx), and abdominal fat mass were assessed at Weeks 0 (pre) and 13 (post). At baseline, no differences existed between groups. Following the 12-week intervention, PRISE had greater gains (p < 0.05) in SUs, PUs (6 ± 7 vs. 10 ± 7, 40%; 8 ± 13 vs. 14 ± 12, 43% ∆reps, respectively), BTs (11 ± 35 vs. 44 ± 34, 75% ∆watts), AIx (1 ± 9 vs. -5 ± 11, 120%), and DBP (-5 ± 9 vs. -11 ± 11, 55% ∆mmHg). These findings suggest that combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) diet and multi-component exercise (RISE) training (PRISE) enhances muscular endurance, strength, power, and cardiovascular health in exercise-trained, active women.
Collapse
|
26
|
Arciero PJ, Edmonds RC, Bunsawat K, Gentile CL, Ketcham C, Darin C, Renna M, Zheng Q, Zhang JZ, Ormsbee MJ. Protein-Pacing from Food or Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Overweight Men and Women: The PRISE 2 Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050288. [PMID: 27187451 PMCID: PMC4882701 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that protein-pacing (P; six meals/day @ 1.4 g/kg body weight (BW), three of which included whey protein (WP) supplementation) combined with a multi-mode fitness program consisting of resistance, interval sprint, stretching, and endurance exercise training (RISE) improves body composition in overweight individuals. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings and determine whether protein-pacing with only food protein (FP) is comparable to WP supplementation during RISE training on physical performance outcomes in overweight/obese individuals. Thirty weight-matched volunteers were prescribed RISE training and a P diet derived from either whey protein supplementation (WP, n = 15) or food protein sources (FP, n = 15) for 16 weeks. Twenty-one participants completed the intervention (WP, n = 9; FP, n = 12). Measures of body composition and physical performance were significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.05), with no effect of protein source. Likewise, markers of cardiometabolic disease risk (e.g., LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, systolic blood pressure) were significantly improved (p < 0.05) to a similar extent in both groups. These results demonstrate that both whey protein and food protein sources combined with multimodal RISE training are equally effective at improving physical performance and cardiometabolic health in obese individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Rohan C Edmonds
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Caitlin Ketcham
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Christopher Darin
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Mariale Renna
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Qian Zheng
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Jun Zhu Zhang
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mok A, Haldar S, Lee JCY, Leow MKS, Henry CJ. Postprandial changes in cardiometabolic disease risk in young Chinese men following isocaloric high or low protein diets, stratified by either high or low meal frequency - a randomized controlled crossover trial. Nutr J 2016; 15:27. [PMID: 26979583 PMCID: PMC4793530 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardio-Metabolic Disease (CMD) is the leading cause of death globally and particularly in Asia. Postprandial elevation of glycaemia, insulinaemia, triglyceridaemia are associated with an increased risk of CMD. While studies have shown that higher protein intake or increased meal frequency may benefit postprandial metabolism, their combined effect has rarely been investigated using composite mixed meals. We therefore examined the combined effects of increasing meal frequency (2-large vs 6-smaller meals), with high or low-protein (40 % vs 10 % energy from protein respectively) isocaloric mixed meals on a range of postprandial CMD risk markers. METHODS In a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy Chinese males (Age: 29 ± 7 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) underwent 4 dietary treatments: CON-2 (2 large Low-Protein meals), CON-6 (6 Small Low-Protein meals), PRO-2 (2 Large High-Protein meals) and PRO-6 (6 Small High-Protein meals). Subjects wore a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and venous blood samples were obtained at baseline and at regular intervals for 8.5 h to monitor postprandial changes in glucose, insulin, triglycerides and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Blood pressure was measured at regular intervals pre- and post- meal consumption. Urine was collected to measure excretion of creatinine and F2-isoprostanes and its metabolites over the 8.5 h postprandial period. RESULTS The high-protein meals, irrespective of meal frequency were beneficial for glycaemic health since glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for PRO-2 (185 ± 166 mmol.min.L(-1)) and PRO-6 (214 ± 188 mmol.min.L(-1)) were 66 and 60 % lower respectively (both p < 0.05), compared with CON-2 (536 ± 290 mmol.min.L(-1)). The iAUC for insulin was the lowest for PRO-6 (13.7 ± 7.1 U.min.L(-1)) as compared with CON-2 (28.4 ± 15.6 U.min.L(-)1), p < 0.001. There were no significant differences in postprandial responses in other measurements between the dietary treatments. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of composite meals with higher protein content, irrespective of meal frequency appears to be beneficial for postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in young, healthy Chinese males. Implications of this study may be useful in the Asian context where the consumption of high glycemic index, carbohydrate meals is prevalent. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02529228 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mok
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609 Singapore
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11, Jalan Tang Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Campbell WW, Kim JE, Amankwaah AF, Gordon SL, Weinheimer-Haus EM. Higher Total Protein Intake and Change in Total Protein Intake Affect Body Composition but Not Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults Who Perform Resistance and Aerobic Exercise for 36 Weeks. J Nutr 2015; 145:2076-83. [PMID: 26246322 PMCID: PMC4548166 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets. OBJECTIVE This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program. METHODS Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses. RESULTS Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with changes in body mass, fat mass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥1.0 to <1.2 (n = 29) vs. ≥1.2 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥1.0 to <1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM (%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015:715859. [PMID: 25949823 PMCID: PMC4408745 DOI: 10.1155/2015/715859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes' ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ormsbee MJ, Prado CM, Ilich JZ, Purcell S, Siervo M, Folsom A, Panton L. Osteosarcopenic obesity: the role of bone, muscle, and fat on health. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:183-92. [PMID: 24740742 PMCID: PMC4159494 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and obesity are commonly observed in the process of aging, and recent evidence suggests a potential interconnection of these syndromes with common pathophysiology. The term osteosarcopenic obesity has been coined to describe the concurrent appearance of obesity in individuals with low bone and muscle mass. Although our understanding of osteosarcopenic obesity's etiology, prevalence, and consequences is extremely limited, it is reasonable to infer its negative impact in a population that is aging in an obesogenic environment. It is likely that these individuals will present with poorer clinical outcomes caused by the cascade of metabolic abnormalities associated with these changes in body composition. Clinical outcomes include but are not limited to increased risk of fractures, impaired functional status (including activities of daily living), physical disability, insulin resistance, increased risk of infections, increased length of hospital stay, and reduced survival. These health outcomes are likely to be worse when compared to individuals with obesity, sarcopenia, or osteopenia/osteoporosis alone. Interventions that utilize resistance training exercise in conjunction with increased protein intake appear to be promising in their ability to counteract osteosarcopenic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1493, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ormsbee MJ, Rawal SR, Baur DA, Kinsey AW, Elam ML, Spicer MT, Fischer NT, Madzima TA, Thomas DD. The effects of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement on body composition, adipokines, blood lipids, and metabolic health in overweight and obese men and women: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:37. [PMID: 25093015 PMCID: PMC4120730 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated the effects of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement (MIDS) containing caffeine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), green tea, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) taken for 8 weeks on body composition, blood lipid profile, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in overweight and obese men and women. Methods Twenty-two participants completed the study (PL, n = 11; 7 women, 4 men; age, 34 ± 3.5 years; height, 169.2 ± 3.3 cm; body mass, 96.9 ± 6.8 kg; BMI, 34.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2; MIDS, n = 11; 9 women, 2 men; age, 36 ± 3.4 years; height, 173.2 ± 2.9 cm; body mass, 91.9 ± 5.6 kg; BMI, 30.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2). Participants were randomly assigned and stratified by body fat percentage to two groups: 1) a soybean oil placebo (PL) or 2) MIDS. Each group consumed two pills with breakfast and two pills with lunch. Body composition and android fat, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure and heart rate were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation. Results There were no significant changes for any of the variables of body composition. Feelings of hunger were significantly higher in MIDS versus PL with no changes observed in satiety or desire to eat. Heart rate and blood pressure were unaltered in MIDS after 8 weeks of supplementation. Furthermore, lipid profile, food intake, mood state variables, fasting blood glucose, and endocrine markers did not significantly change regardless of group. Conclusion MIDS intake does not appear to alter body composition or markers of cardiovascular health versus PL. Moreover, MIDS may actually increase feelings of hunger versus PL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA ; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ; Institute of Sports Science & Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shweta R Rawal
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Daniel A Baur
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Amber W Kinsey
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Marcus L Elam
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Maria T Spicer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nicholas T Fischer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Takudzwa A Madzima
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - D David Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Arciero PJ, Baur D, Connelly S, Ormsbee MJ. Timed-daily ingestion of whey protein and exercise training reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves insulin resistance: the PRISE study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:1-10. [PMID: 24833780 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00152.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of timed ingestion of supplemental protein (20-g servings of whey protein, 3×/day), added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults and subsequently randomized to either whey protein only (P; n = 24), whey protein and resistance exercise (P + RT; n = 27), or a whey protein and multimode exercise training program [protein and resistance exercise, intervals, stretching/yoga/Pilates, endurance exercise (PRISE); n = 28]. Total and regional body composition and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], plasma lipids and adipokines, and feelings of hunger and satiety (visual analog scales) were measured before and after the 16-wk intervention. All groups lost body weight, fat mass (FM), and abdominal fat; however, PRISE lost significantly (P < 0.01) more body weight (3.3 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.7 kg, P + RT) and FM (2.8 ± 0.7 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 kg, P + RT) and gained (P < 0.05) a greater percentage of lean body mass (2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.4%, P + RT and P, respectively). Only P + RT (0.1 ± 0.04 kg) and PRISE (0.21 ± 0.07 kg) lost VAT mass (P < 0.05). Fasting glucose decreased only in P + RT (5.1 ± 2.5 mg/dl) and PRISE (15.3 ± 2.1 mg/dl), with the greatest decline occurring in PRISE (P < 0.05). Similarly, HOMA-IR improved (0.6 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.4 units), and leptin decreased (4.7 ± 2.2, 4.7 ± 3.1 ng/dl), and adiponectin increased (3.8 ± 1.1, 2.4 ± 1.1 μg/ml) only in P + RT and PRISE, respectively, with no change in P. In conclusion, we find evidence to support exercise training and timed ingestion of whey protein added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults, independent of caloric restriction on total and regional body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and adipokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Skidmore College, Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Saratoga Springs, New York;
| | - Daniel Baur
- Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Scott Connelly
- Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, California; and
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dietary recommendations for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2014; 9:18-23. [PMID: 24868294 PMCID: PMC4027841 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2014.40845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes to patients’ lifestyle, especially a modified dietary approach, play a key role in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A balanced, limiting and individually tailored nutritional scheme enables weight loss and an improvement in the clinical picture of NAFLD. According to nutritional recommendations for patients with NAFLD, carbohydrates should comprise 40–50% of total dietary energy. It is advisable to increase the amount of complex carbohydrates rich in dietary fibre. A major role in the aetiology of NAFLD is played by excessive intake of fructose, which is related to the rise in consumption of nonalcoholic beverages among subjects in developed countries. Fat intake should comprise < 30% of daily calories. It is essential to increase consumption of food products rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ingestion of protein should constitute 15–20% of total energy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Costa HS, Albuquerque TG, Sanches-Silva A, Vasilopoulou E, Trichopoulou A, D'Antuono LF, Alexieva I, Boyko N, Costea C, Fedosova K, Hayran O, Karpenko D, Kilasonia Z, Finglas P. New nutritional composition data on selected traditional foods consumed in Black Sea Area countries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3524-3534. [PMID: 23744747 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional foods are an important part of the culture, history, identity and heritage of a region or country and are key elements in dietary patterns. In most countries there is limited information on the nutritional composition of such foods and therefore there is a need to investigate, register and promote traditional foods. One of the aims within the 'Sustainable exploitation of bioactive components from the Black Sea Area traditional foods' (BaSeFood) project is to generate for the first time new data on the nutritional composition of traditional foods from six Black Sea Area countries to promote their sustainable development and exploitation. RESULTS Thirty-three traditional foods were analysed in an accredited laboratory to determine their nutritional composition, and the data were fully documented. The nutrient content varied widely because of the nature and variety of the analysed foods. The energy content ranged between 4 kcal per 100 g for kvass southern and 900 kcal per 100 g for mustard oil, with the exception of the analysed teas, which did not contribute to energy intake. CONCLUSION The use of a common methodology for the study of traditional foods will enable countries to further investigate these foods. Moreover, a new nutritional knowledge base of traditional foods from Black Sea Area countries will contribute to promote local biodiversity and sustainable diets by maintaining healthy dietary patterns within local cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Costa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ, Gentile CL, Nindl BC, Brestoff JR, Ruby M. Increased protein intake and meal frequency reduces abdominal fat during energy balance and energy deficit. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1357-66. [PMID: 23703835 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unrefined, complex carbohydrates and lean protein diets are used to combat obesity, although it's unknown whether more frequent meals may improve this response. The effects of consuming traditional (~15%) versus higher (~35%) protein intakes as three or six meals/day on abdominal fat, postprandial thermogenesis (TEM), and cardiometabolic biomarkers in overweight individuals during 28 days of energy balance (BAL) and deficit (NEG), respectively were compared. DESIGN AND METHODS Overweight individuals (n = 30) were randomized into three groups: two high-protein groups (35% of energy) consumed as three (HP3) or six (HP6) meals/day and one group consumed three meals/day of a traditional intake (TD3). Following a 5-day baseline control (CON), subjects consumed their respective diets throughout a 56-day intervention consisting of two, 28 day phases: a BAL followed by a NEG phase (75% of energy needs). Total body fat (BF) and abdominal BF (ABF), body weight (BW), TEM, and fasting biomarkers were assessed at the end of CON, BAL, and NEG phases. RESULTS BW remained stable throughout CON and BAL in all groups, whereas BF (P < 0.001) and ABF (P < 0.01) decreased in HP groups and lean body mass (LBM) and leptin increased in HP6. Following NEG, BW decreased in all groups. BF, ABF, and leptin decreased in HP groups; LBM remained higher (P < 0.05), and TEM was highest in HP6 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consuming increased protein (∼35%) more frequently (6×) throughout the day decreases BF and ABF, increases LBM and TEM, and favorably affects adipokines more than current recommendations for macronutrients consumed over three meals/day in overweight individuals during both BAL and NEG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ormsbee MJ, Thomas DD, Mandler WK, Ward EG, Kinsey AW, Panton LB, Scheett TP, Hooshmand S, Simonavice E, Kim JS. The effects of pre- and post-exercise consumption of multi-ingredient performance supplements on cardiovascular health and body fat in trained men after six weeks of resistance training: a stratified, randomized, double-blind study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23680036 PMCID: PMC3662597 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic health benefits or risks associated with consumption of multi-ingredient performance supplements (MIPS) in conjunction with periodized resistance training (RT) in resistance-trained men are unknown. This population is a major target audience for performance supplements, and therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of RT and commercially available pre- and post-exercise performance supplements on CV health and body fat in resistance-trained men. Methods Twenty-four resistance-trained men completed six weeks (three times/week) of periodized RT while either ingesting SHOT 15-min pre-exercise and SYN immediately post-exercise (multi-ingredient performance supplement group: MIPS) or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo 15-min pre-exercise and immediately post-exercise (Placebo group). Before and after six weeks of RT and supplementation, resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), total body fat, android fat, gynoid fat, fat-free mass (FFM) and fasting blood measures of glucose, lipids, nitrate/nitrite (NOx), cortisol and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA for baseline differences and a 2 × 2 (group × time) repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests where appropriate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results There was no group × time interaction for HR, BP, blood glucose, lipids, NOx, hs-CRP, cortisol concentrations or body fat. However, there was a time effect where significant decreases in body fat (mean ± SD; MIPS: -1.2 ± 1.2%; Placebo: -0.9 ± 1.1%), android fat (MIPS: -1.8 ± 2.1%; Placebo: -1.6 ± 2.0%), and gynoid fat (MIPS: -1.3 ± 1.6%; Placebo: -1.0 ± 1.4%) for both groups were observed. FFM increased in both groups, and a group × time interaction was observed with MIPS increasing significantly more than the Placebo group (4.2% vs. 1.9%). Conclusions Six weeks of MIPS ingestion and periodized RT does not alter CV health parameters or blood indices of health or body fat more than a Placebo treatment in healthy, resistance-trained men. However, MIPS significantly increased FFM more than Placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Dept, of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, 430 Sandels Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ormsbee MJ, Arciero PJ. Detraining increases body fat and weight and decreases VO2peak and metabolic rate. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2087-95. [PMID: 22027854 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823b874c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Competitive collegiate swimmers commonly take a month off from swim training after their last major competition. This abrupt cessation of intense physical training has not been well studied and may lead to physiopsychological decline. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of swim detraining (DT) on body composition, aerobic fitness, resting metabolism, mood state, and blood lipids in collegiate swimmers. Eight healthy endurance-trained swimmers (V(O2)peak, 46.7 ± 10.8 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) performed 2 identical test days, 1 in the trained (TR) state and 1 in the detrained (~5 weeks) state (DT). Body composition and circumferences, maximal oxygen consumption (V(O2)peak), resting metabolism (RMR), blood lipids, and mood state were measured. After DT, body weight (TR, 68.9 ± 9.7 vs. DT, 69.8 ± 9.8 kg; p = 0.03), fat mass (TR, 14.7 ± 7.6 vs. DT, 16.5 ± 7.4 kg; p = 0.001), and waist circumference (TR, 72.7 ± 3.1 vs. DT, 73.8 ± 3.6 cm; p = 0.03) increased, whereas V(O2)peak (TR, 46.7 ± 10.8 vs. DT, 43.1 ± 10.3 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1); p = 0.02) and RMR (TR, 1.34 ± 0.2 vs. DT, 1.25 ± 0.17 kcal · min(-1); p = 0.008) decreased, and plasma triglycerides showed a trend to increase (p = 0.065). Our data suggest that DT after a competitive collegiate swim season adversely affects body composition, fitness, and metabolism. Athletes and coaches need to be aware of the negative consequences of detraining from swimming, and plan off-season training schedules accordingly to allow for adequate rest/recovery and prevent overuse injuries. It's equally important to mitigate the negative effects on body composition, aerobic fitness and metabolism so performance may continue to improve over the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Protein intake compliance of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and its effect on weight loss and biochemical parameters. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011; 7:733-42. [PMID: 21925961 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grade D evidence supports a daily protein intake (DPI) of >60 g/d after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. However, the physiologic effects of this recommendation have yet to be elucidated. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the effects of DPI after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on weight loss, leptin levels, and albumin levels. The setting was a 617-acute inpatient bed university-affiliated teaching hospital. METHODS The data from 427 consecutive bariatric surgery patients were prospectively collected from December 2007 to April 2011. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, the chi-square test, the paired t test, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 427 patients, 167 (39.1%) had complete data at 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up and were used for the present analysis. Of the 427 patients, 140 (83.8%) were women with a mean age and preoperative body mass index (BMI) of 42.7 ± 11 years and 47.3 ± 8.1 kg/m(2), respectively. Of the 427 patients, 71.3% were compliant with a DPI of ≥1 g/kg/d at 12 months postoperatively. The patients had a mean percentage of excess weight loss of 74.9% ± 16.7% and a mean BMI of 29.4 ± 5.4 kg/m2 at 12 months. When controlling for the preoperative BMI, carbohydrate violations, and exercise increase, DPI was associated with a greater percentage of excess weight loss (P = .001), BMI change (P < .0001), and percentage of lean mass (P = .003), and a lower percentage of body fat (P < .0001) at 12 months. CONCLUSION Excellent compliance with a DPI of ≥1 g/kg/d at 12 months after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is feasible and might result in the benefits of increased weight loss, a decreased percentage of body fat, and improved percentage of lean mass.
Collapse
|
39
|
New food composition data on selected ethnic foods consumed in Europe. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64 Suppl 3:S82-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Belobrajdic DP, Frystyk J, Jeyaratnaganthan N, Espelund U, Flyvbjerg A, Clifton PM, Noakes M. Moderate energy restriction-induced weight loss affects circulating IGF levels independent of dietary composition. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:1075-82. [PMID: 20212016 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with major changes in the circulating IGF system. However, it is not clear to what extent the IGF system is normalized following diet, and the possible role of different types of diet is also unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare changes in the circulating IGF system following 12 weeks of moderate energy restriction (7000 kJ/day) in overweight or obese males on a high protein high red meat diet (HP) or a high carbohydrate diet (HC). DESIGN Seventy-six men (mean age, 51+/-1.0 years; body mass index, 32.8+/-0.5 kg/m(2)) were allocated to matched groups treated with isocaloric diets of HP (n=34) or HC (n=42). Outcome measures were weight, body composition, IGF-related peptides, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR) and adipokines. RESULTS Weight loss did not differ between diets (HP 8.5+/-0.6 kg; HC 8.2+/-0.6 kg, P>0.05). IGF-related peptides increased total IGF1 (HP 23%; HC 18%, P<0.0001), bioactive IGF1 (HP 18%; HC 15%, P<0.002), IGF1:IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3; HP 29%; HC 22%, P<0.0001) and IGFBP-1 (HP 24%; HC 25%, P<0.01). By contrast, decreases were observed in IGFBP-3 (HP -4%; HC -3%, P<0.01), pro-IGF2 (HP -3%; HC -6%, P=0.001), total IGF2 (HP -7%; HC -3%, P=0.001) and sIGF2R (HP -10%; HC -6%, P<0.005). Only IGFBP-2 increased differentially by diet (HP 34%; HC 50%, P<0.0001, diet P<0.05). Adiponectin increased in both diets, but leptin and HOMA-IR decreased (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Weight loss induced by moderate energy restriction modulated the IGF system independent of dietary protein or red meat content. The effect of diet on IGFBP-2 appeared to have limited biological effect as total IGF2 and pro-IGF2 did not change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Belobrajdic
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide BC, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Macronutrients, Weight Control, and Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
42
|
Buyken AE, Mitchell P, Ceriello A, Brand-Miller J. Optimal dietary approaches for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a life-course perspective. Diabetologia 2010; 53:406-18. [PMID: 20049415 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several alternative dietary approaches, including high-protein and low-glycaemic-load diets, have produced faster rates of weight loss than traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. These diets share an under-recognised unifying mechanism: the reduction of postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. Similarly, some food patterns and specific foods (potatoes, white bread, soft drinks) characterised by hyperglycaemia are associated with higher risk of adiposity and type 2 diabetes. Profound compensatory hyperinsulinaemia, exacerbated by overweight, occurs during critical periods of physiological insulin resistance such as pregnancy and puberty. The dramatic rise in gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes in the young may therefore be traced to food patterns that exaggerate postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. The dietary strategy with the strongest evidence of being able to prevent type 2 diabetes is not the accepted low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, but alternative dietary approaches that reduce postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia without adversely affecting other risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Buyken
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Heinstück 11, 44225 Dortmund, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tomé D, Schwarz J, Darcel N, Fromentin G. Protein, amino acids, vagus nerve signaling, and the brain. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:838S-843S. [PMID: 19640948 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein and amino acids, including glutamate, generate signals involved in the control of gastric and intestinal motility, pancreatic secretion, and food intake. They include postprandial meal-induced visceral and metabolic signals and associated nutrients (eg, amino acids and glucose), gut neuropeptides, and hormonal signals. Protein reduces gastric motility and stimulates pancreatic secretions. Protein and amino acids are also more potent than carbohydrate and fat in inducing short-term satiety in animals and humans. High-protein diets lead to activation of the noradrenergic-adrenergic neuronal pathway in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract and in melanocortin neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Moreover, some evidence indicates that circulating concentrations of certain amino acids could influence food intake. Leucine modulates the activity of energy and nutrient sensor pathways controlled by AMP-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin in the hypothalamus. At the brain level, 2 afferent pathways are involved in protein and amino acid monitoring: the indirect neural (mainly vagus-mediated) and the direct humoral pathways. The neural pathways transfer preabsorptive and visceral information through the vagus nerve that innervates part of the orosensory zone (stomach, duodenum, and liver). Localized in the brainstem, the nucleus of the solitary tract is the main projection site of the vagus nerve and integrates sensory information of oropharyngeal, intestinal, and visceral origins. Ingestion of protein also activates satiety pathways in the arcuate nucleus, which is characterized by an up-regulation of the melanocortin pathway (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating, hormone-containing neurons) and a down-regulation of the neuropeptide Y pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech and INRA, UMR Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hunt JR, Johnson LK, Fariba Roughead ZK. Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1357-65. [PMID: 19279077 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of meat protein on calcium retention at different calcium intakes is unresolved. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the effect of dietary protein on calcium retention at low and high intakes of calcium. DESIGN In a randomized controlled feeding study with a 2 x 2 factorial crossover design, healthy postmenopausal women (n = 27) consumed either approximately 675 or approximately 1510 mg Ca/d, with both low and high protein (providing 10% and 20% energy) for 7 wk each, separated by a 3-wk washout period. After 3 wk, the entire diet was extrinsically labeled with (47)Ca, and isotope retention was monitored by whole-body scintillation counting. Clinical markers of calcium and bone metabolism were measured. RESULTS High compared with low dietary protein significantly increased calcium retention from the low-calcium (29.5% compared with 26.0% absorbed) but not the high-calcium diet (18% absorbed). For the low-calcium diet, this effect nearly balanced a protein-related 0.5-mmol/d greater urinary calcium excretion. Protein-related calciuretic effects were independent of dietary calcium. Testing at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 wk showed no long-term adaptation in urinary acidity or urinary calcium excretion. High compared with low dietary protein decreased urinary deoxypyridinoline and increased serum insulin-like growth factor I without affecting parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS In healthy postmenopausal women, a moderate increase in dietary protein, from 10% to 20% of energy, slightly improved calcium absorption from a low-calcium diet, nearly compensating for a slight increase in urinary calcium excretion. Under practical dietary conditions, increased dietary protein from animal sources was not detrimental to calcium balance or short-term indicators of bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Hunt
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review presents recent findings on peripheral and central pathways involved in protein and amino acid-induced satiety. RECENT FINDINGS A high-protein load leads to a higher decrease of energy intake at the next meal than carbohydrate and fat. A protein-enriched diet induces satiety, improves body composition and results in weight loss. At the peripheral level, proteins seem to induce the release of anorexigenic gut hormones cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, whereas the involvement of ghrelin remains uncertain. Energy expenditure and glucose are probably involved as metabolic signals in protein-induced satiety. Moreover, there is some evidence that the circulating level of leucine could impact food intake. Leucine has been shown to modulate the activity of the energy and nutrient sensor pathways controlled by AMPK and mTOR in the hypothalamus. Moreover, high-protein diets lead to activation of the noradrenergic/adrenergic neuronal pathway in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. SUMMARY Complex and redundant pathways are involved in protein and amino acid-induced satiety. Significant advances have recently allowed a better understanding of the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. The involvement of some specific area of the brain including the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract has to be further analyzed.
Collapse
|
46
|
Current world literature. Ageing: biology and nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:95-100. [PMID: 19057195 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32831fd97a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
47
|
Leclercq IA, Horsmans Y. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the potential role of nutritional management. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11:766-73. [PMID: 18827582 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328312c353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review available data pertaining to dietary imbalances and metabolic alterations leading to the development of fatty liver disease and nutritional managements. RECENT FINDINGS The importance of treating fatty liver disease is now firmly recognized not only because of the risk of progression toward a more aggressive liver disease but also because the fatty liver is an important provider of cardiovascular risks. The ideal diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients should reduce fat mass and inflammation in the adipose tissue, restore insulin sensitivity, and provide low amounts of substrates for de-novo lipogenesis, but scientific evidence to recommend specific diets is currently lacking. Moderate weight loss, low-calorie diets, reduction in saturated fatty acids intake, together with an increase in monosaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids appear to be beneficial. Excessive consumption of high glycemic index carbohydrates appears deleterious, as it favors hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and stimulates de-novo lipogenesis. Physical exercise is an important component of the approach, as it improves insulin sensitivity. Behavioral therapy promotes long-term compliance to lifestyle modifications. SUMMARY One panacea is unlikely to be found, the more useful approach is probably multimodal and includes tailored lifestyle modifications. Randomized controlled trials are needed to establish dietary recommendations. While awaiting such trials, reduced consumption of simple sugar, especially sweetened beverages, and incremental increase in physical activity must be encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|