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Aristieta A, Parker JE, Gao YE, Rubin JE, Gittis AH. Dopamine depletion weakens direct pathway modulation of SNr neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106512. [PMID: 38670278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) transmit information about basal ganglia output to dozens of brain regions in thalamocortical and brainstem motor networks. Activity of SNr neurons is regulated by convergent input from upstream basal ganglia nuclei, including GABAergic inputs from the striatum and the external globus pallidus (GPe). GABAergic inputs from the striatum convey information from the direct pathway, while GABAergic inputs from the GPe convey information from the indirect pathway. Chronic loss of dopamine, as occurs in Parkinson's disease, disrupts the balance of direct and indirect pathway neurons at the level of the striatum, but the question of how dopamine loss affects information propagation along these pathways outside of the striatum is less well understood. Using a combination of in vivo and slice electrophysiology, we find that dopamine depletion selectively weakens the direct pathway's influence over neural activity in the SNr due to changes in the decay kinetics of GABA-mediated synaptic currents. GABAergic signaling from GPe neurons in the indirect pathway was not affected, resulting in an inversion of the normal balance of inhibitory control over basal ganglia output through the SNr. These results highlight the contribution of cellular mechanisms outside of the striatum that impact the responses of basal ganglia output neurons to the direct and indirect pathways in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Aristieta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John E Parker
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ya Emma Gao
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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2
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Molinari M, Lieberman OJ, Sulzer D, Santini E, Borgkvist A. 5-HT1B receptors mediate dopaminergic inhibition of vesicular fusion and GABA release from striatonigral synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.584991. [PMID: 38559006 PMCID: PMC10980074 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.584991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a crucial basal ganglia output nucleus, contains a dense expression of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs), along with dendrites belonging to dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta. These D1Rs are primarily located on the terminals of striatonigral medium spiny neurons, suggesting their involvement in the regulation of neurotransmitter release from the direct pathway in response to somatodendritic dopamine release. To explore the hypothesis that D1Rs modulate GABA release from striatonigral synapses, we conducted optical recordings of striatonigral activity and postsynaptic patch-clamp recordings from SNr neurons in the presence of dopamine and D1R agonists. We found that dopamine inhibits optogenetically triggered striatonigral GABA release by modulating vesicle fusion and Ca 2+ influx in striatonigral boutons. Notably, the effect of DA was independent of D1R activity but required activation of 5-HT1B receptors. Our results suggest a serotonergic mechanism involved in the therapeutic actions of dopaminergic medications for Parkinson's disease and psychostimulant-related disorders.
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Shukla D, Goel A, Mandal PK, Joon S, Punjabi K, Arora Y, Kumar R, Mehta VS, Singh P, Maroon JC, Bansal R, Sandal K, Roy RG, Samkaria A, Sharma S, Sandhilya S, Gaur S, Parvathi S, Joshi M. Glutathione Depletion and Concomitant Elevation of Susceptibility in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: State-of-the-Art MR Spectroscopy and Neuropsychological Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4383-4394. [PMID: 38050970 PMCID: PMC10739611 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by extrapyramidal motor disturbances and nonmotor cognitive impairments which impact activities of daily living. Although the etiology of PD is still obscure, autopsy reports suggest that oxidative stress (OS) is one of the important factors in the pathophysiology of PD. In the current study, we have investigated the impact of OS in PD by measuring the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) levels from the substantia nigra (SN), left hippocampus (LH) and neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) levels from SN region. Concomitant quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) from SN and LH was also acquired from thirty-eight PD patients and 30 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Glutathione levels in the SN region decreased significantly and susceptibility increased significantly in PD compared to HC. Nonsignificant depletion of GABA was observed in the SN region. GSH levels in the LH region were depleted significantly, but LH susceptibility did not alter in the PD cohort compared to HC. Neuropsychological and physical assessment demonstrated significant impairment of cognitive functioning in PD patients compared to HC. GSH depletion was negatively correlated to motor function performance. Multivariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis on the combined effect of GSH, GABA, and susceptibility in the SN region yielded an improved diagnostic accuracy of 86.1% compared to individual diagnostic accuracy based on GSH (65.8%), GABA (57.5%), and susceptibility (69.6%). This is the first comprehensive report in PD demonstrating significant GSH depletion as well as concomitant iron enhancement in the SN region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shukla
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Anshika Goel
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Pravat K. Mandal
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh
Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shallu Joon
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Khushboo Punjabi
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Yashika Arora
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department
of Neurology, Paras Hospitals, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Veer Singh Mehta
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Paras Hospitals, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Padam Singh
- Department
of Biostatistics, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Joseph C. Maroon
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh
Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rishu Bansal
- Department
of Neurology, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Kanika Sandal
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Shallu Sharma
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Sandhya Sandhilya
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Shradha Gaur
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - S. Parvathi
- Department
of Biostatistics, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Mallika Joshi
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
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4
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Lee K, An SY, Park J, Lee S, Kim HF. Anatomical and Functional Comparison of the Caudate Tail in Primates and the Tail of the Striatum in Rodents: Implications for Sensory Information Processing and Habitual Behavior. Mol Cells 2023; 46:461-469. [PMID: 37455248 PMCID: PMC10440267 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The tail of the striatum (TS) is located at the caudal end in the striatum. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the anatomy and function of the TS but also raised questions about the differences between rodent and primate TS. In this review, we compare the anatomy and function of the TS in rodent and primate brains. The primate TS is expanded more caudally during brain development in comparison with the rodent TS. Additionally, five sensory inputs from the cortex and thalamus converge in the rodent TS, but this convergence is not observed in the primate TS. The primate TS, including the caudate tail and putamen tail, primarily receives inputs from the visual areas, implying a specialized function in processing visual inputs for action generation. This anatomical difference leads to further discussion of cellular circuit models to comprehend how the primate brain processes a wider range of complex visual stimuli to produce habitual behavior as compared with the rodent brain. Examining these differences and considering possible neural models may provide better understanding of the anatomy and function of the primate TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keonwoo Lee
- Cognitive Circuitry Laboratory (CoCiLa), School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Shin-young An
- Cognitive Circuitry Laboratory (CoCiLa), School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Park
- Cognitive Circuitry Laboratory (CoCiLa), School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Lee
- Cognitive Circuitry Laboratory (CoCiLa), School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoung F. Kim
- Cognitive Circuitry Laboratory (CoCiLa), School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Britto AM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Fonseca IAT, Araújo DP, Oliveira LC, Guzen FP, Morais PLAG, Cavalcanti JRLP. Basal ganglia for beginners: the basic concepts you need to know and their role in movement control. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1242929. [PMID: 37600831 PMCID: PMC10435282 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a subcortical collection of interacting clusters of cell bodies, and are involved in reward, emotional, and motor circuits. Within all the brain processing necessary to carry out voluntary movement, the basal nuclei are fundamental, as they modulate the activity of the motor regions of the cortex. Despite being much studied, the motor circuit of the basal ganglia is still difficult to understand for many people at all, especially undergraduate and graduate students. This review article seeks to bring the functioning of this circuit with a simple and objective approach, exploring the functional anatomy, neurochemistry, neuronal pathways, related diseases, and interactions with other brain regions to coordinate voluntary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José R. L. P. Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
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Jiang J, Yu Y. Pharmacologically targeting transient receptor potential channels for seizures and epilepsy: Emerging preclinical evidence of druggability. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108384. [PMID: 36933703 PMCID: PMC10124570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent and disabling brain disorders, epilepsy is characterized by spontaneous seizures that result from aberrant, excessive hyperactivity of a group of highly synchronized brain neurons. Remarkable progress in epilepsy research and treatment over the first two decades of this century led to a dramatical expansion in the third-generation antiseizure drugs (ASDs). However, there are still over 30% of patients suffering from seizures resistant to the current medications, and the broad unbearable adversative effects of ASDs significantly impair the quality of life in about 40% of individuals affected by the disease. Prevention of epilepsy in those who are at high risks is another major unmet medical need, given that up to 40% of epilepsy patients are believed to have acquired causes. Therefore, it is important to identify novel drug targets that can facilitate the discovery and development of new therapies engaging unprecedented mechanisms of action that might overcome these significant limitations. Also over the last two decades, calcium signaling has been increasingly recognized as a key contributory factor in epileptogenesis of many aspects. The intracellular calcium homeostasis involves a variety of calcium-permeable cation channels, the most important of which perhaps are the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. This review focuses on recent exciting advances in understanding of TRP channels in preclinical models of seizure disorders. We also provide emerging insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TRP channels-engaged epileptogenesis that might lead to new antiseizure therapies, epilepsy prevention and modification, and even a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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van Hooijdonk CFM, van der Pluijm M, Bosch I, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Booij J, de Haan L, Selten JP, Giessen EVD. The substantia nigra in the pathology of schizophrenia: A review on post-mortem and molecular imaging findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 68:57-77. [PMID: 36640734 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of striatal dopamine is considered to be an important driver of pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia. Despite being one of the main origins of dopaminergic input to the striatum, the (dys)functioning of the substantia nigra (SN) has been relatively understudied in schizophrenia. Hence, this paper aims to review different molecular aspects of nigral functioning in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls by integrating post-mortem and molecular imaging studies. We found evidence for hyperdopaminergic functioning in the SN of patients with schizophrenia (i.e. increased AADC activity in antipsychotic-free/-naïve patients and elevated neuromelanin accumulation). Reduced GABAergic inhibition (i.e. decreased density of GABAergic synapses, lower VGAT mRNA levels and lower mRNA levels for GABAA receptor subunits), excessive glutamatergic excitation (i.e. increased NR1 and Glur5 mRNA levels and a reduced number of astrocytes), and several other disturbances implicating the SN (i.e. immune functioning and copper concentrations) could potentially underlie this nigral hyperactivity and associated striatal hyperdopaminergic functioning in schizophrenia. These results highlight the importance of the SN in schizophrenia pathology and suggest that some aspects of molecular functioning in the SN could potentially be used as treatment targets or biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen F M van Hooijdonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Marieke van der Pluijm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Bosch
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Therese A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elsmarieke van de Giessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Song J, Lin H, Liu S. Basal ganglia network dynamics and function: Role of direct, indirect and hyper-direct pathways in action selection. NETWORK (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 34:84-121. [PMID: 36856435 DOI: 10.1080/0954898x.2023.2173816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Basal ganglia (BG) are a widely recognized neural basis for action selection, but its decision-making mechanism is still a difficult problem for researchers. Therefore, we constructed a spiking neural network inspired by the BG anatomical data. Simulation experiments were based on the principle of dis-inhibition and our functional hypothesis within the BG: the direct pathway, the indirect pathway, and the hyper-direct pathway of the BG jointly implement the initiation execution and termination of motor programs. Firstly, we studied the dynamic process of action selection with the network, which contained intra-group competition and inter-group competition. Secondly, we focused on the effects of the stimulus intensity and the proportion of excitation and inhibition on the GPi/SNr. The results suggested that inhibition and excitation shape action selection. They also explained why the firing rate of GPi/SNr did not continue to increase in the action-selection experiment. Finally, we discussed the experimental results with the functional hypothesis. Uniquely, this paper summarized the decision-making neural mechanism of action selection based on the direct pathway, the indirect pathway, and the hyper-direct pathway within BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenquan Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Galaj E, Barrera ED, Lynch OL, Diodati R, Thomas A, Schneider P, Lenhard H, Vashisht A, Ranaldi R. Muscarinic and NMDA Receptors in the Substantia Nigra Play a Role in Reward-Related Learning. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:80-90. [PMID: 36402549 PMCID: PMC9850662 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reward-related learning, where animals form associations between rewards and stimuli (i.e., conditioned stimuli [CS]) that predict or accompany those rewards, is an essential adaptive function for survival. METHODS In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and performance of conditioned approach learning with a focus on the role of muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh) and NMDA glutamate receptors in the substantia nigra (SN), a brain region implicated in reward and motor processes. RESULTS Using RNAscope in situ hybridization assays, we found that dopamine neurons of the SN express muscarinic (mACh5), NMDA2a, NMDA2b, and NMDA2d receptor mRNA but not mACh4. NMDA, but not mACh5, receptor mRNA was also found on SN GABA neurons. In a conditioned approach paradigm, rats were exposed to 3 or 7 conditioning sessions during which light/tone (CS) presentations were paired with delivery of food pellets, followed by a test session with CS-only presentations. Intra-SN microinjections of scopolamine (a mACh receptor antagonist) or AP-5 (a NMDA receptor antagonist) were made either prior to each conditioning session (to test their effects on acquisition) or prior to the CS-only test (to test their effects on expression of the learned response). Scopolamine and AP-5 produced dose-dependent significant reductions in the acquisition, but not performance, of conditioned approach. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SN mACh and NMDA receptors are key players in the acquisition, but not the expression, of reward-related learning. Importantly, these findings redefine the role of the SN, which has traditionally been known for its involvement in motor processes, and suggest that the SN possesses attributes consistent with a function as a hub of integration of primary reward and CS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Eddy D Barrera
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olivia L Lynch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Diodati
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Thomas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Piper Schneider
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Hayley Lenhard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Apoorva Vashisht
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Ranaldi
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA
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Al Tannir R, Pautrat A, Baufreton J, Overton PG, Coizet V. The Subthalamic Nucleus: A Hub for Sensory Control via Short Three- Lateral Loop Connections with the Brainstem? Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:22-30. [PMID: 35850655 PMCID: PMC10193764 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220718113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is classically subdivided into sensori-motor, associative and limbic regions, which is consistent with the involvement of this structure in not only motor control, but also in cognitive and emotional tasks. However, the function of the sensory inputs to the STN's sensori-motor territory is comparatively less well explored, although sensory responses have been reported in this structure. There is still a paucity of information regarding the characteristics of that subdivision and its potential functional role in basal ganglia processing and more widely in associated networks. In this perspective paper, we summarize the type of sensory stimuli that have been reported to activate the STN, and describe the complex sensory properties of the STN and its anatomical link to a sensory network involving the brainstem, characterized in our recent work. Analyzing the sensory input to the STN led us to suggest the existence of previously unreported threelateral subcortical loops between the basal ganglia and the brainstem which do not involve the cortex. Anatomically, these loops closely link the STN, the substantia nigra pars reticulata and various structures from the brainstem such as the superior colliculus and the parabrachial nucleus. We also discuss the potential role of the STN in the control of sensory activity in the brainstem and its possible contribution to favoring sensory habituation or sensitization over brainstem structures to optimize the best selection of action at a given time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Al Tannir
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Pautrat
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMN, UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Bâtiment E.J. Safra - Chemin Fortuné Ferrini - 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Veronique Coizet
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Neuronal Firing and Glutamatergic Synapses in the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata of LRRK2-G2019S Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111635. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are frequent causes of familial Parkinson’s Disease (PD), an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative disease that affects basal ganglia circuitry. The cellular effects of the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene, the most common pathological mutation, have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study we used middle-aged mice carrying the LRRK2-G2019S mutation (G2019S mice) to identify potential alterations in the neurophysiological properties and characteristics of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in basal ganglia output neurons, i.e., substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) GABAergic neurons. We found that the intrinsic membrane properties and action potential properties were unaltered in G2019S mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The spontaneous firing frequency was similar, but we observed an increased regularity in the firing of SNr neurons recorded from G2019S mice. We examined the short-term plasticity of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and we found an increased paired-pulse depression in G2019S mice compared to WT mice, indicating an increased probability of glutamate release in SNr neurons from G2019S mice. We measured synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA receptors and we found that the kinetics of synaptic responses mediated by these receptors were unaltered, as well as the contribution of the GluN2B subunit to these responses, in SNr neurons of G2019S mice compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate an overall maintenance of basic neurophysiological and synaptic characteristics, and subtle changes in the firing pattern and in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in basal ganglia output neurons that precede neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the LRRK2-G2019S mouse model of late-onset PD.
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12
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Partanen J, Achim K. Neurons gating behavior—developmental, molecular and functional features of neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:976209. [PMID: 36148148 PMCID: PMC9485944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) is the major information output site of the basal ganglia network and instrumental for the activation and adjustment of movement, regulation of the behavioral state and response to reward. Due to both overlapping and unique input and output connections, the SNpr might also have signal integration capacity and contribute to action selection. How the SNpr regulates these multiple functions remains incompletely understood. The SNpr is located in the ventral midbrain and is composed primarily of inhibitory GABAergic projection neurons that are heterogeneous in their properties. In addition, the SNpr contains smaller populations of other neurons, including glutamatergic neurons. Here, we discuss regionalization of the SNpr, in particular the division of the SNpr neurons to anterior (aSNpr) and posterior (pSNpr) subtypes, which display differences in many of their features. We hypothesize that unique developmental and molecular characteristics of the SNpr neuron subtypes correlate with both region-specific connections and notable functional specializations of the SNpr. Variation in both the genetic control of the SNpr neuron development as well as signals regulating cell migration and axon guidance may contribute to the functional diversity of the SNpr neurons. Therefore, insights into the various aspects of differentiation of the SNpr neurons can increase our understanding of fundamental brain functions and their defects in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including movement and mood disorders, as well as epilepsy.
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13
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Yu Y, Li W, Jiang J. TRPC channels as emerging targets for seizure disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:787-798. [PMID: 35840362 PMCID: PMC9378536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by seizures of diverse types that affect about 1-2% of the population worldwide. Current antiseizure medications are unsatisfactory, as they merely provide symptomatic relief, are ineffective in about one-third of patients, and cause unbearable adverse effects. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are a group of nonselective cation channels involved in many physiological functions. In this review, we provide an overview of recent preclinical studies using both genetic and pharmacological strategies that reveal these receptor-operated calcium-permeable channels may also play fundamental roles in many aspects of epileptic seizures. We also propose that TRPC channels represent appealing targets for epilepsy treatment, with a goal of helping to advance the discovery and development of new antiseizure and/or antiepileptogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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14
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Brandi E, Torres-Garcia L, Svanbergsson A, Haikal C, Liu D, Li W, Li JY. Brain region-specific microglial and astrocytic activation in response to systemic lipopolysaccharides exposure. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:910988. [PMID: 36092814 PMCID: PMC9459169 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.910988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the macrophage population within the central nervous system, which acts as the first line of the immune defense. These cells present a high level of heterogeneity among different brain regions regarding morphology, cell density, transcriptomes, and expression of different inflammatory mediators. This region-specific heterogeneity may lead to different neuroinflammatory responses, influencing the regional involvement in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate microglial response in 16 brain regions. We compared different aspects of the microglial response, such as the extension of their morphological changes, sensitivity, and ability to convert an acute inflammatory response to a chronic one. Then, we investigated the synaptic alterations followed by acute and chronic inflammation in substantia nigra. Moreover, we estimated the effect of partial ablation of fractalkine CX3C receptor 1 (CX3CR1) on microglial response. In the end, we briefly investigated astrocytic heterogeneity and activation. To evaluate microglial response in different brain regions and under the same stimulus, we induced a systemic inflammatory reaction through a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We performed our study using C57BL6 and CX3CR1+/GFP mice to investigate microglial response in different regions and the impact of CX3CR1 partial ablation. We conducted a topographic study quantifying microglia alterations in 16 brain regions through immunohistochemical examination and computational image analysis. Assessing Iba1-immunopositive profiles and the density of the microglia cells, we have observed significant differences in region-specific responses of microglia populations in all parameters considered. Our results underline the peculiar microglial inflammation in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr). Here and in concomitance with the acute inflammatory response, we observed a transient decrease of dopaminergic dendrites and an alteration of the striato-nigral projections. Additionally, we found a significant decrease in microglia response and the absence of chronic inflammation in CX3CR1+/GFP mice compared to the wild-type ones, suggesting the CX3C axis as a possible pharmacological target against neuroinflammation induced by an increase of systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) or/and LPS. Finally, we investigated astrocytic heterogeneity in this model. We observed different distribution and morphology of GFAP-positive astrocytes, a heterogeneous response under inflammatory conditions, and a decrease in their activation in CX3CR1 partially ablated mice compared with C57BL6 mice. Altogether, our data confirm that microglia and astrocytes heterogeneity lead to a region-specific inflammatory response in presence of a systemic TNFα or/and LPS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Brandi
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Torres-Garcia
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Di Liu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jia-Yi Li, ,
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15
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Lin M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen F. Electrical activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus modulates the neuronal activities of the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in anesthetized rats. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2090-2106. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muxin Lin
- Bio‐X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ying Wang
- Core Research Facilities Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yi Wang
- Enlight Medical Technologies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Fujun Chen
- Bio‐X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- WLA Laboratories, World Laureates Association Shanghai China
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16
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The Therapeutic Role of Ketogenic Diet in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091952. [PMID: 35565918 PMCID: PMC9102882 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate and adequate-protein diet that has gained popularity in recent years in the context of neurological diseases (NDs). The complexity of the pathogenesis of these diseases means that effective forms of treatment are still lacking. Conventional therapy is often associated with increasing tolerance and/or drug resistance. Consequently, more effective therapeutic strategies are being sought to increase the effectiveness of available forms of therapy and improve the quality of life of patients. For the moment, it seems that KD can provide therapeutic benefits in patients with neurological problems by effectively controlling the balance between pro- and antioxidant processes and pro-excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and modulating inflammation or changing the composition of the gut microbiome. In this review we evaluated the potential therapeutic efficacy of KD in epilepsy, depression, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In our opinion, KD should be considered as an adjuvant therapeutic option for some neurological diseases.
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17
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Baumgartner AJ, Thompson JA, Kern DS, Ojemann SG. Novel targets in deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:2593-2613. [PMID: 35511309 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurosurgical treatment of movement disorders, primarily via deep brain stimulation (DBS), is a rapidly expanding and evolving field. Although conventional targets including the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) for Parkinson's disease and ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalams (VIM) for tremor provide substantial benefit in terms of both motor symptoms and quality of life, other targets for DBS have been explored in an effort to maximize clinical benefit and also avoid undesired adverse effects associated with stimulation. These novel targets primarily include the rostral zona incerta (rZI), caudal zona incerta (cZI)/posterior subthalamic area (PSA), prelemniscal radiation (Raprl), pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), centromedian/parafascicular (CM/PF) nucleus of the thalamus, nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT), dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), and ventral oralis (VO) complex of the thalamus. However, reports of outcomes utilizing these targets are scattered and disparate. In order to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians alike, we have summarized the existing literature surrounding these novel targets, including rationale for their use, neurosurgical techniques where relevant, outcomes and adverse effects of stimulation, and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Hospital, 12631 East 17th Avenue, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Drew S Kern
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Hospital, 12631 East 17th Avenue, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Steven G Ojemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Hospital, 12631 East 17th Avenue, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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18
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Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Elicit Acute and Chronic Itch via Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 Activation in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:373-385. [PMID: 35294713 PMCID: PMC9068852 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) that are overproduced by mitochondrial dysfunction are linked to pathological conditions including sensory abnormalities. Here, we explored whether mROS overproduction induces itch through transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3), which is sensitive to ROS. Intradermal injection of antimycin A (AA), a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III for mROS overproduction, produced robust scratching behavior in naïve mice, which was suppressed by MitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-selective ROS scavenger, and Pyr10, a TRPC3-specific blocker, but not by blockers of TRPA1 or TRPV1. AA activated subsets of trigeminal ganglion neurons and also induced inward currents, which were blocked by MitoTEMPO and Pyr10. Besides, dry skin-induced chronic scratching was relieved by MitoTEMPO and Pyr10, and also by resveratrol, an antioxidant. Taken together, our results suggest that mROS elicit itch through TRPC3, which may underlie chronic itch, representing a potential therapeutic target for chronic itch.
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19
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Moehle MS, Bender AM, Dickerson JW, Foster DJ, Qi A, Cho HP, Donsante Y, Peng W, Bryant Z, Stillwell KJ, Bridges TM, Chang S, Watson KJ, O’Neill JC, Engers JL, Peng L, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Hess EJ, Conn PJ, Rook JM. Discovery of the First Selective M 4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists with in Vivo Antiparkinsonian and Antidystonic Efficacy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1306-1321. [PMID: 34423268 PMCID: PMC8369681 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that broadly inhibit all five mAChR subtypes provide an efficacious treatment for some movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Despite their efficacy in these and other central nervous system disorders, antimuscarinic therapy has limited utility due to severe adverse effects that often limit their tolerability by patients. Recent advances in understanding the roles that each mAChR subtype plays in disease pathology suggest that highly selective ligands for individual subtypes may underlie the antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy observed with the use of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics. Our recent work has indicated that the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has several important roles in opposing aberrant neurotransmitter release, intracellular signaling pathways, and brain circuits associated with movement disorders. This raises the possibility that selective antagonists of M4 may recapitulate the efficacy of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics and may decrease or eliminate the adverse effects associated with these drugs. However, this has not been directly tested due to lack of selective antagonists of M4. Here, we utilize genetic mAChR knockout animals in combination with nonselective mAChR antagonists to confirm that the M4 receptor activation is required for the locomotor-stimulating and antiparkinsonian efficacy in rodent models. We also report the synthesis, discovery, and characterization of the first-in-class selective M4 antagonists VU6013720, VU6021302, and VU6021625 and confirm that these optimized compounds have antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy in pharmacological and genetic models of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Moehle
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Department
of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research
in Neurodegeneration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daniel J. Foster
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aidong Qi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department
of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Weimin Peng
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Zoey Bryant
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kaylee J. Stillwell
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katherine J. Watson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jordan C. O’Neill
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Li Peng
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department
of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,E-mail:
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,E-mail:
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20
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Lan Z, Zhang W, Xu J, Lu W. GABA A receptor-mediated inhibition of Dahlgren cells electrical activity in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 306:113753. [PMID: 33711316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. We investigated its potential role as a neurotransmitter in the neuroendocrine Dahlgren cell population of the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) of the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The application of GABA in vitro resulted in a decrease in electrical activity of Dahlgren cells, followed by an increase of the number of silent cells, together with a decreased firing frequency of all three activity patterns (tonic, phasic, bursting). GABAA receptor agonist etomidate decreased Dahlgren cell firing activity, in a similar way to GABA. The response to GABA was blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. GABAA receptor gamma2 subunit (Gabrg2) and chloride channel (Clcn2) mRNA expression were significantly upregulated in the CNSS after GABA superfusion. These data suggest that GABA may modulate CNSS activity in vivo mediated by GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Lan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jinling Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China.
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21
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Angiotensin-II Modulates GABAergic Neurotransmission in the Mouse Substantia Nigra. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0090-21.2021. [PMID: 33771900 PMCID: PMC8174047 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0090-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic projections neurons of the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), through an extensive network of dendritic arbors and axon collaterals, provide robust inhibitory input to neighboring dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) receptor signaling increases SNc dopaminergic neuronal sensitivity to insult, thus rendering these cells susceptible to dysfunction and destruction. However, the mechanisms by which Ang-II regulates SNc dopaminergic neuronal activity are unclear. Given the complex relationship between SN dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons, we hypothesized that Ang-II could regulate SNc dopaminergic neuronal activity directly and indirectly by modulating SNr GABAergic neurotransmission. Here, using transgenic mice, slice electrophysiology, and optogenetics, we provide evidence of an AT1 receptor-mediated signaling mechanism in SNr GABAergic neurons where Ang-II suppresses electrically-evoked neuronal output by facilitating postsynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and prolonging the action potential (AP) duration. Unexpectedly, Ang-II had no discernable effects on the electrical properties of SNc dopaminergic neurons. Also, and indicating a nonlinear relationship between electrical activity and neuronal output, following phasic photoactivation of SNr GABAergic neurons, Ang-II paradoxically enhanced the feedforward inhibitory input to SNc dopaminergic neurons. In sum, our observations describe an increasingly complex and heterogeneous response of the SN to Ang-II by revealing cell-specific responses and nonlinear effects on intranigral GABAergic neurotransmission. Our data further implicate the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) as a functionally relevant neuromodulator in the substantia nigra, thus underscoring a need for additional inquiry.
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22
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NMDA receptors are altered in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and their blockade ameliorates motor deficits in experimental parkinsonism. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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González-Redondo Á, Naveros F, Ros E, Garrido JA. A Basal Ganglia Computational Model to Explain the Paradoxical Sensorial Improvement in the Presence of Huntington's Disease. Int J Neural Syst 2020; 30:2050057. [PMID: 32840409 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065720500574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) represent a critical center of the nervous system for sensorial discrimination. Although it is known that Huntington's disease (HD) affects this brain area, it still remains unclear how HD patients achieve paradoxical improvement in sensorial discrimination tasks. This paper presents a computational model of the BG including the main nuclei and the typical firing properties of their neurons. The BG model has been embedded within an auditory signal detection task. We have emulated the effect that the altered levels of dopamine and the degree of HD affectation have in information processing at different layers of the BG, and how these aspects shape transient and steady states differently throughout the selection task. By extracting the independent components of the BG activity at different populations, it is evidenced that early and medium stages of HD affectation may enhance transient activity in the striatum and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. These results represent a possible explanation for the paradoxical improvement that HD patients present in discrimination task performance. Thus, this paper provides a novel understanding on how the fast dynamics of the BG network at different layers interact and enable transient states to emerge throughout the successive neuron populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Naveros
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ros
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús A Garrido
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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24
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Jiao L, Zheng M, Duan J, Wu T, Li Z, Liu L, Xiang X, Tang X, He J, Li X, Zhang G, Ding J, Cai H, Lin X. Tau knockout exacerbates degeneration of parvalbumin-positive neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata in Parkinson's disease-related α-synuclein A53T mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12239-12254. [PMID: 33000527 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000017rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn)-induced neurotoxicity has been generally accepted as a key step in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microtubule-associated protein tau, which is considered second only to α-syn, has been repeatedly linked with PD in association studies. However, the underlying interaction between these two PD-related proteins in vivo remains unclear. To investigate how the expression of tau affects α-syn-induced neurodegeneration in vivo, we generated triple transgenic mice that overexpressed α-syn A53T mutation in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) with different expression levels of tau. Here, we found that tau had no significant effect on the A53T α-syn-mediated mDANs degeneration. However, tau knockout could modestly promote the formation of α-syn aggregates, accelerate the severe and progressive degeneration of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR), accompanied with anxiety-like behavior in aged PD-related α-syn A53T mice. The mechanisms may be associated with A53T α-syn-mediated specifically successive impairment of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP1A) in PV+ neurons. Our study indicates that MAP1A may play a beneficial role in preserving the survival of PV+ neurons, and that inhibition of the impairment of NR2B/PSD-95/MAP1A pathway, may be a novel and preferential option to ameliorate α-syn-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Jiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Guangdong Institute of Geriatrics. Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guanzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhong Xiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, University Park of Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jinyang He
- Tropical medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingjian Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Bioinformatics Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Østergaard FG, Himmelberg MM, Laursen B, Siebner HR, Wade AR, Christensen KV. Classification of α-synuclein-induced changes in the AAV α-synuclein rat model of Parkinson's disease using electrophysiological measurements of visual processing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11869. [PMID: 32681050 PMCID: PMC7368019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers suitable for early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression are the cornerstone of developing disease-modifying treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides motor complications, PD is also characterized by deficits in visual processing. Here, we investigate how virally-mediated overexpression of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta impacts visual processing in a well-established rodent model of PD. After a unilateral injection of vector, human α-synuclein was detected in the striatum and superior colliculus (SC). In parallel, there was a significant delay in the latency of the transient VEPs from the affected side of the SC in late stages of the disease. Inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase using PFE360 failed to rescue the VEP delay and instead increased the latency of the VEP waveform. A support vector machine classifier accurately classified rats according to their `disease state' using frequency-domain data from steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). Overall, these findings indicate that the latency of the rodent VEP is sensitive to changes mediated by the increased expression of α-synuclein and especially when full overexpression is obtained, whereas the SSVEP facilitated detection of α-synuclein across reflects all stages of PD model progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Gam Østergaard
- Department of Translational Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark.
- GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marc M Himmelberg
- Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Bettina Laursen
- Department of Translational Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kenneth Vielsted Christensen
- Department of Translational Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
- Institut de Recherches Servier - IDRS, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
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26
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Li H, McConnell GC. Intraoperative Microelectrode Recordings in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata in Anesthetized Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:367. [PMID: 32410946 PMCID: PMC7201294 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a promising target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat the gait and postural disturbances in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Positioning the DBS electrode within the SNr is critical for the development of preclinical models of SNr DBS to investigate underlying mechanisms. However, a complete characterization of intraoperative microelectrode recordings in the SNr to guide DBS electrode placement is lacking. In this study, we recorded extracellular single-unit activity in anesthetized rats at multiple locations in the medial SNr (mSNr), lateral SNr (lSNr), and the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA). Immunohistochemistry and fluorescently dyed electrodes were used to map neural recordings to neuroanatomy. Neural recordings were analyzed in the time domain (i.e., firing rate, interspike interval (ISI) correlation, ISI variance, regularity, spike amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, half-width, asymmetry, and latency) and the frequency domain (i.e., spectral power in frequency bands of interest). Spike amplitude decreased and ISI correlation increased in the mSNr versus the lSNr. Spike amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, and ISI correlation increased in the VTA versus the mSNr. ISI correlation increased in the VTA versus the lSNr. Spectral power in the VTA increased versus: (1) the mSNr in the 20–30 Hz band and (2) the lSNr in the 20–40 Hz band. No significant differences were observed between structures for any other feature analyzed. Our results shed light on the heterogeneity of the SNr and suggest electrophysiological features to promote precise targeting of SNr subregions during stereotaxic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - George C McConnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
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27
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Zhang Y, Garcia E, Sack AS, Snutch TP. L-type calcium channel contributions to intrinsic excitability and synaptic activity during basolateral amygdala postnatal development. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1216-1235. [PMID: 31967931 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00606.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala contributes toward emotional processes such as fear, anxiety, and social cognition. Furthermore, evidence suggests that increased excitability of basolateral amygdala (BLA) principal neurons underlie certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Gain-of-function mutations in neuronal L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) are linked to neurodevelopmental diseases, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). While LTCCs are expressed throughout the BLA, direct evidence for increased LTCC activity affecting BLA excitability and potentially contributing to disease pathophysiology is lacking. In this study, we utilized a pharmacological approach to examine the contributions of LTCCs to BLA principal cell excitability and synaptic activity at immature (postnatal day 7, P7) and juvenile (P21) developmental stages. Acute upregulation of LTCC activity in brain slices by application of the agonist (S)-Bay K 8644 resulted in increased intrinsic excitability properties including firing frequency response, plateau potential, and spike-frequency adaptation selectively in P7 neurons. Contrastingly, for P21 neurons, the main effect of (S)-Bay K 8644 was to enhance burst firing. (S)-Bay K 8644 increased spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents at both P7 and P21 but did not affect evoked synaptic currents at either stage. (S)-Bay K 8644 did not alter P7 spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents, although it increased current amplitude in P21 neurons. Overall, the results provide support for the notion that alteration of LTCC activity at specific periods of early brain development may lead to functional alterations to neuronal network activity and subsequently contribute to underlying mechanisms of amygdala-related neurological disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) in regulating neuronal electrophysiological properties during development remains unclear. We show that in basolateral amygdala principal neurons, an increase of LTCC activity alters both neuronal excitability and synaptic activity. The results also provide evidence for the distinct contributions of LTCCs at different stages of neurodevelopment and shed insight into our understanding of LTCC dysfunction in amygdala-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Esperanza Garcia
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Sack
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Simmons DV, Higgs MH, Lebby S, Wilson CJ. Indirect pathway control of firing rate and pattern in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:800-814. [PMID: 31940230 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00678.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unitary pallido-nigral synaptic currents were measured using optogenetic stimulation, which activated up to three unitary synaptic inputs to each substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) cell. Episodic barrages of synaptic conductances were generated based on in vivo firing patterns of globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) cells and applied to SNr cells using conductance clamp. Barrage inputs were compared to continuous step conductances with the same mean. Barrage inputs and steps both slowed SNr neuron firing and produced disinhibition responses seen in peristimulus histograms. Barrages were less effective than steps at producing inhibition and disinhibition responses. Barrages, but not steps, produced irregular firing during the inhibitory response. Phase models of SNr neurons were constructed from their phase-resetting curves. The phase models reproduced the inhibition and disinhibition responses to the same inputs applied to the neurons. The disinhibition response did not require rebound currents but arose from reset of the cells' oscillation. The differences in firing rate and irregularity in response to barrage and step inhibition resulted from the high sensitivity of SNr neurons to inhibition at late phases in their intrinsic oscillation. During step inhibition, cells continued rhythmic firing at a reduced rate. During barrages, brief bouts of intense inhibition stalled the cells' phase evolution late in their cycle, close to firing, and even very brief respites from inhibition rapidly released single action potentials. The SNr cell firing pattern reflected the fine structure of the synaptic barrage from GPe, as well as its onset and offset.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pallido-nigral pathway connects the striatum to spontaneously active basal ganglia output neurons in the substantia nigra. Each substantia nigra neuron receives powerful inhibitory synaptic connections from a small group of globus pallidus cells and may fire during pauses in pallidal activity. Despite lacking any hyperpolarization-activated rebound currents, they fire quickly to even brief pauses in the pallido-nigral inhibition. The mechanism of their rapid disinhibitory response is explained by features of their phase-resetting curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Matthew H Higgs
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sharmon Lebby
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Charles J Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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29
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Blockade of the dopaminergic neurotransmission with AMPT and reserpine induces a differential expression of genes of the dopaminergic phenotype in substantia nigra. Neuropharmacology 2019; 166:107920. [PMID: 31870855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons have the ability to release Dopamine from their axons as well as from their soma and dendrites. This somatodendritically-released Dopamine induces an autoinhibition of Dopaminergic neurons mediated by D2 autoreceptors, and the stimulation of neighbor GABAergic neurons mediated by D1 receptors (D1r). Here, our results suggest that the somatodendritic release of Dopamine in the substantia nigra (SN) may stimulate GABAergic neurons that project their axons into the hippocampus. Using semiquantitative multiplex RT-PCR we show that chronic blockade of the Dopaminergic neurotransmission with both AMPT and reserpine specifically decreases the expression levels of D1r, remarkably this may be the result of an antagonistic effect between AMPT and reserpine, as they induced the expression of a different set of genes when treated by separate. Furthermore, using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques, we found that the GABAergic neurons that express D1r also project their axons in to the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Finally, we also found that the same treatment that decreases the expression levels of D1r in SN, also induces an impairment in the performance in an appetitive learning task that requires the coding of reward as well as navigational skills. Overall, our findings show the presence of a GABAergic interconnection between the SNr and the hippocampus mediated by D1r.
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30
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Cellular and Synaptic Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: Stepping out of the Striatum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091005. [PMID: 31470672 PMCID: PMC6769933 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural learning, cognition, and emotions. This network is also the region primarily affected by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). This degeneration causes cellular and synaptic dysfunctions in the BG network, which are responsible for the appearance of the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine (DA) modulation and the consequences of its loss on the striatal microcircuit have been extensively studied, and because of the discrete nature of DA innervation of other BG nuclei, its action outside the striatum has been considered negligible. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting functional extrastriatal DA modulation of both cellular excitability and synaptic transmission. In this review, the functional relevance of DA modulation outside the striatum in both normal and pathological conditions will be discussed.
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31
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Tekriwal A, Afshar NM, Santiago-Moreno J, Kuijper FM, Kern DS, Halpern CH, Felsen G, Thompson JA. Neural Circuit and Clinical Insights from Intraoperative Recordings During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070173. [PMID: 31330813 PMCID: PMC6681002 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations using invasive neural recordings from patient populations undergoing neurosurgical interventions have led to critical breakthroughs in our understanding of human neural circuit function and malfunction. The opportunity to interact with patients during neurophysiological mapping allowed for early insights in functional localization to improve surgical outcomes, but has since expanded into exploring fundamental aspects of human cognition including reward processing, language, the storage and retrieval of memory, decision-making, as well as sensory and motor processing. The increasing use of chronic neuromodulation, via deep brain stimulation, for a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric conditions has in tandem led to increased opportunity for linking theories of cognitive processing and neural circuit function. Our purpose here is to motivate the neuroscience and neurosurgical community to capitalize on the opportunities that this next decade will bring. To this end, we will highlight recent studies that have successfully leveraged invasive recordings during deep brain stimulation surgery to advance our understanding of human cognition with an emphasis on reward processing, improving clinical outcomes, and informing advances in neuromodulatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Tekriwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
| | - Neema Moin Afshar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
| | - Juan Santiago-Moreno
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
| | - Fiene Marie Kuijper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Drew S Kern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
| | - Casey H Halpern
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gidon Felsen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA
| | - John A Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80203, USA.
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Briones-Lizardi LJ, Cortés H, Avalos-Fuentes JA, Paz-Bermúdez FJ, Aceves J, Erlij D, Florán B. Presynaptic control of [3H]-glutamate release by dopamine receptor subtypes in the rat substantia nigra. Central role of D1 and D3 receptors. Neuroscience 2019; 406:563-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Willard AM, Isett BR, Whalen TC, Mastro KJ, Ki CS, Mao X, Gittis AH. State transitions in the substantia nigra reticulata predict the onset of motor deficits in models of progressive dopamine depletion in mice. eLife 2019; 8:e42746. [PMID: 30839276 PMCID: PMC6402832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose cardinal motor symptoms are attributed to dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits under conditions of low dopamine. Despite well-established physiological criteria to define basal ganglia dysfunction, correlations between individual parameters and motor symptoms are often weak, challenging their predictive validity and causal contributions to behavior. One limitation is that basal ganglia pathophysiology is studied only at end-stages of depletion, leaving an impoverished understanding of when deficits emerge and how they evolve over the course of depletion. In this study, we use toxin- and neurodegeneration-induced mouse models of dopamine depletion to establish the physiological trajectory by which the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) transitions from the healthy to the diseased state. We find that physiological progression in the SNr proceeds in discrete state transitions that are highly stereotyped across models and correlate well with the prodromal and symptomatic stages of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Willard
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Brian R Isett
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Timothy C Whalen
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Kevin J Mastro
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Chris S Ki
- University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
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Electrophysiological Characterization of Novel Effects of the Uptake-2 Blocker Decynium-22 (D-22) on Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta. Neuroscience 2019; 396:154-165. [PMID: 30447392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and other monoamines in the brain depend not only on the classic transporters encoded by SLC6A gene family such as DAT, NET and SERT, but also a more recently identified group of low-affinity/high-capacity 'Uptake-2' transporters, mainly OCT3 and PMAT. The most frequently used pharmacological tool in functional studies of Uptake-2 is decynium-22 (D-22) known to block these transporters. However, the effectiveness of this drug in enhancing extracellular DA remains uncertain. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that D-22 increases extracellular levels of DA released from the somatodendritic region of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) by reducing the OCT3/PMAT-dependent component of DA uptake. Extracellular DA was assessed indirectly, by evoking D2-IPSCs in SNc neurons following stimulated release of this neurotransmitter in midbrain slices obtained from mice. Recordings were conducted after partial inhibition of DAT with nomifensine, and after application of L-DOPA which increased the releasable DA pool. Contrary to our expectations, D-22 reduced, rather than increased, the amplitude of D2-IPSCs. Other effects included inhibition of GABAB-IPSCs and Ih current, and a reduction in firing frequency of nigral neurons. These results show that in addition to the previously known non-specific inhibitory action on α1 adrenoceptors, D-22 exerts additional off-target effects by inhibiting dopaminergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the SNc and the spontaneous (pacemaker) activity of nigral neurons. It remains to be established if these novel effects contribute to a reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity reported in previous studies after systemic drug administration.
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35
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Cáceres-Chávez VA, Hernández-Martínez R, Pérez-Ortega J, Herrera-Valdez MA, Aceves JJ, Galarraga E, Bargas J. Acute dopamine receptor blockade in substantia nigra pars reticulata: a possible model for drug-induced Parkinsonism. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2922-2938. [PMID: 30256736 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00579.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) depletion modifies the firing pattern of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), shifting their mostly tonic firing toward irregularity and bursting, traits of pathological firing underlying rigidity and postural instability in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and animal models of Parkinsonism (PS). Drug-induced Parkinsonism (DIP) represents 20-40% of clinical cases of PS, becoming a problem for differential diagnosis, and is still not well studied with physiological tools. It may co-occur with tardive dyskinesia. Here we use in vitro slice preparations including the SNr to observe drug-induced pathological firing by using drugs that most likely produce it, DA-receptor antagonists (SCH23390 plus sulpiride), to compare with firing patterns found in DA-depleted tissue. The hypothesis is that SNr firing would be similar under both conditions, a prerequisite to the proposal of a similar preparation to test other DIP-producing drugs. Firing was analyzed with three complementary metrics, showing similarities between DA depletion and acute DA-receptor blockade. Moreover, blockade of either nonselective cationic channels or Cav3 T-type calcium channels hyperpolarized the membrane and abolished bursting and irregular firing, silencing SNr neurons in both conditions. Therefore, currents generating firing in control conditions are in part responsible for pathological firing. Haloperidol, a DIP-producing drug, reproduced DA-receptor antagonist firing modifications. Since acute DA-receptor blockade induces SNr neuron firing similar to that found in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of PS, output basal ganglia neurons may play a role in generating DIP. Therefore, this study opens the way to test other DIP-producing drugs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dopamine (DA) depletion enhances substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neuron bursting and irregular firing, hallmarks of Parkinsonism. Several drugs, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, and calcium channel antagonists, among others, produce drug-induced Parkinsonism. Here we show the first comparison between SNr neuron firing after DA depletion vs. firing found after acute blockade of DA receptors. It was found that firing in both conditions is similar, implying that pathological SNr neuron firing is also a physiological correlate of drug-induced Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Martínez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City, México
| | - Jesús Pérez-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Querétaro, México
| | - Marco Arieli Herrera-Valdez
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City, México
| | - Jose J Aceves
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City, México
| | - Elvira Galarraga
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City, México
| | - José Bargas
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City, México
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36
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Simmons DV, Higgs MH, Lebby S, Wilson CJ. Predicting responses to inhibitory synaptic input in substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2679-2693. [PMID: 30207859 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00535.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in firing probability produced by a synaptic input are usually visualized using the poststimulus time histogram (PSTH). It would be useful if postsynaptic firing patterns could be predicted from patterns of afferent synaptic activation, but attempts to predict the PSTH from synaptic potential waveforms using reasoning based on voltage trajectory and spike threshold have not been successful, especially for inhibitory inputs. We measured PSTHs for substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons inhibited by optogenetic stimulation of striato-nigral inputs or by matching artificial inhibitory conductances applied by dynamic clamp. The PSTH was predicted by a model based on each SNr cell's phase-resetting curve (PRC). Optogenetic activation of striato-nigral input or artificial synaptic inhibition produced a PSTH consisting of an initial depression of firing followed by oscillatory increases and decreases repeating at the SNr cell's baseline firing rate. The phase resetting model produced PSTHs closely resembling the cell data, including the primary pause in firing and the oscillation. Key features of the PSTH, including the onset rate and duration of the initial inhibitory phase, and the subsequent increase in firing probability could be explained from the characteristic shape of the SNr cell's PRC. The rate of damping of the late oscillation was explained by the influence of asynchronous phase perturbations producing firing rate jitter and wander. Our results demonstrate the utility of phase-resetting models as a general method for predicting firing in spontaneously active neurons and their value in interpretation of the striato-nigral PSTH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The coupling of patterned presynaptic input to sequences of postsynaptic firing is a Gordian knot, complicated by the multidimensionality of neuronal state and the diversity of potential initial states. Even so, it is fundamental for even the simplest understanding of network dynamics. We show that a simple phase-resetting model constructed from experimental measurements can explain and predict the sequence of spike rate changes following synaptic inhibition of an oscillating basal ganglia output neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Simmons
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - M H Higgs
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - S Lebby
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - C J Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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Glutamatergic and gabaergic ventral BNST neurons differ in their physiological properties and responsiveness to noradrenaline. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2126-2133. [PMID: 29704000 PMCID: PMC6098041 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) regulates defensive responses to threats and its anteroventral portion (BNST-AV) is involved. BNST-AV contains a minority of glutamatergic neurons scattered among a dominant population of GABAergic cells. There is evidence that these two cell types might exert opposite influences, the former promoting and the latter reducing anxiety. Although GABAergic cells greatly outnumber glutamatergic neurons in BNST-AV, in some circumstances the influence of glutamatergic cells appears to predominate. Related to this, BNST-AV receives a very strong noradrenaline (NA) input and negative emotional states are associated with a marked rise of NA concentration in BNST-AV. However, it is currently unclear whether NA differentially alters the excitability of glutamatergic and GABAergic BNST-AV neurons. Thus, to shed light on how BNST-AV regulates negative emotional states, the present study compared the physiological properties and NA responsiveness of glutamatergic and GABAergic BNST-AV neurons using whole-cell recordings in transgenic mice that express a fluorescent reporter in either cell group. We found that glutamatergic cells had a slightly more complex morphology than the GABAergic cells, a higher intrinsic excitability, and a different responsiveness to NA. Indeed, while NA inhibited EPSPs in both cell types through α1 and α2 adrenoreceptors, the EPSP reduction seen in glutamatergic cells had a lower amplitude and a shorter duration than in GABAergic cells. These differences were due to the presence of a β-receptor-mediated EPSP enhancement in the glutamatergic cells. Together, our results suggest that multiple properties contribute to the disproportionate influence of glutamatergic BNST-AV neurons.
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Antimanic Efficacy of a Novel Kv3 Potassium Channel Modulator. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:435-444. [PMID: 28857068 PMCID: PMC5729564 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 voltage-gated potassium channels are expressed on parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in corticolimbic brain regions and contribute to high-frequency neural firing. The channels are also expressed on GABAergic neurons of the basal ganglia, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area (VTA) where they regulate firing patterns critical for movement control, reward, and motivation. Modulation of Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 channels may therefore have potential in the treatment of disorders in which these systems have been implicated, such as bipolar disorder. Following the recent development of a potassium channel modulator, AUT1-an imidazolidinedione compound that specifically increases currents mediated by Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 channels in recombinant systems-we report that the compound is able to reverse 'manic-like' behavior in two mouse models: amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and ClockΔ19 mutants. AUT1 completely prevented amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in a dose-dependent manner, similar to the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine. Similar efficacy was observed in Kv3.2 knockout mice. In contrast, AUT1 was unable to prevent amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice lacking Kv3.1 channels. Notably, Kv3.1-null mice displayed baseline hyperlocomotion, reduced anxiety-like behavior, and antidepressant-like behavior. In ClockΔ19 mice, AUT1 reversed hyperactivity. Furthermore, AUT1 application modulated firing frequency and action potential properties of ClockΔ19 VTA dopamine neurons potentially through network effects. Kv3.1 protein levels in the VTA of ClockΔ19 and WT mice were unaltered by acute AUT1 treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that the modulation of Kv3.1 channels may provide a novel approach to the treatment of bipolar mania.
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The role of cortical oscillations in a spiking neural network model of the basal ganglia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189109. [PMID: 29236724 PMCID: PMC5728518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although brain oscillations involving the basal ganglia (BG) have been the target of extensive research, the main focus lies disproportionally on oscillations generated within the BG circuit rather than other sources, such as cortical areas. We remedy this here by investigating the influence of various cortical frequency bands on the intrinsic effective connectivity of the BG, as well as the role of the latter in regulating cortical behaviour. To do this, we construct a detailed neural model of the complete BG circuit based on fine-tuned spiking neurons, with both electrical and chemical synapses as well as short-term plasticity between structures. As a measure of effective connectivity, we estimate information transfer between nuclei by means of transfer entropy. Our model successfully reproduces firing and oscillatory behaviour found in both the healthy and Parkinsonian BG. We found that, indeed, effective connectivity changes dramatically for different cortical frequency bands and phase offsets, which are able to modulate (or even block) information flow in the three major BG pathways. In particular, alpha (8–12Hz) and beta (13–30Hz) oscillations activate the direct BG pathway, and favour the modulation of the indirect and hyper-direct pathways via the subthalamic nucleus—globus pallidus loop. In contrast, gamma (30–90Hz) frequencies block the information flow from the cortex completely through activation of the indirect pathway. Finally, below alpha, all pathways decay gradually and the system gives rise to spontaneous activity generated in the globus pallidus. Our results indicate the existence of a multimodal gating mechanism at the level of the BG that can be entirely controlled by cortical oscillations, and provide evidence for the hypothesis of cortically-entrained but locally-generated subthalamic beta activity. These two findings suggest new insights into the pathophysiology of specific BG disorders.
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40
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Beier KT, Kim CK, Hoerbelt P, Hung LW, Heifets BD, DeLoach KE, Mosca TJ, Neuner S, Deisseroth K, Luo L, Malenka RC. Rabies screen reveals GPe control of cocaine-triggered plasticity. Nature 2017; 549:345-350. [PMID: 28902833 PMCID: PMC6069680 DOI: 10.1038/nature23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of neural circuit changes contributing to behavioral plasticity has routinely been conducted on candidates that were preselected based on past results. Here we present an unbiased method for identifying experience-triggered circuit-level changes in neuronal ensembles. Using rabies virus monosynaptic tracing we mapped cocaine-induced global input changes onto ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons. Cocaine increased rabies labeled inputs from the globus pallidus externus (GPe), a basal ganglia nucleus previously not known to participate in behavioral plasticity triggered by drugs of abuse. We demonstrated that cocaine increased GPe neuron activity, which accounted for the increase in GPe labeling. Inhibition of GPe activity revealed its vital role in two different forms of cocaine-triggered behavioral plasticity, at least in part via GPe-mediated disinhibition of VTA dopamine neuron activity. These results suggest that rabies-based unbiased screening of changes in input populations can identify previously unappreciated circuit elements that critically support behavioral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Beier
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Christina K Kim
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Paul Hoerbelt
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lin Wai Hung
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Boris D Heifets
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Katherine E DeLoach
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Neuner
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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De Biase LM, Schuebel KE, Fusfeld ZH, Jair K, Hawes IA, Cimbro R, Zhang HY, Liu QR, Shen H, Xi ZX, Goldman D, Bonci A. Local Cues Establish and Maintain Region-Specific Phenotypes of Basal Ganglia Microglia. Neuron 2017; 95:341-356.e6. [PMID: 28689984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and can also modulate neuronal function and synaptic connectivity. In contrast to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which arise from multiple progenitor pools, microglia arise from yolk sac progenitors and are widely considered to be equivalent throughout the CNS. However, little is known about basic properties of deep brain microglia, such as those within the basal ganglia (BG). Here, we show that microglial anatomical features, lysosome content, membrane properties, and transcriptomes differ significantly across BG nuclei. Region-specific phenotypes of BG microglia emerged during the second postnatal week and were re-established following genetic or pharmacological microglial ablation and repopulation in the adult, indicating that local cues play an ongoing role in shaping microglial diversity. These findings demonstrate that microglia in the healthy brain exhibit a spectrum of distinct functional states and provide a critical foundation for defining microglial contributions to BG circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M De Biase
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Kornel E Schuebel
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Zachary H Fusfeld
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kamwing Jair
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Isobel A Hawes
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Division of Rheumatology, Bayview Flow Cytometry Core, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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42
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Karunasinghe RN, Grey AC, Telang R, Vlajkovic SM, Lipski J. Differential spread of anoxic depolarization contributes to the pattern of neuronal injury after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in the Substantia Nigra in rat brain slices. Neuroscience 2016; 340:359-372. [PMID: 27826106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anoxic depolarization (AD) is an acute event evoked by brain ischemia, involving a profound loss of cell membrane potential and swelling that spreads over susceptible parts of the gray matter. Its occurrence is a strong predictor of the severity of neuronal injury. Little is known about this event in the Substantia Nigra, a midbrain nucleus critical for motor control. We tested the effects of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of brain ischemia, in rat midbrain slices. AD developed within 4min from OGD onset and spread in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNr), but not through the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc). This differential effect involved a contrasting pattern of changes in membrane potential between dopamine-producing SNc and non-dopaminergic SNr neurons. A fast depolarization in SNr neurons was not followed by repolarization after the end of OGD, and was associated with swollen somata and beaded dendrites. In contrast, slowly developing depolarization of SNc neurons led to repolarization after OGD ended, and no changes in neuronal morphology were observed. The AD-resistance of the SNc involved smaller dysregulations of K+ and Ca2+ ions, and a slower loss of energy metabolites. Our results show that acute ischemia profoundly impairs the function and morphology of SNr neurons but not adjacent SNc neurons, and that the surprising higher tolerance of SNc neurons correlates with the resistance of the SNc region to AD. This differential response may affect the pattern of early neuronal injury that develops in the brainstem after acute ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika N Karunasinghe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ravindra Telang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Srdjan M Vlajkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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43
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44
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Yee AG, Freestone PS, Bai JZ, Lipski J. Paradoxical lower sensitivity of Locus Coeruleus than Substantia Nigra pars compacta neurons to acute actions of rotenone. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:34-43. [PMID: 27771354 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is not only associated with degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the Substantia Nigra, but also with profound loss of noradrenergic neurons in the Locus Coeruleus (LC). Remarkably, LC degeneration may exceed, or even precede the loss of nigral DAergic neurons, suggesting that LC neurons may be more susceptible to damage by various insults. Using a combination of electrophysiology, fluorescence imaging and electrochemistry, we directly compared the responses of LC, nigral DAergic and nigral non-dopaminergic (non-DAergic) neurons in rat brain slices to acute application of rotenone, a mitochondrial toxin used to create animal and in vitro models of PD. Rotenone (0.01-5.0μM) dose-dependently inhibited the firing of all three groups of neurons, primarily by activating KATP channels. The toxin also depolarised mitochondrial potential (Ψm) and released reactive oxygen species (H2O2). When KATP channels were blocked, rotenone (1μM) increased the firing of LC neurons by activating an inward current associated with dose-dependent increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). This effect was attenuated by blocking oxidative stress-sensitive TRPM2 channels, and by pre-treatment of slices with anti-oxidants. These results demonstrate that rotenone inhibits the activity of LC neurons mainly by activating KATP channels, and increases [Ca2+]ivia TRPM2 channels. Since the responses of LC neurons were smaller than those of nigral DAergic neurons, our study shows that LC neurons are paradoxically less sensitive to acute effects of this parkinsonian toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Yee
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter S Freestone
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ji-Zhong Bai
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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45
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Gremel CM, Lovinger DM. Associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuit roles in effects of abused drugs. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:71-85. [PMID: 27457495 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian forebrain is characterized by the presence of several parallel cortico-basal ganglia circuits that shape the learning and control of actions. Among these are the associative, limbic and sensorimotor circuits. The function of all of these circuits has now been implicated in responses to drugs of abuse, as well as drug seeking and drug taking. While the limbic circuit has been most widely examined, key roles for the other two circuits in control of goal-directed and habitual instrumental actions related to drugs of abuse have been shown. In this review we describe the three circuits and effects of acute and chronic drug exposure on circuit physiology. Our main emphasis is on drug actions in dorsal striatal components of the associative and sensorimotor circuits. We then review key findings that have implicated these circuits in drug seeking and taking behaviors, as well as drug use disorders. Finally, we consider different models describing how the three cortico-basal ganglia circuits become involved in drug-related behaviors. This topic has implications for drug use disorders and addiction, as treatments that target the balance between the different circuits may be useful for reducing excessive substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gremel
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - D M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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46
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Cacciola A, Milardi D, Anastasi GP, Basile GA, Ciolli P, Irrera M, Cutroneo G, Bruschetta D, Rizzo G, Mondello S, Bramanti P, Quartarone A. A Direct Cortico-Nigral Pathway as Revealed by Constrained Spherical Deconvolution Tractography in Humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:374. [PMID: 27507940 PMCID: PMC4960230 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra is an important neuronal structure, located in the ventral midbrain, that exerts a regulatory function within the basal ganglia circuitry through the nigro-striatal pathway. Although its subcortical connections are relatively well-known in human brain, little is known about its cortical connections. The existence of a direct cortico-nigral pathway has been demonstrated in rodents and primates but only hypothesized in humans. In this study, we aimed at evaluating cortical connections of substantia nigra in vivo in human brain by using probabilistic constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) tractography on magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging data. We found that substantia nigra is connected with cerebral cortex as a whole, with the most representative connections involving prefrontal cortex, precentral and postcentral gyri and superior parietal lobule. These results may be relevant for the comprehension of the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders involving substantia nigra, such as parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and pathological addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Demetrio Milardi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo"Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe P Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo A Basile
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Ciolli
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Mariangela Irrera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo"Messina, Italy
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47
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Lutas A, Lahmann C, Soumillon M, Yellen G. The leak channel NALCN controls tonic firing and glycolytic sensitivity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27177420 PMCID: PMC4902561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain neuron types fire spontaneously at high rates, an ability that is crucial for their function in brain circuits. The spontaneously active GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a major output of the basal ganglia, provide tonic inhibition of downstream brain areas. A depolarizing 'leak' current supports this firing pattern, but its molecular basis remains poorly understood. To understand how SNr neurons maintain tonic activity, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to determine the transcriptome of individual mouse SNr neurons. We discovered that SNr neurons express the sodium leak channel, NALCN, and that SNr neurons lacking NALCN have impaired spontaneous firing. In addition, NALCN is involved in the modulation of excitability by changes in glycolysis and by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Our findings suggest that disruption of NALCN could impair the basal ganglia circuit, which may underlie the severe motor deficits in humans carrying mutations in NALCN. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15271.001 Some neurons in the brain produce electrical signals (or “fire”) spontaneously, without receiving any other signals from the senses or from other neurons. This spontaneous activity has a number of important roles. For example, in a part of the brain known as the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), spontaneously active neurons frequently produce electrical signals that reduce electrical activity in other brain areas. A current of positively charged ions constantly flows into the spontaneously active SNr neurons and enables them to fire constantly. Ions enter neurons through proteins called ion channels that are embedded in the surface of the neuron. Like all proteins, ion channels are made by “transcribing” genes to form molecules of RNA that are then “translated” to produce the basic sequence of the protein. Lutas et al. have now used single-cell RNA sequencing to study SNr neurons from mice and investigate which ion channel the positive ion current flows through. The RNA sequences revealed that the neurons have the gene for an ion channel known as NALCN. Recordings of the firing rate of neurons in slices of mouse brain showed that SNr neurons without this channel did not fire as often as SNr neurons with the channel. In addition, neurotransmitters (chemicals that alter the ability of neurons to fire) and changes in cell metabolism had less of an effect on the firing rate of SNr neurons that lacked the NALCN channel than they do on normal neurons. These findings may help explain why people with mutations in the NALCN gene have movement disorders, as the substantia nigra pars reticulata plays an important role in orchestrating complex movements. Future work is now needed to understand how a change in NALCN activity affects the other brain areas that SNr neurons connect to. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15271.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lutas
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Carolina Lahmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Gary Yellen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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48
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Abstract
This review is an attempt to explain the role of basal ganglia (BG) outputs in generating movements. Recent work showed that opponent outputs from the BG represent instantaneous body position coordinates during behavior. On the other hand, projection neurons in the striatum, the major input nucleus, as well as dopaminergic neurons that form the nigrostriatal pathway, can represent movement velocity. To explain these findings, a new model is proposed, in which the BG implement the level of transition control in an extended control hierarchy. BG outputs represent descending reference signals that command diverse lower-level position controllers. This model not only explains major neurological symptoms but also makes quantitative and testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Yin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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49
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Woltjer RL, Reese LC, Richardson BE, Tran H, Green S, Pham T, Chalupsky M, Gabriel I, Light T, Sanford L, Jeong SY, Hamada J, Schwanemann LK, Rogers C, Gregory A, Hogarth P, Hayflick SJ. Pallidal neuronal apolipoprotein E in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration recapitulates ischemic injury to the globus pallidus. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:289-97. [PMID: 26547561 PMCID: PMC4688119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a progressive movement disorder that is due to mutations in PANK2. Pathologically, it is a member of a class of diseases known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) and features increased tissue iron and ubiquitinated proteinaceous aggregates in the globus pallidus. We have previously determined that these aggregates represent condensed residue derived from degenerated pallidal neurons. However, the protein content, other than ubiquitin, of these aggregates remains unknown. In the present study, we performed biochemical and immunohistochemical studies to characterize these aggregates and found them to be enriched in apolipoprotein E that is poorly soluble in detergent solutions. However, we did not determine a significant association between APOE genotype and the clinical phenotype of disease in our database of 81 cases. Rather, we frequently identified similar ubiquitin- and apolipoprotein E-enriched lesions in these neurons in non-PKAN patients in the penumbrae of remote infarcts that involve the globus pallidus, and occasionally in other brain sites that contain large γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Our findings, taken together, suggest that tissue or cellular hypoxic/ischemic injury within the globus pallidus may underlie the pathogenesis of PKAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Lindsay C Reese
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Brian E Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Huong Tran
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Sarah Green
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Thao Pham
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Megan Chalupsky
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Isabella Gabriel
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tyler Light
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Lynn Sanford
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hamada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Leila K Schwanemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Caleb Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Allison Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Morello F, Partanen J. Diversity and development of local inhibitory and excitatory neurons associated with dopaminergic nuclei. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3693-701. [PMID: 26453835 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For regulation of voluntary movement and motivation the midbrain dopaminergic system receives input from a variety of brain regions. Often this input is mediated by local non-dopaminergic neurons within or closely associated with the dopaminergic nuclei. In addition to the dopaminergic neurons, some of these non-dopaminergic neurons also send functionally important output from the ventral midbrain to forebrain targets. The aim of this review is to introduce subtypes of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, which are located in the dopaminergic nuclei or the adjacent brainstem and are important for the regulation of the dopaminergic pathways. In addition, we discuss recent studies beginning to reveal mechanisms for their development, which may hold the key to understanding the diversity of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Morello
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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