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Watson J, Balmforth V, Gray E, Unthank MG. pH-Responsive, Thermoset Polymer Coatings for Active Protection against Aluminum Corrosion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12986-12995. [PMID: 38426266 PMCID: PMC10941078 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and use of multifunctional methacrylic monomers, which contain basic (amine) functional groups, including an example in which an acid-labile tert-butylcarbamate-protected glycine is used to form a novel methacrylic monomer. The "protected" amino acid-derived functional monomer (BOC-Gly-MA) is copolymerized with an epoxide functional methacrylic monomer (GMA), to deliver novel multifunctional polymers, which are processed into powder coatings and used to study filiform corrosion at the surface of an aluminum substrate. The BOC-Gly-MA-containing copolymers were shown to improve a coating's anticorrosion performance, presenting the lowest average filiform corrosion (FFC) track length, total FFC number, and total corroded surface area (CSA) of the coatings investigated. Further to this, a mode of action for the role of BOC-Gly functional polymers in corrosion protection is proposed, supported by both solution and polymer-aluminum interface studies, delivering new insights into the mode of action of pH-responsive polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Watson
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Victoria Balmforth
- AkzoNobel,
Polymer Development Group, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Tyne & Wear NE10 0JY, U.K.
| | - Elaine Gray
- AkzoNobel,
Polymer Development Group, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Tyne & Wear NE10 0JY, U.K.
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2
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Oluwoye I, Machuca LL, Higgins S, Suh S, Galloway TS, Halley P, Tanaka S, Iannuzzi M. Degradation and lifetime prediction of plastics in subsea and offshore infrastructures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166719. [PMID: 37673242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineering and civil developments have relied on synthetic polymers and plastics (including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, etc.) for decades, especially where their durability protects engineering structures against corrosion and other environmental stimuli. Offshore oil and gas infrastructure and renewable energy platforms are typical examples, where these plastics (100,000 s of metric tonnes worldwide) are used primarily as functional material to protect metallic flowlines and subsea equipment against seawater corrosion. Despite this, the current literature on polymers is limited to sea-surface environments, and a model for subsea degradation of plastics is needed. In this review, we collate relevant studies on the degradation of plastics and synthetic polymers in marine environments to gain insight into the fate of these materials when left in subsea conditions. We present a new mathematical model that accounts for various physicochemical changes in the oceanic environment as a function of depth to predict the lifespan of synthetic plastics and the possible formation of plastic debris, e.g., microplastics. We found that the degradation rate of the plastics decreases significantly as a function of water depth and can be estimated quantitatively by the mathematical model that accounts for the effect (and sensitivity) of geographical location, temperature, light intensity, hydrostatic pressure, and marine sediments. For instance, it takes a subsea polyethylene coating about 800 years to degrade on ocean floor (as opposed to <400 years in shallow coastal waters), generating 1000s of particles per g of degradation under certain conditions. Our results demonstrate how suspended sediments in the water column are likely to compensate for the decreasing depth-corrected degradation rates, resulting in surface abrasion and the formation of plastic debris such as microplastics. This review, and the complementing data, will be significant for the environmental impact assessment of plastics in subsea infrastructures. Moreover, as these infrastructures reach the end of their service life, the management of the plastic components becomes of great interest to environmental regulators, industry, and the community, considering the known sizeable impacts of plastics on global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Oluwoye
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Laura L Machuca
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart Higgins
- Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6824, Australia
| | - Sangwon Suh
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Peter Halley
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariano Iannuzzi
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Guta Y, Carneiro J, Li S, Innocenti G, Pang SH, Sakwa-Novak MA, Sievers C, Jones CW. Contributions of CO 2, O 2, and H 2O to the Oxidative Stability of Solid Amine Direct Air Capture Sorbents at Intermediate Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46790-46802. [PMID: 37774150 PMCID: PMC10571043 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Aminopolymer-based sorbents are preferred materials for extraction of CO2 from ambient air [direct air capture (DAC) of CO2] owing to their high CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity at ultra-dilute conditions. While those adsorptive properties are important, the stability of a sorbent is a key element in developing high-performing, cost-effective, and long-lasting sorbents that can be deployed at scale. Along with process upsets, environmental components such as CO2, O2, and H2O may contribute to long-term sorbent instability. As such, unraveling the complex effects of such atmospheric components on the sorbent lifetime as they appear in the environment is a critical step to understanding sorbent deactivation mechanisms and designing more effective sorbents and processes. Here, a poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)/Al2O3 sorbent is assessed over continuous and cyclic dry and humid conditions to determine the effect of the copresence of CO2 and O2 on stability at an intermediate temperature of 70 °C. Thermogravimetric and elemental analyses in combination with in situ horizontal attenuated total reflection infrared (HATR-IR) spectroscopy are performed to measure the extent of deactivation, elemental content, and molecular level changes in the sorbent due to deactivation. The thermal/thermogravimetric analysis results reveal that incorporating CO2 with O2 accelerates sorbent deactivation using these sorbents in dry and humid conditions compared to that using CO2-free air in similar conditions. The in situ HATR-IR spectroscopy results of PEI/Al2O3 sorbent deactivation under a CO2-air environment show the formation of primary amine species in higher quantity (compared to that in conditions without O2 or CO2), which arises due to the C-N bond cleavage at secondary amines due to oxidative degradation. We hypothesize that the formation of bound CO2 species such as carbamic acids catalyzes C-N cleavage reactions in the oxidative degradation pathway by shuttling protons, resulting in a low activation energy barrier for degradation, as probed by metadynamics simulations. In the cyclic experiment after 30 cycles, results show a gradual loss in stability (dry: 29%, humid: 52%) under CO2-containing air (0.04% CO2/21% O2 balance N2). However, the loss in capacity during cyclic studies is significantly less than that during continuous deactivation, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseph
A. Guta
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juliana Carneiro
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sichi Li
- Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Giada Innocenti
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Simon H. Pang
- Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | | | - Carsten Sievers
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Oliveira MS, Pereira AC, Colorado HA, Meliande NM, da Cunha JDSC, Figueiredo ABHDS, Monteiro SN. Thermal and Colorimetric Parameter Evaluation of Thermally Aged Materials: A Study of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A/Triethylenetetramine System and Fique Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3761. [PMID: 37765616 PMCID: PMC10536536 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main modifications of thermal and colorimetric parameters after thermal aging of DGEBA/TETA system (plain epoxy) and fique-fiber woven fabric-reinforced epoxy composites are described. As a preliminary study, thermal analysis was carried out on epoxy matrix composites reinforced with 15, 30, 40 and 50% fique-fiber woven fabric. After this previous analysis, the 40% composite was chosen to be thermally aged, at 170 °C. Three exposure times were considered, namely, 0, 72, 120 and 240 h. Samples were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and colorimetry analysis. Significant color changes were observed after thermal aging combined with oxidation. It was also found that the thermal behavior of the plain epoxy showed greater resistance after thermal exposure. By contrast, the composites were more sensitive to temperature variations as a result of thermal stresses induced between fique fibers and the epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Henry Alonso Colorado
- CComposites Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Street 70, n° 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Natalin Michele Meliande
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
- Modeling, Metrology, Simulation and Additive Manufacture Section, Brazilian Army Technology Center-CTEx, Avenida das Américas, 28.705, Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Juliana dos Santos Carneiro da Cunha
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
- Department of Polymeric Materials, Federal University of Amazonas, Avenue General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | - André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
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5
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Anderson L, Sanders EW, Unthank MG. Recyclable thermosets based on modified epoxy-amine network polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:889-898. [PMID: 36537891 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high performance, recyclable thermoset materials for applications in plastics, composites, coatings and adhesives requires a synthetic approach where recyclability is designed into the molecular structure of the material. This paper describes a single stage process for the creation of materials from simple, low-cost molecular building blocks, where the polymerisation of liquid epoxy resins and aliphatic amines in the presence of an n-butyl diboronic ester, delivers epoxy-amine-dioxazaborocane materials with tunable physical properties including glass transition temperature (Tg). Mechanical (thermal) recycling and reprocessing of the epoxy-amine-dioxazaborocane thermoset is demonstrated, with retention of Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. Most notably, an efficient and low-cost process for the chemical recycling, disassembly and dissolution of the thermoset is demonstrated via two complementary processes using either pinacol (diol) or mono-functional phenylboronic ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Anderson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Edward W Sanders
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Matthew G Unthank
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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6
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Investigation of the chemical changes and mechanism of the epoxy-amine system by in situ infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation analysis. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Morsch S, Lyon SB, Gibbon S, Irwin M. Internal topology and water transport in tetrafunctional epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Stuart B. Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Simon Gibbon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
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8
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Liu Q, Huang W, Liu B, Wang PC, Chen HB. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Gamma Radiolysis and Dose Rate Effect of o-Cresol Formaldehyde Epoxy Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5959-5972. [PMID: 35049269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gamma radiolysis behaviors and mechanisms of silica-filled o-cresol formaldehyde epoxy are studied at 2.20 × 10-5 to 1.95 × 10-1 Gy/s. The radiolysis-induced changes in chemical structures do not severely affect its thermostability. The slightly deteriorated mechanical strength at temperature exceeding 100 °C is accompanied by the declining glass transition temperature (from 185.9 to 172.2 °C) and enhanced damping ability. The gas yields of hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide manifest a remarkable dose rate effect. Based on the Schwarzschild law, their yields at an extremely low dose rate are accurately predicted by the established master curves. Besides, the latent radiolysis of gas products and postradiation effect are found with caution. The radiation-caused residual spin species are proved to be composed of silica defects and a phenoxy-type free radical with a tert-butyl group, according to the experimental results, theoretical calculations, and spectra simulations. The lower vertical ionization potential (7.6 eV) and adiabatic ionization potential (7.1 eV) are primarily due to the ionization of the benzene ring moiety with the tert-butyl group, which is likely to suffer from radiolysis. The calculated bond dissociation energy (260.8-563.5 kJ/mol) of the typical chemical bonds of epoxy is consistent with its radiolytic vulnerability and degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Pu-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Hong-Bing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
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9
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Morsch S, Wand CR, Emad S, Lyon S, Siperstein F, Malanin M, Muche J, Caspari A, Drechsler A, Eichhorn KJ, Gibbon S. Molecular origins of Epoxy-Amine/Iron oxide interphase formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:415-425. [PMID: 35042039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interphase properties in composites, adhesives and protective coatings can be predicted on the basis of interfacial interactions between polymeric precursor molecules and the inorganic surface during network formation. The strength of molecular interactions is expected to determine local segmental mobility (polymer glass transition temperature, Tg) and cure degree. EXPERIMENTS Conventional analysis techniques and atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) are applied to nanocomposite specimens to precisely characterise the epoxy-amine/iron oxide interphase, whilst molecular dynamics simulations are applied to identify the molecular interactions underpinning its formation. FINDINGS Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and high-resolution AFM-IR mapping confirm the presence of nanoscale under-cured interphase regions. Interfacial segregation of the molecular triethylenetetraamine (TETA) cross-linker results in an excess of epoxy functionality near synthetic hematite, (Fe2O3) magnetite (Fe3O4) and goethite (Fe(O)OH) particle surfaces. This occurs independently of the variable surface binding energies, as a result of entropic segregation during the cure. Thermal analysis and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that restricted segmental motion is imparted by strong interfacial binding between surface Fe sites in goethite, where the position of surface hydroxyl protons enables synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic binding to Fe atoms at specific sites. This provides a strong driving force for molecular orientation resulting in significantly raised Tg values for the goethite composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlie R Wand
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Seyedgholamreza Emad
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stuart Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Flor Siperstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikhail Malanin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Muche
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Drechsler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead NE10 0JY, UK
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Starkova O, Gaidukovs S, Platnieks O, Barkane A, Garkusina K, Palitis E, Grase L. Water absorption and hydrothermal ageing of epoxy adhesives reinforced with amino-functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Yamamoto S, Kuwahara R, Tanaka K. Dynamic behaviour of water molecules in heterogeneous free space formed in an epoxy resin. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6073-6080. [PMID: 34132297 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although an epoxy resin is a stable material, it absorbs moisture over a long period of time, causing deterioration of its material properties. We here applied a full-atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study where water molecules exist in an epoxy resin and how they dynamically behave. First, the curing reaction was simulated to obtain a network structure so that the time course of the density, and thereby the free space, in the resin were obtained. The results made it possible to discuss the formation and size distribution of the free spaces which were not connected to each other. Then, a few percent of water were inserted into the free space of the cured epoxy resin to examine the location and dynamics of their molecules. We found that several water molecules were clustered at a preferred site, where hydrogen bonds can be formed with hydroxy, ether and amino groups of the network, in the free space, and they heterogeneously moved from there to other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamamoto
- Centre for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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12
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Gao M, Wang J, Cong C, Ma C, Morshed M, Wang Z. Degradation of epoxy coatings cooperated with polyaniline nanowires in the outdoor environment. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
| | - Chang Cong
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
| | - Cuihua Ma
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
| | - Mainul Morshed
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
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