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Szunyogh S, Carroll E, Wade-Martins R. Recent developments in gene therapy for Parkinson's disease. Mol Ther 2025; 33:2052-2064. [PMID: 40121531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no cure. Gene therapy has emerged as a novel approach offering renewed hope for the development of treatments that meaningfully alter the course of the disease. In this review, we explore various gene therapy strategies currently being developed targeting key aspects of PD pathogenesis: the restoration of the dopamine system by delivering genes involved in dopamine biosynthesis, reinforcing the inhibitory signaling pathways through glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) delivery to increase GABA production, enhancing neuronal survival and development by introducing various neurotrophic factors, delivery of genes to complement recessive familial PD mutations to correct mitochondrial dysfunction, restoring lysosomal function through delivery of GBA1 to increase glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity, and reducing α-synuclein levels by reducing or silencing SNCA expression. Despite promising early work, challenges remain in developing safe, effective, and long-lasting gene therapies. Key considerations include optimizing viral vectors for targeted delivery, achieving controlled and sustained gene expression using different promoters, minimizing immune responses, and increasing transgene delivery capacity. Future prospects may involve combinatory strategies targeting multiple pathways, such as multi-gene constructs delivered via high-capacity viral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Szunyogh
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Emily Carroll
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Yavaş AK, Kalkan EŞ, Uzun ÖÜ, Gunduz M, Erel Ö. Investigation of the Oxidative Process by Measuring Total Antioxidant Capacity and Total Oxidant Capacity in Patients with Gaucher Disease. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2025. [PMID: 40324420 DOI: 10.1055/a-2515-2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, which encodes the β-glucocerebrosidase enzyme. The deficiency of this enzyme result in glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine accumulation, within lysosomes and resulted triggering inflammation and accumulating substrates affect multiple organ systems, causing progressive cellular damage. Evidence has shown that the accumulation of glucosylceramide in macrophages is associated with inflammatory processes, reactive oxygen species production and an imbalance between the pro-oxidants and the antioxidant reserve, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare the oxidative stress status between patients with Gaucher disease and healthy controls.Case-control study This study included 10 patients with Gaucher disease aged between 2-40 years, and 30 healthy controls. Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant capacity parameters between these groups were compared. Although the total antioxidant capacity value of the case group was higher, it was not significant. The total oxidant capacity and oxidative stress index values were significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.05). Our study showed that oxidative stress increased in patients with Gaucher disease. The results of our study may guide the application of antioxidant treatment in Gaucher disease patients as a supportive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehmet Gunduz
- Pediatric Metabolism, Ankara City Hospital, Cankaya, Turkey
| | - Özcan Erel
- Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Cankaya, Turkey
- Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Keethedeth N, Anantha Shenoi R. Mitochondria-targeted nanotherapeutics: A new frontier in neurodegenerative disease treatment. Mitochondrion 2025; 81:102000. [PMID: 39662651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the seat of cellular energy and play key roles in regulating several cellular processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, respiration, calcium homeostasis and apoptotic pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction results in error in oxidative phosphorylation, redox imbalance, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics, all of which can lead to several metabolic and degenerative diseases. A plethora of studies have provided evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hence mitochondria have been used as possible therapeutic targets in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the double membranous structure of mitochondria poses an additional barrier to most drugs even if they are able to cross the plasma membrane. Most of the drugs acting on mitochondria also required very high doses to exhibit the desired mitochondrial accumulation and therapeutic effect which in-turn result in toxic effects. Mitochondrial targeting has been improved by direct conjugation of drugs to mitochondriotropic molecules like dequalinium (DQA) and triphenyl phosphonium (TPP) cations. But being cationic in nature, these molecules also exhibit toxicity at higher doses. In order to further improve the mitochondrial localization with minimal toxicity, TPP was conjugated with various nanomaterials like liposomes. inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles and dendrimers. This review provides an overview of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and various nanotherapeutic strategies for efficient targeting of mitochondria-acting drugs in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Keethedeth
- Inter-University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Speciality Hospital, Thalappady, Rubber Board P.O, Kottayam, 686009 Kerala, India.
| | - Rajesh Anantha Shenoi
- Inter-University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Speciality Hospital, Thalappady, Rubber Board P.O, Kottayam, 686009 Kerala, India.
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Kiraly S, Stanley J, Eden ER. Lysosome-Mitochondrial Crosstalk in Cellular Stress and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:125. [PMID: 40002312 PMCID: PMC11852311 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The perception of lysosomes and mitochondria as entirely separate and independent entities that degrade material and produce ATP, respectively, has been challenged in recent years as not only more complex roles for both organelles, but also an unanticipated level of interdependence are being uncovered. Coupled lysosome and mitochondrial function and dysfunction involve complex crosstalk between the two organelles which goes beyond mitochondrial quality control and lysosome-mediated clearance of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. Our understanding of crosstalk between these two essential metabolic organelles has been transformed by major advances in the field of membrane contact sites biology. We now know that membrane contact sites between lysosomes and mitochondria play central roles in inter-organelle communication. This importance of mitochondria-lysosome contacts (MLCs) in cellular homeostasis, evinced by the growing number of diseases that have been associated with their dysregulation, is starting to be appreciated. How MLCs are regulated and how their coordination with other pathways of lysosome-mitochondria crosstalk is achieved are the subjects of ongoing scrutiny, but this review explores the current understanding of the complex crosstalk governing the function of the two organelles and its impact on cellular stress and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily R. Eden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (S.K.); (J.S.)
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La Vitola P, Szegö EM, Pinto-Costa R, Rollar A, Harbachova E, Schapira AH, Ulusoy A, Di Monte DA. Mitochondrial oxidant stress promotes α-synuclein aggregation and spreading in mice with mutated glucocerebrosidase. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:233. [PMID: 39663354 PMCID: PMC11634889 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, heterozygous expression of a common Parkinson-associated GBA1 variant, the L444P mutation, was found to exacerbate α-synuclein aggregation and spreading in a mouse model of Parkinson-like pathology targeting neurons of the medullary vagal system. These neurons were also shown to become more vulnerable to oxidative and nitrative stress after L444P expression. The latter paralleled neuronal formation of reactive oxygen species and led to a pronounced accumulation of nitrated α-synuclein. A causal relationship linked mutation-induced oxidative/nitrative stress to enhanced α-synuclein aggregation and spreading that could indeed be rescued by neuronal overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2. Further evidence supported a key involvement of mitochondria as sources of reactive oxygen species as well as targets of oxidative and nitrative damage within L444P-expressing neurons. These findings support the conclusion that enhanced vulnerability to mitochondrial oxidative stress should be considered an important mechanism predisposing to pathology conversion in carriers of GBA1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro La Vitola
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eva M Szegö
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Rita Pinto-Costa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Angela Rollar
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eugenia Harbachova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Hv Schapira
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Donato A Di Monte
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Li Y, Wen S, Xiang W, Shen F, Jiang N, Zhang J, Ma D. Upregulation of NFE2L1 reduces ROS levels and α-synuclein aggregation caused by GBA1 knockdown. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 734:150640. [PMID: 39241620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the GBA1 gene result in Gaucher disease (GD), and both patients with GD and carriers of a single GBA1 mutation have an increased susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying mechanisms of this association are not yet clear. In previous studies, we established Gba1 F213I point mutation mice and found that homozygous Gba1 F213I mutant mice died shortly after birth, while heterozygous mice could survive normally. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in the brain tissue of Gba1 F213I heterozygous mice, identifying 138 differentially expressed genes. Among them, Nfe2l1 was the most significantly downregulated gene. Inhibition or knockdown of GBA1 in BE(2)-M17 cells resulted in decreased expression levels of NFE2L1. Knockdown of GBA1 or NFE2L1 could lead to an elevation in intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, while upregulation of NFE2L1 effectively mitigated those cellular manifestations induced by GBA1 knockdown. In summary, our in vitro results showed that upregulation of NFE2L1 may provide a therapeutic benefit for cellular phenotypes resulting from GBA1 knockdown, providing new insights for future research on GD and GBA1-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuxia Wen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wanqing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Zhang X, Wu H, Tang B, Guo J. Clinical, mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic advances in GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 39267121 PMCID: PMC11391654 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The development of PD is closely linked to genetic and environmental factors, with GBA1 variants being the most common genetic risk. Mutations in the GBA1 gene lead to reduced activity of the coded enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, which mediates the development of PD by affecting lipid metabolism (especially sphingolipids), lysosomal autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum, as well as mitochondrial and other cellular functions. Clinically, PD with GBA1 mutations (GBA1-PD) is characterized by particular features regarding the progression of symptom severity. On the therapeutic side, the discovery of the relationship between GBA1 variants and PD offers an opportunity for targeted therapeutic interventions. In this review, we explore the genotypic and phenotypic correlations, etiologic mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches of GBA1-PD and summarize the current state of research and its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Perez-Abshana LP, Mendivil-Perez M, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. The GBA1 K198E Variant Is Associated with Suppression of Glucocerebrosidase Activity, Autophagy Impairment, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Damage, and Apoptosis in Skin Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9220. [PMID: 39273169 PMCID: PMC11394901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial, chronic, and progressive neurodegenerative disorder inducing movement alterations as a result of the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the pars compacta in the substantia nigra and protein aggregates of alpha synuclein (α-Syn). Although its etiopathology agent has not yet been clearly established, environmental and genetic factors have been suggested as the major contributors to the disease. Mutations in the glucosidase beta acid 1 (GBA1) gene, which encodes the lysosomal glucosylceramidase (GCase) enzyme, are one of the major genetic risks for PD. We found that the GBA1 K198E fibroblasts but not WT fibroblasts showed reduced catalytic activity of heterozygous mutant GCase by -70% but its expression levels increased by 3.68-fold; increased the acidification of autophagy vacuoles (e.g., autophagosomes, lysosomes, and autolysosomes) by +1600%; augmented the expression of autophagosome protein Beclin-1 (+133%) and LC3-II (+750%), and lysosomal-autophagosome fusion protein LAMP-2 (+107%); increased the accumulation of lysosomes (+400%); decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) by -19% but the expression of Parkin protein remained unperturbed; increased the oxidized DJ-1Cys106-SOH by +900%, as evidence of oxidative stress; increased phosphorylated LRRK2 at Ser935 (+1050%) along with phosphorylated α-synuclein (α-Syn) at pathological residue Ser129 (+1200%); increased the executer apoptotic protein caspase 3 (cleaved caspase 3) by +733%. Although exposure of WT fibroblasts to environmental neutoxin rotenone (ROT, 1 μM) exacerbated the autophagy-lysosomal system, oxidative stress, and apoptosis markers, ROT moderately increased those markers in GBA1 K198E fibroblasts. We concluded that the K198E mutation endogenously primes skin fibroblasts toward autophagy dysfunction, OS, and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the GBA1 K198E fibroblasts are biochemically and molecularly equivalent to the response of WT GBA1 fibroblasts exposed to ROT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Perez-Abshana
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Institute of Medical Research, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Institute of Medical Research, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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Rubilar JC, Outeiro TF, Klein AD. The lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase strikes mitochondria: implications for Parkinson's therapeutics. Brain 2024; 147:2610-2620. [PMID: 38437875 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily known for typical motor features that arise due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the precise molecular aetiology of the disease is still unclear. Several cellular pathways have been linked to Parkinson's disease, including the autophagy-lysosome pathway, α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial function. Interestingly, the mechanistic link between GBA1, the gene that encodes for lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and Parkinson's disease lies in the interplay between GCase functions in the lysosome and mitochondria. GCase mutations alter mitochondria-lysosome contact sites. In the lysosome, reduced GCase activity leads to glycosphingolipid build-up, disrupting lysosomal function and autophagy, thereby triggering α-synuclein accumulation. Additionally, α-synuclein aggregates reduce GCase activity, creating a self-perpetuating cycle of lysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation. GCase can also be imported into the mitochondria, where it promotes the integrity and function of mitochondrial complex I. Thus, GCase mutations that impair its normal function increase oxidative stress in mitochondria, the compartment where dopamine is oxidized. In turn, the accumulation of oxidized dopamine adducts further impairs GCase activity, creating a second cycle of GCase dysfunction. The oxidative state triggered by GCase dysfunction can also induce mitochondrial DNA damage which, in turn, can cause dopaminergic cell death. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role of GCase in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and discuss promising examples of GCase-based therapeutics, such as gene and enzyme replacement therapies, small molecule chaperones and substrate reduction therapies, among others, as potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rubilar
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
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Mishra T, Singh S, Singh TG. Therapeutic Implications and Regulations of Protein Post-translational Modifications in Parkinsons Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:53. [PMID: 38960968 PMCID: PMC11222187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This comprehensive review examines the intricate role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. Targeted PTM modulation, particularly in key proteins like Parkin, DJ1, and PINK1, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating dopaminergic degeneration in PD. Dysregulated PTMs significantly contribute to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction observed in PD. Targeting PTMs, including epigenetic strategies, addressing aberrant phosphorylation events, and modulating SUMOylation processes, provides potential avenues for intervention. The ubiquitin-proteasome system, governed by enzymes like Parkin and Nedd4, offers potential targets for clearing misfolded proteins and developing disease-modifying interventions. Compounds like ginkgolic acid, SUMO E1 enzyme inhibitors, and natural compounds like Indole-3-carbinol illustrate the feasibility of modulating PTMs for therapeutic purposes in PD. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of PTM-targeted interventions in modulating PD-related pathways, emphasizing the need for further research in this promising area of Parkinsons disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Mishra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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11
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Sanluca C, Spagnolo P, Mancinelli R, De Bartolo MI, Fava M, Maccarrone M, Carotti S, Gaudio E, Leuti A, Vivacqua G. Interaction between α-Synuclein and Bioactive Lipids: Neurodegeneration, Disease Biomarkers and Emerging Therapies. Metabolites 2024; 14:352. [PMID: 39057675 PMCID: PMC11278689 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review provides a comprehensive examination of the intricate dynamics between α-synuclein, a protein crucially involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, and endogenously-produced bioactive lipids, which play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The interaction of α-synuclein with bioactive lipids is emerging as a critical factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, offering new insights into disease mechanisms and novel perspectives in the identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We delve into the molecular pathways through which α-synuclein interacts with biological membranes and bioactive lipids, influencing the aggregation of α-synuclein and triggering neuroinflammatory responses, highlighting the potential of bioactive lipids as biomarkers for early disease detection and progression monitoring. Moreover, we explore innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the interaction between α-synuclein and bioactive lipids, including the development of small molecules and nutritional interventions. Finally, the review addresses the significance of the gut-to-brain axis in mediating the effects of bioactive lipids on α-synuclein pathology and discusses the role of altered gut lipid metabolism and microbiota composition in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The present review aims to underscore the potential of targeting α-synuclein-lipid interactions as a multifaceted approach for the detection and treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sanluca
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (E.G.)
| | | | - Marina Fava
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (E.G.)
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
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12
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Coukos R, Krainc D. Key genes and convergent pathogenic mechanisms in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:393-413. [PMID: 38600347 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the preferential dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The onset and progression of PD is influenced by a diversity of genetic variants, many of which lack functional characterization. To identify the most high-yield targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important to consider the core cellular compartments and functional pathways upon which the varied forms of pathogenic dysfunction may converge. Here, we review several key PD-linked proteins and pathways, focusing on the mechanisms of their potential convergence in disease pathogenesis. These dysfunctions primarily localize to a subset of subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, lysosomes and synapses. We discuss how these pathogenic mechanisms that originate in different cellular compartments may coordinately lead to cellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Coukos
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Pareek A, Jain V, Sonia S, Farooqui Z, Kaur R, Singh G. Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:73. [PMID: 38254673 PMCID: PMC10813470 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Sonia Sonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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14
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Peggion C, Barazzuol L, Poggio E, Calì T, Brini M. Ca 2+ signalling: A common language for organelles crosstalk in Parkinson's disease. Cell Calcium 2023; 115:102783. [PMID: 37597300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms. Familial PD is linked with genetic mutations in genes whose products are either associated with mitochondrial function or endo-lysosomal pathways. Of note, mitochondria are essential to sustain high energy demanding synaptic activity of neurons and alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling have been proposed as causal events for neurodegenerative process, although the mechanisms responsible for the selective loss of specific neuronal populations in the different neurodegenerative diseases is still not clear. Here, we specifically discuss the importance of a correct mitochondrial communication with the other organelles occurring at regions where their membranes become in close contact. We discuss the nature and the role of contact sites that mitochondria establish with ER, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, and how PD related proteins participate in the regulation/dysregulation of the tethering complexes. Unravelling molecular details of mitochondria tethering could contribute to identify specific therapeutic targets and develop new strategies to counteract the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Poggio
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), University of Padova, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy.
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15
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Piovesana E, Magrin C, Ciccaldo M, Sola M, Bellotto M, Molinari M, Papin S, Paganetti P. Tau accumulation in degradative organelles is associated to lysosomal stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18024. [PMID: 37865674 PMCID: PMC10590387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the brain deposition of insoluble amyloidogenic proteins, such as α-synuclein or Tau, and the concomitant deterioration of cell functions such as the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). The ALP is involved in the degradation of intracellular macromolecules including protein aggregates. ALP dysfunction due to inherited defects in lysosomal or non-lysosomal proteins causes a group of diseases called lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) because of abnormal accumulation of lysosomal degradation substrates. Supporting the contribution of ALP defects in neurodegenerative diseases, deposition of amyloidogenic proteins occurs in LSD. Moreover, heterozygous mutations of several ALP genes represent risk factors for Parkinson's disease. The reciprocal contribution of α-synuclein accumulation and lysosomal dysfunction have been extensively studied. However, whether this adverse crosstalk also embraces Tau pathology needs more investigation. Here, we show in human primary fibroblasts that Tau seeds isolated from the brain of Alzheimer's disease induce Tau accumulation in acidic degradative organelles and lysosomal stress. Furthermore, inhibition of glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal enzyme mutated in Gaucher's disease and a main risk for Parkinson's disease, causes lysosomal dysfunction in primary fibroblasts and contributes to the accumulation of Tau. Considering the presence of Tau lesions in Parkinson's disease as well as in multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, our data call for further studies on strategies to alleviate ALP dysfunction as new therapeutic opportunity for neurodegenerative diseases and LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Piovesana
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Magrin
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Ciccaldo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Sola
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Papin
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
- Neurocentro della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.
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16
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Huh YE, Usnich T, Scherzer CR, Klein C, Chung SJ. GBA1 Variants and Parkinson's Disease: Paving the Way for Targeted Therapy. J Mov Disord 2023; 16:261-278. [PMID: 37302978 PMCID: PMC10548077 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramidase beta 1 (GBA1) variants have attracted enormous attention as the most promising and important genetic candidates for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease (PD). A substantial correlation between GBA1 genotypes and PD phenotypes could inform the prediction of disease progression and promote the development of a preventive intervention for individuals at a higher risk of a worse disease prognosis. Moreover, the GBA1-regulated pathway provides new perspectives on the pathogenesis of PD, such as dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism, impaired protein quality control, and disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking. These perspectives have led to the development of novel disease-modifying therapies for PD targeting the GBA1-regulated pathway by repositioning treatment strategies for Gaucher's disease. This review summarizes the current hypotheses on a mechanistic link between GBA1 variants and PD and possible therapeutic options for modulating GBA1-regulated pathways in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Huh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tatiana Usnich
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Patel S, Bhatt AM, Bhansali P, Setty SRG. Pseudophosphatase STYXL1 depletion enhances glucocerebrosidase trafficking to lysosomes via ER stress. Traffic 2023; 24:254-269. [PMID: 37198709 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudophosphatases are catalytically inactive but share sequence and structural similarities with classical phosphatases. STYXL1 is a pseudophosphatase that belongs to the family of dual-specificity phosphatases and is known to regulate stress granule formation, neurite formation and apoptosis in different cell types. However, the role of STYXL1 in regulating cellular trafficking or the lysosome function has not been elucidated. Here, we show that the knockdown of STYXL1 enhances the trafficking of β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GC) and its lysosomal activity in HeLa cells. Importantly, the STYXL1-depleted cells display enhanced distribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), late endosome and lysosome compartments. Further, knockdown of STYXL1 causes the nuclear translocation of unfolded protein response (UPR) and lysosomal biogenesis transcription factors. However, the upregulated β-GC activity in the lysosomes is independent of TFEB/TFE3 nuclear localization in STYXL1 knockdown cells. The treatment of STYXL1 knockdown cells with 4-PBA (ER stress attenuator) significantly reduces the β-GC activity equivalent to control cells but not additive with thapsigargin, an ER stress activator. Additionally, STYXL1-depleted cells show the enhanced contact of lysosomes with ER, possibly via increased UPR. The depletion of STYXL1 in human primary fibroblasts derived from Gaucher patients showed moderately enhanced lysosomal enzyme activity. Overall, these studies illustrated the unique role of pseudophosphatase STYXL1 in modulating the lysosome function both in normal and lysosome-storage disorder cell types. Thus, designing small molecules against STYXL1 possibly can restore the lysosome activity by enhancing ER stress in Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anshul Milap Bhatt
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Bhansali
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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18
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Perez-Abshana LP, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Rotenone Blocks the Glucocerebrosidase Enzyme and Induces the Accumulation of Lysosomes and Autophagolysosomes Independently of LRRK2 Kinase in HEK-293 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10589. [PMID: 37445771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra and the intraneuronal presence of Lewy bodies (LBs), composed of aggregates of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein at residue Ser129 (p-Ser129α-Syn). Unfortunately, no curative treatment is available yet. To aggravate matters further, the etiopathogenesis of the disorder is still unresolved. However, the neurotoxin rotenone (ROT) has been implicated in PD. Therefore, it has been widely used to understand the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell death. In the present investigation, we show that ROT induces two convergent pathways in HEK-293 cells. First, ROT generates H2O2, which, in turn, either oxidizes the stress sensor protein DJ-Cys106-SH into DJ-1Cys106SO3 or induces the phosphorylation of the protein LRRK2 kinase at residue Ser395 (p-Ser395 LRRK2). Once active, the kinase phosphorylates α-Syn (at Ser129), induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and triggers the production of cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), resulting in signs of apoptotic cell death. ROT also reduces glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity concomitant with the accumulation of lysosomes and autophagolysosomes reflected by the increase in LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate II) markers in HEK-293 cells. Second, the exposure of HEK-293 LRRK2 knockout (KO) cells to ROT displays an almost-normal phenotype. Indeed, KO cells showed neither H2O2, DJ-1Cys106SO3, p-Ser395 LRRK2, p-Ser129α-Syn, nor CC3 but displayed high ΔΨm, reduced GCase activity, and the accumulation of lysosomes and autophagolysosomes. Similar observations are obtained when HEK-293 LRRK2 wild-type (WT) cells are exposed to the inhibitor GCase conduritol-β-epoxide (CBE). Taken together, these observations imply that the combined development of LRRK2 inhibitors and compounds for recovering GCase activity might be promising therapeutic agents for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Perez-Abshana
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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19
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Sahasrabudhe SA, Terluk MR, Kartha RV. N-acetylcysteine Pharmacology and Applications in Rare Diseases-Repurposing an Old Antioxidant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1316. [PMID: 37507857 PMCID: PMC10376274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of cysteine and, thereby, glutathione (GSH), acts as an antioxidant through a variety of mechanisms, including oxidant scavenging, GSH replenishment, antioxidant signaling, etc. Owing to the variety of proposed targets, NAC has a long history of use as a prescription product and in wide-ranging applications that are off-label as an over-the-counter (OTC) product. Despite its discovery in the early 1960s and its development for various indications, systematic clinical pharmacology explorations of NAC pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamic targets, drug interactions, and dose-ranging are sorely limited. Although there are anecdotal instances of NAC benefits in a variety of diseases, a comprehensive review of the use of NAC in rare diseases does not exist. In this review, we attempt to summarize the existing literature focused on NAC explorations in rare diseases targeting mitochondrial dysfunction along with the history of NAC usage, approved indications, mechanisms of action, safety, and PK characterization. Further, we introduce the research currently underway on other structural derivatives of NAC and acknowledge the continuum of efforts through pre-clinical and clinical research to facilitate further therapeutic development of NAC or its derivatives for rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhee A Sahasrabudhe
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Rm 4-214, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St. SE, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcia R Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Rm 4-214, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St. SE, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Rm 4-214, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St. SE, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Chen D, Zheng Y, Zhang G, Huang Y, Zheng B, Zhang J, Xiong F, Su Q. The loss of function GBA1 c.231C > G mutation associated with Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023:10.1007/s00702-023-02651-4. [PMID: 37280314 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. However, familial PD caused by single-gene mutations remain relatively rare. Herein, we described a Chinese family affected by PD, which associated with a missense heterozygous glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) mutation (c.231C > G). Clinical data on the proband and her family members were collected. Brain MRI showed no difference between affected and unaffected family members. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify the pathogenic mutation. WES revealed that the proband carried a missense mutation (c.231C > G) in GBA1 gene, which was considered to be associated with PD in this family. Sanger sequencing and co-segregation analyses were used to validate the mutation. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mutation was predicted to be damaging. In vitro functional analyses were performed to investigated the mutant gene. A decrease in mRNA and protein expression was observed in HEK293T cells transfected with mutant plasmids. The GBA1 c.231C > G mutation caused a decreased GBA1 concentration and enzyme activity. In conclusion, a loss of function mutation (c.231C > G) in GBA1 was identified in a Chinese PD family and was confirmed to be pathogenic through functional studies. This study help the family members understand the disease progression and provide a new example for studying the pathogenesis of GBA1-associated Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, China
| | - Yingchun Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, China
| | - Yuanbing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, China
| | - Boyang Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Xiong
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Quanxi Su
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, China.
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21
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Baden P, Perez MJ, Raji H, Bertoli F, Kalb S, Illescas M, Spanos F, Giuliano C, Calogero AM, Oldrati M, Hebestreit H, Cappelletti G, Brockmann K, Gasser T, Schapira AHV, Ugalde C, Deleidi M. Glucocerebrosidase is imported into mitochondria and preserves complex I integrity and energy metabolism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1930. [PMID: 37024507 PMCID: PMC10079970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which cause Gaucher's disease, are the most frequent genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we employ global proteomic and single-cell genomic approaches in stable cell lines as well as induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and midbrain organoids to dissect the mechanisms underlying GCase-related neurodegeneration. We demonstrate that GCase can be imported from the cytosol into the mitochondria via recognition of internal mitochondrial targeting sequence-like signals. In mitochondria, GCase promotes the maintenance of mitochondrial complex I (CI) integrity and function. Furthermore, GCase interacts with the mitochondrial quality control proteins HSP60 and LONP1. Disease-associated mutations impair CI stability and function and enhance the interaction with the mitochondrial quality control machinery. These findings reveal a mitochondrial role of GCase and suggest that defective CI activity and energy metabolism may drive the pathogenesis of GCase-linked neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Baden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Maria Jose Perez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Hariam Raji
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Federico Bertoli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Stefanie Kalb
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - María Illescas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Fokion Spanos
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Calogero
- Department of Biosciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marvin Oldrati
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Hannah Hebestreit
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graziella Cappelletti
- Department of Biosciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163 Paris Cite' University, 24 boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France.
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22
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Senkevich K, Rudakou U, Gan-Or Z. Genetic mechanism vs genetic subtypes: The example of GBA. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:155-170. [PMID: 36803808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in GBA, encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are common risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Genotype-phenotype studies have demonstrated that different types of GBA variants have differential effects on the phenotype. Variants could be classified as mild or severe depending on the type of Gaucher disease they cause in the biallelic state. It was shown that severe GBA variants, as compared to mild variants, are associated with higher risk of PD, earlier age at onset, and faster progression of motor and nonmotor symptoms. The observed difference in phenotype might be caused by a diversity of cellular mechanisms related to the particular variants. The lysosomal function of GCase is thought to play a significant role in the development of GBA-associated PD, and other mechanisms such as endoplasmic reticulum retention, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation have also been suggested. Moreover, genetic modifiers such as LRRK2, TMEM175, SNCA, and CTSB can either affect GCase activity or modulate risk and age at onset of GBA-associated PD. To achieve ideal outcomes with precision medicine, therapies will have to be tailored to individuals with specific variants, potentially in combination with known modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Senkevich
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Uladzislau Rudakou
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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24
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Tripathi P, Ganeshpurkar A, Singh SK, Krishnamurthy S. Identification of novel glucocerebrosidase chaperone for potential treatment of Parkinson's disease: An approach using in silico virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics, and in vitro studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:453-466. [PMID: 36565835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a GBA1 gene-encoded lysosomal enzyme, is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Chaperones that increase GCase activity can potentially be disease-modifying agents in PD. To date, none of the registered treatments has demonstrated disease-modifying effects. Thus, chaperones for GCase were identified using in-silico virtual screening, molecular property filtering, and molecular dynamics and validated by circular dichroism, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopies. In-vitro enzyme kinetics, thermal denaturation assay (TDA), and cell-line model were used to test their potential for GCase In-silico investigation revealed four compounds as candidate chaperones with adequate brain penetrability and binding energy (BE). Of them, GC466 showed ideal chaperoning characteristics, including potent BE -8.92 ± 0.68 Kcal/mol and binding affinity (Ki) 0.64 ± 0.12 μM against rGCase (Asp146, Phe265, and His329 residues) at pH 7.0 than at 4.5 (BE: -5.06 Kcal/mol, Ki: not found). Spectroscopic results confirmed the stability of GCase by GC466. TDA determined its chaperoning behavior, signified by improved rGCase thermal stabilization with stabilization ratio of 10.20 at 10 μM. In addition, it demonstrated GCase restorative, neurorestorative, and ROS scavenging activity in 6-OHDA treated cell-line model. Therefore, the present study may offer a novel chaperone with the potential to be a disease-modifying agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratigya Tripathi
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering &Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering &Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India.
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25
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Smith AR, Richards DM, Lunnon K, Schapira AHV, Migdalska-Richards A. DNA Methylation of α-Synuclein Intron 1 Is Significantly Decreased in the Frontal Cortex of Parkinson's Individuals with GBA1 Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032687. [PMID: 36769009 PMCID: PMC9917152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common movement disorder, estimated to affect 4% of individuals by the age of 80. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) gene represent the most common genetic risk factor for PD, with at least 7-10% of non-Ashkenazi PD individuals carrying a GBA1 mutation (PD-GBA1). Although similar to idiopathic PD, the clinical presentation of PD-GBA1 includes a slightly younger age of onset, a higher incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and a tendency to earlier, more prevalent and more significant cognitive impairment. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD-GBA1 are incompletely understood, but, as in idiopathic PD, α-synuclein accumulation is thought to play a key role. It has been hypothesized that this overexpression of α-synuclein is caused by epigenetic modifications. In this paper, we analyze DNA methylation levels at 17 CpG sites located within intron 1 and the promoter of the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene in three different brain regions (frontal cortex, putamen and substantia nigra) in idiopathic PD, PD-GBA1 and elderly non-PD controls. In all three brain regions we find a tendency towards a decrease in DNA methylation within an eight CpG region of intron 1 in both idiopathic PD and PD-GBA1. The trend towards a reduction in DNA methylation was more pronounced in PD-GBA1, with a significant decrease in the frontal cortex. This suggests that PD-GBA1 and idiopathic PD have distinct epigenetic profiles, and highlights the importance of separating idiopathic PD and PD-GBA1 cases. This work also provides initial evidence that different genetic subtypes might exist within PD, each characterized by its own pathological mechanism. This may have important implications for how PD is diagnosed and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - David M. Richards
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anna Migdalska-Richards
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
- Correspondence:
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26
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The Consequences of GBA Deficiency in the Autophagy-Lysosome System in Parkinson's Disease Associated with GBA. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010191. [PMID: 36611984 PMCID: PMC9818455 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GBA gene variants were the first genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA), which is involved in sphingolipid metabolism. GBA exhibits a complex physiological function that includes not only the degradation of its substrate glucosylceramide but also the metabolism of other sphingolipids and additional lipids such as cholesterol, particularly when glucocerebrosidase activity is deficient. In the context of Parkinson's disease associated with GBA, the loss of GBA activity has been associated with the accumulation of α-synuclein species. In recent years, several hypotheses have proposed alternative and complementary pathological mechanisms to explain why lysosomal enzyme mutations lead to α-synuclein accumulation and become important risk factors in Parkinson's disease etiology. Classically, loss of GBA activity has been linked to a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosome system and to a subsequent decrease in autophagy-dependent α-synuclein turnover; however, several other pathological mechanisms underlying GBA-associated parkinsonism have been proposed. This review summarizes and discusses the different hypotheses with a special focus on autophagy-dependent mechanisms, as well as autophagy-independent mechanisms, where the role of other players such as sphingolipids, cholesterol and other GBA-related proteins make important contributions to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
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27
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Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Cause of Neurodegenerative Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Diseases and an Overview of Potential Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810573. [PMID: 36142486 PMCID: PMC9503973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recognised a major contributory factor to the pathophysiology of a number of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs is as yet uncertain, but appears to be triggered by a number of different factors, although oxidative stress and impaired mitophagy appear to be common inhibitory mechanisms shared amongst this group of disorders, including Gaucher’s disease, Niemann–Pick disease, type C, and mucopolysaccharidosis. Many LSDs resulting from defects in lysosomal hydrolase activity show neurodegeneration, which remains challenging to treat. Currently available curative therapies are not sufficient to meet patients’ needs. In view of the documented evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the neurodegeneration of LSDs, along with the reciprocal interaction between the mitochondrion and the lysosome, novel therapeutic strategies that target the impairment in both of these organelles could be considered in the clinical management of the long-term neurodegenerative complications of these diseases. The purpose of this review is to outline the putative mechanisms that may be responsible for the reported mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs and to discuss the new potential therapeutic developments.
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28
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Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1105-1117. [PMID: 35932311 PMCID: PMC9463283 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) mutations as the greatest numerical genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson disease (PD) resulted in a paradigm shift within the research landscape. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms behind GBA1-associated PD have highlighted shared pathways in idiopathic PD including the loss and gain-of-function hypotheses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy-lysosomal pathway responsible for degradation of aggregated and misfolded a-synuclein. GBA1-associated PD exhibits subtle differences in phenotype and disease progression compared to idiopathic counterparts notably an earlier age of onset, faster motor decline and greater frequency of non-motor symptoms (which also constitute a significant aspect of the prodromal phase of the disease). GBA1-targeted therapies have been developed and are being investigated in clinical trials. The most notable are Ambroxol, a small molecule chaperone, and Venglustat, a blood-brain-barrier-penetrant substrate reduction therapy agent. It is imperative that further studies clarify the aetiology of GBA1-associated PD, enabling the development of a greater abundance of targeted therapies in this new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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29
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Imbriani P, Martella G, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105851. [PMID: 36007757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are widely accepted as crucial neuropathogenic mechanisms, as also evidenced by the identification of PD-associated genes that are directly involved in mitochondrial function. The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to that of synaptic dysfunction. Indeed, compelling evidence supports the role of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many aspects have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the most relevant evidence obtained in different neurotoxin-based and genetic rodent models of PD, focusing on mitochondrial impairment and synaptopathy, an early central event preceding overt nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. The identification of early deficits occurring in PD pathogenesis is crucial in view of the development of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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30
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Sahasrabudhe SA, Terluk MR, Rudser KD, Cloyd JC, Kartha RV. Biological Variation in Peripheral Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Individuals with Gaucher Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169189. [PMID: 36012454 PMCID: PMC9409136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of reliable biomarkers is a significant challenge impeding progress in orphan drug development. For appropriate interpretation of intervention-based results or for evaluating candidate biomarkers, other things being equal, lower variability in biomarker measurement would be helpful. However, variability in rare disease biomarkers is often poorly understood. Type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1) is one such rare lysosomal storage disorder. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been linked to the pathophysiology of GD1 and validated measures of these processes can provide predictive value for treatment success or disease progression. This study was undertaken to investigate and compare the extent of longitudinal biological variation over a three-month period for various blood-based oxidative stress and inflammation markers in participants with GD1 on stable standard-of-care therapy (N = 13), treatment-naïve participants with GD1 (N = 5), and in age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (N = 18). We utilized Bland–Altman plots for visual comparison of the biological variability among the three measurements. We also report group-wise means and the percentage of coefficient of variation (%CV) for 15 biomarkers. Qualitatively, we show specific markers (IL-1Ra, IL-8, and MIP-1b) to be consistently altered in GD1, irrespective of therapy status, highlighting the need for adjunctive therapies that can target and modulate these biomarkers. This information can help guide the selection of candidate biomarkers for future intervention-based studies in GD1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhee A. Sahasrabudhe
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kyle D. Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - James C. Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Reena V. Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-2436; Fax: +1-612-626-9985
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31
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Zou Y, Pei J, Wang Y, Chen Q, Sun M, Kang L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Gao X, Lin Z. The Deficiency of SCARB2/LIMP-2 Impairs Metabolism via Disrupted mTORC1-Dependent Mitochondrial OXPHOS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158634. [PMID: 35955761 PMCID: PMC9368982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is related to both Gaucher disease (GD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), which are both neurodegenerative-related diseases without cure. Although both diseases lead to weight loss, which affects the quality of life and the progress of diseases, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that Scarb2−/− mice showed significantly reduced lipid storage in white fat tissues (WAT) compared to WT mice on a regular chow diet. However, the phenotype is independent of heat production, activity, food intake or energy absorption. Furthermore, adipocyte differentiation and cholesterol homeostasis were unaffected. We found that the impaired lipid accumulation of Adiponectin-cre; Scarb2fl/fl mice was due to the imbalance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mechanistically, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/ eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) pathway was down-regulated in Scarb2 deficient adipocytes, leading to impaired mitochondrial respiration and enhanced glycolysis. Altogether, we reveal the role of SCARB2 in metabolism regulation besides the nervous system, which provides a theoretical basis for weight loss treatment of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Jingwen Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Yushu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Minli Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lulu Kang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Xuyuan Zhang
- The Center of Infection and Immunity, The Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liguo Zhang
- The Center of Infection and Immunity, The Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiang Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou Area, Nanjing 210061, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.); (Y.W.); (M.S.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Z.L.)
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32
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Arévalo NB, Lamaizon CM, Cavieres VA, Burgos PV, Álvarez AR, Yañez MJ, Zanlungo S. Neuronopathic Gaucher disease: Beyond lysosomal dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:934820. [PMID: 35992201 PMCID: PMC9381931 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.934820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited disorder caused by recessive mutations in the GBA1 gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GC). β-GC hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GluCer) into glucose and ceramide in the lysosome, and the loss of its activity leads to GluCer accumulation in different tissues. In severe cases, enzymatic deficiency triggers inflammation, organomegaly, bone disease, and neurodegeneration. Neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) encompasses two different forms of the disease, characterized by chronic or acute damage to the central nervous system (CNS). The cellular and molecular studies that uncover the pathological mechanisms of nGD mainly focus on lysosomal dysfunction since the lysosome is the key organelle affected in GD. However, new studies show alterations in other organelles that contribute to nGD pathology. For instance, abnormal accumulation of GluCer in lysosomes due to the loss of β-GC activity leads to excessive calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), activating the ER-associated degradation pathway and the unfolded protein response. Recent evidence indicates mitophagy is altered in nGD, resulting in the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, a critical factor in disease progression. Additionally, nGD patients present alterations in mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential, ATP production, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Little is known about potential dysfunction in other organelles of the secretory pathway, such as the Golgi apparatus and exosomes. This review focuses on collecting evidence regarding organelle dysfunction beyond lysosomes in nGD. We briefly describe cellular and animal models and signaling pathways relevant to uncovering the pathological mechanisms and new therapeutic targets in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohela B. Arévalo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian M. Lamaizon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana A. Cavieres
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra R. Álvarez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - María J. Yañez
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, School of Medical Technology, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: María J. Yañez
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Silvana Zanlungo
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Lang M, Pramstaller PP, Pichler I. Crosstalk of organelles in Parkinson's disease - MiT family transcription factors as central players in signaling pathways connecting mitochondria and lysosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:50. [PMID: 35842725 PMCID: PMC9288732 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms constantly need to adapt to their surrounding environment and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to deal with stress. Mitochondria and lysosomes are central organelles in the response to energy and nutrient availability within a cell and act through interconnected mechanisms. However, when such processes become overwhelmed, it can lead to pathologies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by proteinaceous intracellular inclusions and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, which causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the disease etiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been recognized as a hallmark of PD pathogenesis, and several aspects of mitochondrial biology are impaired in PD patients and models. In addition, defects of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway have extensively been observed in cell and animal models as well as PD patients' brains, where constitutive autophagy is indispensable for adaptation to stress and energy deficiency. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that the functions of mitochondria and lysosomal compartments are tightly linked and influence each other. Connections between these organelles are constituted among others by mitophagy, organellar dynamics and cellular signaling cascades, such as calcium (Ca2+) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling and the activation of transcription factors. Members of the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT), including MITF, TFE3 and TFEB, play a central role in regulating cellular homeostasis in response to metabolic pressure and are considered master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis. As such, they are part of the interconnection between mitochondria and lysosome functions and therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic approaches against NDD, including PD. The activation of MiT transcription factors through genetic and pharmacological approaches have shown encouraging results at ameliorating PD-related phenotypes in in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we summarize the relationship between mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal functions in the context of PD etiology and focus on the role of the MiT pathway and its potential as pharmacological target against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lang
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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Kong W, Lu C, Ding Y, Meng Y. Update of treatment for Gaucher disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Glucocerebrosidase-associated Parkinson disease: Pathogenic mechanisms and potential drug treatments. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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GBA Variants and Parkinson Disease: Mechanisms and Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081261. [PMID: 35455941 PMCID: PMC9029385 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GBA gene encodes for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which maintains glycosphingolipid homeostasis. Approximately 5–15% of PD patients have mutations in the GBA gene, making it numerically the most important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). Clinically, GBA-associated PD is identical to sporadic PD, aside from the earlier age at onset (AAO), more frequent cognitive impairment and more rapid progression. Mutations in GBA can be associated with loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms. A key hallmark of PD is the presence of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy bodies, which are made up primarily of alpha-synuclein. Mutations in the GBA gene may lead to loss of GCase activity and lysosomal dysfunction, which may impair alpha-synuclein metabolism. Models of GCase deficiency demonstrate dysfunction of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway and subsequent accumulation of alpha-synuclein. This dysfunction can also lead to aberrant lipid metabolism, including the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Certain mutations cause GCase to be misfolded and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), activating stress responses including the unfolded protein response (UPR), which may contribute to neurodegeneration. In addition to these mechanisms, a GCase deficiency has also been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This review discusses the pathways associated with GBA-PD and highlights potential treatments which may act to target GCase and prevent neurodegeneration.
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Galvagnion C, Marlet FR, Cerri S, Schapira AHV, Blandini F, Di Monte DA. Sphingolipid changes in Parkinson L444P GBA mutation fibroblasts promote α-synuclein aggregation. Brain 2022; 145:1038-1051. [PMID: 35362022 PMCID: PMC9050548 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, mechanisms capable of promoting α-synuclein deposition bear important pathogenetic implications. Mutations of the glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) gene represent a prevalent Parkinson’s disease risk factor. They are associated with loss of activity of a key enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, glucocerebrosidase, supporting a mechanistic relationship between abnormal α-synuclein–lipid interactions and the development of Parkinson pathology. In this study, the lipid membrane composition of fibroblasts isolated from control subjects, patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson's disease patients carrying the L444P GBA mutation (PD-GBA) was assayed using shotgun lipidomics. The lipid profile of PD-GBA fibroblasts differed significantly from that of control and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease cells. It was characterized by an overall increase in sphingolipid levels. It also featured a significant increase in the proportion of ceramide, sphingomyelin and hexosylceramide molecules with shorter chain length and a decrease in the percentage of longer-chain sphingolipids. The extent of this shift was correlated to the degree of reduction of fibroblast glucocerebrosidase activity. Lipid extracts from control and PD-GBA fibroblasts were added to recombinant α-synuclein solutions. The kinetics of α-synuclein aggregation were significantly accelerated after addition of PD-GBA extracts as compared to control samples. Amyloid fibrils collected at the end of these incubations contained lipids, indicating α-synuclein–lipid co-assembly. Lipids extracted from α-synuclein fibrils were also analysed by shotgun lipidomics. Data revealed that the lipid content of these fibrils was significantly enriched by shorter-chain sphingolipids. In a final set of experiments, control and PD-GBA fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of the small molecule chaperone ambroxol. This treatment restored glucocerebrosidase activity and sphingolipid levels and composition of PD-GBA cells. It also reversed the pro-aggregation effect that lipid extracts from PD-GBA fibroblasts had on α-synuclein. Taken together, the findings of this study indicate that the L444P GBA mutation and consequent enzymatic loss are associated with a distinctly altered membrane lipid profile that provides a biological fingerprint of this mutation in Parkinson fibroblasts. This altered lipid profile could also be an indicator of increased risk for α-synuclein aggregate pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Frederik Ravnkilde Marlet
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Donato A Di Monte
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Zheng W, Fan D. Glucocerebrosidase Mutations Cause Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:851135. [PMID: 35401150 PMCID: PMC8984109 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.851135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by multiple motor and non-motor symptoms. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to glucose and ceramide, are the most important and common genetic PD risk factors discovered to date. Homozygous GBA mutations result in the most common lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher’s disease (GD), which is classified according to the presence (neuronopathic types, type 2 and 3 GD) or absence (non-neuronopathic type, type 1 GD) of neurological symptoms. The clinical manifestations of PD in patients with GBA mutations are indistinguishable from those of sporadic PD at the individual level. However, accumulating data have indicated that GBA-associated PD patients exhibit a younger age of onset and a greater risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. The mechanisms underlying the increased risk of developing PD in GBA mutant carriers are currently unclear. Contributors to GBA-PD pathogenesis may include mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, altered lipid homeostasis and enhanced α-synuclein aggregation. Therapeutic strategies for PD and GD targeting mutant GCase mainly include enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, gene and pharmacological small-molecule chaperones. Emerging clinical, genetic and pathogenic studies on GBA mutations and PD are making significant contributions to our understanding of PD-associated pathogenetic pathways, and further elucidating the interactions between GCase activity and neurodegeneration may improve therapeutic approaches for slowing PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Fan,
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Roh J, Subramanian S, Weinreb NJ, Kartha RV. Gaucher disease – more than just a rare lipid storage disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:499-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fredriksen K, Aivazidis S, Sharma K, Burbidge KJ, Pitcairn C, Zunke F, Gelyana E, Mazzulli JR. Pathological α-syn aggregation is mediated by glycosphingolipid chain length and the physiological state of α-syn in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108489118. [PMID: 34893541 PMCID: PMC8685670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108489118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GBA1 mutations that encode lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD) and are strong risk factors for synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Only a subset of subjects with GBA1 mutations exhibit neurodegeneration, and the factors that influence neurological phenotypes are unknown. We find that α-synuclein (α-syn) neuropathology induced by GCase depletion depends on neuronal maturity, the physiological state of α-syn, and specific accumulation of long-chain glycosphingolipid (GSL) GCase substrates. Reduced GCase activity does not initiate α-syn aggregation in neonatal mice or immature human midbrain cultures; however, adult mice or mature midbrain cultures that express physiological α-syn oligomers are aggregation prone. Accumulation of long-chain GSLs (≥C22), but not short-chain species, induced α-syn pathology and neurological dysfunction. Selective reduction of long-chain GSLs ameliorated α-syn pathology through lysosomal cathepsins. We identify specific requirements that dictate synuclein pathology in GD models, providing possible explanations for the phenotypic variability in subjects with GCase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fredriksen
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Karan Sharma
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kevin J Burbidge
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Caleb Pitcairn
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Friederike Zunke
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Eilrayna Gelyana
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611;
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Cabrera-Reyes F, Parra-Ruiz C, Yuseff MI, Zanlungo S. Alterations in Lysosome Homeostasis in Lipid-Related Disorders: Impact on Metabolic Tissues and Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790568. [PMID: 34957117 PMCID: PMC8703004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-related disorders, which primarily affect metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue and the liver are associated with alterations in lysosome homeostasis. Obesity is one of the more prevalent diseases, which results in energy imbalance within metabolic tissues and lysosome dysfunction. Less frequent diseases include Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) and Gaucher diseases, both of which are known as Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs), where lysosomal dysfunction within metabolic tissues remains to be fully characterized. Adipocytes and hepatocytes share common pathways involved in the lysosome-autophagic axis, which are regulated by the function of cathepsins and CD36, an immuno-metabolic receptor and display alterations in lipid diseases, and thereby impacting metabolic functions. In addition to intrinsic defects observed in metabolic tissues, cells of the immune system, such as B cells can infiltrate adipose and liver tissues, during metabolic imbalance favoring inflammation. Moreover, B cells rely on lysosomes to promote the processing and presentation of extracellular antigens and thus could also present lysosome dysfunction, consequently affecting such functions. On the other hand, growing evidence suggests that cells accumulating lipids display defective inter-organelle membrane contact sites (MCSs) established by lysosomes and other compartments, which contribute to metabolic dysfunctions at the cellular level. Overall, in this review we will discuss recent findings addressing common mechanisms that are involved in lysosome dysregulation in adipocytes and hepatocytes during obesity, NPC, and Gaucher diseases. We will discuss whether these mechanisms may modulate the function of B cells and how inter-organelle contacts, emerging as relevant cellular mechanisms in the control of lipid homeostasis, have an impact on these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cabrera-Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Parra-Ruiz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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New correlations between ocular parameters and disease severity in Spanish patients with Gaucher's disease Type I. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260241. [PMID: 34871300 PMCID: PMC8648113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gaucher’s disease is associated with a high variety of structural and functional abnormalities in the eye, which do not always affect visual acuity. The purpose of this study was to analyse ocular features in Spanish patients with Gaucher’s disease type I, and to investigate their possible correlation with phenotypic and burden parameters of this entity. Methods This cross-sectional observational study compared parameters belonging to 18 eyes from 9 Spanish patients with Gaucher’s disease Type I with 80 eyes from 40 healthy controls. Complete ophthalmological examination included choroidal and retinal thickness maps with swept source optical coherence tomography. Systemic analysis included genotype, plasmatic biomarkers, [ferritin, chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) and chitotriosidase (ChT)] and severity scoring systems results [“Gaucher Disease Severity Score Index Type I" (GauSSI-I) and “Gaucher disease severity scoring system” (GD-DS3)]. Results Nine subjects (18 eyes) were cases (female: 55.5%, mean age 45 years; male: 44.5%, mean age 36 years) and 40 subjects (80 eyes) were controls (female: 49%, mean age 50 years; male: 51%, mean age 55 years). There were no statistically significant differences when comparing ocular parameters (visual acuity; axial length, refractive errors, corneal parameters, lens, retinal and choroidal thickness) between case and control subjects (p>0.05). A statistically significant moderate correlation was observed between lower retinal thickness and choroidal quadrants thickness and greater disease severity scores. A lower central retinal thickness also correlates with higher biological plasmatic levels, and has a statistically significant association with the most affected patient with genotype N370S/Del 55pb. Conversely, higher pachymetry involves a more severe plasmatic concentration of biomarkers. Conclusions Our results suggest that pachymetry, and retinal and choroidal thickness, are associated with burden biomarkers and disease severity index scores in Spanish patients with Gaucher’s disease Type I.
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Seo BA, Kim D, Hwang H, Kim MS, Ma SX, Kwon SH, Kweon SH, Wang H, Yoo JM, Choi S, Kwon SH, Kang SU, Kam TI, Kim K, Karuppagounder SS, Kang BG, Lee S, Park H, Kim S, Yan W, Li YS, Kuo SH, Redding-Ochoa J, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Lee G, Mao X, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ko HS. TRIP12 ubiquitination of glucocerebrosidase contributes to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2021; 109:3758-3774.e11. [PMID: 34644545 PMCID: PMC8639668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment in glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is strongly associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the regulators responsible for its impairment remain elusive. In this paper, we identify the E3 ligase Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interacting Protein 12 (TRIP12) as a key regulator of GCase. TRIP12 interacts with and ubiquitinates GCase at lysine 293 to control its degradation via ubiquitin proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitinated GCase by TRIP12 leads to its functional impairment through premature degradation and subsequent accumulation of α-synuclein. TRIP12 overexpression causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which is ameliorated by GCase overexpression. Further, conditional TRIP12 knockout in vitro and knockdown in vivo promotes the expression of GCase, which blocks α-synuclein preformed fibrils (α-syn PFFs)-provoked dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Moreover, TRIP12 accumulates in human PD brain and α-synuclein-based mouse models. The identification of TRIP12 as a regulator of GCase provides a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying dysfunctional GCase-driven neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Am Seo
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heehong Hwang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shi-Xun Ma
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sin Ho Kweon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Je Min Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Choi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sang Ho Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung-Ung Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bong Gu Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saebom Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyejin Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Yan
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong-Shi Li
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase mutations: A paradigm for neurodegeneration pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:42-55. [PMID: 34450264 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic (homozygous or compound heterozygous) glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) mutations cause Gaucher disease, whereas heterozygous mutations are numerically the most important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD) and are associated with the development of other synucleinopathies, notably Dementia with Lewy Bodies. This phenomenon is not limited to GBA, with converging evidence highlighting further examples of autosomal recessive disease genes increasing neurodegeneration risk in heterozygous mutation carriers. Nevertheless, despite extensive research, the cellular mechanisms by which mutations in GBA, encoding lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), predispose to neurodegeneration remain incompletely understood. Alpha-synuclein (A-SYN) accumulation, autophagic lysosomal dysfunction, mitochondrial abnormalities, ER stress and neuroinflammation have been proposed as candidate pathogenic pathways in GBA-linked PD. The observation of GCase and A-SYN interactions in PD initiated the development and evaluation of GCase-targeted therapeutics in PD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111444. [PMID: 34768878 PMCID: PMC8583882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative and inherited metabolic diseases frequently compromise nervous system function, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated as key events leading to neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function; however, these organelles are major sources of endogenous reactive oxygen species and are vulnerable targets for oxidative stress-induced damage. The brain is very susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand and low antioxidant defence systems, therefore minimal imbalances in the redox state can result in an oxidative environment that favours tissue damage and activates neuroinflammatory processes. Mitochondrial-associated molecular pathways are often compromised in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, including the parkin/PINK1, Nrf2, PGC1α, and PPARγ pathways. Impairments to these signalling pathways consequently effect the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, which has been suggested as contributing to the development of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction prevention has become an attractive therapeutic target, and there are several molecular pathways that can be pharmacologically targeted to remove damaged mitochondria by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis or mitophagy, as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity of the brain, in order to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and prevent the development and progression of neurodegeneration in these disorders. Compounds such as natural polyphenolic compounds, bioactive quinones, and Nrf2 activators have been reported in the literature as novel therapeutic candidates capable of targeting defective mitochondrial pathways in order to improve mitochondrial function and reduce the severity of neurodegeneration in these disorders.
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Hopf S, Schuster AK, Hennermann JB, Pfeiffer N, Pitz S. Retinal thinning in phenylketonuria and Gaucher disease type 3. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1153-1160. [PMID: 34636993 PMCID: PMC8913472 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal alterations in inherited metabolic diseases associated with neurodegeneration are poorly studied. The objective was to study retinal thickness, specifically the components of the ganglion cell complex (GCC)-nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL)-using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in two different diseases with potential dopaminergic depletion, phenylketonuria (PKU) and Gaucher disease type 3 (GD3). METHODS Retinal layers in 19 patients with PKU, 15 patients with GD3, and 93 healthy individuals were measured using peripapillary ring scan and macular SD-OCT. Linear mixed models were computed including an adjustment for age, sex, and spherical equivalent. We calculated Spearman's rank correlations between retinal layer measurements and clinical and/or laboratory parameters. RESULTS Thinning of total retinal thickness was found in the macular inner ring (p = 0.002), and outer ring (p = 0.012), sparing the fovea (p = 0.12) in PKU, while in GD3, all subfields were thinned (fovea p < 0.001, inner ring p = 0.047, outer ring 0.07). In both conditions, thinning was most evident in the NFL, GCL, and IPL, while OPL (outer plexiform layer) was thickened. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements remained normal. GCL and IPL in PKU correlated with tyrosine serum concentration. CONCLUSION Thinning of the NFL, GCL, and IPL, with thickened OPL, are both found in PKU and in GD3. Low dopamine concentrations in the retina might promote these effects. However, these data do not give evidence that retinal measurements can be used as a biomarker for disease severity in patients with GD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hopf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alexander K Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia B Hennermann
- Villa Metabolica, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Pitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Orbital Center, Ophthalmic Clinic, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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All Roads Lead to Rome: Different Molecular Players Converge to Common Toxic Pathways in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092438. [PMID: 34572087 PMCID: PMC8468417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are being suggested to have common cellular and molecular pathological mechanisms, characterized mainly by protein misfolding and aggregation. These large inclusions, most likely, represent an end stage of a molecular cascade; however, the soluble misfolded proteins, which take part in earlier steps of this cascade, are the more toxic players. These pathological proteins, which characterize each specific disease, lead to the selective vulnerability of different neurons, likely resulting from a combination of different intracellular mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, proteasome inhibition, excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport, defective axonal transport and neuroinflammation. Damage within these neurons is enhanced by damage from the nonneuronal cells, via inflammatory processes that accelerate the progression of these diseases. In this review, while acknowledging the hallmark proteins which characterize the most common NDDs; we place specific focus on the common overlapping mechanisms leading to disease pathology despite these different molecular players and discuss how this convergence may occur, with the ultimate hope that therapies effective in one disease may successfully translate to another.
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Peng Y, Liou B, Lin Y, Fannin V, Zhang W, Feldman RA, Setchell KDR, Grabowski GA, Sun Y. Substrate Reduction Therapy Reverses Mitochondrial, mTOR, and Autophagy Alterations in a Cell Model of Gaucher Disease. Cells 2021; 10:2286. [PMID: 34571934 PMCID: PMC8466461 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) in clinic adequately manages the visceral manifestations in Gaucher disease (GD) but has no direct effect on brain disease. To understand the molecular basis of SRT in GD treatment, we evaluated the efficacy and underlying mechanism of SRT in an immortalized neuronal cell line derived from a Gba knockout (Gba-/-) mouse model. Gba-/- neurons accumulated substrates, glucosylceramide, and glucosylsphingosine. Reduced cell proliferation was associated with altered lysosomes and autophagy, decreased mitochondrial function, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway. Treatment of the Gba-/- neurons with venglustat analogue GZ452, a central nervous system-accessible SRT, normalized glucosylceramide levels in these neurons and their isolated mitochondria. Enlarged lysosomes were reduced in the treated Gba-/- neurons, accompanied by decreased autophagic vacuoles. GZ452 treatment improved mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate. Furthermore, GZ452 diminished hyperactivity of selected proteins in the mTORC1 pathway and improved cell proliferation of Gba-/- neurons. These findings reinforce the detrimental effects of substrate accumulation on mitochondria, autophagy, and mTOR in neurons. A novel rescuing mechanism of SRT was revealed on the function of mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal pathways in GD. These results point to mitochondria and the mTORC1 complex as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Peng
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (Y.P.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (V.F.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Benjamin Liou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (Y.P.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (V.F.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Yi Lin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (Y.P.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (V.F.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Venette Fannin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (Y.P.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (V.F.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (W.Z.); (K.D.R.S.)
| | - Ricardo A. Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (W.Z.); (K.D.R.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory A. Grabowski
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (Y.P.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (V.F.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (Y.P.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (V.F.); (G.A.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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De Mattos EP, Wentink A, Nussbaum-Krammer C, Hansen C, Bergink S, Melki R, Kampinga HH. Protein Quality Control Pathways at the Crossroad of Synucleinopathies. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:369-382. [PMID: 31985474 PMCID: PMC7242842 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and many others converge at alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation. Although it is still not entirely clear what precise biophysical processes act as triggers, cumulative evidence points towards a crucial role for protein quality control (PQC) systems in modulating α-Syn aggregation and toxicity. These encompass distinct cellular strategies that tightly balance protein production, stability, and degradation, ultimately regulating α-Syn levels. Here, we review the main aspects of α-Syn biology, focusing on the cellular PQC components that are at the heart of recognizing and disposing toxic, aggregate-prone α-Syn assemblies: molecular chaperones and the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy-lysosome pathway, respectively. A deeper understanding of these basic protein homeostasis mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies envisioning the prevention and/or enhanced degradation of α-Syn aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P De Mattos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Wentink
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hansen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institute Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Parkinson's Disease-Related Genes and Lipid Alteration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147630. [PMID: 34299248 PMCID: PMC8305702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a prevalence of approximately 0.5–1% among those aged 65–70 years. Although most of its clinical manifestations are due to a loss of dopaminergic neurons, the PD etiology is largely unknown. PD is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and the exact interplay between genes and the environment is still debated. Several biological processes have been implicated in PD, including mitochondrial or lysosomal dysfunctions, alteration in protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but a common molecular mechanism connecting the different cellular alterations remains incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence underlines a significant role of lipids in the pathological pathways leading to PD. Beside the well-described lipid alteration in idiopathic PD, this review summarizes the several lipid alterations observed in experimental models expressing PD-related genes and suggests a possible scenario in relationship to the molecular mechanisms of neuronal toxicity. PD could be considered a lipid-induced proteinopathy, where alteration in lipid composition or metabolism could induce protein alteration—for instance, alpha-synuclein accumulation—and finally neuronal death.
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