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Munibullah, Li Y, Munib K, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Prevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petits ruminants in selected districts of the northern border region of Pakistan. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:225. [PMID: 38790010 PMCID: PMC11118733 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (WOAH) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly communicable viral disease of small ruminants. PPR virus (PPRV) belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. AIM The present cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was accomplished to estimate the apparent prevalence and identify the risk factors linked with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in the previously neglected northern border regions of Pakistan. METHOD A total of 1300 samples (serum = 328; swabs = 972) from 150 flocks/herds were compiled from sheep (n = 324), goats (n = 328), cattle (n = 324), and buffaloes (n = 324) during 2020-2021 and tested using ELISA for detection of viral antibody in sera or antigen in swabs. RESULTS An overall apparent prevalence of 38.7% (504 samples) and an estimated true prevalence (calculated by the Rogan and Gladen estimator) of 41.0% (95% CI, 38.0-44 were recorded in the target regions. The highest apparent prevalence of 53.4% (85 samples) and the true prevalence of 57.0%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were documented in the Gilgit district and the lowest apparent prevalence of 53 (25.1%) and the true prevalence of 26.0%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 19.0-33.0) was reported in the Swat district. A questionnaire was designed to collect data about associated risk factors that were put into a univariable logistic regression to decrease the non-essential assumed risk dynamics with a P-value of 0.25. ArcGIS, 10.8.1 was used to design hotspot maps and MedCalc's online statistical software was used to calculate Odds Ratio (OR). Some of the risk factors significantly different (P < 0.05) in the multivariable logistic regression were flock/herd size, farming methods, nomadic animal movement, and outbreaks of PPR. The odds of large-sized flocks/herds were 1.7 (OR = 1.79; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.034-91.80%) times more likely to be positive than small-sized. The odds of transhumance and nomadic systems were 1.1 (OR = 1.15; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.022-58.64%) and 1.0 (OR = 1.02; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.020-51.97%) times more associated to be positive than sedentary and mixed farming systems, respectively. The odds of nomadic animal movement in the area was 0.7 (OR = 0.57; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.014-38.06%) times more associated to be positive than in areas where no nomadic movement was observed. In addition, the odds of an outbreak of PPR in the area were 1.0 (OR = 1.00; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.018-46.73%) times more associated to be positive than in areas where no outbreak of PPR was observed. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that many northern regions considered endemic for PPR, large and small ruminants are kept and reared together making numerous chances for virus transmission dynamic, so a big threats of disease spread exist in the region. The results of the present study would contribute to the global goal of controlling and eradicating PPR by 2030.
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Grants
- This work was funded and supported by Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project (XM2023012), the Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds (16011211013), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC0073). Prof. Dr. Zhang Zhidong
- This work was funded and supported by Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project (XM2023012), the Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds (16011211013), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC0073). Prof. Dr. Zhang Zhidong
- This work was funded and supported by Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project (XM2023012), the Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds (16011211013), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC0073). Prof. Dr. Zhang Zhidong
- This work was funded and supported by Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project (XM2023012), the Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds (16011211013), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC0073). Prof. Dr. Zhang Zhidong
- This work was funded and supported by Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project (XM2023012), the Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds (16011211013), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC0073). Prof. Dr. Zhang Zhidong
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Affiliation(s)
- Munibullah
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Govindaraj GN, Balamurugan V, Mohanty BS, Kumari S, Tapase J, Naveenkumar GS, Roy P, Shome BR. Flock level socio-economic and other associated risk factors for Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) exposure in sheep and goats in Madhya Pradesh state, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:127. [PMID: 38625603 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
To effectively control and eradicate PPR, the comprehensive understanding of risk factors associated with PPR exposure is vital. Hence, this study investigated socioeconomic and other associated risk determinants for PPR exposure at flock level in sheep and goats in a non-vaccination programme implemented Madhya Pradesh state India. A total of 410 sheep and goat flocks, comprised mostly of goats but also some mixed flocks, were surveyed during 2016 using a multistage random sampling procedure. Further, 230 blood samples were also collected from the farmers-reported PPR affected flocks and sera were tested using c-ELISA to confirm PPR exposure. The primary data on socioeconomic factors, farm management factors, health status, vaccination details and other epidemiological risk factors were collected from flock owners and descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and logistic regression models were fitted to identify the significant risk factors for PPR incidence. The farmer's education, flock size, rearing pattern, and awareness of PPR vaccination were found to be significant pre-disposing risk factors for PPR exposure in the flocks. Hence, the control and eradication strategy need to be designed comprehensively considering the key social factors like education and vaccination awareness along with other flock level risk factors to eradicate PPR by 2030 in consonance with the global plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India.
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Barada Shankar Mohanty
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Sowjanya Kumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Jayant Tapase
- State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, 462001, India
| | - G S Naveenkumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
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Benfield CTO, Legnardi M, Mayen F, Almajali A, Cinardi G, Wisser D, Chaka H, Njeumi F. Peste Des Petits Ruminants in the Middle East: Epidemiological Situation and Status of Control and Eradication Activities after the First Phase of the PPR Global Eradication Program (2017–2021). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071196. [PMID: 37048452 PMCID: PMC10093352 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a burdensome viral disease primarily affecting small ruminants, which is currently targeted for eradication by 2030 through the implementation of a Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES). The PPR GCES, launched in 2015, has strongly encouraged countries to participate in Regional PPR Roadmaps, designated according to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) regions and epidemiological considerations, with each targeted by dedicated meetings and activities. Following the conclusion of the first phase of the PPR Global Eradication Program (PPR GEP) (2017–2021), the present work focuses on the disease situation and status of the eradication campaign in the fourteen countries of the PPR GCES Middle Eastern Roadmap as well as Egypt. PPR is endemic to or suspected to be present in most of the region, except for Bahrain, which, as of 2021, is preparing to apply for official recognition as being free of PPR. Some substantial shortcomings are observed in surveillance and disease reporting, as well as in the implemented control strategies, most notably vaccination. Since many of these limitations are shared by many of the investigated countries, the international cooperation and harmonization of control efforts appears crucial to making PPR eradication attainable in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla T. O. Benfield
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute (MAPS), Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Friederike Mayen
- Regional Office for Near East and North Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Cairo P.O. Box 2223, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Almajali
- Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Abu Dhabi 62072, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Giuseppina Cinardi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Dominik Wisser
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Hassen Chaka
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
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Delabouglise A, Fournié G, Peyre M, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Boni MF. Elasticity and substitutability of food demand and emerging disease risk on livestock farms. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221304. [PMID: 36938540 PMCID: PMC10014248 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Disease emergence in livestock is a product of environment, epidemiology and economic forces. The environmental factors contributing to novel pathogen emergence in humans have been studied extensively, but the two-way relationship between farm microeconomics and outbreak risk has received comparably little attention. We introduce a game-theoretic model where farmers produce and sell two goods, one of which (e.g. pigs, poultry) is susceptible to infection by a pathogen. We model market and epidemiological effects at both the individual farm level and the community level. We find that in the case of low demand elasticity for livestock meat, the presence of an animal pathogen causing production losses can lead to a bistable system where two outcomes are possible: (i) successful disease control or (ii) maintained disease circulation, where farmers slaughter their animals at a low rate, face substantial production losses, but maintain large herds because of the appeal of high meat prices. Our observations point to the potentially critical effect of price elasticity of demand for livestock products on the success or failure of livestock disease control policies. We show the potential epidemiological benefits of (i) policies aimed at stabilizing livestock product prices, (ii) subsidies for alternative agricultural activities during epidemics, and (iii) diversifying agricultural production and sources of proteins available to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Delabouglise
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier 34398, France
- UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
- Universitá de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint Genes Champanelle, France
| | - Marisa Peyre
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier 34398, France
- UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux
- FARAH-Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Maciej F. Boni
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Dubie T, Dagnew B, Gelo E, Negash W, Hussein F, Woldehana M. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petits ruminants among ovine and caprine in selected districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:429. [PMID: 36494681 PMCID: PMC9733059 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Peste des petits ruminant is an acute, highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. Despite the fact that food and agriculture organization and world organization for animal health plan to eradicate the disease by 2030, some studies indicated an increasing seropositivity of PPR infection in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed to estimate the seroprevalence of PPR and to assess risk factors during the study period, February to April, 2020. Following purposive selection of the study districts, simple random sampling technique was employed to select individual animal during sample collection. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy sheep and goats. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used to detect the presence of antibodies against PPR at national veterinary institute. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square (X2) and logistic regression analysis were used is this study. RESULTS The overall animal level seroprevalence of PPR virus was found to be 60.15% (n = 231/384) and species level prevalence rate was found to be 38.18% (n = 42) in sheep and 68.98% (n = 189) in goats in the study areas. Among the associated risk factors considered; species, sex, age and herd sizes were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the disease occurrence. Among the associated risk factors considered in this study, species, sex, age and herd size were found to be statistically associated with the seropositivity of PPR infection. CONCLUSION The present study finding revealed that a higher seroprevalence of PPR virus infection and this confirms peste des petits ruminant virus is circulating in Afar region. Further studies should be carried out on the entire region to determine PPR seroprevalence and to develop appropriate control and eradication strategies of PPR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshager Dubie
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhem Dagnew
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Esrael Gelo
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Wossene Negash
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Fentaw Hussein
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu Woldehana
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
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Urbanization and Habitat Characteristics Associated with the Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Africa. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14158978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a highly contagious viral disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) can cause severe socio-economic impacts in developing countries due to its threat to sheep and goat production. Previous studies have identified several risk factors for PPR at the individual or herd level. However, only a few studies explored the impacts of landscape factors on PPR risk, particularly at a regional scale. Moreover, risk factor analyses in Africa usually focused on sub-Saharan Africa while neglecting northern Africa. Based on regional occurrence data during 2006–2018, we here explored and compared the risk factors, with a focus on factors related to ruminant habitats, for the occurrence of PPR in sub-Saharan and northern Africa. Our results demonstrated different risk factors in the two regions. Specifically, habitat fragmentation was negatively correlated with PPR occurrence in sub-Saharan Africa, while positively correlated with PPR occurrence in northern Africa. Moreover, urbanization showed a positive association with PPR occurrence in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study is among the first, to our knowledge, to compare the risk factors for PPR in sub-Saharan and northern Africa and contributes to a better understanding of the effects of habitat characteristics on PPR occurrence at a regional scale.
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Towards eradication of peste des petits ruminants: post-vaccination evaluation in sheep and goats in Southern Peninsular India. Virusdisease 2020; 31:539-548. [PMID: 33381627 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-sectional seroprevalence study of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats was carried out in the Southern Peninsular region of India to ascertain the prevalence of PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies at the epidemiological units (epi-units) level in the small ruminant population. The serum samples were collected from various epi-units (villages) in the different states and union territory (UT) in Southern Peninsular region using a stratified random sampling methodology from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 6643 serum samples [sheep (n = 2785) and goats (n = 3858)] were collected from 360 epi-units and were screened by PPR competitive ELISA kit for the detection of PPRV antibodies. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala states, and Puducherry UT was 87.0%, 66.4%, 64.3%, 47.8%, 11.4%, and 50.4%, respectively in the studied region. Further, the results of the chi-squared test revealed that the PPRV antibodies across different states and UT in the region were associated (sheep-χ2 = 218.8, p < 0.01; goats-χ2 = 827.1, p < 0.01), as all the states and UT adopted the PPR vaccination programme. The study also implies that the small ruminants in some of the epi-units (n = 102) had < 30% seroprevalence, which necessitates comprehensive intensive vaccination and active surveillance programmes to make this region as PPR free zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - B Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - G Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - D Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - P Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
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Herzog CM, de Glanville WA, Willett BJ, Cattadori IM, Kapur V, Hudson PJ, Buza J, Swai ES, Cleaveland S, Bjørnstad ON. Peste des petits ruminants Virus Transmission Scaling and Husbandry Practices That Contribute to Increased Transmission Risk: An Investigation among Sheep, Goats, and Cattle in Northern Tanzania. Viruses 2020; 12:E930. [PMID: 32847058 PMCID: PMC7552010 DOI: 10.3390/v12090930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an infectious disease of high morbidity and mortality among sheep and goats which impacts millions of livestock keepers globally. PPRV transmission risk varies by production system, but a deeper understanding of how transmission scales in these systems and which husbandry practices impact risk is needed. To investigate transmission scaling and husbandry practice-associated risk, this study combined 395 household questionnaires with over 7115 cross-sectional serosurvey samples collected in Tanzania among agropastoral and pastoral households managing sheep, goats, or cattle (most managed all three, n = 284, 71.9%). Although self-reported compound-level herd size was significantly larger in pastoral than agropastoral households, the data show no evidence that household herd force of infection (FOI, per capita infection rate of susceptible hosts) increased with herd size. Seroprevalence and FOI patterns observed at the sub-village level showed significant spatial variation in FOI. Univariate analyses showed that household herd FOI was significantly higher when households reported seasonal grazing camp attendance, cattle or goat introduction to the compound, death, sale, or giving away of animals in the past 12 months, when cattle were grazed separately from sheep and goats, and when the household also managed dogs or donkeys. Multivariable analyses revealed that species, production system type, and goat or sheep introduction or seasonal grazing camp attendance, cattle or goat death or sales, or goats given away in the past 12 months significantly increased odds of seroconversion, whereas managing pigs or cattle attending seasonal grazing camps had significantly lower odds of seroconversion. Further research should investigate specific husbandry practices across production systems in other countries and in systems that include additional atypical host species to broaden understanding of PPRV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Herzog
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (I.M.C.); (V.K.); (P.J.H.); (O.N.B.)
| | - William A. de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (W.A.d.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Isabella M. Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (I.M.C.); (V.K.); (P.J.H.); (O.N.B.)
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (I.M.C.); (V.K.); (P.J.H.); (O.N.B.)
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (I.M.C.); (V.K.); (P.J.H.); (O.N.B.)
| | - Joram Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha Box 447, Tanzania;
| | - Emmanuel S. Swai
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma Box 2870, Tanzania;
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (W.A.d.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Ottar N. Bjørnstad
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (I.M.C.); (V.K.); (P.J.H.); (O.N.B.)
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Kumar KV, Muthuchelvan D, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India. Vet World 2020; 13:1573-1580. [PMID: 33061229 PMCID: PMC7522954 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1573-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, World Organization for Animal Health notifiable, economically important, transboundary morbilliviral disease of sheep and goats. Studying seroprevalence of PPR from different geographical areas under varying agro-climatic conditions may help in formulating effective and appropriate disease control strategies under the ongoing national PPR control program. The present cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of PPR virus antibodies in sheep and goats in the various epidemiological units in different states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh [HP], Jammu and Kashmir [J&K], Punjab, Uttarakhand [UK], and Uttar Pradesh [UP]) of the northern region of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 5843 serum samples (sheep [n=2463] and goats [n=3380]) were collected by stratified random sampling method from 322 epidemiological units in the studied region during 2017-2018 and tested for PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies by competitive ELISA. Results: The results revealed that an overall seroprevalence of 44.05% (2574/5843) with 57.32%, 55.22%, 65.69%, 37.09%, 32.73%, and 29.35% prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Haryana, Punjab, UP, HP, J&K, and UK states, respectively. Further, Chi-squared test revealed an association of PPRV antibodies in goats (χ2=252.28, p<0.01) and sheep (χ2=192.12, p<0.01) across different states in the region. Conclusion: The seroprevalence in majority of the epidemiological units (n=130) in sheep and goats in the studied region had <30%. This necessitates comprehensive, rigorous, continuous vaccination and active surveillance programs for few more years to achieve the desired 70% seroprevalence level of PPRV antibodies in population and to make the northern region of India, as PPR free zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Ahaduzzaman M. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Africa and Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence in sheep and goats between 1969 and 2018. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:813-833. [PMID: 32529792 PMCID: PMC7738735 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a prevalent viral disease of sheep and goats that impacts productivity and international animal trade. Despite the substantial economic consequences related to PPR, little is known about the prevalence of this disease at the broad geographical levels. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to use a systematic approach to assess the regional prevalence of PPR in sheep and goats, and the associated factors that contribute to prevalence estimates. METHODS Published articles on PPR in sheep and goats were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and the reference lists of articles reporting the prevalence from 1 January 1969 to 31 December 2018. Articles were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Since the heterogeneity among the studies was significant, pooled prevalences were estimated by a random effect meta-analysis model. RESULTS Data on the prevalence of PPR were obtained from Africa and Asia, where the pooled prevalence estimates were 40.99% (95% CI: 37.20%-44.79%) and 38.43% (95% CI: 35.64%-41.22%) respectively. Overall, the estimated pooled prevalence at Africa-Asia level in sheep was 39.31% (95% CI: 35.75%-42.88%) and in goats was 39.57% (95% CI: 36.66%-42.48%). Significant heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was noted in most pooled estimates. CONCLUSION The results on the regional prevalence estimates of PPR presented here will be useful in raising awareness and advocating for Governments to engage in initiatives to eradicate PPR and prevent it from spreading to other continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh
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11
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Sentinel surveillance of selected veterinary and public health pathogens in camel population originating from Southern Punjab province, Pakistan. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105435. [PMID: 32142734 PMCID: PMC7092811 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Camels are susceptible to a wide range of infectious diseases with varying rate of morbidity and mortality. Blutongue, peste des petits ruminants and brucellosis are prevalent among camels in southern part of the Punjab provinvce, Pakistan. Genome corresponding to Brucella abortus and multiple serotypes of bluetongue were detected among camels. Camels should be included for disease control interventions reltaed to brucellosis, blutongue and PPR from their endemic setting worldwide.
An extended range of host susceptibility including camel has been evidenced for some of the important veterinary and public health pathogens, such as brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and bluetongue (BT). However, in disease endemic settings across many parts of the globe, most of the disease control interventions accounts for small and large ruminants, whereas unusual hosts and/or natural reservoirs, such as camels, remain neglected for disease control measures including routine vaccination. Such a policy drawback not only plays an important role in disease epizootiology particularly in settings where disease is endemic, but also serves an obstacle in disease control and subsequent eradication in future. With this background, using pre-validated ELISA and molecular assays [multiplex PCR, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and real-time (rt)-PCR], we conducted a large-scale pathogen- and antibody-based surveillance for brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants and bluetongue in camel population (n = 992) originating from a wide geographical region in southern part of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Varying in each of the selected districts, the seroprevalence was found to be maximum for bluetongue [n = 697 (70.26%, 95% CI: 67.29–73.07)], followed by PPR [n = 193 (19.46%, 95% CI: 17.07–22.09)] and brucellosis [n = 66 (6.65%, 95% CI: 5.22–8.43)]. Odds of seroprevalence were more significantly associated with pregnancy status (non-pregnant, OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.86–5.63, p<0.01), farming system (mixed-animal, OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.56–4.29, p<0.01), breed (Desi, OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.28–4.03, p<0.01) and farmer education (illiterate, OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.45–6.93, p<0.01) for BTV, body condition (normal, OR = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.92–6.54, p<0.01) and breed (Desi, OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.09–4.40, p<0.01) for brucellosis, and feeding system for PPR (grazing, OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.79–4.22, p<0.01). Among the total herds included (n = 74), genome corresponding to BT virus (BTV) and brucellosis was detected in 14 (18.92%, 95 CI: 11.09–30.04) and 19 herds (25.68%, 95% CI: 16.54–37.38), respectively. None of the herds was detected with genome of PPR virus (PPRV). Among the positive herds, serotype 1, 8 and 11 were detected for BTV while all the herds were exclusively positive to B. abortus. Taken together, the study highlights the role of potential disease reservoirs in the persistence and transmission of selected diseases in their susceptible hosts and, therefore, urges necessary interventions (e.g., inclusion of camels for vaccine etc.) for the control of diseases from their endemic setting worldwide.
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Ruget AS, Tran A, Waret-Szkuta A, Moutroifi YO, Charafouddine O, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C, Chevalier V. Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation for Mapping the Risk of Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Eastern Africa and the Union of the Comoros. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:455. [PMID: 31921913 PMCID: PMC6922030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), responsible for peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is widely circulating in Africa and Asia. The disease is a huge burden for the economy and development of the affected countries. In Eastern Africa, the disease is considered endemic. Because of the geographic proximity and existing trade between eastern African countries and the Comoros archipelago, the latter is at risk of introduction and spread, and the first PPR outbreaks occurred in the Union of the Comoros in 2012. The objective of this study was to map the areas suitable for PPR occurrence and spread in the Union of the Comoros and four eastern African countries, namely Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multicriteria Evaluation (MCE) was developed. Risk factors for PPR occurrence and spread, and their relative importance, were identified using literature review and expert-based knowledge. Corresponding geographic data were collected, standardized, and combined based on a weighted linear combination to obtain PPR suitability maps. The accuracy of the maps was assessed using outbreak data from the EMPRES database and a ROC curve analysis. Our model showed an excellent ability to distinguish between absence and presence of outbreaks in Eastern Africa (AUC = 0.907; 95% CI [0.820-0.994]), and a very good performance in the Union of the Comoros (AUC = 0.889, 95% CI: [0.694-1]). These results highlight the efficiency of the GIS-MCE method, which can be applied at different geographic scales: continental, national and local. The resulting maps provide decision support tools for implementation of disease surveillance and control measures, thus contributing to the PPR eradication goal of OIE and FAO by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Ruget
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- UMR TETIS, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Onzade Charafouddine
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Environment, Territorial Development, and Urbanism, Moroni, Comoros
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Mantip SE, Shamaki D, Farougou S. Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiology studies. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2019; 86:e1-e15. [PMID: 31038322 PMCID: PMC6556936 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious, infectious viral disease of small ruminant species which is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the prototype member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Peste des petits ruminant was first described in West Africa, where it has probably been endemic in sheep and goats since the emergence of the rinderpest pandemic and was always misdiagnosed with rinderpest in sheep and goats. Since its discovery PPR has had a major impact on sheep and goat breeders in Africa and has therefore been a key focus of research at the veterinary research institutes and university faculties of veterinary medicine in Africa. Several key discoveries were made at these institutions, including the isolation and propagation of African PPR virus isolates, notable amongst which was the Nigerian PPRV 75/1 that was used in the scientific study to understand the taxonomy, molecular dynamics, lineage differentiation of PPRV and the development of vaccine seeds for immunisation against PPR. African sheep and goat breeds including camels and wild ruminants are frequently infected, manifesting clinical signs of the disease, whereas cattle and pigs are asymptomatic but can seroconvert for PPR. The immunisation of susceptible sheep and goats remains the most effective and practical control measure against PPR. To carry out PPR vaccination in tropical African countries with a very high temperature, a thermostable vaccine using the rinderpest lyophilisation method to the attenuated Nigeria 75/1 PPR vaccine strain has been developed, which will greatly facilitate the delivery of vaccination in the control, prevention and global eradication of PPR. Apart from vaccination, other important questions that will contribute towards the control and prevention of PPR need to be answered, for example, to identify the period when a susceptible naïve animal becomes infectious when in contact with an infected animal and when an infectious animal becomes contagious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Mantip
- Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin; and, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
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Mebrahtu K, Getachew S, Tesfaye T, Sahlu E, Aragaw K. Sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats under different production systems in South Omo, southern Ethiopia. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Bouchemla F, Agoltsov VA, Popova OM, Padilo LP. Assessment of the peste des petits ruminants world epizootic situation and estimate its spreading to Russia. Vet World 2018; 11:612-619. [PMID: 29915499 PMCID: PMC5993768 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.612-619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study focuses on the spatial dynamic associated with the spreading of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease for the past decade (from the year 2007 to 2017), assesses the resulting situation in the world, and has an emphasis on Russian advantages been a PPR host. Materials and Methods: Outbreaks were confirmed and reported officially by the World Organization for Animal Health (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction were used). Data contain the account number of infected, dead, and all susceptible animals in focus of infection in the period of 2007-2017. Once conventional statistical population was defined, a model was installed. Geo-information system QuickMAP was used to clear up the map disease, and through the @Risk program, we got our forecasting value of future situations (by Monte Carlo method). Results: The spatial study of PPR’s occurrence and its spread was mapping according to the incidence of cases and outbreaks. Clusters demonstrated risk levels in the world in the period from 2007 to 2017 year. Based on the epizootological analysis, an assessment of PPR risk and the probability movement of infection in Russia from nearby disadvantaged countries had been carried out. A statistically significant impact of the socioeconomic system on the stationarity index was found equal to 0.63. The PPR risk of spreading could not be ignored. Nevertheless, conducting effective large-scale vaccine companies in a complex of antiepizootic activities against PPR could reduce the risk of spread of the disease up to 91.8%. Conclusion: Despite all mentioned facts above, the PPR probability can only be reduced by coordinating work of border veterinary services, as in disadvantaged as in free from this disease country, that is, what makes an effective and complete eradication of the disease could be quite realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayssal Bouchemla
- Department of Animal Disease, Veterinarian and Sanitarian Expertise, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Valerey Alexandrovich Agoltsov
- Department of Animal Disease, Veterinarian and Sanitarian Expertise, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Olga Mikhailovna Popova
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Larisa Pavlovna Padilo
- Department of Animal Disease, Veterinarian and Sanitarian Expertise, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov, Russia.,Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Saratov Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Saratov, Russia
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16
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Cao Z, Jin Y, Shen T, Xu F, Li Y. Risk factors and distribution for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Mainland China. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Acharya N, Poudel SP, Acharya KP. Cross-sectional sero-prevalence study of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats of Syangja and Kaski districts of Nepal. Virusdisease 2018; 29:173-179. [PMID: 29911150 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine sero-prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) among goat population of outbreak suspected areas; Kaski and Syangja districts of Nepal. A total of 460 goat serum samples were tested by using c-ELISA for the presence of antibodies against PPR. Out of the 460 samples tested, 380 samples were found positive, giving overall sero-positivity of 82.60%. Significantly higher sero-prevalence was found (*P < 0.05) in females (87.50%) compared to males (70.45%) and crossbreed goats were found highly susceptible than the pure breed goats (*P < 0.05). Likewise, higher sero-prevalence of PPR was observed in adults and cross breed goats compared to their counterparts and significantly higher sero-prevalence was observed in Syangja district compared to Kaski. Thus, adults, females and cross-breeds populations of goats are at higher risk of PPR whereas geographically, goat population of Syangja district were found significantly prone to PPR. Appropriate control measures, such as ring vaccination can be followed to prevent the potential outbreak situation.
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Bello MB, Kazeem HM, Oladele SB, Fatihu MY, Tambuwal FM, Jibril AH. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among unvaccinated small ruminants in Sokoto State, northwestern Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abubakar M, Zahur AB, Afzal M, Ali Q, Gonzales J. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Pakistan: Analysis of a national level serological data. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Intisar KS, Ali YH, Haj MA, Sahar MAT, Shaza MM, Baraa AM, Ishag OM, Nouri YM, Taha KM, Nada EM, Ahmed AM, Khalafalla AI, Libeau G, Diallo A. Peste des petits ruminants infection in domestic ruminants in Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:747-754. [PMID: 28321790 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The existence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in domestic ruminants and camels in Sudan during 2008-2012 was investigated. Lung tissues and serum samples were randomly collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and camels at different areas of Sudan. A total of 12,384 serum samples were collected from clinically healthy 7413 sheep, 1988 camels, 1501 cattle, 1459 goats, and 23 gazelles at different areas in the Sudan. They were examined for PPR antibodies using competitive ELISA (cELISA). The overall detected seroprevalence of PPR in tested sera was 49.4%; seroprevalence values within species were 67.1, 48.2, 25.8, 2.1, and 21.7% in sheep, goat, cattle, camels, and gazelles, respectively. The highest seroprevalence (68.1%) was observed in sera collected from Darfur states, then the central states (54.3%). A total of 1276 lung tissue samples (623 sheep, 324 cattle, 220 camels, and 109 goats) were collected. The majority of lung samples were collected from clinically healthy animals that showed lesions on PM in slaughterhouses (95%) and during PPR outbreaks; samples were tested for PPR antigen using immunocapture ELISA (IcELISA). PPR antigen was detected in 233 out of the 1276 tested samples (18.3%). Positive results were observed in samples collected from clinically healthy and diseased animals. The observed prevalence values in each species were 33.6, 21.1, 15.4, and 12.3% in camel, goat, sheep, and cattle, respectively. PPR antigen was detected in samples from different areas; however, the highest prevalence (63.9%) was found in samples collected from the eastern states, then Khartoum state (28%). Trials for virus isolation were done in different cell cultures. Out of 30 IcELISA-positive samples inoculated in primary bovine and ovine kidney cells, Vero cells, the PPR virus was successfully isolated from 15 (eight sheep, five camels, and two goats) samples in the three cell culture types. Using RT-PCR, PPRV nucleic acid was detected in all 25 IcELISA-positive tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Intisar
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Y H Ali
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border University, Rafha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Haj
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M A T Sahar
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M M Shaza
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A M Baraa
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - O M Ishag
- Rabak Veterinary Research Laboratory, White Nile State, Sudan
| | - Y M Nouri
- El Obeid Veterinary Research Laboratory, North Kordofan State, Sudan
| | - K M Taha
- Atbara Veterinary Research Laboratory, River Nile State, Sudan
| | - E M Nada
- Wad Medani Veterinary Research Laboratory, Gezira State, Sudan
| | - A M Ahmed
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A I Khalafalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - G Libeau
- Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - A Diallo
- FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria
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Kardjadj M, Kouidri B, Metref D, Luka PD, Ben-Mahdi MH. Seroprevalence, distribution and risk factor for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Algeria. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:205-10. [PMID: 26388524 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petit ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and infectious viral disease of small ruminants with severe socio-economic implications. The disease was first reported in the Southern part of Algeria in 2011 and by February 2012 it has reached the central part of the country. Estimating national prevalence, distribution and identification of risk factors remains a key component in understanding the epidemiology and control of the disease. The present study was carried out between January and June 2014, to include a detailed description of flock and within-flock seroprevalence and risk association between PPR seropositivity and various flock management factors in Algeria. A total of 150 flocks randomly sampled across the country were investigated and 4552 serum samples were collected from 3336 sheep and 1216 goats, respectively. C-ELISA was used to detect the presence of antibodies in small ruminant animals as an indicator of PPRV exposure. The results showed an overall true flock seroprevalence of 30.45% [95% CI 23.76-37.14] with a mean of the true within-flock prevalence as 29.87%±2.11. The mean of the true within-flock prevalence in mixed flocks (12.93%±1.85) was however found to be significantly higher than sheep flocks (5.74%±1.06). Also the mean of the true within-flock prevalence was found to be significantly higher in adult (35.36%±3.13) compared to young animals (21.83%±2.47) and in females (33.11%±2.87) compared to males (22.14%±2.31). The univariate analysis revealed that PPR overall flock seroprevalence was significantly higher (P<0.20) in large flock (50.61%) than in small flock (33.33%), in mixed flock (56.7%) than in sheep flock (35.35%) and in the flocks that had contact with other flocks (46.5%) compared to those who had not (30.6%). However the differences among studied regions and grazing system were not statistically significant. For the risk factor analysis, univariate analysis of variables followed by a multiple logistic regression identified mixed flocks [OR=2.64, 95% CI 1.30-5.38; P=0.007] and contact with other flocks [OR=2.27, 95% CI 0.99-5.21; P=0.053] as risk factors in the spread of the disease. In conclusion, this study revealed a high seroprevalence of PPR in Algerian small ruminants, therefore the establishment of early warning systems and comprehensive implementation of control measures are advocated to improve animal welfare and reduce economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Kardjadj
- Institut National de Médecine Vétérinaire (INMV), Cinq Maison, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria; Laboratoire de Recherche "Santé et Productions Animales", Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, El Alia, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Brahim Kouidri
- Institut National de Médecine Vétérinaire (INMV), Cinq Maison, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamil Metref
- Institut National de Médecine Vétérinaire (INMV), Cinq Maison, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Pam Dachung Luka
- Applied Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 1, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Laboratoire de Recherche "Santé et Productions Animales", Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, El Alia, Algiers, Algeria
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Ishag OM, Saeed IK, Ali YH. Peste des petits ruminants outbreaks in White Nile State, Sudan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 82:E1-4. [PMID: 26304168 PMCID: PMC6238699 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Eight outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats were reported in White Nile State, Sudan, between 2008 and 2009. A mortality rate of 4.2% was reported across the different outbreaks. Clinically the disease was characterised by high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, pneumonia, ulceration of the mucous membranes, diarrhoea and death. The postmortem findings included necrotic lesions in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and swollen, oedematous lymph nodes associated with the lungs and intestine. Of the 209 serum samples tested by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 113 (54%) were found positive. Peste des petits ruminants virus was confirmed in tissues, nasal swabs and blood samples by immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and isolation of the virus in culture of lamb testicle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Ishag
- Rabak Veterinary Research Laboratory, White Nile state.
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Kock RA, Orynbayev MB, Sultankulova KT, Strochkov VM, Omarova ZD, Shalgynbayev EK, Rametov NM, Sansyzbay AR, Parida S. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Lineage IV Peste Des Petits Ruminant Virus in Kazakhstan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 62:470-9. [PMID: 26259931 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is endemic in many Asian countries with expansion of the range in recent years including across China during 2013-2014 (OIE, 2014). Till the end of 2014, no cases of PPR virus (PPRV) were officially reported to the Office Internationale des Epizooties (OIE) from Kazakhstan. This study describes for the first time clinicopathological, epidemiological and genetic characterization of PPRV in 3 farm level outbreaks reported for the first time in Zhambyl region (oblast), southern Kazakhstan. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial N gene sequence data confirms the lineage IV PPRV circulation, similar to the virus that recently circulated in China. The isolated viruses are 99.5-99.7% identical to the PPRV isolated in 2014 from Heilongjiang Province in China and therefore providing evidence of transboundary spread of PPRV. There is a risk of further maintenance of virus in young stock despite vaccination of adult sheep and goats, along livestock trade and pastoral routes, threatening both small livestock and endangered susceptible wildlife populations throughout Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kock
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - M B Orynbayev
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - K T Sultankulova
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - V M Strochkov
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Z D Omarova
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - E K Shalgynbayev
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - N M Rametov
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - A R Sansyzbay
- RGE 'Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems', Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
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Kumar N, Maherchandani S, Kashyap SK, Singh SV, Sharma S, Chaubey KK, Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review. Viruses 2014; 6:2287-327. [PMID: 24915458 PMCID: PMC4074929 DOI: 10.3390/v6062287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Prevalence of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus before and during outbreaks of the disease in Awash Fentale district, Afar, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1329-30. [PMID: 22359089 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats in Awash Fentale district, Afar, Ethiopia. Small ruminants in the district had poor herd immunity at the first visit and succumb to the disease then after. The seroprevalence during the time of an outbreak was much higher compared with the initial levels: 7.3% and 42.6% in sheep and goats, respectively. The higher seroprevalence figure in goats was suggestive of their relative susceptibility to PPR compared with sheep.
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Serological investigation of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants managed under pastoral and agro-pastoral systems in Ethiopia. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Banyard AC, Parida S, Batten C, Oura C, Kwiatek O, Libeau G. Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2885-97. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Herd contact structure based on shared use of water points and grazing points in the Highlands of Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:875-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe use of shared common water points (WPs) and grazing points (GPs) at two different levels of administrative aggregation (village and kebelle) in a region of the Highlands of Ethiopia was explored by means of a questionnaire survey and social network analysis. Despite GPs being more abundant than WPs (208 and 154, respectively), individual GPs provide more contact opportunities for animals. There was great variability in the contact structure of the selected villages within kebelles for both networks, with this variability being higher in the GP networks for each kebelle. Contrary to the commonly held view that WPs are critical for the potential transmission of infectious diseases, intervention at GPs in the Ethiopian Highlands may have greater impact on contacts and thereby opportunities for transmission of infectious diseases between flocks. Some villages appear naturally at much lower risk of introducing disease. These findings could help the design of surveillance and control activities for directly transmitted infectious diseases.
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Abubakar M, Jamal SM, Arshed MJ, Hussain M, Ali Q. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection; Its association with species, seasonal variations and geography. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1197-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Post-vaccination antibodies profile against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in sheep and goats of Punjab, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:427-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Al-Majali AM, Jawasreh K, Nsour AA. Epidemiological studies on foot and mouth disease and paratuberculosis in small ruminants in Tafelah and Ma’an, Jordan. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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