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Wullich B, Taubert H, Goebell PJ, Kuwert T, Beck M, Schott C, Baur AS, Eckstein M, Wach S. [Individualized precision medicine]. Urologie 2023; 62:879-888. [PMID: 37526710 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-023-02151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular advances have been made in personalized medicine , which has rapidly revolutionized our traditional understanding of disease diagnosis and treatment. Molecular testing of tissue and liquid samples using next generation sequencing has developed into a key technology in this scenario. It can be used for both the determination of biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive purposes, as well as the possible improvement of treatment outcome through the use of targeted therapies and the avoidance of therapies in the event of special resistance situations. In addition to drugs that have already been approved, which among other things intervene in cellular DNA repair, many new drugs have been developed and are in clinical testing. Furthermore, new possibilities in molecular imaging have dramatically expanded our understanding of tumor spread and created new approaches for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wullich
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland.
| | - Helge Taubert
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Peter J Goebell
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Michael Beck
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Christian Schott
- Labor für Experimentelle Dermatologie, Hautklinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Labor für Experimentelle Dermatologie, Hautklinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Pathologisches Institut, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Sven Wach
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Deutschland
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Abstract
During normal physiological and abnormal pathophysiological conditions, all cells release membrane vesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Growing evidence has revealed that EVs act as important messengers in intercellular communication. EVs play emerging roles in cellular responses and the modulation of immune responses during virus infection. EVs contribute to triggering antiviral responses to restrict virus infection and replication. Conversely, the role of EVs in the facilitation of virus spread and pathogenesis has been widely documented. Depending on the cell of origin, EVs carry effector functions from one cell to the other by horizontal transfer of their bioactive cargoes, including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The diverse constituents of EVs can reflect the altered states of cells or tissues during virus infection, thereby offering a diagnostic readout. The exchanges of cellular and/or viral components by EVs can inform the therapeutic potential of EVs for infectious diseases. This review discusses recent advances of EVs to explore the complex roles of EVs during virus infection and their therapeutic potential, focusing on HIV-1. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(6): 335-340].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
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3
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Liu W, Huang X, Luo W, Liu X, Chen W. The Role of Paxillin Aberrant Expression in Cancer and Its Potential as a Target for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098245. [PMID: 37175948 PMCID: PMC10179295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is a multi-domain adaptor protein. As an important member of focal adhesion (FA) and a participant in regulating cell movement, paxillin plays an important role in physiological processes such as nervous system development, embryonic development, and vascular development. However, increasing evidence suggests that paxillin is aberrantly expressed in many cancers. Many scholars have also recognized that the abnormal expression of paxillin is related to the prognosis, metastases, invasion, survival, angiogenesis, and other aspects of malignant tumors, suggesting that paxillin may be a potential cancer therapeutic target. Therefore, the study of how aberrant paxillin expression affects the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis will help to develop more efficacious antitumor drugs. Herein, we review the structure of paxillin and its function and expression in tumors, paying special attention to the multifaceted effects of paxillin on tumors, the mechanism of tumorigenesis and progression, and its potential role in tumor therapy. We also hope to provide a reference for the clinical prognosis and development of new tumor therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Xinxian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Weizhao Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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Segura J, Ireland J, Zou Z, Roth G, Buchwald J, Shen TJ, Fischer E, Moir S, Chun TW, Sun PD. HIV-1 release requires Nef-induced caspase activation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281087. [PMID: 36780482 PMCID: PMC9925082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection remains incurable to date and there are no compounds targeted at the viral release. We show here HIV viral release is not spontaneous, rather requires caspases activation and shedding of its adhesion receptor, CD62L. Blocking the caspases activation caused virion tethering by CD62L and the release of deficient viruses. Not only productive experimental HIV infections require caspases activation for viral release, HIV release from both viremic and aviremic patient-derived CD4 T cells also require caspase activation, suggesting HIV release from cellular viral reservoirs depends on apoptotic shedding of the adhesion receptor. Further transcriptomic analysis of HIV infected CD4 T cells showed a direct contribution of HIV accessory gene Nef to apoptotic caspases activation. Current HIV cure focuses on the elimination of latent cellular HIV reservoirs that are resistant to infection-induced cell death. This has led to therapeutic strategies to stimulate T cell apoptosis in a "kick and kill" approach. Our current work has shifted the paradigm on HIV-induced apoptosis and suggests such approach would risk to induce HIV release and thus be counter-productive. Instead, our study supports targeting of viral reservoir release by inhibiting of caspases activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julianna Buchwald
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fischer
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schweitzer T, Genth H, Pich A. Clostridium novyi’s Alpha-Toxin Changes Proteome and Phosphoproteome of HEp-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9939. [PMID: 36077344 PMCID: PMC9456407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
C. novyi type A produces the alpha-toxin (TcnA) that belongs to the large clostridial glucosylating toxins (LCGTs) and is able to modify small GTPases by N-acetylglucosamination on conserved threonine residues. In contrast, other LCGTs including Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B (TcdA; TcdB) modify small GTPases by mono-o-glucosylation. Both modifications inactivate the GTPases and cause strong effects on GTPase-dependent signal transduction pathways and the consequent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton leading to cell rounding and finally cell death. However, the effect of TcnA on target cells is largely unexplored. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive screening approach of TcnA treated HEp-2 cells and analyzed their proteome and their phosphoproteome using LC-MS-based methods. With this data-dependent acquisition (DDA) approach, 5086 proteins and 9427 phosphosites could be identified and quantified. Of these, 35 proteins were found to be significantly altered after toxin treatment, and 1832 phosphosites were responsive to TcnA treatment. By analyzing the TcnA-induced proteomic effects of HEp-2 cells, 23 common signaling pathways were identified to be altered, including Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling, Epithelial Adherens Junction Signaling, and Signaling by Rho Family GTPases. All these pathways are also regulated after application of TcdA or TcdB of C. difficile. After TcnA treatment the regulation on phosphorylation level was much stronger compared to the proteome level, in terms of both strength of regulation and the number of regulated phosphosites. Interestingly, various signaling pathways such as Signaling by Rho Family GTPases or Integrin Signaling were activated on proteome level while being inhibited on phosphorylation level or vice versa as observed for the Role of BRCA1 in DNA Damage Response. ZIP kinase, as well as Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases IV & II, were observed as activated while Aurora-A kinase and CDK kinases tended to be inhibited in cells treated with TcnA based on their substrate regulation pattern.
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Zeng Y, Qiu Y, Jiang W, Shen J, Yao X, He X, Li L, Fu B, Liu X. Biological Features of Extracellular Vesicles and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:816698. [PMID: 35813192 PMCID: PMC9263222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.816698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane on the outside, which are widely found in various body fluids and contain biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, lipids and proteins on the inside. EVs were once thought to be vesicles for the removal of waste materials, but are now known to be involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes in many diseases. This study examines the advantage of EVs and the challenges associated with their application. A more rational use of the advantageous properties of EVs such as composition specificity, specific targeting, circulatory stability, active penetration of biological barriers, high efficient drug delivery vehicles and anticancer vaccines, oxidative phosphorylation activity and enzymatic activity, and the resolution of shortcomings such as isolation and purification methods, storage conditions and pharmacokinetics and biodistribution patterns during drug delivery will facilitate the clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ye Zeng, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Yan Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueling He
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingmei Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ye Zeng, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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Deshayes F, Fradet M, Kaminski S, Viguier M, Frippiat J, Ghislin S. Link between the EZH2 noncanonical pathway and microtubule organization center polarization during early T lymphopoiesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12. [PMID: 35256668 PMCID: PMC8901749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EZH2 plays an essential role at the β-selection checkpoint of T lymphopoiesis by regulating histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) via its canonical mode of action. Increasing data suggest that EZH2 could also regulate other cellular functions, such as cytoskeletal reorganization, via its noncanonical pathway. Consequently, we investigated whether the EZH2 noncanonical pathway could be involved in early T-cell maturation, which requires cell polarization. We observed that EZH2 localization is tightly regulated during the early stages of T-cell development and that EZH2 relocalizes in the nucleus of double-negative thymocytes enduring TCRβ recombination and β-selection processes. Furthermore, we observed that EZH2 and EED, but not Suz12, colocalize with the microtubule organization center (MTOC), which might prevent its inappropriate polarization in double negative cells. In accordance with these results, we evidenced the existence of direct or indirect interaction between EED and α-tubulin. Taken together, these results suggest that the EZH2 noncanonical pathway, in association with EED, is involved in the early stages of T-cell maturation.
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Lee JH, Ostalecki C, Oberstein T, Schierer S, Zinser E, Eberhardt M, Blume K, Plosnita B, Stich L, Bruns H, Coras R, Vera-Gonzales J, Maler M, Baur AS. Alzheimer's disease protease-containing plasma extracellular vesicles transfer to the hippocampus via the choroid plexus. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103903. [PMID: 35220044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma extracellular vesicles (pEV) can harbor a diverse array of factors including active proteases and the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP) cleavage product Aβ, involved in plaque formation in Alzheimer`s diseases (AD). A potential role of such vesicles in AD pathology is unexplored. Methods In a case-control study of randomly selected patients with AD and other neurological diseases (n = 14), and healthy controls (n = 7), we systematically analyzed the content of pEV, using different assay systems. In addition, we determined their entry path into brain tissue, employing animal (mice) injection experiments with ex vivo generated EV that were similar to AD-pEV, followed by multi antigen analysis (MAA) of brain tissue (n = 4 per condition). The results were compared with an IHC staining of human brain tissue in a small cohort of AD patients (n = 3) and controls with no neurodegenerative diseases (n = 3). Findings We show that pEV levels are considerably upregulated in AD patients. Besides numerous inflammatory effectors, AD-pEV contained α-, β- and γ-secretases, able to cleave APP in in target cells. In vitro generated EV with similar characteristics as AD-pEV accumulated in the choroid plexus (CP) of injected animals and reached primarily hippocampal neurons. Corroborating findings were made in human brain samples. An inhibitor of hyaluronic-acid-synthetase (HAS) blocked uploading of proteases and Hyaluronan onto EV in vitro and abolished CP targeting in animal injection experiments. Interpretation We conclude that protease-containing pEV could be part of a communication axis between the periphery and the brain that could be become detrimental depending on pEV concentration and duration of target cell impact.
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Cook L, Sengelmann M, Winkler B, Nagl C, Koch S, Schlomann U, Slater EP, Miller MA, von Strandmann EP, Dörsam B, Preußer C, Bartsch JW. ADAM8-Dependent Extracellular Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment Involves Regulated Release of Lipocalin 2 and MMP-9. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041976. [PMID: 35216088 PMCID: PMC8875419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8 is critically involved in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Under malignant conditions, ADAM8 is highly expressed and could play an important role in cell–cell communication as expression has been observed in tumor and immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as macrophages. To analyze the potential role of ADAM8 in the TME, ADAM8 knockout PDAC tumor cells were generated, and their release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) was analyzed. In EVs, ADAM8 is present as an active protease and associated with lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) in an ADAM8-dependent manner, as ADAM8 KO cells show a lower abundance of LCN2 and MMP-9. Sorting of ADAM8 occurs independent of TSG101, even though ADAM8 contains the recognition motif PTAP for the ESCRTI protein TSG101 within the cytoplasmic domain (CD). When tumor cells were co-cultured with macrophages (THP-1 cells), expression of LCN2 and MMP-9 in ADAM8 KO cells was induced, suggesting that macrophage signaling can overcome ADAM8-dependent intracellular signaling in PDAC cells. In co-culture with macrophages, regulation of MMP-9 is independent of the M1/M2 polarization state, whereas LCN2 expression is preferentially affected by M1-like macrophages. From these data, we conclude that ADAM8 has a systemic effect in the tumor microenvironment, and its expression in distinct cell types has to be considered for ADAM8 targeting in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Marie Sengelmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Birte Winkler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Constanze Nagl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Sarah Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Uwe Schlomann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Emily P. Slater
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Bastian Dörsam
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Preußer
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-58-61173
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Abstract
HIV envelope glycoprotein is the most heavily glycosylated viral protein complex identified with over 20 glycans on its surface. This glycan canopy is thought to primarily shield the virus from host immune recognition as glycans are poor immunogens in general, however rare HIV neutralizing antibodies nevertheless potently recognize the glycan epitopes. While CD4 and chemokine receptors have been known as viral entry receptor and coreceptor, for many years the role of viral glycans in HIV entry was controversial. Recently, we showed that HIV envelope glycan binds to L-selectin in solution and on CD4 T lymphocytes. The viral glycan and L-selectin interaction functions to facilitate the viral adhesion and entry. Upon entry, infected CD4 T lymphocytes are stimulated to progressively shed L-selectin and suppressing this lectin receptor shedding greatly reduced HIV viral release and caused aggregation of diminutive virus-like particles within experimental infections and from infected primary T lymphocytes derived from both viremic and aviremic individuals. As shedding of L-selectin is mediated by ADAM metalloproteinases downstream of host-cell stimulation, these findings showed a novel mechanism for HIV viral release and offer a potential new class of anti-HIV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Biao He
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Peter D Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The exosomes play a critical role in HIV infection, which constitute a pathway to release intracellular material and exchange material and information between cells. Exosomes have become a hotspot in the field of AIDS research. This review introduces the formation process of HIV particles and exosomes, and summarizes the role of exosomes in the progression of HIV disease from multiple aspects. RECENT FINDINGS Many components of the exosomes involved in HIV transfer and replication affect the occurrence, development, and outcome of AIDS, and are closely related to HIV infection. Exosomes can have a dual impact on HIV infection, and play an important role in activating the latent reservoir of HIV and affecting the chronic inflammation of HIV. The biological information carried by exosomes is also of great significance for the prediction of HIV disease. SUMMARY The present review summarizes the role of exosomes in HIV disease progression in various aspects in order to further understand the underlying mechanism affecting the infection and providing a new idea for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuanyun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology
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Rath M, Pitiot A, Kirr M, Fröhlich W, Plosnita B, Schliep S, Bauerschmitz J, Baur AS, Ostalecki C. Multi-Antigen Imaging Reveals Inflammatory DC, ADAM17 and Neprilysin as Effectors in Keloid Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179417. [PMID: 34502327 PMCID: PMC8430546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid is an aberrant scarring process of the skin, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition. The pathogenesis of this prevalent cutaneous disorder is not fully understood; however, a persistent inflammatory process is observed. To obtain more insight into this process, we analyzed lesional, perilesional and healthy tissue using multi-antigen-analysis (MAA) in conjunction with a data mining approach. Here, we demonstrate that monocyte-derived inflammatory dendritic cells (CD1a+, CD11c+, CD14+) and activated CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD45 RO+) dominated the immune infiltration in keloids while associating with fibroblasts. In perilesional tissue, precursor immune cells were dominant in the perivascular area, suggesting that they were attracted by an immune process, potentially in the lesional area. Supporting this hypothesis, only in keloid lesions, high levels of ADAM10/17 and Neprilysin (CD10) were observed in both fibroblasts and leukocytes. The spatial proximity of these two cell types, which could be confirmed by image analysis only in lesional tissue, could be a potential factor leading to the activation of fibroblasts. Our findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of keloid formation and reveal metalloproteinases as a target for therapeutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rath
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Alain Pitiot
- Laboratory of Image & Data Analysis, Ilixa Ltd., London W1U 6NQ, UK;
| | - Michael Kirr
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.K.); (W.F.); (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.S.B.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Waltraud Fröhlich
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.K.); (W.F.); (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.S.B.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schliep
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.K.); (W.F.); (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.S.B.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauerschmitz
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.K.); (W.F.); (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.S.B.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Baur
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.K.); (W.F.); (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.S.B.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Ostalecki
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.K.); (W.F.); (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.S.B.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8532965
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13
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Alves E, McLeish E, Blancafort P, Coudert JD, Gaudieri S. Manipulating the NKG2D Receptor-Ligand Axis Using CRISPR: Novel Technologies for Improved Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712722. [PMID: 34456921 PMCID: PMC8397441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating immune receptor natural killer group member D (NKG2D) and its cognate ligands represent a fundamental surveillance system of cellular distress, damage or transformation. Signaling through the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis is critical for early detection of viral infection or oncogenic transformation and the presence of functional NKG2D ligands (NKG2D-L) is associated with tumor rejection and viral clearance. Many viruses and tumors have developed mechanisms to evade NKG2D recognition via transcriptional, post-transcriptional or post-translational interference with NKG2D-L, supporting the concept that circumventing immune evasion of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis may be an attractive therapeutic avenue for antiviral therapy or cancer immunotherapy. To date, the complexity of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis and the lack of specificity of current NKG2D-targeting therapies has not allowed for the precise manipulation required to optimally harness NKG2D-mediated immunity. However, with the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, novel opportunities have arisen in the realm of locus-specific gene editing and regulation. Here, we give a brief overview of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis in humans and discuss the levels at which NKG2D-L are regulated and dysregulated during viral infection and oncogenesis. Moreover, we explore the potential for CRISPR-based technologies to provide novel therapeutic avenues to improve and maximize NKG2D-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alves
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily McLeish
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Jacob RA, Edgar CR, Prévost J, Trothen SM, Lurie A, Mumby MJ, Galbraith A, Kirchhoff F, Haeryfar SMM, Finzi A, Dikeakos JD. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef increases surface expression of the checkpoint receptor Tim-3 in infected CD4 + T cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101042. [PMID: 34358561 PMCID: PMC8390549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged immune activation drives the upregulation of multiple checkpoint receptors on the surface of virus-specific T cells, inducing their exhaustion. Reversing HIV-1-induced T cell exhaustion is imperative for efficient virus clearance; however, viral mediators of checkpoint receptor upregulation remain largely unknown. The enrichment of checkpoint receptors on T cells upon HIV-1 infection severely constrains the generation of an efficient immune response. Herein, we examined the role of HIV-1 Nef in mediating the upregulation of checkpoint receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We demonstrate that the HIV-1 accessory protein Nef upregulates cell surface levels of the checkpoint receptor T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) and that this is dependent on Nef's dileucine motif LL164/165. Furthermore, we used a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay to demonstrate that Nef and Tim-3 form a complex within cells that is abrogated upon mutation of the Nef dileucine motif. We also provide evidence that Nef moderately promotes Tim-3 shedding from the cell surface in a dileucine motif–dependent manner. Treating HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells with a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor enhanced cell surface Tim-3 levels and reduced Tim-3 shedding. Finally, Tim-3-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed a higher propensity to release the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 directly increases the levels of a checkpoint receptor on the surface of infected CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra R Edgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven M Trothen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antony Lurie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell J Mumby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa Galbraith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, UIm, Germany
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Clauss M, Chelvanambi S, Cook C, ElMergawy R, Dhillon N. Viral Bad News Sent by EVAIL. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061168. [PMID: 34207152 PMCID: PMC8234235 DOI: 10.3390/v13061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge on how viruses may utilize Extracellular Vesicle Assisted Inflammatory Load (EVAIL) to exert pathologic activities. Viruses are classically considered to exert their pathologic actions through acute or chronic infection followed by the host response. This host response causes the release of cytokines leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. However, viruses may employ an alternative pathway to soluble cytokine-induced pathologies-by initiating the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes. The best-understood example of this alternative pathway is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-elicited EVs and their propensity to harm vascular endothelial cells. Specifically, an HIV-encoded accessory protein called the "negative factor" (Nef) was demonstrated in EVs from the body fluids of HIV patients on successful combined antiretroviral therapy (ART); it was also demonstrated to be sufficient in inducing endothelial and cardiovascular dysfunction. This review will highlight HIV-Nef as an example of how HIV can produce EVs loaded with proinflammatory cargo to disseminate cardiovascular pathologies. It will further discuss whether EV production can explain SARS-CoV-2-mediated pulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Clauss
- IU School of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Christine Cook
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.C.); (N.D.)
| | - Rabab ElMergawy
- IU School of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Navneet Dhillon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.C.); (N.D.)
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16
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Zhao Z, Fagerlund R, Baur AS, Saksela K. HIV-1 Nef-Induced Secretion of the Proinflammatory Protease TACE into Extracellular Vesicles Is Mediated by Raf-1 and Can Be Suppressed by Clinical Protein Kinase Inhibitors. J Virol 2021; 95:e00180-21. [PMID: 33597213 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00180-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation is an important driver of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis and has been associated with the presence of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) circulating in infected individuals. We have recently shown that activation of the Src-family tyrosine kinase hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) by HIV-1 Nef can trigger the packaging of TACE into EVs via an unconventional protein secretion pathway. Using a panel of HIV-1 Nef mutants and natural HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef alleles, we now show that the capacity to promote TACE secretion depends on the superior ability of HIV-1-like Nef alleles to induce Hck kinase activity, whereas other Nef effector functions are dispensable. Strikingly, among the numerous Src-family downstream effectors, serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 was found to be necessary and alone sufficient to trigger the secretion of TACE into EVs. These data reveal the involvement of Raf-1 in regulation of unconventional protein secretion and highlight the importance of Raf-1 as a cellular effector of Nef, thereby suggesting a novel rationale for testing pharmacological inhibitors of the Raf-MAPK pathway to treat HIV-associated immune activation.IMPORTANCE Chronic immune activation contributes to the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and is associated with poor recovery of the immune system despite potent antiretroviral therapy, which is observed in 10% to 40% drug-treated patients depending on the definition of immune reconstitution. We have previously shown that the HIV pathogenicity factor Nef can promote loading of the proinflammatory protease TACE into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the levels of such TACE-containing EVs circulating in the blood correlate with low CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Here, we show that Nef promotes uploading of TACE into EVs by triggering unconventional secretion via activation of the Hck/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. We find that several pharmaceutical inhibitors of these kinases that are currently in clinical use for other diseases can potently suppress this pathogenic deregulation and could thus provide a novel strategy for treating HIV-associated immune activation.
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Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs), downstream effectors of Ras-related Rho GTPase Cdc42 and Rac, are serine/threonine kinases. Biologically, PAKs participate in various cellular processes, including growth, apoptosis, mitosis, immune response, motility, inflammation, and gene expression, making PAKs the nexus of several pathogenic and oncogenic signaling pathways. PAKs were proved to play critical roles in human diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes, pancreatic acinar diseases, and cardiac disorders. In this review, we systematically discuss the structure, function, alteration, and molecular mechanisms of PAKs that are involved in the pathogenic and oncogenic effects, as well as PAK inhibitors, which may be developed and deployed in cancer therapy, anti-viral infection, and other diseases. Furthermore, we highlight the critical questions of PAKs in future research, which provide an opportunity to offer input and guidance on new directions for PAKs in pathogenic, oncogenic, and drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Chan L, Chung CC, Chen JH, Yu RC, Hong CT. Cytokine Profile in Plasma Extracellular Vesicles of Parkinson's Disease and the Association with Cognitive Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030604. [PMID: 33803292 PMCID: PMC7999703 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various molecules, including cytokines, can reflect the intracellular condition and participate in cell-to-cell signaling, thus emerging as biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Inflammation may be a crucial risk factor for PD development and progression. The present study investigated the role of plasma EV cytokines as the biomarkers of PD. This cross-sectional study recruited 113 patients with PD, with mild to moderate stage disease, and 48 controls. Plasma EVs were isolated, and the levels of cytokines, including pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, were evaluated. Patients with PD had significantly increased plasma EV pro-IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with controls after adjustment for age and sex. Despite the lack of a significant association between plasma EV cytokines and motor symptom severity in patients with PD, cognitive dysfunction severity, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, was significantly associated with plasma EV pro-IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels. This association was PD specific and not found in controls. Furthermore, patients with PD cognitive deficit (MMSE < 26) exhibited a distinguished EV cytokine profile compared to those without cognitive deficit. The findings support the concept of inflammatory pathogenesis in the development and progression of PD and indicate that plasma EV cytokines may serve as PD biomarkers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung Chan
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chung
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Ruan-Ching Yu
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK;
| | - Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2249-0088 (ext. 8112)
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Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAK) regulate processes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics. PAK expression in leukemia cells was measured on protein and mRNA levels. In functional assays, we analyzed the effect of PAK inhibitors IPA-3 and FRAX597 on cell adhesivity and viability. PAK2 was dominant in cell lines, whereas primary cells also expressed comparable amount of PAK1 transcription isoforms: PAK1-full and PAK1Δ15. PAK1Δ15 and PAK2 levels correlated with surface density of integrins β1 and αVβ3. PAK1-full, but not PAK2, was present in membrane protrusions. IPA-3, which prevents PAK activation, induced cell contraction in semi-adherent HEL cells only. FRAX597, which inhibits PAK kinase activity, increased cell-surface contact area in all leukemia cells. Both inhibitors reduced the stability of cell attachment and induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Kuželová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Obr
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Röselová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Grebeňová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Otevřelová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Brodská
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Holoubek
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague, Czech Republic
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Lee JH, Eberhardt M, Blume K, Vera J, Baur AS. Evidence for liver and peripheral immune cells secreting tumor-suppressive extracellular vesicles in melanoma patients. EBioMedicine 2020; 62:103119. [PMID: 33242827 PMCID: PMC7695971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Before and after surgery melanoma patients harbor elevated levels of extracellular vesicles in plasma (pEV), suppressing tumor cell activity. However, due to technical reasons and lack of cell-specific biomarkers, their cellular origin remains obscure. Methods We mimicked the interaction of tumor cells with liver cells and PBMC in vitro, and compared newly secreted EV-associated miRNAs and protein factors with those detected in melanoma patient`s pEV. Findings Our results suggest that pEV from melanoma patients are secreted in part by residual or relapsing tumor cells, but also by liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Our approach identified factors that were seemingly associated either with tumor cell activity, or the counteracting immune system, including liver cells. Notably, the presence/absence of these factors correlated with the clinical stage and tumor relapse. Interpretation Our study may provide new insights into the innate immune defense against tumor cells and implies that residual tumor cells could be more active than previously thought. In addition we provide some preliminary evidence that pEV marker patterns could be used to predict cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Eberhardt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Blume
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Ritter A, Safdar BK, Jasmer B, Kreis NN, Friemel A, Roth S, Solbach C, Louwen F, Yuan J. The Function of Oncogene B-Cell Lymphoma 6 in the Regulation of the Migration and Invasion of Trophoblastic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218393. [PMID: 33182312 PMCID: PMC7664908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placentation is a highly invasive process. Deficiency in the invasiveness of trophoblasts is associated with a spectrum of gestational diseases, such as preeclampsia (PE). The oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is involved in the migration and invasion of various malignant cells. Intriguingly, its expression is deregulated in preeclamptic placentas. We have reported that BCL6 is required for the proliferation, survival, fusion, and syncytialization of trophoblasts. In the present work, we show that the inhibition of BCL6, either by its gene silencing or by using specific small molecule inhibitors, impairs the migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells, by reducing cell adhesion and compromising the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, the suppression of BCL6 weakens the signals of the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, Akt/protein kinase B, and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, accompanied by more stationary, but less migratory, cells. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses reveal that a small interfering RNA-induced reduction of BCL6 decreases the levels of numerous genes, such as p21 activated kinase 1, myosin light chain kinase, and gamma actin related to cell adhesion, actin dynamics, and cell migration. These data suggest BCL6 as a crucial player in the migration and invasion of trophoblasts in the early stages of placental development through the regulation of various genes associated with the migratory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ritter
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-83297 (A.R.); +49-69-6301-5819 (J.Y.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juping Yuan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-83297 (A.R.); +49-69-6301-5819 (J.Y.)
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22
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Fiani ML, Barreca V, Sargiacomo M, Ferrantelli F, Manfredi F, Federico M. Exploiting Manipulated Small Extracellular Vesicles to Subvert Immunosuppression at the Tumor Microenvironment through Mannose Receptor/CD206 Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176318. [PMID: 32878276 PMCID: PMC7503580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression at tumor microenvironment (TME) is one of the major obstacles to be overcome for an effective therapeutic intervention against solid tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) comprise a sub-population that plays multiple pro-tumoral roles in tumor development including general immunosuppression, which can be identified in terms of high expression of mannose receptor (MR or CD206). Immunosuppressive TAMs, like other macrophage sub-populations, display functional plasticity that allows them to be re-programmed to inflammatory macrophages. In order to mitigate immunosuppression at the TME, several efforts are ongoing to effectively re-educate pro-tumoral TAMs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by both normal and tumor cells types, are emerging as key mediators of the cell to cell communication and have been shown to have a role in the modulation of immune responses in the TME. Recent studies demonstrated the enrichment of high mannose glycans on the surface of small EVs (sEVs), a subtype of EVs of endosomal origin of 30–150 nm in diameter. This characteristic renders sEVs an ideal tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules into MR/CD206-expressing TAMs. In this review, we report the most recent literature data highlighting the critical role of TAMs in tumor development, as well as the experimental evidences that has emerged from the biochemical characterization of sEV membranes. In addition, we propose an original way to target immunosuppressive TAMs at the TME by endogenously engineered sEVs for a new therapeutic approach against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Fiani
- Correspondence: (M.L.F.); (M.F.); Tel.: +39-06-4990-2518 (M.L.F.); +39-06-4990-6016 (M.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Federico
- Correspondence: (M.L.F.); (M.F.); Tel.: +39-06-4990-2518 (M.L.F.); +39-06-4990-6016 (M.F.)
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Kutchy NA, Peeples ES, Sil S, Liao K, Chivero ET, Hu G, Buch S. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections of the Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:E700. [PMID: 32605316 DOI: 10.3390/v12070700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs such as exosomes and microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 1000 nm in diameter. Under normal conditions, EVs mediate cell to cell as well as inter-organ communication via the shuttling of their cargoes which include RNA, DNA and proteins. Under pathological conditions, however, the number, size and content of EVs are found to be altered and have been shown to play crucial roles in disease progression. Emerging studies have demonstrated that EVs are involved in many aspects of viral infection-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we will describe the interactions between EV biogenesis and the release of virus particles while also reviewing the role of EVs in various viral infections, such as HIV-1, HTLV, Zika, CMV, EBV, Hepatitis B and C, JCV, and HSV-1. We will also discuss the potential uses of EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles for viral infections.
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24
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Olivetta E, Chiozzini C, Arenaccio C, Manfredi F, Ferrantelli F, Federico M. Extracellular vesicle-mediated intercellular communication in HIV-1 infection and its role in the reservoir maintenance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 51:40-48. [PMID: 31926807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is efficiently controlled by combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). However, despite preventing disease progression, cART does not eradicate virus infection which persists in a latent form for an individual's lifetime. The latent reservoir comprises memory CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; however, for the most part, the reservoir is generated by virus entry into activated CD4+ T lymphocytes committed to return to a resting state, even though resting CD4+ T lymphocytes can be latently infected as well. The HIV-1 reservoir is not recognized by the immune system, is quite stable, and has the potential to re-seed systemic viremia upon cART interruption. Viral rebound can occur even after a long period of cART interruption. This event is most likely a consequence of the extended half-life of the HIV-1 reservoir, the maintenance of which is not clearly understood. Several recent studies have identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a driving force contributing to HIV-1 reservoir preservation. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the field of EV/HIV-1 interplay, and then propose a mechanism through which EVs may contribute to HIV-1 persistence despite cART. Understanding the basis of the HIV-1 reservoir maintenance continues to be a matter of great relevance in view of the limitations of current strategies aimed at HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Aiello A, Giannessi F, Percario ZA, Affabris E. An emerging interplay between extracellular vesicles and cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 51:49-60. [PMID: 31874738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles that are naturally released from cells. They are recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Because of their capacity to carry biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, EVs influence different physiological and pathological functions of both parental and recipient cells. Although multiple pathways have been proposed for cytokine secretion beyond the classical ER/Golgi route, EVs have recently recognized as an alternative secretory mechanism. Interestingly, cytokines/chemokines exploit these vesicles to be released into the extracellular milieu, and also appear to modulate their release, trafficking and/or content. In this review, we provide an overview of the cytokines/chemokines that are known to be associated with EVs or their regulation with a focus on TNFα, IL-1β and IFNs.
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26
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Chelvanambi S, Bogatcheva NV, Bednorz M, Agarwal S, Maier B, Alves NJ, Li W, Syed F, Saber MM, Dahl N, Lu H, Day RB, Smith P, Jolicoeur P, Yu Q, Dhillon NK, Weissmann N, Twigg Iii HL, Clauss M. HIV-Nef Protein Persists in the Lungs of Aviremic Patients with HIV and Induces Endothelial Cell Death. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:357-366. [PMID: 30321057 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0089oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains a mystery why HIV-associated end-organ pathologies persist in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART). One possible mechanism is the continued production of HIV-encoded proteins in latently HIV-infected T cells and macrophages. The proapoptotic protein HIV-Nef persists in the blood of ART-treated patients within extracellular vesicles (EVs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Here we demonstrate that HIV-Nef is present in cells and EVs isolated from BAL of patients on ART. We hypothesize that HIV-Nef persistence in the lung induces endothelial apoptosis leading to endothelial dysfunction and further pulmonary vascular pathologies. The presence of HIV-Nef in patients with HIV correlates with the surface expression of the proapoptotic endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAPII), which was implicated in progression of pulmonary emphysema via mechanisms involving endothelial cell death. HIV-Nef protein induces EMAPII surface expression in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, T cells, and human and mouse lung endothelial cells. HIV-Nef packages itself into EVs and increases the amount of EVs secreted from Nef-expressing T cells and Nef-transfected human embryonic kidney 293T cells. EVs from BAL of HIV+ patients and Nef-transfected cells induce apoptosis in lung microvascular endothelial cells by upregulating EMAPII surface expression in a PAK2-dependent fashion. Transgenic expression of HIV-Nef in vascular endothelial-cadherin+ endothelial cells leads to lung rarefaction, characterized by reduced alveoli and overall increase in lung inspiratory capacity. These changes occur concomitantly with lung endothelial cell apoptosis. Together, these data suggest that HIV-Nef induces endothelial cell apoptosis via an EMAPII-dependent mechanism that is sufficient to cause pulmonary vascular pathologies even in the absence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Natalia V Bogatcheva
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- 3 Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- 4 Department of Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bernhard Maier
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan J Alves
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wei Li
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Farooq Syed
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Manal M Saber
- 6 Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; and
| | - Noelle Dahl
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hongyan Lu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard B Day
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Patricia Smith
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul Jolicoeur
- 7 Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Qigui Yu
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- 4 Department of Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- 3 Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Homer L Twigg Iii
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matthias Clauss
- 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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27
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Grebeňová D, Holoubek A, Röselová P, Obr A, Brodská B, Kuželová K. PAK1, PAK1Δ15, and PAK2: similarities, differences and mutual interactions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17171. [PMID: 31748572 PMCID: PMC6868145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAK) are key effectors of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, as well as of Src family kinases. In particular, PAK1 has several well-documented roles, both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent, in cancer-related processes, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. However, PAK1 properties and functions have not been attributed to individual PAK1 isoforms: besides the full-length kinase (PAK1-full), a splicing variant lacking the exon 15 (PAK1Δ15) is annotated in protein databases. In addition, it is not clear if PAK1 and PAK2 are functionally overlapping. Using fluorescently tagged forms of human PAK1-full, PAK1Δ15, and PAK2, we analyzed their intracellular localization and mutual interactions. Effects of PAK inhibition (IPA-3, FRAX597) or depletion (siRNA) on cell-surface adhesion were monitored by real-time microimpedance measurement. Both PAK1Δ15 and PAK2, but not PAK1-full, were enriched in focal adhesions, indicating that the C-terminus might be important for PAK intracellular localization. Using coimmunoprecipitation, we documented direct interactions among the studied PAK group I members: PAK1 and PAK2 form homodimers, but all possible heterocomplexes were also detected. Interaction of PAK1Δ15 or PAK2 with PAK1-full was associated with extensive PAK1Δ15/PAK2 cleavage. The impedance measurements indicate, that PAK2 depletion slows down cell attachment to a surface, and that PAK1-full is involved in cell spreading. Altogether, our data suggest a complex interplay among different PAK group I members, which have non-redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Grebeňová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Holoubek
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Röselová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Obr
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Brodská
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kuželová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
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28
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Gul M, Fakhar M, Najumuddin, Rashid S. Phosphorylation-dependent activity-based conformational changes in P21-activated kinase family members and screening of novel ATP competitive inhibitors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225132. [PMID: 31738805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that are subdivided into two groups on the basis of their domain architecture: group-I (PAK1–3) and group-II (PAK4–6). PAKs are considered as attractive drug targets that play vital role in cell proliferation, survival, motility, angiogenesis and cytoskeletal dynamics. In current study, molecular dynamics simulation-based comparative residual contributions and differential transitions were monitored in both active and inactive states of human PAK homologs for therapeutic intervention. Due to their involvement in cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders, it is inevitable to develop novel therapeutic strategies that specifically target PAKs on the basis of their activity pattern. In order to isolate novel inhibitors that are able to bind at the active sites of PAK1 and PAK4, high throughput structure-based virtual screening was performed. Multiple lead compounds were proposed on the basis of their binding potential and targeting region either phosphorylated (active) or unphosphorylated PAK isoform (inactive). Thus, ATP-competitive inhibitors may prove ideal therapeutic choice against PAK family members. The detailed conformational readjustements occurring in the PAKs upon phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events may serve as starting point for devising novel drug molecules that are able to target on activity basis. Overall, the observations of current study may add valuable contribution in the inventory of novel inhibitors that may serve as attractive lead compounds for targeting PAK family members on the basis of activity-based conformational changes.
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29
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Pérez PS, Romaniuk MA, Duette GA, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Martin-Jaular L, Witwer KW, Théry C, Ostrowski M. Extracellular vesicles and chronic inflammation during HIV infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1687275. [PMID: 31998449 PMCID: PMC6963413 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1687275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection. Among the multiple stimuli that can induce inflammation in untreated infection, ongoing viral replication is a primary driver. After initiation of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV replication is drastically reduced or halted. However, even virologically controlled patients may continue to have abnormal levels of inflammation. A number of factors have been proposed to cause inflammation in HIV infection: among others, residual (low-level) HIV replication, production of HIV protein or RNA in the absence of replication, microbial translocation from the gut to the circulation, co-infections, and loss of immunoregulatory responses. Importantly, chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals increases the risk for a number of non-infectious co-morbidities, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HIV-associated inflammation in the presence of cART is of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as novel actors in intercellular communication, involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, with particular emphasis on their role as inducers of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soledad Pérez
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel A. Duette
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorena Martin-Jaular
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Barclay RA, Khatkar P, Mensah G, DeMarino C, Chu JSC, Lepene B, Zhou W, Gillevet P, Torkzaban B, Khalili K, Liotta L, Kashanchi F. An Omics Approach to Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1 Infected Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080787. [PMID: 31362387 PMCID: PMC6724219 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), infecting nearly 37 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no definitive cure, mainly due to HIV-1's ability to enact latency. Our previous work has shown that exosomes, a small extracellular vesicle, from uninfected cells can activate HIV-1 in latent cells, leading to increased mostly short and some long HIV-1 RNA transcripts. This is consistent with the notion that none of the FDA-approved antiretroviral drugs used today in the clinic are transcription inhibitors. Furthermore, these HIV-1 transcripts can be packaged into exosomes and released from the infected cell. Here, we examined the differences in protein and nucleic acid content between exosomes from uninfected and HIV-1-infected cells. We found increased cyclin-dependent kinases, among other kinases, in exosomes from infected T-cells while other kinases were present in exosomes from infected monocytes. Additionally, we found a series of short antisense HIV-1 RNA from the 3' LTR that appears heavily mutated in exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells along with the presence of cellular noncoding RNAs and cellular miRNAs. Both physical and functional validations were performed on some of the key findings. Collectively, our data indicate distinct differences in protein and RNA content between exosomes from uninfected and HIV-1-infected cells, which can lead to different functional outcomes in recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Gifty Mensah
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jeffery S C Chu
- Applied Biological Materials Inc., 1-3671 Viking Way, Richmond, BC V6V 2J5, Canada
| | | | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Patrick Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Center for Neurovirology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Center for Neurovirology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Düsterhöft S, Babendreyer A, Giese AA, Flasshove C, Ludwig A. Status update on iRhom and ADAM17: It's still complicated. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2019; 1866:1567-83. [PMID: 31330158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-bound proteins with a single transmembrane domain are subjected to limited proteolysis at the cell surface. This cleavage leads to the release of their biologically active ectodomains, which can trigger different signalling pathways. In many cases, this ectodomain shedding is mediated by members of the family of a disintegrins and metalloproteinases (ADAMs). ADAM17 in particular is responsible for the cleavage of several proinflammatory mediators, growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. Due to its direct involvement in the release of these signalling molecules, ADAM17 can be positively and negatively involved in various physiological processes as well as in inflammatory, fibrotic and malignant pathologies. This central role of ADAM17 in a variety of processes requires strict multi-level regulation, including phosphorylation, various conformational changes and endogenous inhibitors. Recent research has shown that an early, crucial control mechanism is interaction with certain adapter proteins identified as iRhom1 and iRhom2, which are pseudoproteases of the rhomboid superfamily. Thus, iRhoms have also a decisive influence on physiological and pathophysiological signalling processes regulated by ADAM17. Their characteristic gene expression profiles, the specific consequences of gene knockouts and finally the occurrence of disease-associated mutations suggest that iRhom1 and iRhom2 undergo different gene regulation in order to fulfil their function in different cell types and are therefore only partially redundant. Therefore, there is not only interest in ADAM17, but also in iRhoms as therapeutic targets. However, to exploit the therapeutic potential, the regulation of ADAM17 activity and in particular its interaction with iRhoms must be well understood.
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32
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Chiozzini C, Olivetta E, Sanchez M, Arenaccio C, Ferrantelli F, Leone P, Federico M. Tumor cells endowed with professional antigen-presenting cell functions prime PBLs to generate antitumor CTLs. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1139-1153. [PMID: 31161312 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic genetic instability of tumor cells leads to continuous production of mutated proteins referred to as tumor-specific neoantigens. Generally, they are recognized as nonself products by the host immune system. However, an effective adaptive response clearing neoantigen-expressing cells is lost in tumor diseases. Most advanced therapeutic strategies aim at inducing neoantigen-specific immune activation through personalized approaches. They include tumor cell exome sequencing, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, synthesis, and injection of peptides/RNA with adjuvants. Here, we propose an innovative method to induce a CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor neoantigens bypassing the steps needed in current therapeutic strategies of personalized vaccination. We assumed that tumor cells can be the most efficient and precise factory of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-associated, tumor neoantigen-derived peptides. Hence, endowing tumor cells with professional antigen-presenting functions would prime CD8+ T lymphocytes towards a response against nonself tumor antigens. To explore this possibility, both adenocarcinoma and melanoma human cells were engineered to express both CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. HLA-matched lymphocytes were then primed through cocultivation with the engineered tumor cells. The generation of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes was tested through the combined analysis of cell activation markers, formation of immunologic synapses, generation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic activity. Our data consistently indicate that tumor cells endowed with professional antigen-presenting functions can generate an effective tumor-specific CTL immune response. This finding may open avenues towards the development of innovative antitumor immunotherapies. KEY MESSAGES: We established a novel method to induce antitumor CTLs without a need to identify TAAs and/or tumor neoantigens. This strategy relies on transducing tumor cells with a retroviral vector expressing both CD80 and CD86. In this way, tumor cells prime naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes in a way that CTLs killing the same tumor cells are generated. These findings open the way towards preclinical assays in the perspective to introduce this antitumor immunotherapy strategy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Core Facilities, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Carter CJ. Autism genes and the leukocyte transcriptome in autistic toddlers relate to pathogen interactomes, infection and the immune system. A role for excess neurotrophic sAPPα and reduced antimicrobial Aβ. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:36-58. [PMID: 30862493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood infections have been implicated in autism. Many autism susceptibility genes (206 Autworks genes) are localised in the immune system and are related to immune/infection pathways. They are enriched in the host/pathogen interactomes of 18 separate microbes (bacteria/viruses and fungi) and to the genes regulated by bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and Toll-like receptor ligands. This enrichment was also observed for misregulated genes from a microarray study of leukocytes from autistic toddlers. The upregulated genes from this leukocyte study also matched the expression profiles in response to numerous infectious agents from the Broad Institute molecular signatures database. They also matched genes related to sudden infant death syndrome and autism comorbid conditions (autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, epilepsy and cardiomyopathy) as well as to estrogen and thyrotropin responses and to those upregulated by different types of stressors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultraviolet radiation or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a hapten used to develop allergic skin reactions in animal models. The oxidative/integrated stress response is also upregulated in the autism brain and may contribute to myelination problems. There was also a marked similarity between the expression signatures of autism and Alzheimer's disease, and 44 shared autism/Alzheimer's disease genes are almost exclusively expressed in the blood-brain barrier. However, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, levels of the antimicrobial peptide beta-amyloid are decreased and the levels of the neurotrophic/myelinotrophic soluble APP alpha are increased in autism, together with an increased activity of α-secretase. sAPPα induces an increase in glutamatergic and a decrease in GABA-ergic synapses creating and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that has also been observed in autism. A literature survey showed that multiple autism genes converge on APP processing and that many are able to increase sAPPalpha at the expense of beta-amyloid production. A genetically programmed tilt of this axis towards an overproduction of neurotrophic/gliotrophic sAPPalpha and underproduction of antimicrobial beta-amyloid may explain the brain overgrowth and myelination dysfunction, as well as the involvement of pathogens in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, 41C Marina, Saint Leonard's on Sea, TN38 0BU, East Sussex, UK.
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34
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Lee JH, Dindorf J, Eberhardt M, Lai X, Ostalecki C, Koliha N, Gross S, Blume K, Bruns H, Wild S, Schuler G, Vera J, Baur AS. Innate extracellular vesicles from melanoma patients suppress β-catenin in tumor cells by miRNA-34a. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800205. [PMID: 30846484 PMCID: PMC6406044 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tumor development, new extracellular vesicles appear in circulation. Our knowledge of their relative abundance, function, and overall impact on cancer development is still preliminary. Here, we demonstrate that plasma extracellular vesicles (pEVs) of non-tumor origin are persistently increased in untreated and post-excision melanoma patients, exhibiting strong suppressive effects on the proliferation of tumor cells. Plasma vesicle numbers, miRNAs, and protein levels were elevated two- to tenfold and detected many years after tumor resection. The vesicles revealed individual and clinical stage-specific miRNA profiles as well as active ADAM10. However, whereas pEV from patients preventing tumor relapse down-regulated β-catenin and blocked tumor cell proliferation in an miR-34a-dependent manner, pEV from metastatic patients lost this ability and stimulated β-catenin-mediated transcription. Cancer-induced pEV may constitute an innate immune mechanism suppressing tumor cell activity including that of residual cancer cells present after primary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Dindorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Eberhardt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Lai
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nina Koliha
- Miltenyi Biotech GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Stefani Gross
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Blume
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Miltenyi Biotech GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Zhu M, Zhang C, Chen D, Chen S, Zheng H. lncRNA MALAT1 potentiates the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma through regulating miR-140-5p-PAK1 pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1365-1377. [PMID: 30863103 PMCID: PMC6388959 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s192069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the second most common malignancy in oral carcinoma. lncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) was regarded as an oncogenic factor in various carcinomas. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of TSCC have not been well featured till now. METHODS The expressions of MALAT1, miR-140-5p and p21 (RAC1)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) mRNA were measured by RT-qPCR assay. The protein level of PAK1 was determined by western blot analysis. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Transwell chamber was used to detect cell migratory and invasive capability. Luciferase reporter assay, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and biotin pull-down assay were applied to evaluate the relationship between MALAT1, miR-140-5p and PAK1. Xenograft experiments were performed to assess the effect and mechanism of MALAT1 in TSCC tumor growth. RESULTS The expression of MALAT1 and p21 (RAC1)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) was upregulated and microRNA-140-5p (miR-140-5p) expression was downregulated in TSCC tissues and cells. MALAT1 knockdown induced miR-140-5p expression by direct interaction. Moreover, MALAT1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion by upregulating miR-140-5p expression in TSCC cells. Additionally, PAK1 was identified as a direct target of miR-140-5p. Also, MALAT1 knockdown inhibited PAK1 expression by upregulating miR-140-5p in TSCC cells. Furthermore, miR-140-5p overexpression curbed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TSCC cells by targeting PAK1. Finally, MALAT1 knockdown inhibited tumor growth by upregulating miR-140-5p and downregulating PAK1 in mouse xenograft models of TSCC. CONCLUSION MALAT1 contributed to TSCC progression via miR-140-5p-PAK1 regulatory axis, highlighting a potential target for TSCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, ;
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, ;
| | - Donghui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, ;
| | - Shicai Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, ;
| | - Hongliang Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, ;
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36
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Zhao Z, Kesti T, Uğurlu H, Baur AS, Fagerlund R, Saksela K. Tyrosine phosphorylation directs TACE into extracellular vesicles via unconventional secretion. Traffic 2019; 20:202-212. [PMID: 30569492 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When studying how HIV-1 Nef can promote packaging of the proinflammatory transmembrane protease TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme) into extracellular vesicles (EVs) we have revealed a novel tyrosine kinase-regulated unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway for TACE. When TACE was expressed without its trafficking cofactor iRhom allosteric Hck activation by Nef triggered translocation of TACE into EVs. This process was insensitive to blocking of classical secretion by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport, and involved a distinct form of TACE devoid of normal glycosylation and incompletely processed for prodomain removal. Like most other examples of UPS this process was Golgi reassembly stacking protein (GRASP)-dependent but was not associated with ER stress. These data indicate that Hck-activated UPS provides an alternative pathway for TACE secretion that can bypass iRhom-dependent ER to Golgi transfer, and suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation might have a more general role in regulating UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhao
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Kesti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hasan Uğurlu
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Riku Fagerlund
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite great advances in antiretroviral therapy, remains a lifelong affliction. Though current treatment regimens can effectively suppress viral load to undetectable levels and preserve healthy immune function, they cannot fully alleviate all symptoms caused by the presence of the virus, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Exosomes are small vesicles that transport cellular proteins, RNA, and small molecules between cells as a mechanism of intercellular communication. Recent research has shown that HIV proteins and RNA can be packaged into exosomes and transported between cells, to pathogenic effect. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the diverse mechanisms involved in the sorting of viral elements into exosomes and the damage those exosomal agents can inflict. In addition, potential therapeutic options to counteract exosome-mediated HIV pathogenesis are reviewed and considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Patters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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38
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Schierer S, Ostalecki C, Zinser E, Lamprecht R, Plosnita B, Stich L, Dörrie J, Lutz MB, Schuler G, Baur AS. Extracellular vesicles from mature dendritic cells (DC) differentiate monocytes into immature DC. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800093. [PMID: 30519676 PMCID: PMC6277684 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature dendritic cells (DC) secrete substantial amounts of vesicles that are primarily ingested by monocytes, leading to differentiation processes in these target cells towards monocyte-derived DC. During inflammation, murine and human monocytes can develop into dendritic cells (DC), but this process is not entirely understood. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted by mature human DC (maDC) differentiate peripheral monocytes into immature DC, expressing a unique marker pattern, including 6-sulfo LacNAc (slan), Zbtb46, CD64, and CD14. While EV from both maDC and immature DC differentiated monocytes similar to GM-CSF/IL-4 stimulation, only maDC-EV produced precursors, which upon maturation stimulus developed into T-cell–activating and IL-12p70–secreting maDC. Mechanistically, maDC-EV induced cell signaling through GM-CSF, which was abundant in EV as were IL-4 and other cytokines and chemokines. When injected into the mouse skin, murine maDC-EV attracted immune cells including monocytes that developed activation markers typical for inflammatory cells. Skin-injected EV also reached lymph nodes, causing a similar immune cell infiltration. We conclude that DC-derived EV likely serve to perpetuate an immune reaction and may contribute to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schierer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Ostalecki
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ricarda Lamprecht
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Lena Stich
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Kussmaul Campus, Erlangen, Germany
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39
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Kuang XT, Brockman MA. Implications of HIV-1 Nef for "Shock and Kill" Strategies to Eliminate Latent Viral Reservoirs. Viruses 2018; 10:E677. [PMID: 30513570 DOI: 10.3390/v10120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a cure for HIV is challenging because the virus is able to integrate itself into the host cell genome and establish a silent state, called latency, allowing it to evade antiviral drugs and the immune system. Various “shock and kill” strategies are being explored in attempts to eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The goal of these approaches is to reactivate latent viruses (“shock”), thereby exposing them to clearance by viral cytopathic effects or immune-mediated responses (“kill”). To date, there has been limited clinical success using these methods. In this review, we highlight various functions of the HIV accessory protein Nef and discuss their double-edged effects that may contribute to the limited effectiveness of current “shock and kill” methods to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs in treated individuals.
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40
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Dias MVS, Costa CS, daSilva LLP. The Ambiguous Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Replication and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2411. [PMID: 30364166 PMCID: PMC6191503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells from all kingdoms of life can release membrane-enclosed vesicles to the extracellular milieu. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) may function as mediators of intercellular communication, allowing the transfer of biologically active molecules between cells and organisms. It has become clear that HIV particles and certain types of EVs, such as exosomes, share many similarities regarding morphology, composition, and biogenesis. This review presents a summary of the literature describing the intricate relationship between HIV and EVs biogenesis. Also, we discuss the latest progress toward understanding the mechanisms by which EVs influence HIV pathogenesis, as well as, how HIV modulates EVs composition in infected cells to facilitate viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V S Dias
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina S Costa
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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41
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Lamas-Murua M, Stolp B, Kaw S, Thoma J, Tsopoulidis N, Trautz B, Ambiel I, Reif T, Arora S, Imle A, Tibroni N, Wu J, Cui G, Stein JV, Tanaka M, Lyck R, Fackler OT. HIV-1 Nef Disrupts CD4 + T Lymphocyte Polarity, Extravasation, and Homing to Lymph Nodes via Its Nef-Associated Kinase Complex Interface. J Immunol 2018; 201:2731-2743. [PMID: 30257886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef is a multifunctional protein that optimizes virus spread and promotes immune evasion of infected cells to accelerate disease progression in AIDS patients. As one of its activities, Nef reduces the motility of infected CD4+ T lymphocytes in confined space. In vivo, Nef restricts T lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes as it reduces the ability for extravasation at the diapedesis step. Effects of Nef on T lymphocyte motility are typically mediated by its ability to reduce actin remodeling. However, interference with diapedesis does not depend on residues in Nef required for inhibition of host cell actin dynamics. In search for an alternative mechanism by which Nef could alter T lymphocyte extravasation, we noted that the viral protein interferes with the polarization of primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes upon infection with HIV-1. Expression of Nef alone is sufficient to disrupt T cell polarization, and this effect is conserved among lentiviral Nef proteins. Nef acts by arresting the oscillation of CD4+ T cells between polarized and nonpolarized morphologies. Mapping studies identified the binding site for the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC) as critical determinant of this Nef activity and a NAKC-binding-deficient Nef variant fails to impair CD4+ T lymphocyte extravasation and homing to lymph nodes. These results thus imply the disruption of T lymphocyte polarity via its NAKC binding site as a novel mechanism by which lentiviral Nef proteins alter T lymphocyte migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lamas-Murua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheetal Kaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birthe Trautz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Ambiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Reif
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sakshi Arora
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Imle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Tibroni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jingxia Wu
- T Cell Metabolism (D140), German Cancer Research Centre, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoliang Cui
- T Cell Metabolism (D140), German Cancer Research Centre, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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42
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Stenovec M, Lasič E, Dominkuš PP, Bobnar ST, Zorec R, Lenassi M, Kreft M. Slow Release of HIV-1 Protein Nef from Vesicle-like Structures Is Inhibited by Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Single Human Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:102-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Li SP, Lin ZX, Jiang XY, Yu XY. Exosomal cargo-loading and synthetic exosome-mimics as potential therapeutic tools. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:542-551. [PMID: 29417947 PMCID: PMC5888690 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for intercellular communication through the delivery of cargo, including protein, lipids, nucleic acids or other cellular components, to neighboring or distant cells. Exosomal cargo may vary in response to different physiological or pathological conditions. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) family has been widely accepted as a key mechanism in biogenesis and cargo sorting. On the other hand, accumulating evidence show that ESCRT-independent pathways exist. Due to the critical role of exosomes in intercellular communications in delivering cargo to recipient cells, exosomes have been investigated as a vector for the delivery of endogenous or exogenous cargo for therapeutic purposes. But the number of exosomes produced by cells is limited, which hampers their application. Synthetic exosome-mimics have been fabricated and investigated as a therapeutic tool for drug delivery. This review focuses on ESCRT-independent regulation of cargo loading into exosomes, including lipid raft and ceramide-mediated mechanisms, and reported exosomes or exosome-mimics with therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhong-xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xue-yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xi-yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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44
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Chase AJ, Wombacher R, Fackler OT. Intrinsic properties and plasma membrane trafficking route of Src family kinase SH4 domains sensitive to retargeting by HIV-1 Nef. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7824-7840. [PMID: 29588370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV type 1 pathogenicity factor Nef enhances viral replication by modulating multiple host cell pathways, including tuning the activation state of infected CD4 T lymphocytes to optimize virus spread. For this, Nef inhibits anterograde transport of the Src family kinase (SFK) Lck toward the plasma membrane (PM). This leads to retargeting of the kinase to the trans-Golgi network, whereas the intracellular transport of a related SFK, Fyn, is unaffected by Nef. The 18-amino acid Src homology 4 (SH4) domain membrane anchor of Lck is necessary and sufficient for Nef-mediated retargeting, but other details of this process are not known. The goal of this study was therefore to identify characteristics of SH4 domains responsive to Nef and the transport machinery used. Screening a panel of SFK SH4 domains revealed two groups that were sensitive or insensitive for trans-Golgi network retargeting by Nef as well as the importance of the amino acid at position 8 for determining Nef sensitivity. Anterograde transport of Nef-sensitive domains was characterized by slower delivery to the PM and initial targeting to Golgi membranes, where transport was arrested in the presence of Nef. For Nef-sensitive SH4 domains, ectopic expression of the lipoprotein binding chaperone Unc119a or the GTPase Arl3 or reduction of their endogenous expression phenocopied the effect of Nef. Together, these results suggest that, analogous to K-Ras, Nef-sensitive SH4 domains are transported to the PM by a cycle of solubilization and membrane insertion and that intrinsic properties define SH4 domains as cargo of this Nef-sensitive lipoprotein binding chaperone-GTPase transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Chase
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecka Wombacher
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Ferdin J, Goričar K, Dolžan V, Plemenitaš A, Martin JN, Peterlin BM, Deeks SG, Lenassi M. Viral protein Nef is detected in plasma of half of HIV-infected adults with undetectable plasma HIV RNA. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191613. [PMID: 29364927 PMCID: PMC5783402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address the role of translationally active HIV reservoir in chronic inflammation and non-AIDS related disorders, we first need a simple and accurate assay to evaluate viral protein expression in virally suppressed subjects. DESIGN We optimized an HIV Nef enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and used it to quantify plasma Nef levels as an indicator of the leaky HIV reservoir in an HIV-infected cohort. METHODS This study accessed 134 plasma samples from a well-characterized cohort study of HIV-infected and uninfected adults in San Francisco (the SCOPE cohort). We optimized an ELISA for detection of plasma Nef in HIV-negative subjects and HIV-infected non-controllers, and evaluated its utility to quantify plasma Nef levels in a cross-sectional study of ART-suppressed and elite controller HIV-infected subjects. RESULTS Here, we describe the performance of an optimized HIV Nef ELISA. When we applied this assay to the study cohort we found that plasma Nef levels were correlated with plasma HIV RNA levels in untreated disease. However, we were able to detect Nef in plasma of approximately half of subjects on ART or with elite control, despite the lack of detectable plasma HIV RNA levels using standard assays. Plasma Nef levels were not consistently associated with CD4+ T-cell count, CD8+ T-cell count, self-reported nadir CD4+ T-cell count or the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio in HIV-infected subjects. CONCLUSION Since plasma HIV RNA levels are undetectable in virally suppressed subjects, it is reasonable to assume that viral protein expression in leaky reservoir, and not plasma virions, is the source of Nef accumulating in plasma. To examine this further, improvements of the assay sensitivity, by lowering the background through improvements in the quality of Nef antibodies, and detailed characterization of the HIV reservoirs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ferdin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Plemenitaš
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Boris M. Peterlin
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Lee JH, Ostalecki C, Zhao Z, Kesti T, Bruns H, Simon B, Harrer T, Saksela K, Baur AS. HIV Activates the Tyrosine Kinase Hck to Secrete ADAM Protease-Containing Extracellular Vesicles. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:151-61. [PMID: 29331674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Grötzinger J, Lorenzen I, Düsterhöft S. Molecular insights into the multilayered regulation of ADAM17: The role of the extracellular region. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2017; 1864:2088-2095. [PMID: 28571693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to many other signalling mechanisms shedding of membrane-anchored proteins is an irreversible process. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 is one of the major sheddases involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including regeneration, differentiation, and cancer progression. Due to its central role in signalling the shedding activity of ADAM17 is tightly regulated, especially on the cell surface, where shedding events take place. The activity of ADAM17 can be subdivided into a catalytic activity and the actual shedding activity. Whereas the catalytic activity is constitutively present, the shedding activity has to be induced and is tightly controlled to prevent pathological situations induced by the release of its substrates. The regulation of the shedding activity of ADAM17 is multilayered and different regions of the protease are involved. Intriguingly, its extracellular domains play crucial roles in different regulatory mechanisms. We will discuss the role of these domains in the control of ADAM17 activity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Inken Lorenzen
- Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Chiozzini C, Arenaccio C, Olivetta E, Anticoli S, Manfredi F, Ferrantelli F, d'Ettorre G, Schietroma I, Andreotti M, Federico M. Trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells fosters both HIV-1 trans-infection in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes and reactivation of the HIV-1 reservoir. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2565-77. [PMID: 28474225 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intact HIV-1 and exosomes can be internalized by dendritic cells (DCs) through a common pathway leading to their transmission to CD4+ T lymphocytes by means of mechanisms defined as trans-infection and trans-dissemination, respectively. We previously reported that exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells activate both uninfected quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes, which become permissive to HIV-1, and latently infected cells, with release of HIV-1 particles. However, nothing is known about the effects of trans-dissemination of exosomes produced by HIV-1-infected cells on uninfected or latently HIV-1-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes. Here, we report that trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells induces cell activation in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes, which appears stronger with mature than immature DCs. Using purified preparations of both HIV-1 and exosomes, we observed that mDC-mediated trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells to resting CD4+ T lymphocytes induces efficient trans-infection and HIV-1 expression in target cells. Most relevant, when both mDCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-1-infected patients, trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells led to HIV-1 reactivation from the viral reservoir. In sum, our data suggest a role of exosome trans-dissemination in both HIV-1 spread in the infected host and reactivation of the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Ostalecki C, Lee JH, Dindorf J, Collenburg L, Schierer S, Simon B, Schliep S, Kremmer E, Schuler G, Baur AS. Multiepitope tissue analysis reveals SPPL3-mediated ADAM10 activation as a key step in the transformation of melanocytes. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/470/eaai8288. [PMID: 28292959 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai8288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of cancer is characterized by the appearance of specific mutations, but these mutations are translated into proteins that must cooperate to induce malignant transformation. Using a systemic approach with the multiepitope ligand cartography (MELC) technology, we analyzed protein expression profiles (PEPs) in nevi and BRAFV600E-positive superficial spreading melanomas (SSMs) from patient tissues to identify key transformation events. The PEPs in nevi and SSMs differed predominantly in the abundance of specific antigens, but the PEPs of nevi- and melanoma-associated keratinocytes gradually changed during the transformation process. A stepwise change in PEP with similar properties occurred in keratinocytes cocultured with melanoma cells. Analysis of the individual steps indicated that activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM10 by signal peptide peptidase-like 3 (SPPL3) triggered by mutant BRAFV600E was a critical transformation event. SPPL3-mediated ADAM10 activation involved the translocation of SPPL3 and ADAM10 into Rab4- or Rab27-positive endosomal compartments. This endosomal translocation, and hence ADAM10 activation, was inhibited by the presence of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Our findings suggest that systematic tissue antigen analysis could complement whole-genome approaches to provide more insight into cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ostalecki
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Dindorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Collenburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schierer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Simon
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schliep
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistraße 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Lorey MB, Rossi K, Eklund KK, Nyman TA, Matikainen S. Global Characterization of Protein Secretion from Human Macrophages Following Non-canonical Caspase-4/5 Inflammasome Activation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S187-S199. [PMID: 28196878 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are associated with a wide spectrum of infectious diseases in humans. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that are assembled when the cell encounters pathogens or other harmful agents. The non-canonical caspase-4/5 inflammasome is activated by Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by endogenous oxidized phospholipids. Protein secretion is a critical component of the innate immune response. Here, we have used label-free quantitative proteomics to characterize global protein secretion in response to non-canonical inflammasome activation upon intracellular LPS recognition in human primary macrophages. Before proteomics, the total secretome was separated into two fractions, enriched extracellular vesicle (EV) fraction and rest-secretome (RS) fraction using size-exclusion centrifugation. We identified 1048 proteins from the EV fraction and 1223 proteins from the RS fraction. From these, 640 were identified from both fractions suggesting that the non-canonical inflammasome activates multiple, partly overlapping protein secretion pathways. We identified several secreted proteins that have a critical role in host response against severe Gram-negative bacterial infection. The soluble secretome (RS fraction) was highly enriched with inflammation-associated proteins upon intracellular LPS recognition. Several ribosomal proteins were highly abundant in the EV fraction upon infection, and our data strongly suggest that secretion of translational machinery and concomitant inhibition of translation are important parts of host response against Gram-negative bacteria sensing caspase-4/5 inflammasome. Intracellular recognition of LPS resulted in the secretion of two metalloproteinases, adisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and MMP14, in the enriched EV fraction. ADAM10 release was associated with the secretion of TNF, a key inflammatory cytokine, and M-CSF, an important growth factor for myeloid cells probably through ADAM10-dependent membrane shedding of these cytokines. Caspase-4/5 inflammasome activation also resulted in secretion of danger-associated molecules S100A8 and prothymosin-α in the enriched EV fraction. Both S100A8 and prothymosin-α are ligands for toll-like receptor 4 recognizing extracellular LPS, and they may contribute to endotoxic shock during non-canonical inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B Lorey
- From the ‡Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Rossi
- From the ‡Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari K Eklund
- From the ‡Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- §Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- From the ‡Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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